''

eQmk'/ zx/sf] pQ/ dNnsfnsf lj:tfl/t :yfgx¿

-efjf{rf] / O6f5]+ a:tL If]qsf] cWoog_
g]kfnsf] -lnlvt_ k|dfl0ft Oltxf;sf] ?kdf lnR5ljsfnsf] Oltxf;nfO{ lnOG5 . ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] rfFu'gf/fo0fsf]
dfgb]jsf] kfnfsf] clen]v xf] . eQmk'/sf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] clen]v ;Dat\ %!^ -lj=;+= ^%!_ sf] xf] . -ah|frfo{,
lj=;+=@)#)_ . t/ dfgb]js} kfnfsf] /Tg;+3n] /fv]sf] b]pkf6gsf] lzjlnËsf] clen]vdf vf]k[Ëu|fd pNn]v
eO;s]sf] lyof] . vf]k[Ëu|fd :yfg gfd ls/fFt efiffsf] zAbfjnL ePsf]n] eQmk'/ ls/fFtsfnd} ljsl;t ePsf]
b]vfpF5 -ah|frfo{, lj=;+=@)#)Ù >]i7, lj=;+= @)%*_ . Tof] eGbf cufl8 klg g]kfnsf ljleGg :yfgx¿df a:tL
ePsf] ljleGg cfwf/x¿ -efiff, :yfg gfd, j+zfjnL cflb_ kfOPtf klg lnlvt clen]vx¿ kfOPsf] 5}g .
lnR5ljsfnsf :yfgx¿df b]pkf6g, rfFu'gf/fo0f, xfF8Lufp, eQmk'/ -Vjlk|ª_ cflb x'g\ . oL zx/x¿df kfOPsf
ljleGg clen]vsf cfwf/df oL s'/fx¿ k|dfl0ft x'G5g\ . nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fndf lnR5jLsfnsf s]xL dfq
clen]v kfOPsf]af6 lnR5jLsflng Oltxf; c:ki6 g} 5 . s]xL Oltxf;sf/x¿n] ePsf clen]vsf cfwf/df
Tolta]nfsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] af/]df cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ . a:tLsf] af/]df eg] c'gdfg ug{ cem} uf¥xf] 5 .
Tolta]nf …u|fdÚ, …tnÚ / …b|ËÚ h:tf a:tLx¿ x'Gy] . -tL qmdzM ljsf; x'g] a:tLx¿ x'g\_ . u|fddf cfjfbL a9\b}
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ef}lts ljsf; x'Fb} …tnÚdf kl/0ft x'Gy] . kl5 eG;f/ ;lxtsf] Jofkfl/s s]Gb|n] …b|ËÚsf] ?k
lnGy] .

eQmk'/sf] Oltxf; / lj:tf/

eQmk'/sf lnR5jLsflng clen]vx?df kfOPsf Vjlk|ªu|fd, dfvf]k[ª / dfvf]b'n' h:tf ls/fFtL efiffsf zAbfjnLn]
eQmk'/sf] Oltxf; ls/fFtsfn;Dd k'¥ofpF5 . -ah|frfo{, lj=;+= @)#)_ . lnR5jLsfnsf clen]vx¿ uf]Nd9L,
t'nf5]+, ;'s'n9f]sf, uMlx6L
tyf cGo ljleGg 7fpFdf
kfOPaf6 lnR5jLsflng
eQmk'/sf] km}lnPsf] Onfsf
atfpF5 . s]xL ;dosf]
cGt/fnkl5sf clen]v tyf
ljleGg tf8kqn] k"j{
dWosfndf lzjun, rfg]un
/ aflGbdun b]vfk5{ . -/fh,
lj=;+= @)^!Ù w'Vjf tyf
lzNksf/, lj=;+= @)&%_
dWosfnsf cfgGbb]j -af¥xf}+
ztfAbL_ sf] pbo;Fu}
eQmk'/sf] ljsf; pRrtd
ljGb'df k'Uof] . -ld>, lj=;+=
@)%$, /fOt !*&&_ oxL qmd lg/Gt/ hol:ylt dNn x'Fb} oIfdNn ;Dd klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oIfdNnsf] kfnfdf
eQmk'/sf] rf/}lt/ lsNnf dha't agfO{ Wjfsfx¿ agfOP . -d'g+sdL{, lj=;+= @)$!Ù hf]zL, lj=;+= @)#&_ .
e'kltGb| dNn;Dd cfOk'Ubf ªftfkf]n tyf ª\oªfkf em\o ;Ddsf] pTs[i6 snfs[lt b]vfk/] . b/af/ g}
…lqk'/Ú af6 o'y'lgod ;/]sf] b]lvG5 ->]i7, lj=;+= @)%*_ . o;/L qmdzM ljsf; ePsf] gu/df ef}lts dfq geO{
wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts ljsf; klg qmdzM ePsf] kfOG5 . 6f]n l;dfgfsf To:t} hfqfsf l;df/]vfn] klg kl5 ljsf;

1
ePsf a:tLx¿ 5'6\ofpF5 . lt hfqfsf ;'?jftsf] Oltxf; k|dfl0ft ?kdf gkfOg ;S5 . yk k|df0fsf] nflu ;f]xL
:yfgsf clen]vsf] ;fy;fy} tf8kq tyf j+zfjnLsf] klg ;xfotf lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
P]ltxfl;s zx/x?sf] gu/L l8hfOgsf l;¢fGt a'‰g ljleGg cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg sfo{ ul/g'k5{ .
km/s sfnv08df ljsl;t / lj:tfl/t :yfgx¿df Ps?ktf x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ klg cWoog ul/g'k5{ . P]ltxfl;s
zx/sf ljleGg k/Dk/f / ;+:s[lt x'G5g\ . tL dWo] ejg, lkvfnv', u0f]z, lbu'Bf], kL7, kf6L tyf d7–dlGb/ h:tf
ef}lts ;Dkbfsf] cWoog ug'{k5{ . ;fy} cef}lts ;Dkbfx¿df u'7L, hfqf, ;nfFsf] ;d]t cWoog ul/g' k5{ . o:tf
cWoogn] xhf/f} aif{ l6s]sf gu/L l8hfOgsf l;4fGtx¿ gofF aGg] ;x/df cg's/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . n]vdf lj:tfl/t
:yfg efjf{rf] / O6f5]Fsf] lj:t[t cWoog tyf lj:tfl/t sfnv08sf] ljifodf ePsf] cWoogsf] ;f/ k|:t't ug{
vf]lhPsf] 5 .

efjf{rf] / O6f5]Fsf] :yfg tyf ef}lts ljj/0f

efjf{rf] / O6f5]F eQmk'/ gu/sf] xfnsf] l;dfª\s[t If]qsf] ;a}eGbf klZrddf k5{ . clxn] of] b'O{ 6f]nsf]
klZrd tkm{ b'O{ cGo kf]v/L, l;åkf]v/L -tMk'v_' , gk'v'M / OgfuM u0f]z kl/;/sf kf6Lx¿ tyf sfo:yx¿sf] ;Qn
/x]sf] 5 . of] ef}lts cj:yf x]bf{ tyf clxn] k'gM lgdf{0fsf] qmddf /x]sf] efHofk'v' / /fgL k'Mv'n] k'/fgf] af6f]af6
cfPsf kfx'gfnfO{ :jfut ul/g] ynf]sf] ?kdf b]lvG5 . k"j{df eg] t]vfrf], t]vfk'v', af/fxL Bf]5]F tyf hfqfdfu{sf]
klZrdL l;dfgf k5{ . blIf0flt/sf] le/fnf] hUuf d'lg t]vfå / xg'dGt] vf]nfkfl/ af/fxL kL7 /x]sf] 5 .
cWoog If]q -b'O{ 6f]nsf s]lx efu_ sf] If]qkmn !=$( x]S6/ /x]sf] 5 . cWoogsf] nflu lnOPsf] If]q ^
j6f rfsnx¿ -neighborhood
blocks_ nfO{ s'g} ;fF3'/f] uNnL tyf
s'g} km/flsnf] af6f]n] 5'6\ofpF5g\ . lt
af6f]x¿ !=% b]lv !!=% dL ;Dd rf}8f
kfOPsf] 5 . oxfFsf] le/fnf] hldg, !@
j6f Ogf/ -;fj{hlgs_ / Psdfq
nf]xFlx6L tyf klZrdsf] cUnf] efudf
/x]sf] rf/ 7"nf kf]v/Ln] o; If]qsf]
zx/L ;+/rgfdf kfgLnfO{ dxTj lbPsf]
b]lvG5 .
o; If]qdf b'O{ lsl;dsf 3/
;+/rgfsf gd"gfx¿ kfOG5 . Ps
r'snfO{ 3/x¿n] 3]/]sf] / csf]{df
af6f]sf] b'O 5]pdf nx/df 3/x¿
plePsf] . r'sx¿ lgs} ;fgf 5g\ eg]
af6f] lgs} rf}8f -k'/fgf] gu/ leqsf]
6f]nx¿sf] t'ngfdf_ 5g\ . leqsf
r'sx¿df hfgsf lglDt lgs} ;f3'/f]
nfaf]x¿ eP/ l5g'{k5{ . To;}sf/0f
af6f]df lx8\g] a6'jfx¿nfO{ oL
rfsnleqsf r'sM af/] yfxf gx'g ;S5 .
gu/sf cGo efudf r'sdf ul/g] lqmofsnfk k|foM oxfF k]6L of rf}8f af6f]df ul/G5g\ . o; :yfgsf] ljz]iftfsf]
?kdf blIf0f df]x8fsf 3/sf k]6L rf}8f 5g\ . eg] pQ/ df]x8fsf 3/sf k]6Lx¿ ;fF3'/f] 5g\ . hxfF hf8f]df 3fd
tfKg] ul/G5 .

2
 o; If]qdf ;fgf / 7"nf ul/ hDdf gf} j6f r'sM 5g\ . Pp6f eg] km/flsnf] af6f] r'sMs} ?kdf k|of]u
ul/G5 . gf} j6f r'sMsf] lardf of t Ogf/ of t lrMeBf] /x]sf] 5 . To;}sf/0f oL r'sMx¿ cGo k|of]hgsf nflu
k|of]u ug{ cln sl7g b]lvG5 . oxfFsf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s dxàjsf lrhx¿ sd 5g\ . lghL / ;fj{hlgs u/]/
hDdf ;ftj6f kf6Lx¿ 5g\ . cWoog If]q j/k/ ltgj6f ;fj{hlgs kf6Lx¿ 5g\ . Rjªf u0f]z / km}6f]sf u0f]zsf
b'O{ Bf]5F]x¿ 5g\ . cWoog If]qsf afl;Gbfn] dfGg] rf/ u0f]z dWo] Ps efjf{rf] u0f]z dlGb/ o;} If]q leq k5{ .
o; If]qsf] k/Dk/fut /Lltsd{sf nflu clwsf+z afl;Gbf af/fxL kL7 dfG5g\ . af}ådfuL{x¿ eg] rt'a|{Dx dxflaxf/
hfg]sf] ;+Vof a9L 5 .
o; If]qdf Ps kl/jf/ afx]s ;a} g]jf/ ;d'bfo a;f]af; ub{5g\ . To;}n] ;a}n] låu'Bf] dfGg] u/]sf] 5 .
clws+fzsf] låu'Bf] tk'v', /fgL k'v' tyf ;}lgs dxfljBfno kl/;/df /x]sf] 5 . ltdWo] lznfsf/ ;d'bfosf]
lznfn]v ;lxtsf] lbu'Bf], ah|frfo{ ;d'bfo tyf uf]7] / lsnDa' ;d'bfosf] lbu'Bf] dxTjk"0f{ 5 . lzNksf/
;d'bfosf] lbu'Bf] g]=;=!)#! df b'jfsf]6af6 ;fl/Psf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 . csf]{ ahf|rfo{sf] ;d'bfosf] lznfn]v
k9\g d'lZsn eO;s]sf] 5 . ag]kfnL y/sf ;d'bfosf afl;Gbfx¿ ag]kfaf6 cfPsf] / lbu'Bf] ag]kfdf ePsf] klg
dxTjk"0f{ 5 . o;n] lbu'Bf] ePsf] :yfg ltgLx¿sf] k'Vof{}nL :yfg x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}sf/0f uf]7]
/ lsnDa' ;d'bfosf] emf}v]ndf ePsf] lbu'Bf]n], pgLx¿sf] k'Vof}nL :yfg pt} x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
oxfFsf :yfgLo hfqfdf df3 @ ut] dgfOg] ;Dos dxfbfg kj{ / la:s]6 hfqfsf] Bf]:juF ljou' hfqf
/x]sf] 5 . ;Dos dxfbfg kj{ ltg ;o krf; aif{b]lv lg/Gt/ rln cfPsf] 5 . of] klg Pp6f Tof] :yfgsf] lj:tf/
To; ;dodf x'g;Sg] k|df0f xf] .

;d'bfosf] klxrfg tyf k'vf{ ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg

o; If]qdf clwsf+z ldl>t ;d'bfosf] a;f]af; kfOPsf] 5 . ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;d'bfosf] ?kdf lzNksf/ -!%=^#Ü _
/ ah|frfo{ -!@=^&Ü_ /x]sf] kfOof] . o; If]]qdf s]lx gflktx¿ tyf s]lx zfxLx¿ klg kfOPsf] 5g\ eg] Ps dfq
d'l:nd kl/jf/sf] klg a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿sf] pb\ud laGb' 7\ofSs} eGg ufxf] 5 . @–#
;tsdf *, ( k':tf cl3sf s'/fdf w]/} hgf cgle1 eO;s]sf] 5g\ . t/ s]lx d'Vo ;d'bfosf j+zfjnLsf s'/fn]
o; If]qdf a:tL lj:tf/sf s]lx vfsf lbG5 . s'g} ;d'bfosf] clen]v Pj+ lbu'b\of]sf :yfgn] ;d]t ltgLx¿sf]
pb\ud :ynsf] cg'dfg ug{ dbt uof] .
o; If]qsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;d'bfosf] lzNksf/x¿ ªftfkf]n agfpg kf6gaf6 cfPsf] cg'dfg u5{g\ . t/
To; s'/fsf] k|df0f eg] e]l6Pg\ . t}klg låu'Bf]sf] clen]vn] pgLx¿ oxfFsf] /}yfg gePsf] atfpF5 . bf];|f] 7"nf]
;d'bfo ah|frfo{x¿ tIo axfnaf6 cfPsf -g]=;=^!!_ lharGb|sf ;Gtlt ePsf] bfaL u5{g\ -d}=o'=;+=, lj=;+=@)^!;
k'=lj=, lj=;+=@)^^_ . ;'?df ltgLx¿ nfos'sf] rt'a|{Dx dxfljxf/df a;]sf lyP . ltgsf ;GttLx¿ dWo] Ps wd{l;+
-dfos] vnM_ s/La g]=;=*#) df efjf{rf] lt/ a;fOF ;/]sf] b]lvG5 . cGo ;d'bfodf w]/} ldl>t ;d'bfo /x]sf],
d';ndfgx¿sf] Ps kl/jf/ / ;fxLx¿sf] s]lx 3/n] ;d]t of] If]q kl§ lj:tf/ ePsf] yk cfwf/ lbG5 .

ejg lgdf{0f ;doqmd

o; If]]qsf ejgx¿sf] ;j]{If0fdf 3/sf] lgdf{0f ;do yfxf kfpg lgs} d'lZsn eof] . lsgls clwsf+z 3/x¿
k'/fgf] ePsf] / klxnf 3/sf] gS;f gx'g] ePsf] x'bfF gofF k':tfnfO{ s'g jif{ 3/ agfOPsf] lyof] eGg] hfgsf/L
ePg . xfnsf] ejgx¿ ljefhg x'g' k'j{ @^( j6f lyP . xfn bfh' efOdf 3/ efua08f ul/bfF #&! j6f ePsf]
5g\ . lj=;+= !(() sf] e"sDk cl3 !%* j6f 3/x¿ ePsf] tYofª\n] sl/a cfwf 3/x¿ !)) jif{ leq a9]sf]
b]lvof] . lj=;= !(() eGbf cl3sf elgPsf 3/x¿df tLg k|sf/sf kfOP . tL dWo] klxnf]df l6lse\of / ;F‰ofx¿
kfOG5g\ . bf];|f]df l6ls‰of kl/dflh{t u/L cfoftfsf/ l6ls‰\of / Psd'v] ‰ofnx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ . eg]
tNnf 5'6\ofpg sfg]{;x¿ k|of]u ePsf 5g\ . t];|f] k|sf/sf 3/x¿df eg] ;Dk"0f{ Psd'v] ‰ofnx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf
5g\ . oL ltg} k|sf/sf 3/x¿df $)–%) aif{ cl3 ;Dd klg lem+u6Lsf 5fgf lyP . oL ltg rl/qsf 3/x¿ x]bf{
3
;doqmddf kl/dflh{t xF'b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . klxnf] k|sf/sf] 3/sf cg'kft k"/fgf dlGb/ tyf b/af/sf rl/q ;+u
ldNg] b]lvPsf]n] ltgLx¿ ;a} eGbf k'/fgf] ;dosf 3/ eGg ;S5f} . bf];|f] / t];|f] k|sf/sf 3/x¿df k|sfzsf]
lglDt ‰ofnsf] cfsf/ a9fOPsf] x'g;S5 . o;/L 3/sf k|sf/ x]l/sg klg a:tL lasf;sf] qmd yfxf kfpg d¢t
u5{ .

;fdflhs s[ofsnfksf :yfgx¿

o; If]qdf ljz]if lqmofsnfksf] nflu eg]/ 7fpFx¿ 5'6\ofOsf] kfOPg . h:tf] s[lif pTkfbg ;'sfpg] v'Nnf rf]s,
afnaRrf v]Ng] 7fpF, ef]h v'jfpg], ;fF:s[lts lqmofsnfk tyf rf8kj{sf k|of]u ug{ ;—;fgf rf]s cflb . o;
:yfgdf ePsf rf}8f af6f]df g} oL lqmofsnfk u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

a:tL lj:tf/sf k|dfl0fstf

cWoogsf qmddf hDdf nflu gf} j6f clen]vx? e]l6Psf 5g\ . ltdWo] ltg j6f Ogf/sf] dflyNnf] txsf] 9'ªfdf
leqk§L s'lbFPsf] 5 . ;a}eGbf k"/fgf] g]= ;+= &&* sf] sf]h'x¿sf] r'sMdf g]=;+=&*& sf] Sjor'sdf / g]=;=&(^ sf]
rfFu'gf/fo0f ePsf] r'sMdf clen]vx¿ e]l6Psf 5g\ . To;}u/L kfFr j6f clen]vx¿ r}Todf e]l6Psf 5g\\ . lt
dWo] Rjor'sdf g]=;+=(%! / g]=;=(%% -Vjkof ljxf/ j r}To, @)%!_, nf]sr'sdf, g]=;=!)^@ tyf Ho]i7j0f{
dxfljxf/sf] r}Todf g]=;+= *@) sf clen]vx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . rfsn g+ v sf] pQ/ klZrd s'gfdf e]l6Psf] r}Tosf]
clen]v k9\g d'lZsn eO;s]sf] 5 . afFsL Ps clen]v tFrfsf]g]sf] kf6Ldf kfOPsf] g]=;+=*^) -;'yf+, @)%^_ sf]
clen]v /x]sf] 5 . oL clen]vx¿sf] ;aebf k"/fgf] g]=;+=&&* sf] Ogf/sf] clen]vn] / afFsL clen]vn] of] :yfg
sl/a Tolx ;dodf lasf; ePsf] s'/f k|dfl0ft u5{ . yk k|df0fx¿df !* cf} ztfAbLdf ag]sf] Otf5]F u0f]z -
afªb]n, !((%_ tyf sl/a g]=;=&*& df ;'? ePsf] ;Dos dxfbfg kj{ klg xf] .
oL k|dfl0ft clen]v cg';f/sf] gS;fx¿ pQfbf{ g]=;+=&%) b]lvsf] krf; aif{sf cGt/fndf cf7 j6f
gS;fx¿ ag]sf 5g\ . of] gS;f cg';f/ klxnf] krf; aif{ leq ahf|rfo{, GofORofO / lzNksf/sf s]lx ;d'bfo

4
b]vfk5{ . To;kl5 csf]{ krf; jif{leq ah|frfo{ / zfSox¿sf] ;d'bfo ylkG5 . Pj+ k|sf/n] cGo ;d'bfo ylkb}
uPsf] b]lvG5 . o; lx;fan] of] a:tL g]=;+= &%) kl5 lj:tf/ ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

5
eQmk'/ gu/sf] k"/fgf] / lj:tfl/t a:tL lar t'ngfTds cWoog
dflysf k|df0fsf cfwf/df efjf{rf] Ps lj:tfl/t a:tL ePsf] b]lvG5 . clen]vs} cfwf/df t'nf5]F 6f]nnfO{ k"/fgf]
a:tL dfWod dfg]/ lt 6f]nx¿ lar t'ngf ul/Psf 5g\ . oL k"/fgf] / lj:tfl/t 6f]nlardf ;8s, v'Nnf :yfg
tyf cGo ;fdflhs ;+/rgfx¿ t'ngf ul/Psf] 5g\ .

;8sx¿ larsf] t''ngf

efjf{rf]sf] t'ngfdf t'nf5]F nfaf]x¿ rf}8f b]lvG5g\ . t/ d'Vo af6f]x¿ efjf{rf] If]qs} v'Nnf / rf}8f b]lvG5g\ .
t'nf5]Fsf rfsn 3]g]{ b'O{j6f uNnLx¿ lgs} nfdf] / ;f3'F/f] 5 . efjf{rf]df Tolt ;f3'F/f] uNnL kfOPg . ;fy} af6f]sf
df]8x¿df ;Demgf x'g] vfnsf ;Dkbfx¿ klg kfOPg\ . t/ t'nf5]F 6f]ndf eg] x/]s df]8df s]xL g s]xL ;Dkbfx¿
-kf6L, dlGb/, Bf]5]F, ;–;fgf d"lt{ OTofbL_ kfOP . efjf{rf]df /x]sf s]xL kf6L, efjf{rf] u0f]z tyf v'Nnf 7fpFn] eg]
b'O{6f]n lar ;dfgtf emNsfpF5 .
oL b"O{ 6f]nlar ;8ssf
df]8x¿df klg leGgtf kfOG5 . t/
b'j} 6f]ndf ;s];Dd af6f]x¿ Ps
cfk;df gsfl6g] lx;fan]
ldnfOPsf] kfOG5g\ . t'nf5]Fsf x/]s
h:tf] df]8df v'Nnf 7fpF e]l6G5g\
eg] efjf{rf]df To;sf] ;§fdf
af6f]nfO{ g} s]lx rf}8f kfl/Psf
5g\ . ;fy} x/]s df]8df ;Dkbf
gePtfklg df]8sf b[Zox?df Vofn
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . efjf{rf]sf] Ps
df]8df nf]xMlxtL, Ps df]8df kf6L
tyf csf]{ df]8df Bf]5]F kfOPsf
5g\ . b'O{ kf6Lx? o;/L /flvPsf
5g\ ls lt kf6Lx¿sf] l7s cuf8L
hf]l8g] af6f]af6 lt kf6Lx¿ 6f9}af6
b]lvG5g\ .

v'Nnf :yfgx¿larsf] t'ngf

oL b'O{6f]nsf v'Nnf 7fpFx¿df t'nf5]Fsf r'sx¿ a9L Jofjfxfl/s tyf pkof]uL b]lvG5g\ . t'nf5]Fsf
rf]sx¿ ;fgf ePklg af6f]nfO{ Psf 5]pdf lbbfF larsf] ;a} 7fpF s'g}klg sfo{sf] nflu k|of]u ug{ ldN5 . t/
efjf{rf] If]qdf ;fgf] r'sMdf klg af6f] laraf6 lbOPsf] / x/]s rf]sdf Ogf/ jf r}To x'Fbf k|of]u ug{ c;xh 5 .
r'sMx¿ afx]s efjf{rf]sf @, # 7fpFdf r'sM h:t} k|of]u x'g] lgs} km/flsnf] af6f]x¿ 5g\ . t'nf5F]df eg] pQ/ /
blIf0fsf af6f]sf] ;fy} ;a} df]8x¿df km/flsnf] v'Nnf 7fpFx¿ 5g\ . efjf{rf]sf k|foMdflg;x¿ af6f] of k]l6df
a;]/ ;do latfpF5g\ . eg] t'nf5]Fsf k|foM dflg;x¿ r'sMdf e]nf eO{ ;do latfpF5g\ .

lgZsif{
o; cWoogn] efjf{rf] ;qf} ztfAbL lt/ la:tf/ ePsf] s'/f ljleGg k|df0fx¿n] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;fy} k"/fgf] 6f]n
t'nf5]F -h'g ;ftf} ;tfAbL eGbf cl3 ljsf; ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 ._ ;Fu ;x/L 9fFrfx¿ ldNbf] h'Nbf] b]lvG5 . o;

6
cWoogn] nfdf] ;do cGt/fndf ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ x'g] ;x/L ;+/rgfdf s;/L Ps?ktf Nofpg ;lsG5 eGg]
;d]t b]vfPsf] 5 . pbfx/sf] ?kdf oL b'O{ 6f]ndf kfOPsf ;fdflhs ;Dkbfx¿, ;8s tyf v'Nnf :ygfx¿ 5g\ .
;fy} 3/x¿sf] ;+/rgf tyf ltgLx¿sf] vfs+fsf gd"gfx¿ ;d]tnfO{ ldnfpg ;lsG5 . 3/x¿sf] :j?k km/s
ePtfklg nx/ ldn]sf 3/sf ;dfg prfO{, lgdf0f{ ;fdfu|Ldf Ps ?ktfn] klg ;Dk"0f{ ;x/sf] ;+/rgfdf ;dfgtf
emNsfpF5 . o:tf cWoogaf6 lg:s]sf /fd|f kIfx¿nfO{ gofF aGg] zx/x¿df ;d]t ;do ;'xfpFbf] kl/dfh{g ul/
pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
o Vjkof ljxf/ j r}To . lj=;+= @)%! . Vjkof ljxf/ j r}To -lel8of] Sof;]6_ . VjkM ck|sflzt
o hf]zL, xl//fd . lj=;+= @)#& . dWosfnLg clen]v . k|frLg g]kfn, ;+Vof %& . sf7\df08f}M k'/ftTj ljefu .
o w'Vjf, ;l/tf ; lzNksf/, /lagf . lj=;+= @)&% . lzjun, rlgun / jflGbdun, eQmk'/sf tLg P]ltxfl;s
:yfgx¿ . ck|sflzt l/kf]6{ . eQmk'/ : Vjk OlGhlgol/Ë sn]h .
o g]kfn ;/sf/, k'/ftTj ljefu . lj=;+= @)^^ . eQmk'/ b/af/ ;+/lIft :df/s If]qsf juL{s[t :df/sx¿sf]
ljj/0f . sf7df08f}M k'/ftTj ljefu .
o ah|frfo{, wgah| . lj=;+= @)#) . lnR5ljsfnsf clen]v . lslt{k'/ : g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cWoog ;+:yfg,
lq=lj= .
o ld>, tf/fgGb . lj=;= @)%$. k|frLg gu/x¿sf] ;'/IffTds jf:t' . kf;"sf, jif{ @, c+s ^ . eQmk'/M ;'yf+ .
o d'g+sdL{, lnnfeQm . lj=;+= @)$! . g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts tyf P]ltxfl;sf lbUbz{g . eQmk'/ : >LdtL ejfgL
s]z/L d'g+sdL+ .
o d}qo o'jf ;+3 . lj=;= @)^! . Vjkof axf axL . VjkM d} o' ;+ .
o /fh, of]u]z . lj=;+= @)^! . lzjun, rlgun / jflGbdun . k|frLg g]kfn, k'/ftTj ljefusf] d'vkq, ;+Vof
!%^ .
o ;'yf+ . lj=;+= @)%^ . kf;"sf, jif{ $, c+s % . eQmk'/M ;'yf+
o >]i7, k'?iff]td nf]rg . lj=;+= @)%* . lqk'/ / o'y'lgdd\ /fhs'n . eQmk'/ : eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf .
o Bangdel, Lainsing. 1995. Inventory of stone sculptures of the Kathmandu Valley.
Kathmandu: Nepal Pragya Pratisthan.

o Wright, Daniel. 1877. History of Nepal. New Delhi, India : Heritage Publishers.