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SEDAT ERDOĞAN

RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION

BRITISH
ACCENT
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SEDAT ERDOĞAN

RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION

BRITISH ACCENT
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HELPFUL HINTS
FOR
TEACHING ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

*English is a stress-timed language.

*/a/ vowel sound is between /ʌ/ and /ɑː/.
*/ɑː/ before /æ/, /ʌ/ and /a/.
*/aɪ/ = Start with /a/ and glide to /ɪ/.
*/ɔː/ before /ɒ/.
*/d/, /b/, /g/ are voiced (unaspirated) sounds.
*/dʒ/ = Stop the air stream with /d/, then release it into /ʒ/.
*/dʒ/ = voiced palato-alveolar affricate.
*/ɜː/ before /ə/.
*/eə/ = Start with /e/ and glide to /ə/.
*/eə/ is often reduced to /eː/.
*/əʊ/= Start with /ə/ and glide to /ʊ/.
*/iː/ before /ɪ/ and /e/.
*/j/ = voiced palatal semi-vowel.
*/j/ is close to /ɪ/.
*/r/ = The Tip of the Tongue moves back over the Palate.
*/r/, /w/, and /y/ sounds link vowels to vowels in rhythm groups.
*/t/, /p/, /k/ are voiceless (aspirated) sounds.
*/tʃ/ = Stop the air stream with /t/, then release it into /ʃ/.
*/tʃ/ = voiceless palato-alveolar affricate.
*/tʃ/, /dʒ/ = Pressure and Release = Affricates = more Fricative.
*/tʃ/, /dʒ/ sounds happen almost at the same time, ‘NO GLIDING’
*/uː/ before /ʊ/.
*/ʊə/ is often reduced to /ɔː/.
*/w/ is a very short duration of /ʊ/.
*/w/ is close to /ʊ/.
*70 per cent of English words take suffixes that do not shift stress.
*A diph-thong is one syllable.
*A syllable is a beat in a word.
*About 70 percent of English words are one-syllable words.
*About 75 percent of the 2-syllable verbs have second-syllable stress.
*Adjectives and adverbs are stressed.
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*Affirmative and negative commands have rising/falling intonation.

*Affirmative and negative statements have rising/falling intonation.
*Affirmative and negative wh-questions have rising/falling intonation.
*Affirmative and negative yes/no questions have rising intonation.
*All stop consonants at the end of words are short and quiet.
*Almost 84 percent of English words are phonetically regular.
*Alveolars = /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/.
*American speakers usually pronounce all the syllables in long words.
*Amerikan, Irish and Scottish speakers usually use sounded /r/.
*Assimilation = /ɪm bed/
*Assimilation = Changing sounds.
*Bilabial, Dental, Alveolar, Palato-Alveolar, Palatal, Velar, Glottal.
*Bilabials = /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/.
*Blend consonant to consonant in rhythm groups, ‘one consonant’.
*Blend same consonant sounds together ‘like one long consonant’.
*Both Lips = /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/.
*Casual, rapid pronunciation /nd+z/ = /nz/ = /frenz, senz, spenz.../
*Casual, rapid pronunciation /sk+s/ = /sː/ = /desː, ɑːsː .../
*Centring Diph-thongs = /ɪə/, /ʊə/, /eə/.
*Classroom and bus driver are compound nouns.
*Compound nouns have stress on the first part.
*Conjunctions are not stressed.
*Connected Speech = Careful Speech (Formal-BBC), Rapid Speech.
*Demonstrative pronouns are stressed.
*Dentals = /θ/, /ð/.
*Diph-thongs combine two vowel sounds.
*Don’t give syllables equal stress in English.
*Don’t link words between rhythm groups.
*Duration (length) of the Vowel = short, long.
*Elision = /neks steɪʃn/
*Elision = Losing or disappearing sounds.
*Elision = Omission of /t/ and /d/.
*Endings help you find the correct word stress.
*English Back Vowels: /uː/, /ɔː/, /ɒ/.
*English Central Vowels = /ɪ/, /ʌ/, /ə/, /ɜː/, /ɑː/, /ʊ/.
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*English Front Vowels = /iː/, /e/, /æ/.

*English High Monoph-thongs / Vowels = /iː/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/, /uː/.
*English is called a stress timed language.
*English is considered to be a stress timed language.
*English is timed by the syllables we stress.
*English learners pronounce the ‘t’ letter, like /d/ for –ty words.
*English long vowels are tense sounds.
*English long vowels equal Turkish short vowels in duration / length.
*English Low Monoph-thongs / Vowels = /æ/, /ʌ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/.
*English Mid Monoph-thongs / Vowels = /e/, /ə/, /ɜː/, /ɔː/.
*English short vowels are lax sounds.
*English, German, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Dutch...
*English, German, Danish, Swedish, Portuguese... are stress-timed.
*First, Secondary Stress and then ‘Primary Stress’ in British English.
*Focus on the tonic/stressed syllables and words in English.
*Function words are reduced or weakened. ‘asked them’ /ɑsːk təm/
*Function words are reduced or weakened. ‘date of birth’ /deɪtə bɜːθ/
*Function words have only one syllable.
*Glides = /w/, /j/.
*Helping (auxiliary) verbs are not stressed.
*Helping verbs are not stressed. ‘Would, Can...’ are helping verbs.
*High, long, loud syllables in English have tense vowel sounds.
*Horizontal Tongue Position = Front, Central, Back.
*I send you some flowers. /aɪ ˈsen dʒə səm ˌflaʊəz/
*I sent you some flowers. /aɪ ˈsen tʃə səm ˌflaʊəz/
*In American English ‘z’ is pronounced /ziː/.
*In British English ‘z’ is pronounced /zed/.
*In British English, the main stress comes after the secondary stress.
*In British English, the main stress second, the secondary stress first.
*In compound nouns, the first part has stress.
*In Diph-thongs, the first sound is longer and more stressed.
*In English, some words and syllables are strong and others are weak.
*In four-syllable verbs ending in –ate, stress the second syllable.
*In long sentences, syllables and words are in rhythm groups.
*In most verbs ending in two consonant, stress the last syllable.
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*In phrasal verbs, the second part has stress.

*In RP, the letter ‘r’ is not pronounced unless it is followed by a vowel.
*In three-syllable verbs ending in –ate, stress the first syllable.
*In three-syllable words ending in –y, stress the first syllable.
*In Turkish, every syllable has more or less equal emphasis.
*In two-word proper nouns, the second part has stress.
*In verbs ending in –ish, the syllable before –ish has stress.
*In words ending in -ive, the syllable before –ive has stress.
*Intonation = The ways of saying things / the way you say it.
*Intrusion = Adding or extra sounds.
*Intrusive /j/ = /ɪ/, /iː/.
*Intrusive /j/ = ‘she (y) is’.
*Intrusive /r/ = /ə/, /ɔː/.
*Intrusive /r/ = ‘America (r) and Asia.
*Intrusive /w/ = /ʊ/, /uː/.
*Intrusive /w/ = ‘go (w) off’.
*Intrusive Sounds = /r/, /w/, and /j/.
*Jaw is fairly closed = /iː/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/, /uː/.
*Jaw is neutral = /e/, /ə/, /ɜː/, /ɔː/.
*Jaw is open = /æ/, /ʌ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/.
*Juncture = ‘ice cream’/ ‘I scream’.
*Juncture = Linking or joining sounds.
*Labio-Dentals = /f/, /v/.
*Labio-velar = A speech sound made using the lips and soft palate.
*Labio-velar sound = /w/ in what, where, which...
*Learners whose first language is syllable-timed have some problems.
*Lexical words=Content words / Grammatical words=Function words.
*Liaison = Linking or joining sounds.
*Liaison = Linking or joining together of words in rhythm groups.
*Link words in the same rhythm groups in long sentences.
*Linking /r/ = ‘your English’, ‘you(r) name’, ‘far away’.
*Linking consonants to vowels makes the speech fluent...
*Linking means to ‘pronounce two words together’.
*Linking vowel to vowel, use the sounds /r/, /w/, and /y/.
*Lip Position = Spread, Neutral, Rounded.
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*Liquids = /l/, /r/.

*Lower Lip - Upper Teeth = /f/, /v/.
*Manner of Articulation = How the Sound is Produced.
*Many students have some problems with /ə/ sound.
*Most –ed endings are sounds, not syllables.
*Most low, short, quiet syllables in English have /ə/ or /ɪ/.
*Most –s endings are sounds, not syllables.
*Most unstressed syllables, words in sentences have the /ə/ or /ɪ/.
*Multiple interrogative sentences have rising/falling intonation.
*Nasals = /m/, /n/, /ŋ/.
*Nearly % 30 of the sounds you make when you speak English are /ə/.
*Nearly 16 percent of English words are phonetically ir-regular.
*Nearly 90 percent of the 2-syllable nouns have first-syllable stress.
*Negative words are stressed.
*Nouns and verbs are stressed.
*Numbers ending with –ty have stress on the first syllable.
*Numbers with –teen have the /t/ sound.
*Numbers with –ty have the /t/ sound like /d/. (flap /t/)
*Palatal = /j/.
*Palato-Alveolars = /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/.
*People from Australia and Wales use rising intonation for statements.
*People from Ireland use /t/ or /d/ for ‘th’.
*Place of Articulation = Where the Sound is Produced.
*Post-Alveolar = A little behind the alveolar position = /r/.
*Prepositions, articles, and pronouns are not stressed.
*Pronounce /θ/ and /ð/ correctly means ‘Real English’.
*Pronounce unstressed vowel sounds like /ə/ or /ɪ/.
*Pronunciation of –s and –ed endings is very important.
*Put a very short /ɪ/ in place of /j/.
*Put a very short /ʊ/ in place of /w/.
*Put the main stress on the last word of compound adverbs.
*Put the primary stress on the first noun in compound nouns.
*Question tags (certanity) have falling intonation.
*Question tags (uncertanity) have rising intonation.
*Rapid, casual speech /kt+s/ = /ks/ = /fæks, æks.../
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*Rapid, casual speech /lɪsː, tesː, əkˈseps.../

*Regular stresses make rhythm in English.
*Rhotic Accent = The letter ‘r’ in the spelling is always pronounced.
*Rising/Falling intonation is in statements, commands, wh-questions.
*Sentence stress, rhythm groups and linking make the speech faster...
*Seven lax (short) vowels, Five tense (long) vowels in English.
*Some English dialects are characterized by a syllable-timed rhythm.
*Standard British English speakers often use silent /r/.
*Stress and unstress make rhythm in English sentences.
*Stress both words in adjective-noun phrases, ‘HARD WORK’.
*Stress in Diph-thongs = Stress the first sound /element.
*Stress in Diph-thongs = Unstress the second sound / element.
*Stress the syllable before ‘–ion’ ending in English.
*Stress the syllable -before words ending in ‘–ial, -ical, -ity’.
*Stress the syllable -before words ending in ‘–ion, -ic, -ics’.
*Stress timed = Having a regular rhythm of primary stresses.
*Stress timing = English words and sentences take shorter to say.
*Stress timing versus syllable timing means Real English.
*Stressed syllables are longer and clearer than unstressed ones.
*Strong = Unvoiced consonants / Weak = Voiced consonants.
*Syllabification = Syllabication = The division of words into syllables.
*Syllable timed = Having a regular rhythm of syllables.
*Syllable timing = Turkish words and sentences take longer to say.
*The /ɒ/ and /ɪ/ sounds combine to form the diphthong /ɔɪ/.
*The /æ/ and /ɪ/ sounds combine to form the diphthong /aɪ/.
*The /æ/ and /ʊ/ sounds combine to form the diphthong /aʊ/.
*The /ɔɪ/, /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ diph-thongs are wide sounds.
*The /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ diph-thongs are tense sounds.
*The /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ are short sounds.
*The /w/ is a short form of the sound /uː/.
*The –ate suffix is unstressed in English. ‘DEmonstrate, INdicate...’
*The central vowel /ə/ is a special sound in English.
*The final spelling ‘r’ of a word may be pronounced or not.
*The letter ‘e’ at the end of a word is not pronounced. (magic ‘e’)
*The letter ‘r’ is not sounded as the following sound is a consonant.
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*The lips are neither spread nor rounded for central vowels.
*The pronunciation of the –ed adjective endings /t/, /d/, /ɪd/.
*The pronunciation of the –s and –es verb endings /s/, /z/, /ɪz/.
*The schwa = shwa /ə/ sound is the most common vowel in English.
*The smallest or weakest English vowel sound is /ə/ schwa = shwa.
*The sound /ð/ is voiced. (Vocal cords are moving)
*The sound /ɜː/ is a long schwa = shwa.
*The sound /θ/ is voiceless. (Vocal cords are not moving)
*The sound of the –d and –ed verb endings /t/, /d/, /ɪd/.
*The sound of the –s and –es plural endings /s/, /z/, /ɪz/.
*The sound schwa /ə/ can be represented by any vowel.
*The stressed words are long, loud and high.
*The tonic syllable = The stressed syllable.
*The two same consonants are ‘not pronounced two times’.
*The unstressed syllables are low, short, and quiet.
*The voiced /ð/ occurs in function words and family relation ones.
*The voiceless /θ/ occurs in content words.
*The vowel sounds are before /b/, /d/, and /g/ long, at the end.
*The vowel sounds are before /p/, /t/, and /k/ short, at the end.
*The vowel sounds in bus / ago are similar. The first one is ‘stressed’.
*There are about fifty function words (unstress, weak) in English.
*There are many standards and varieties of English.
*There are very short pauses between rhythm groups.
*This, that, these, and those are stressed.
*Thought groups are meaningful groups of words.
*Thousands of words in English end in –ion.
*Three diph-thongs gliding to /ə/ = /ɪə/, /ʊə/, /eə/.
*Three diph-thongs gliding to /ɪ/ = /eɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /aɪ/.
*Throat = /h/.
*Tongue - Gum Ridge = /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/.
*Tongue - Hard Palate = /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /r/, /j/.
*Tongue - Soft Palate = /k/, /g/, /ŋ/.
*Tongue - Teeth = /θ/, /ð/.
*Turkish is a syllable-timed language.
*Turkish is called a syllable timed language.
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*Turkish is timed by the syllables we give equal stress.

*Turkish learners tend to give English syllables equal stress.
*Turkish learners tend to speak English with a syllable-timed rhythm.
*Turkish, French, Italian, Spanish, Finnish... are syllable-timed.
*Two diph-thongs gliding to /ʊ/ = /əʊ/, /aʊ/.
*Unstressed syllables often contain the schwa vowel sound.
*Unstressed syllables often have the weak schwa vowel sound /ə/.
*Use clear consonants ‘cu(tt)ing, co(nn)ect...’
*Velars = /k/, /g/, /ŋ/.
*Vertical Tongue Position = High, Mid, Low.
*Vowel Reduction = /ɪ/, /ə/, /ʊ/.
*Vowel Reduction = Changing sounds.
*Wh-question words (what, which, how...) are stressed.
*When a word ends in /d/, the next word begins with /y/ = /dʒ/.
*When a word ends in /t/, the next word begins with /y/ = /tʃ/.
*When two vowels go walking, the first one does the talking.
*With back vowels, the lips are more or less rounded.
*With central vowels, the lips are in a neutral position.
*With front vowels, the lips are spread.
*Words ending in /t/ or /d/, ‘-ed’ endings are pronounced /ɪd/.
*Words ending in –er, -or, -ly doesn’t change the stressed syllable.
*Words ending in –ion have the stressed syllable ‘before –ion’.
*Words ending in noisy consonants, ‘-s’ endings are pronounced /ɪz/.
*Words ending in voiced sounds, ‘-ed’ endings are pronounced /d/.
*Words ending in voiced sounds, ‘-s’ endings are pronounced /z/.
*Words ending in voiceless sounds, ‘-ed’ endings are pronounced /t/.
*Words ending in voiceless sounds, ‘-s’ endings are pronounced /s/.
*Working on sound/spelling relationships is very important.
*Working on syllabification and word stress makes the speech fluent...
*You pronounce the letter ‘t’, like /t/ or like /d/.
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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION: ENGLISH SPELLINGS / PHONEMES 15

LESSON I: INTRODUCTION TO THE VOWELS 41

A SHORT & LAX VOWELS 43
B MID – VOWELS 73
C LONG & TENSE VOWELS 79
D DIPH – THONGS 95

LESSON II DIFFICULT CONSONANTS 111

LESSON III: PRESENT SIMPLE –S & –ES ENDINGS 151

PAST SIMPLE –D & –ED ENDINGS 161
-ED ADJECTIVES
PLURAL NOUN –S & –ES ENDINGS 167

LESSON IV SYLLABIFICATION & WORD STRESS 179

LESSON V STRESS – TIMED ‘ENGLISH’ 231

VERSUS
SYLLABLE – TIMED ‘TURKISH’

LESSON VI CONNECTED SPEECH 309

LESSON VII BRITISH ACCENT VERSUS AMERICAN ACCENT 343

APPENDIX 363

GLOSSARY

REFERENCES
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INTRODUCTION

ENGLISH
SPELLINGS / PHONEMES
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BRITISH ENGLISH VOWELS (BBC ACCENT)

iː uː

ɪ ʊ

ɔː
ə ɜː

e
ʌ

æ
ɑː
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ENGLISH CLOSING DIPH-THONGS (BBC ACCENT)

ɪ ʊ

eɪ əʊ ɔɪ

aɪ aʊ

ENGLISH CENTERING DIPH-THONGS (BBC ACCENT)

ɪə
ʊə
ə
eə
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ENGLISH LETTERS

VOWELS SEMI-VOWELS CONSONANTS

a /eɪ/ w /ˈdʌbl juː/ b /biː/

e /iː/ y /waɪ/ c /siː/
i /aɪ/ d /diː/
o /əʊ/ f /ef/
u /juː/ g /dʒiː/
h /eɪtʃ/
j /dʒeɪ/
k /keɪ/
l /el/
m /em/
n /en/
p /piː/
q /kjuː/
r /ɑːr/
s /es/
t /tiː/
v /viː/
x /eks/
z /zed/

/eɪ/ /biː/ /ef/ /aɪ/ /əʊ/ /kjuː/ /ɑːʳ/

/eɪtʃ/ /siː/ /el/ /waɪ/ /juː/
/dʒeɪ/ /diː/ /em/ /ˈdʌbl juː/
/keɪ/ /iː/ /en/
/dʒiː/ /es/
/piː/ /eks/
/tiː/ /zed/
/viː/
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MANNER OF ARTICULATION

PLOSIVES
p b t d k g
AFFRICATES
tʃ dʒ
FRICATIVES
f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h
NASALS
m n ŋ
APPROXIMANTS
l r w j

PLACE OF ARTICULATION

BILABIALS
p b m w
LABIO-DENTALS
f v
DENTALS
θ ð
ALVEOLARS
t d s z n l
POST- ALVEOLARS
tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ r
PALATAL
j
VELARS
k g ŋ
GLOTTAL
h
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LIST OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS

LAX & SHORT VOWELS

/e/ TEST /test/

/æ/ PASTA /ˈpæstə/
/ɪ/ DISH /dɪʃ/
/ə/ DRAMA /ˈdrɑːmə/
/ʌ/ BUT /bʌt/
/ʊ/ BOOK /bʊk/
/ɒ/ GOLF /gɒlf/

TENSE & LONG VOWELS

/iː/ TEAM /tiːm/

/ɜː/ GIRL /gɜːl/
/ɑː/ DANCE /dɑːns/
/uː/ COOL /kuːl/
/ɔː/ TALK /tɔːk/

DIPH-THONGS

/eɪ/ TAPE /teɪp/

/əʊ/ GO /gəʊ/

/ɔɪ/ BOY /bɔɪ/

/aɪ/ TIE /taɪ/
/aʊ/ HOUSE /haʊs/

/ɪə/ EAR /ɪəʳ/

/ʊə/ TOUR /tʊəʳ/
/eə/ HAIR /heəʳ/
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PLOSIVES

/p/ POOL /puːl/

/b/ BEEN /biːn/
/t/ BOUGHT /bɔːt/
/d/ OXFORD /ˈɒksfəd/
/k/ CALL /kɔːl/
/g/ GOOGLE /ˈguːgl/

FRICATIVES

/f/ FEEL /fiːl/

/v/ VILLA /ˈvɪlə/
/θ/ METHOD /ˈmeθəd/
/ð/ THIS /ðɪs/
/s/ PASS /pɑːs/
/z/ CAUSE /kɔːz/
/ʃ/ SHOE /ʃuː/
/ʒ/ TELEVISION /ˈtelɪvɪʒn/
/h/ NOT /nɒt/

AFFRICATES

/tʃ/ BEACH /biːtʃ/

/dʒ/ JEEP /dʒiːp/

NASALS

/m/ PROBLEM /ˈprɒbləm/

/n/ KEEN /kiːn/
/ŋ/ KANGAROO /ˌkæŋgəˈruː/

APPROXIMANTS

/l/ LAZY /ˈleɪzi/

/r/ RISK /rɪsk/
/w/ WELCOME /ˈwelkəm/
/j/ YOGA /ˈjəʊgə/
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‘ENGLISH’ SOUNDS COMPARED to ‘TURKISH’ SOUNDS

SHORT & LAX VOWELS

1 /e/ bed /bed/

2 /æ/ bad /bæd/
3 /ɪ/ build /bɪld/
4 /ə/ today /təˈdeɪ/
5 /ʌ/ cut /kʌt/
6 /ʊ/ book /bʊk/
7 /ɒ/ dog /dɒg/

LONG & TENSE VOWELS

cip /dʒip/
8 /iː/
Jeep /dʒiːp/
göl /gɜl/
9 /ɜː/
girl /gɜːl/
kar /kɑr/
10 /ɑː/
car /kɑːʳ/
kul /kul/
11 /uː/
cool /kuːl/
form /fɔrm/
12 /ɔː/
sport /spɔːt/
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DIPH-THONGS

bir /bir/
13 /ɪə/
beer /bɪəʳ/
tur /tur/
14 /ʊə/
tour /tʊəʳ/
şer /şer/
15 /eə/
share /ʃeəʳ/
şey /ʃei/
16 /eɪ/
may /meɪ/
boy /bɔi/
17 /ɔɪ/
boy /bɔɪ/
ayran /ɑiˈrɑn/
18 /aɪ/
my /maɪ/
kov /kow/
19 /əʊ/
go /gəʊ/
Avrupa /ˈɑʊrupɑ/
20 /aʊ/
house /haʊs/

NOTE:

ENGLISH LONG VOWELS are SHORTER than TURKISH LONG VOWELS

TURKISH SHORT VOWELS are LONGER than ENGLISH SHORT VOWELS
ENGLISH LONG VOWELS = TURKISH SHORT VOWELS
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PLOSIVES (STOPS)

bir /bir/
1 /b/
back /bæk/
paket /pɑˈket/
2 /p/
panel /ˈpænl/
dergi /derˈgi/
3 /d/
desk /desk/
terzi /terˈzi/
4 /t/
turn /tɜːn/
geri /geˈri/
5 /g/
give /gɪv/
kiraz /kiˈrɑz/
6 /k/
key /kiː/

FRICATIVES

fikir /fiˈkir/
7 /f/
friend /frend/
ver /ver/
8 /v/
voice /vɔɪs/
Fethiye /ˈfeθije/
9 /θ/ = /th/
think /θɪŋk/
methetmek /ˈmeðetmek/
10 /ð/ = /dh/
this /ðɪs/
sat /sɑt/
11 /s/
sea /siː/
zaman /zɑˈmɑn/
12 /z/
zoo /zuː/
şeker /ʃeˈker/
13 /ʃ/
ship /ʃɪp/
jest /ʒest/
14 /ʒ/
vision /ˈvɪʒn/
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AFFRICATES

cadde /dʒɑdˈde/
15 /dʒ/
job /dʒɒb/
çaba /tʃɑˈbɑ/
16 /tʃ/
teacher /ˈtiːtʃər/

SONORANTS

mağaza /ˈmɑːzɑ/
17 /m/
mineral /ˈmɪnrəl/
nasip /nɑˈsip/
18 /n/
news /njuːz/
Ankara /ˈɑŋkɑrɑ/
19 /ŋ/
sing /sɪŋ/
herkes /herˈkez/
20 /h/
half /hɑːf/
laf /læf/
21 /l/
listen /ˈlɪsn/
renk /reŋk/
22 /r/
read /riːd/
vur /wʊr/
23 /w/
well /wel/

yer /jer/
24 /j/
yellow /ˈjeləʊ/

NOTE:

*Fricatives (continuants) are longer than plosives (stops).

27

VOWEL LETTERS / SOUNDS MATCH

SHORT & LAX PHONEMES

e /e/ smell /smel/

a /æ/ back /bæk/
i /ɪ/ kiss /kɪs/
a, e, i, o, u /ə/ computer /kəmˈpjuːtəʳ/
u /ʌ/ run /rʌn/
u pull /pʊl/
/ʊ/
oo foot /fʊt/
o /ɒ/ hot /hɒt/

LONG & TENSE PHONEMES

ee keep /kiːp/
ea /iː/ beach /biːtʃ/
e we /wiː/
er Turkey /ˈtɜːki/
ir skirt /skɜːt/
/ɜː/
ur person /ˈpɜːsn/
wor word /wɜːk/
ar car /kɑːʳ/
/ɑː/
as pass /pɑːs/
oo school /skuːl/
ew /uː/ flew /fluː/
u future /ˈfjuːtʃər/
or born /bɔːn/
al /ɔː/ talk /tɔːk/
aw saw /sɔː/

y /i/ dirty /ˈdɜːti/

u(a) /u/ actually /ˈæktʃuəli/
28

DIPH-THONGS

eer beer /bɪəʳ/

ere /ɪə/ here /hɪəʳ/
ear near /nɪəʳ/
sure /ʃʊəʳ/
ur /ʊə/
tour /tʊəʳ/
air hair /heəʳ/
/eə/
are share /ʃeəʳ/
a-e make /meɪk/
ai /eɪ/ train /treɪn/
ay say /seɪ/
oi noise /nɔɪz/
/ɔɪ/
oy toy /tɔɪ/
i-e bike /baɪk/
y /aɪ/ my /maɪ/
igh night /naɪt/
o-e nose /nəʊz/
oa boat /bəʊt/
/əʊ/
o go /gəʊ/
ol cold /kəʊld/
ou shout /ʃaʊt/
/aʊ/
ow now /naʊ/

NOTE:

SPELLING PRONUNCIATION
Sing /sɪŋ/
Singing /ˈsɪŋɪŋ/
Singer /ˈsɪŋər/
29

CONSONANT LETTERS / SOUNDS MATCH

VOICED = SOFT CONSONANTS

SPELLINGS PHONEMES WORDS PRONUNCIATION

b baby /ˈbeɪbi/
/b/
bb rabbit /ˈræbɪt/
j jacket /ˈdʒækɪt/
ge /dʒ/ language /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
dge bridge /brɪdʒ/
d dad /dæd/
/d/
dd address /əˈdres/
th /ð/ that /ðæt/
g girl /gɜːl/
/g/
gg bigger /ˈbɪgəʳ/
si decision /dɪˈsɪʒn/
/ʒ/
su leisure /ˈleʒəʳ/
l leg /leg/
/l/
ll killing /ˈkɪlɪŋ/
m my /maɪ/
/m/
mm summer /ˈsʌməʳ/
n nose /nəʊz/
/n/
nn dinner /ˈdɪnəʳ/
ng king /kɪŋ/
/ŋ/
nk thank /θæŋk/
r right /raɪt/
/r/
rr married /ˈmærid/
v /v/ visit /ˈvɪzɪt/
u quiz /kwɪz/
w /w/ wait /weɪt/
wh what /wɒt/
human /ˈhjuːmən/
u
/j/ unit /ˈjuːnɪt/
y
year /jɪəʳ/
z zoo /zuː/
/z/
s busy /bɪzi/
30

VOICELESS = HARD CONSONANTS

SPELLINGS PHONEMES EXAMPLES PRONUNCIATION

ch church /tʃɜːtʃ/
tch /tʃ/ match /mætʃ/
tur natural /ˈnætʃrəl/
f flower /ˈflaʊəʳ/
ff /f/ different /ˈdɪfrənt/
ph elephant /ˈelɪfənt/
h /h/ house /haʊs/
c cat /kæt/
k skirt /skɜːt/
/k/
ck nick /nɪk/
q queue /kjuː/
p pen /pen/
/p/
pp apple /ˈæpl/
s fast /fɑːst/
ss kissing /ˈkɪsɪŋ/
/s/
ci cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/
ce nice /naɪs/
sh she /ʃiː/
/ʃ/
ti action /ˈækʃn/
t tell /tel/
/t/
tt cutting /ˈkʌtɪŋ/
th /θ/ thing /θɪŋ/
31

RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION EXAMPLES

Spelling Pronunciation
-a /ə/
-although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/
-alveolar /ˌælviˈəʊləʳ/
-always /ˈɔːlweɪz/ /ˈɔːlwɪz/
-am /əm/
-among /əˈmʌŋ/
-an /ən/
-ancestor /ˈænsəstəʳ/
-and /ənd/ /ən/
-another /əˈnʌðəʳ/
-answer /ˈɑːnsəʳ/
-any /ˈeni/
-appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪt/
-archive /ˈɑːkaɪv/
-are /ər/
-as /əz/
-at /ət/
-au pair /əʊ ˈpeəʳ/
-author /ˈɔːθəʳ/
-ˈbachelor ˌparty /ˈbætʃələʳ ˌpɑːti/
-ˈballet ˌdancer /ˈbæleɪ ˌdɑːnsəʳ/
-baˈnana reˌpublic /bəˈnɑːnə rɪˌpʌblɪk/
-bargain /ˈbɑːgən/
-bathe /beɪð/
-belong /bɪˈlɒŋ/
-biggest /ˈbɪgɪst/
-bilabial /baɪˈleɪbiəl/
-biology /baɪˈɒlədʒi/
-ˈblood ˌgroup /ˈblʌd ˌgruːp/
-blood /blʌd/
-boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/
-bought /bɔːt/
-bowling /ˈbəʊlɪŋ/
32

-bread /bred/
-breast /brest/
-breath /breθ/
-brick /brɪk/
-bring /brɪŋ/
-brought /brɔːt/
-building /ˈbɪldɪŋ/
-bury /ˈberi/
-ˈbus ˌstation /ˈbʌs ˌsteɪʃn/
-business /ˈbɪznəs/
-bust /bʌst/
-but /bət/
-button /ˈbʌtn/
-can /kən/
-capable /ˈkeɪpəbl/
-caught /kɔːt/
-cease /siːs/
-ceiling /ˈsiːlɪŋ/
-childless /ˈtʃaɪldləs/
-clue /kluː/
-ˌcold ˈwar /ˌkəʊld ˈwɔːʳ/
-colleague /ˈkɒliːg/
-committee /kəˈmɪti/
-could /kəd/
-create /kriˈeɪt/
-creature /ˈkriːtʃər/
-cruel /ˈkruːəl/
-cuisine /kwɪˈziːn/
-dancing /ˈdɑːnsɪŋ/
-darling /ˈdɑːlɪŋ/
-daughter /ˈdɔːtər/
-dead /ded/
-deaf /def/
-dealt /delt/
-death /deθ/
-debt /det/
33

-decisive /dɪˈsaɪsɪv/
-dinosaur /ˈdaɪnəsɔːr/
-discipline /ˈdɪsəplɪn/
-do /də/
-does /dəz/
-doing /ˈduːɪŋ/
-driven /ˈdrɪvn/
-dunno /dəˈnəʊ/
-during /ˈdjʊərɪŋ/
-eclipse /ɪˈklɪps/
-era /ˈɪərə/
-evening /ˈiːvnɪŋ/
-everything /ˈevriθɪŋ/
-familiar /fəˈmɪliər/
-farthest /ˈfɑːðɪst/
-fault /fɔːlt/
-feel /fiːl/
-Florida /ˈflɒrɪdə/
-flour /ˈflaʊər/
-flute /fluːt/
-follow /ˈfɒləʊ/
-food /fuːd/
-foot /fʊt/
-for /fər/
-frightened /ˈfraɪtnd/
-from /frəm/
-front /frʌnt/
-fruit /fruːt/
-future /ˈfjuːtʃəʳ/
-genius /ˈdʒiːniəs/
-gesture /ˈdʒestʃər/
-glove /glʌv/
-going /ˈgəʊɪŋ/
-google /ˈguːgl/
-guarantee /ˌgærənˈtiː/
-guess /ges/
34

-had /həd/
-hang /hæŋ/
-hanging /ˈhæŋɪŋ/
-harmful /ˈhɑːmfl/
-has /həz/ /əz/
-have /həv/ /əv/
-hello /həˈləʊ/
-helpful /ˈhelpfl/
-her /hər/ /ər/
-IPA /ˌaɪ piː ˈeɪ/
-interesting /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/ /ˈɪntrestɪŋ/
-job /dʒɒb/
-joke /dʒəʊk/
-journalist /ˈdʒɜːnəlɪst/
-just /dʒəst/
-king /kɪŋ/
-latest /ˈleɪtɪst/
-listen /ˈlɪsn/
-live (adj) /laɪv/
-LPG /ˌel piːˈdʒiː/
-lung /lʌŋ/
-many /ˈmeni/
-marine /məˈriːn/
-maritime /ˈmærɪtaɪm/
-mature /məˈtʃʊəʳ/
-meal /miːl/
-mean /miːn/
-meant /ment/
-measles /ˈmiːzlz/
-measure /ˈmeʒər/
-minute /ˈmɪnɪt/
-Miss /mɪs/
-Missus (Mrs.) /ˈmɪsɪz/
-morning /ˈmɔːnɪŋ/
-mosque /mɒsk/
-MP3 /ˌem piː ˈθriː/
35

-Ms. /mɪz/
-music /ˈmjuːzɪk/
-must /məst/ /məs/
-naked /ˈneɪkɪd/
-ˌnational ˈanthem /ˌnæʃnəl ˈænθəm/
-NATO /ˈneɪtəʊ/
-nature /ˈneɪtʃəʳ/
-naughty /ˈnɔːti/
-NBA /ˌen biː ˈeɪ/
-nothing /ˈnʌθɪŋ/
-nought /nɔːt/
-nourish /ˈnʌrɪʃ/
-nourishment /ˈnʌrɪʃmənt/
-of /əv/ /ə/
-off /ɒf/
-offence /əˈfens/
-official /əˈfɪʃl/
-oh /əʊ/
-or /əʳ/
-our /ɑːr/
-ours /ɑːz/
-ourselves /ɑːˈselvz/
-ˌOval ˈOffice /ˌəʊvl ˈɒfɪs/
-oven /ˈʌvn/
-owing /ˈəʊɪŋ/
-phoneme /ˈfəʊniːm/
-phonemic /fəˈniːmɪk/
-phonetic /fəˈnetɪk/
-phonetician /ˌfəʊnəˈtɪʃn/ /ˌfɒnəˈtɪʃn/
-phonology /fəˈnɒlədʒi/
-poem /ˈpəʊɪm/
-pretty /ˈprɪti/
-purchase /ˈpɜːtʃɪs/
-question /ˈkwestʃən/
-radio /ˈreɪdiəʊ/
-rafting /ˈrɑːftɪŋ/
36

-receipt /rɪˈsiːt/
-recreation /ˌrekriˈeɪʃn/
-ruin /ˈruːɪn/
-said /sed/
-says /sez/
-scene /siːn/
-secure /sɪˈkjʊəʳ/
-seize /siːz/
-sequence /ˈsiːkwəns/
-shall /ʃəl/
-should /ʃəd/
-sigh /saɪ/
-simultaneous /ˌsɪmlˈteɪniəs/
-singer /ˈsɪŋəʳ/
-singing /ˈsɪŋɪŋ/
-slang /slæŋ/
-solitary /ˈsɒlətri/
-some /səm/
-somebody /ˈsʌmbədi/
-something /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/
-sought /sɔːt/
-spontaneous /spɒnˈteɪniəs/
-spring /sprɪŋ/
-statue /ˈstætʃuː/
-stomach /ˈstʌmək/
-stressful /ˈstresfl/
-sugar /ˈʃʊgər/
-suit /suːt/
-suitable /ˈsuːtəbl/
-surface /ˈsɜːfɪs/
-surprise /səˈpraɪz/
-sweat /swet/
-sword /sɔːd/
-symbol /ˈsɪmbl/
-taught /tɔːt/
-tear (n) /tɪər/
37

-tear (v) /teər/

-technique /tekˈniːk/
-than /ðən/
-that /ðət/
-theatre /ˈθɪətər/
-their /ðər/
-them /ðəm/
-themselves /ðəmˈselvz/
-thing /θɪŋ/
-though /ðəʊ/
-thought /θɔːt/
-to /tə/
-tongue /tʌŋ/
-unless /ənˈles/ /ʌnˈles/
-upon /əˈpɒn/
-vacation /vəˈkeɪʃn/
-velar /ˈviːləʳ/
-video /ˈvɪdiəʊ/
-want /wɒnt/
-war /wɔːr/
-was /wəz/
-weapon /ˈwepən/
-wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/
-weekend /ˌwiːkˈend/
-weigh /weɪ/
-were /wər/
-whale /weɪl/
-what /wɒt/
-wheel /wiːl/
-when /wen/
-where /weəʳ/
-whether /ˈweðəʳ/
-which /wɪtʃ/
-while /waɪl/
-whisky /ˈwɪski/
-whisper /ˈwɪspəʳ/
38

-white /waɪt/
-who /huː/
-who’ll /huːl/
-who’re /ˈhuːəʳ/
-who’s /huːz/
-who’ve /huːv/
-whole /həʊl/
-whom /huːm/
-whose /huːz/
-why /waɪ/
-wing /wɪŋ/
-without /wɪˈðaʊt/
-women /ˈwɪmɪn/
-would /wəd/
-yellowish /ˈjeləʊɪʃ/
-you /jə/
-your /jər/
39

aren’t /ɑːnt/
can’t /kɑːnt/
cannot /ˈkænɒt/
couldn’t /ˈkʊdnt/
didn’t /ˈdɪdnt/
doesn’t /ˈdʌznt/
don’t /dəʊnt/
hadn’t /ˈhædnt/
hasn’t /ˈhæznt/
haven’t /ˈhævnt/
isn’t /ˈɪznt/
mustn’t /ˈmʌsnt/
not /nɒt/
shouldn’t /ˈʃʊdnt/
usedn’t to /ˈjuːsnt tə/
wasn’t /ˈwɒznt/
weren’t /wɜːnt/
won’t /wəʊnt/
wouldn’t /ˈwʊdnt/
40

been /biːn/ /bɪn/

he'd /hiːd/
he'll /hiːl/
hers /hɜːz/
he's (he has) /hiːz/
he's (he is) /hiːz/ /his/ /ɪz/
his /hɪz/
I’d /aɪd/
I’ll /aɪl/
I’m /aɪm/
it /ɪt/
it’d /ˈɪtəd/
it’ll /ˈɪtl/
it’s /ɪts/
ours /ɑːz/ /ˈaʊəz/
she'd /ʃiːd/ /ʃid/
she'll /ʃiːl/ /ʃil/
she's (she has) /ʃiːz/
she's (she is) /ʃiːz/ /ʃiz/
theirs /ðeəz/
there /ðeər/
they’are /ðeəʳ/
they’ll /ðeɪl/
they’ve /ðeɪv/
unless /ənˈles/ /ʌnˈles/
until /ənˈtɪl/ /ʌnˈtɪl/
we’ve /wiːv/ /wiv/
we'd /wiːd/ /wid/
we'll /wiːl/ /wil/
we're /wɪər/
you’d /juːd/
you’ll /juːl/
you’ve /juːv/
yours /jɔːz/
41

LESSON I

INTRODUCTION

to the

VOWEL SOUNDS
42
43

SHORT & LAX

VOWELS
44
45

/e/

-any /ˈeni/
-anything /ˈeniθɪŋ/
-anywhere /ˈeniweəʳ/
-chair / tʃeəʳ/
-dead /ded/
-death /deθ/
-December /dɪˈsembəʳ/
-dentist /ˈdentɪst/
-develop /dɪˈveləp/
-direct /dəˈrekt/ /dɪˈrekt/ /daɪˈrekt/
-editor /ˈedɪtəʳ/
-egg /eg/
-else /els/
-error /ˈerəʳ/
-extra /ˈekstrə/
-February /ˈfebruəri/ /ˈfebjʊri/
-general /ˈdʒenrəl/
-leather /ˈleðəʳ/
-lecture /ˈlektʃəʳ/
-lemon /ˈlemən/
-lend /lend/
-length /leŋθ/
-lesson /ˈlesn/
-level /ˈlevl/
-many /ˈmeni/
-second /ˈsekənd/
-self /self/
-sense /sens/
-sentence /ˈsentəns/
-weather /ˈweðəʳ/
-Wednesday /ˈwenzdeɪ/ /ˈwenzdi/
-welcome /ˈwelkəm/
-western /ˈwestən/
-wet /wet/
46

/æ/

-accident /ˈæksɪdənt/
-active /ˈæktɪv/
-activity /ækˈtɪvəti/
-actor /ˈæktər/
-adjective /ˈædʒɪktɪv/
-album /ˈælbəm/
-anthem /ˈænθəm/
-antique /ˈæntiːk/
-apple /ˈæpl/
-aspirin /ˈæsprɪn/ /ˈæspərɪn/
-back /bæk/
-bad /bæd/
-black /blæk/
-calendar /ˈkælɪndər/
-camp /kæmp/
-capital /ˈkæpɪtl/
-captain /ˈkæptɪn/
-carry /ˈkæri/
-cash /kæʃ/
-cat /kæt/
-channel /ˈtʃænl/
-chapter /ˈtʃæptər/
-character /ˈkærəktər/
-dad /dæd/
-family /ˈfæməli/
-fan /fæn/
-fantastic /fænˈtæstɪk/
-fashion /ˈfæʃn/
-fat /fæt/
-flag /flæg/
-gas /gæs/
-hand /hænd/
-handsome /ˈhænsəm/
-happen /ˈhæpən/
47

-happy /ˈhæpi/
-hat /hæt/
-Jack /dʒæk/
-jacket /ˈdʒækɪt/
-jam /dʒæm/
-January /ˈdʒænjuəri/ /ˈdʒænjʊri/
-jazz /dʒæz/
-lamp /læmp/
-land /lænd/
-mad /mæd/
-madam /ˈmædəm/
-magazine /ˌmægəˈziːn/
-magic /ˈmædʒɪk/
-man /mæn/
-map /mæp/
-married /ˈmærid/
-mechanic /məˈkænɪk/
-national /ˈnæʃnəl/
-natural /ˈnætʃrəl/
-packet /ˈpækɪt/
-parrot /ˈpærət/
-passive /ˈpæsɪv/
-perhaps /pəˈhæps/ /præps/
-plan /plæn/
-practise /ˈpræktɪs/
-programme /ˈprəʊgræm/
-rabbit /ˈræbɪt/
-racket /ˈrækɪt/
-relax /rɪˈlæks/
-romantic /rəʊˈmæntɪk/ /rəˈmæntɪk/
-sad /sæd/
-Saturday /ˈsætədeɪ/ /ˈsætədi/
-Spanish /ˈspænɪʃ/
-taxi /ˈtæksi/
-vocabulary /vəˈkæbjʊləri/ /vəˈkæbjələri/
48

/ɪ/

-belong /bɪˈlɒŋ/
-below /bɪˈləʊ/
-big /bɪg/
-bill /bɪl/
-brick /brɪk/
-build /bɪld/
-continue /kənˈtɪnjuː/
-delicious /dɪˈlɪʃəs/
-different /ˈdɪfrənt/
-difficult /ˈdɪfɪkəlt/
-dinner /ˈdɪnəʳ/
-enough /ɪˈnʌf/
-figure /ˈfɪgəʳ/
-fill /fɪl/
-finger /ˈfɪŋgəʳ/
-fit /fɪt/
-gift /gɪft/
-gym /dʒɪm/
-if /ɪf/
-ill /ɪl/
-kill /kɪl/
-king /kɪŋ/
-kiss /kɪs/
-list /lɪst/
-little /ˈlɪtl/
-live /lɪv/
-magic /ˈmædʒɪk/
-message /ˈmesɪdʒ/
-middle /ˈmɪdl/
-midnight /ˈmɪdnaɪt/
-milk /mɪlk/
-million /ˈmɪljən/
-mineral /ˈmɪnərəl/ /ˈmɪnrəl/
-negative /ˈnegətɪv/
49

-picture /ˈpɪktʃəʳ/
-plastic /ˈplæstɪk/
-rabbit /ˈræbɪt/
-religion /rɪˈlɪdʒən/
-remember /rɪˈmembəʳ/
-risk /rɪsk/
-sink /sɪŋk/
-sister /ˈsɪstəʳ/
-sit /sɪt/
-six /sɪks/
-wig /wɪg/
-win /wɪn/
-wind /wɪnd/
-window /ˈwɪndəʊ/

-antonym /ˈæntənɪm/
-cycle /ˈsaɪkl/
-dynamic /daɪˈnæmɪk/
-syllable /ˈsɪləbl/
-symbol /ˈsɪmbl/
-symbolic /sɪmˈbɒlɪk/
-sympathetic /ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk/
-sympathy /ˈsɪmpəθi/
-symphony /ˈsɪmfəni/
-symptom /ˈsɪmptəm/
-syndrome /ˈsɪndrəʊm/
-synonym /ˈsɪnənɪm/
-syntax /ˈsɪntæks/
-system /ˈsɪstəm/
-systematic /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/
50

ALMOST 75 PER CENT OF THE TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS

HAVE SECOND-SYLLABLE STRESS

Spelling Pronunciation
-because /bɪˈkɒz/
-become /bɪˈkʌm/
-before /bɪˈfɔːʳ/
-befriend /bɪˈfrend/
-begin /bɪˈgɪn/
-behalf /bɪˈhɑːf/
-behave /bɪˈheɪv/
-behind /bɪˈhaɪnd/
-believe /bɪˈliːv/
-belong /bɪˈlɒŋ/
-beloved /bɪˈlʌvɪd/
-below /bɪˈləʊ/
-beneath /bɪˈniːθ/
-beside /bɪˈsaɪd/
-besides /bɪˈsaɪdz/
-besiege /bɪˈsiːdʒ/
-between /bɪˈtwiːn/
-bewail /bɪˈweɪl/
-beware /bɪˈweəʳ/
-bewilder /bɪˈwɪldəʳ/
-beyond /bɪˈjɒnd/
-decay /dɪˈkeɪ/
-deceive /dɪˈsiːv/
-decide /dɪˈsaɪd/
-declare /dɪˈkleəʳ/
-decline /dɪˈklaɪn/
-decrease /dɪˈkriːs/
-deduce /dɪˈdjuːs/
-deduct /dɪˈdʌkt/
-defeat /dɪˈfiːt/
-defect /dɪˈfekt/
-defend /dɪˈfend/
-defer /dɪˈfɜːʳ/
51

-define /dɪˈfaɪn/
-degree /dɪˈgriː/
-delay /dɪˈleɪ/
-delete /dɪˈliːt/
-deliberate /dɪˈlɪbəreɪt/
-delight /dɪˈlaɪt/
-deliver /dɪˈlɪvəʳ/
-demand /dɪˈmɑːnd/
-denial /dɪˈnaɪəl/
-deny /dɪˈnaɪ/
-depart /dɪˈpɑːt/
-depend /dɪˈpend/
-depress /dɪˈpres/
-deprive /dɪˈpraɪv/
-descend /dɪˈsend/
-describe /dɪˈskraɪb/
-desert /dɪˈzɜːt/
-deserve /dɪˈzɜːv/
-design /dɪˈzaɪn/
-desire /dɪˈzaɪəʳ/
-despair /dɪˈspeəʳ/
-despite /dɪˈspaɪt/
-destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/
-detach /dɪˈtætʃ/
-detail /dɪˈteɪl/
-detect /dɪˈtekt/
-deter /dɪˈtɜːʳ/
-determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/
-detest /dɪˈtest/
-develop /dɪˈveləp/
-device /dɪˈvaɪs/
-devise /dɪˈvaɪz/
-devoid /dɪˈvɔɪd/
-devote /dɪˈvəʊt/
-dictate /dɪkˈteɪt/
-diffuse /dɪˈfjuːz/
52

-diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/
-direct /dɪˈrekt/
-disable /dɪsˈeɪbl/
-disagree /ˌdɪsəˈgriː/
-disappear /ˌdɪsəˈpɪəʳ/
-disappoint /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪnt/
-discern /dɪˈsɜːn/
-discharge /dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ/
-disconnect /ˌdɪskəˈnekt/
-discount /dɪsˈkaʊnt/
-discourage /dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-discover /dɪsˈkʌvəʳ/
-discriminate /dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt/
-discuss /dɪˈskʌs/
-disease /dɪˈziːz/
-disgrace /dɪsˈgreɪs/
-disguise /dɪsˈgaɪz/
-disgust /dɪsˈkʌst/
-dislike /dɪsˈlaɪk/
-dismiss /dɪsˈmɪs/
-disobey /ˌdɪsəˈbeɪ/
-dispel /dɪˈspel/
-dispense /dɪˈspens/
-disperse /dɪˈspɜːs/
-displace /dɪsˈpleɪs/
-display /dɪˈspleɪ/
-dispose /dɪˈspəʊz/
-dispute /dɪˈspjuːt/
-distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ/
-distort /dɪˈstɔːt/
-distract /dɪˈstrækt/
-distribute /dɪˈstrɪbjuːt/
-disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/
-divert /daɪˈvɜːt/ /dəˈvɜːt/ /dɪˈvɜːt/
-divest /daɪˈvest/ /dəˈvest/ /dɪˈvest/
-divide /dɪˈvaɪd/
53

-effect /ɪˈfekt/
-elect /ɪˈlekt/
-elicit /ɪˈlɪsɪt/
-eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/
-embarrass /ɪmˈbærəs/
-embrace /ɪmˈbreɪs/
-emerge /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/
-emit /ɪˈmɪt/
-employ /ɪmˈplɔɪ/
-enable /ɪˈneɪbl/
-enclose /ɪnˈkləʊz/
-encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntəʳ/
-encourage /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-endanger /ɪnˈdeɪndʒəʳ/
-endorse /ɪnˈdɔːs/
-endure /ɪnˈdjʊəʳ/
-enforce /ɪnˈfɔːs/
-engage /ɪnˈgeɪdʒ/
-English /ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-enjoy /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/
-enlarge /ɪnˈlɑːdʒ/
-enquire /ɪnˈkwaɪəʳ/
-enrich /ɪnˈrɪtʃ/
-entail /ɪnˈteɪl/
-entire /ɪnˈtaɪəʳ/
-erase /ɪˈreɪz/
-erect /ɪˈrekt/
-erupt /ɪˈrʌpt/
-escape /ɪˈskeɪp/
-escort /ɪˈskɔːt/
-especial /ɪˈspeʃl/
-establish /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/
-estate /ɪˈsteɪt/
-evacuate /ɪˈvækjueɪt/
-evaluate /ɪˈvæljueɪt/
-evict /ɪˈvɪkt/
54

-examine /ɪgˈzæmɪn/
-exceed /ɪkˈsiːd/
-exchange /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/
-excite /ɪkˈsaɪt/
-exclude /ɪkˈskluːd/
-excuse /ɪkˈskjuːz/
-executive /ɪgˈzekjətɪv/ /ɪgˈzekjʊtɪv/
-exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/
-exhibit /ɪgˈzɪbɪt/
-exist /ɪgˈzɪst/
-expand /ɪkˈspænd/
-expect /ɪkˈspekt/
-expel /ɪkˈspel/
-expend /ɪkˈspend/
-experience /ɪkˈspɪəriəns/
-expire /ɪkˈspaɪəʳ/
-explain /ɪkˈspleɪn/
-explode /ɪkˈspləʊd/
-exploit /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
-explore /ɪkˈsplɔːʳ/
-export /ɪkˈspɔːt/
-expose /ɪkˈspəʊz/
-expres /ɪkˈspres/
-extend /ɪkˈstend/
-extent /ɪkˈstent/
-extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/
-extinguish /ɪkˈstɪŋgwɪʃ/
-extract /ɪkˈstrækt/
-extreme /ɪkˈstriːm/
-ignore /ɪgˈnɔːʳ/
-imagine /ɪˈmædʒɪn/
-immediate /ɪˈmiːdiət/
-immerse /ɪˈmɜːs/
-impact /ɪmˈpækt/
-impede /ɪmˈpiːd/
-imperil /ɪmˈperɪl/
55

-implode /ɪmˈpləʊd/
-imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/
-import /ɪmˈpɔːt/
-impose /ɪmˈpəʊz/
-impress /ɪmˈpres/
-improve /ɪmˈpruːv/
-incline /ɪnˈklaɪn/
-include /ɪnˈkluːd/
-incorporate /ɪnˈkɔːpəreɪt/
-increase /ɪnˈkriːs/
-indeed /ɪnˈdiːd/
-induce /ɪnˈdjuːs/
-infect /ɪnˈfekt/
-inform /ɪnˈfɔːm/
-initiate /ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/
-inside /ɪnˈsaɪd/
-insist /ɪnˈsɪst/
-inspect /ɪnˈspekt/
-inspire /ɪnˈspaɪəʳ/
-install /ɪnˈstɔːl/
-instead /ɪnˈsted/
-instruct /ɪnˈstrʌkt/
-insult /ɪnˈsʌlt/
-insure /ɪnˈʃʊəʳ/ /ɪnˈʃɔːʳ/
-intend /ɪnˈtend/
-intensify /ɪnˈtensɪfaɪ/
-interact /ˌɪntərˈækt/
-interfere /ˌɪntəˈfɪəʳ/
-interpret /ɪnˈtɜːprɪt/
-interrogate /ɪnˈterəgeɪt/
-interrupt /ˌɪntəˈrʌpt/
-intervene /ˌɪntəˈviːn/
-introduce /ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs/
-intrude /ɪnˈtruːd/
-invade /ɪnˈveɪd/
-invent /ɪnˈvent/
56

-invert /ɪnˈvɜːt/
-invest /ɪnˈvest/
-investigate /ɪnˈvestɪgeɪt/
-invite /ɪnˈvaɪt/
-invoke /ɪnˈvəʊk/
-involve /ɪnˈvɒlv/
-rebel /rɪˈbel/
-recall /rɪˈkɔːl/
-recede /rɪˈsiːd/
-receipt /rɪˈsiːt/
-receive /rɪˈsiːv/
-record /rɪˈkɔːd/
-recover /rɪˈkʌvəʳ/
-recruit /rɪˈkruːt/
-reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/
-refer /rɪˈfɜːʳ/
-refine /rɪˈfaɪn/
-reflect /rɪˈflekt/
-reform /rɪˈfɔːm/
-refrain /rɪˈfreɪn/
-refresh /rɪˈfreʃ/
-refund /rɪˈfʌnd/
-refuse /rɪˈfjuːz/
-regard /rɪˈgɑːd/
-regret /rɪˈgret/
-rehearse /rɪˈhɜːs/
-reject /rɪˈdʒekt/
-relate /rɪˈleɪt/
-relax /rɪˈlæks/
-release /rɪˈliːs/
-relieve /rɪˈliːv/
-relinquish /rɪˈlɪŋkwɪʃ/
-rely /rɪˈlaɪ/
-remain /rɪˈmeɪn/
-remark /rɪˈmɑːk/
-remember /rɪˈmembəʳ/
57

-remind /rɪˈmaɪnd/
-remote /rɪˈməʊt/
-repair /rɪˈpeəʳ/
-repeat /rɪˈpiːt/
-repel /rɪˈpel/
-reply /rɪˈplaɪ/
-report /rɪˈpɔːt/
-request /rɪˈkwest/
-require /rɪˈkwaɪəʳ/
-research /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/
-resemble /rɪˈzembl/
-resent /rɪˈzent/
-reserve /rɪˈzɜːv/
-resign /rɪˈzaɪn/
-resist /rɪˈzɪst/
-resort /rɪˈzɔːt/
-resource /rɪˈzɔːs/
-respect /rɪˈspekt/
-respond /rɪˈspɒnd/
-restrict /rɪˈstrɪkt/
-resume /rɪˈzjuːm/
-retain /rɪˈteɪn/
-retire /rɪˈtaɪəʳ/
-return /rɪˈtɜːn/
-reveal /rɪˈviːl/
-revenge /rɪˈvendʒ/
58

/ə/

Spelling Pronunciation
-above /əˈbʌv/
-among /əˈmʌŋ/
-beggar /ˈbegəʳ/
-cancer /ˈkænsəʳ/
-error /ˈerəʳ/
-feather /ˈfeðəʳ/
-fluent /ˈfluːənt/
-forward /ˈfɔːwəd/
-funeral /ˈfjuːnərəl/ /ˈfjuːnrəl/
-government /ˈgʌvənmənt/
-human /ˈhjuːmən/
-infant /ˈɪnfənt/
-innocent /ˈɪnəsnt/
-innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/
-lawyer /ˈlɔːjəʳ/
-machine /məˈʃiːn/
-manner /ˈmænəʳ/
-miracle /ˈmɪrəkl/
-mirror /ˈmɪrəʳ/
-national /ˈnæʃnəl/
-November /nəʊˈvembəʳ/ /nəˈvembəʳ/
-police /pəˈliːs/
-polite /pəˈlaɪt/
-popular /ˈpɒpjələʳ/
-precious /ˈpreʃəs/
-Saturday /ˈsætədeɪ/ /ˈsætədi/
-season /ˈsiːzn/
-secular /ˈsekjələʳ/ /ˈsekjʊləʳ/
-signal /ˈsɪgnəl/
-signature /ˈsɪgnətʃəʳ/
-solution /səˈluːʃn/
-thunder /ˈθʌndəʳ/
59

-tiger /ˈtaɪgəʳ/
-traditional /trəˈdɪʃənl/
-trouble /ˈtrʌbl/
-vocabulary /vəˈkæbjələri/ /vəˈkæbjʊləri/
-weather /ˈweðəʳ/
-welcome /ˈwelkəm/
-yoga /ˈjəʊgə/
-yogurt /ˈjɒgət/
60

ABOUT 75 PER CENT OF THE TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS

HAVE SECOND-SYLLABLE STRESS

Spelling Pronunciation
-abandon /əˈbændən/
-abate /əˈbeɪt/
-abide /əˈbaɪd/
-ability /əˈbɪləti/
-aboard /əˈbɔːd/
-about /əˈbaʊt/
-above /əˈbʌv/
-abroad /əˈbrɔːd/
-abrupt /əˈbrʌpt/
-absorb /əbˈzɔːb/ /əbˈsɔːb/
-abstain /əbˈsteɪn/
-absurd /əbˈzɜːd/ /əbˈsɜːd/
-abuse /əˈbjuːz/
-accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/
-accept /əkˈsept/
-acclaim /əˈkleɪm/
-accommodate /əˈkɒmədeɪt/
-accompany /əˈkʌmpəni/
-accord /əˈkɔːd/
-according /əˈkɔːdɪŋ/
-account /əˈkaʊnt/
-accuse /əˈkjuːz/
-accustom /əˈkʌstəm/
-achieve /əˈtʃiːv/
-acquire /əˈkwaɪəʳ/
-acquit /əˈkwɪt/
-across /əˈkrɒs/
-acute /əˈkjuːt/
-adapt /əˈdæpt/
-addition /əˈdɪʃn/
-adhere /ədˈhɪəʳ/
-adjourn /əˈdʒɜːn/
61

-adjust /əˈdʒʌst/
-admire /ədˈmaɪəʳ/
-admit /ədˈmɪt/
-adopt /əˈdɒpt/
-adore /əˈdɔːʳ/
-advance /ədˈvɑːns/
-advise /ədˈvaɪz/
-affair /əˈfeəʳ/
-affect /əˈfekt/
-afford /əˈfɔːd/
-afraid /əˈfreɪd/
-again /əˈgen/ /əˈgeɪn/
-against /əˈgenst/ /əˈgeɪnst/
-aggressive /əˈgresɪv/
-ago /əˈgəʊ/
-agree /əˈgriː/
-ahead /əˈhed/
-alarm /əˈlɑːm/
-alert /əˈlɜːt/
-alike /əˈlaɪk/
-alive /əˈlaɪv/
-allege /əˈledʒ/
-allergic /əˈlɜːdʒɪk/
-allow /əˈlaʊ/
-allude /əˈluːd/
-alone /əˈləʊn/
-aloud /əˈlaʊd/
-amend /əˈmend/
-among /əˈmʌŋ/
-amount /əˈmaʊnt/
-amount /əˈmaunt/
-amuse /əˈmjuːz/
-annoy /əˈnɔɪ/
-apart /əˈpɑːt/
-apologize /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/
-appall /əˈpɔːl/
62

-appalling /əˈpɔːlɪŋ/
-appeal /əˈpiːl/
-appear /əˈpɪəʳ/
-appease /əˈpiːz/
-append /əˈpend/
-applaud /əˈplɔːd/
-apply /əˈplaɪ/
-appoint /əˈpɔɪnt/
-appraise /əˈpreɪz/
-appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪt/
-apprise /əˈpraɪz/
-approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/
-appropriate /əˈprəʊpriət/
-approve /əˈpruːv/
-approximate /əˈprɒksɪmət/
-arise /əˈraɪz/
-around /əˈraʊnd/
-arouse /əˈraʊz/
-arraign /əˈreɪn/
-arrange /əˈreɪndʒ/
-arrest /əˈrest/
-arrive /əˈraɪv/
-ascend /əˈsend/
-ascent /əˈsent/
-ascribe /əˈskraɪb/
-ascribe /əˈskraɪb/
-ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/
-ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/
-aside /əˈsaɪd/
-asleep /əˈsliːp/
-aspire /əˈspaɪəʳ/
-assail /əˈseɪl/
-assault /əˈsɔːlt/
-assay /əˈseɪ/
-assemble /əˈsembl/
-assert /əˈsɜːt/
63

-assess /əˈses/
-assign /əˈsaɪn/
-assign /əˈsaɪn/
-assignment /əˈsaɪnmənt/
-assimilate /əˈsɪməleɪt/
-assist /əˈsɪst/
-assistant /əˈsɪstnt/
-associate /əˈsəʊʃieɪt/
-assume /əˈsjuːm/
-assure /əˈʃʊəʳ/ /əˈʃɔːʳ/
-astonish /əˈstɒnɪʃ/
-astound /əˈstaʊnd/
-attach /əˈtætʃ/
-attack /əˈtæk/
-attain /əˈteɪn/
-attempt /əˈtempt/
-attend /əˈtend/
-attention /əˈtenʃn/
-attract /əˈtrækt/
-available /əˈveɪləbl/
-avoid /əˈvɔɪd/
-await /əˈweɪt/
-award /əˈwɔːd/
-aware /əˈweər/
-away /əˈweɪ/
-awhile /əˈwaɪl/
-collapse /kəˈlæps/
-collect /kəˈlekt/
-collection /kəˈlekʃn/
-collide /kəˈlaɪd/
-combine /kəmˈbaɪn/
-command /kəˈmɑːnd/
-commence /kəˈmens/
-commit /kəˈmɪt/
-communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
-commute /kəˈmjuːt/
64

-compare /kəmˈpeəʳ/
-compete /kəmˈpiːt/
-complain /kəmˈpleɪn/
-complete /kəmˈpliːt/
-compose /kəmˈpəʊz/
-compound /kəmˈpaʊnd/
-comprise /kəmˈpraɪz/
-computer /kəmˈpjuːtəʳ/
-conceal /kənˈsiːl/
-concede /kənˈsiːd/
-conceive /kənˈsiːv/
-concern /kənˈsɜːn/
-concise /kənˈsaɪs/
-conclude /kənˈkluːd/
-condemn /kənˈdem/
-condition /kənˈdɪʃn/
-conduct /kənˈdʌkt/
-confess /kənˈfes/
-confide /kənˈfaɪd/
-confine /kənˈfaɪn/
-confirm /kənˈfɜːm/
-conform /kənˈfɔːm/
-confront /kənˈfrʌnt/
-confuse /kənˈfjuːz/
-congratulate /kənˈgrætʃʊleɪt/ /kənˈgrætʃəleɪt/
-congratulation /kənˌgrætʃʊˈleɪʃn/ /kənˌgrætʃəˈleɪʃn/
-connect /kəˈnekt/
-consent /kənˈsent/
-conserve /kənˈsɜːv/
-consider /kənˈsɪdəʳ/
-consist /kənˈsɪst/
-console /kənˈsəʊl/
-construct /kənˈstrʌkt/
-consult /kənˈsʌlt/
-consume /kənˈsjuːm/
-contain /kənˈteɪn/
65

-contemporary /kənˈtemprəri/ /kənˈtempəri/

-contend /kənˈtend/
-continue /kənˈtɪnjuː/
-continuous /kənˈtɪnjuəs/
-contract /kənˈtrækt/
-contrast /kənˈtrɑːst/
-contribute /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ /kɒnˈtrɪbjuːt/
-control /kənˈtrəʊl/
-converse /kənˈvɜːs/
-convert /kənˈvɜːt/
-convict /kənˈvɪkt/
-convince /kənˈvɪns/
-correct /kəˈrekt/
-forever /fərˈevər/
-forget /fəˈget/
-forgive /fəˈgɪv/
-forsake /fəˈseɪk/
-inter /ˈɪntəʳ/
-interfere /ˌɪntəˈfɪəʳ/
-intermediate /ˌɪntəˈmiːdiət/
-internet /ˈɪntənet/
-interrupt /ˌɪntəˈrʌpt/
-interval /ˈɪntəvl/
-interview /ˈɪntəvjuː/
-object (n) /ˈɒbdʒɪkt/
-object (v) /əbˈdʒekt/
-objective /əbˈdʒektɪv/
-obscure /əbˈskjʊəʳ/
-observe /əbˈzɜːv/
-obsess /əbˈses/
-obtain /əbˈteɪn/
-occasion /əˈkeɪʒn/
-occur /əˈkɜːʳ/
-oˈclock /əˈklɒk/
-offend /əˈfend/
-opinion /əˈpɪnjən/
66

-opponent /əˈpəʊnənt/
-particular /pəˈtɪkjələʳ/ /pəˈtɪkjʊləʳ/
-perceive /pəˈsiːv/
-perception /pəˈsepʃn/
-perform /pəˈfɔːm/
-perhaps /pəˈhæps/ /præps/
-permission /pəˈmɪʃn/
-permit /pəˈmɪt/
-perpetual /pəˈpetʃuəl/
-perplex /pəˈpleks/
-persist /pəˈsɪst/
-perspective /pəˈspektɪv/
-persuade /pəˈsweɪd/
-police /pəˈliːs/
-polite /pəˈlaɪt/
-political /pəˈlɪtɪkl/
-pollute /pəˈluːt/
-pollution /pəˈluːʃn/
-position /pəˈzɪʃn/
-possess /pəˈzes/
-potato /pəˈteɪtəʊ/
-potential /pəˈtenʃl/
-produce /prəˈdjuːs/
-production /prəˈdʌkʃn/
-profess /prəˈfes/
-progress /prəˈgres/
-prohibit /prəˈhɪbɪt/
-project /prəˈdʒekt/
-promote /prəˈməʊt/
-propel /prəˈpel/
-propose /prəˈpəʊz/
-prospect /prəˈspekt/
-protect /prəˈtekt/
-protest /prəˈtest/
-provide /prəˈvaɪd/
-provoke /prəˈvəʊk/
67

-subject (v) /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ /ˈsʌbdʒekt/

-subject (v) /səbˈdʒekt/
-submit /səbˈmɪt/
-subordinate /səˈbɔːdɪneɪt/
-subside /səbˈsaɪd/
-subsist /səbˈsɪst/
-succeed /səkˈsiːd/
-success /səkˈses/
-successful /səkˈsesfl/
-suffice /səˈfaɪs/
-sufficient /səˈfɪʃnt/
-suggest /səˈdʒest/
-supply /səˈplaɪ/
-support /səˈpɔːt/
-surmount /səˈmaʊnt/
-surpass /səˈpɑːs/
-surprise /səˈpraɪz/
-surrender /səˈrendəʳ/
-surround /səˈraʊnd/
-survey /səˈveɪ/
-survive /səˈvaɪv/
-suspect /səˈspekt/
-suspend /səˈspend/
-suspicious /səˈspɪʃəs/
-sustain /səˈsteɪn/
-today /təˈdeɪ/
-together /təˈgeðəʳ/
-tomato /təˈmɑːtəʊ/
-tomorrow /təˈmɒrəʊ/
-tonight /təˈnaɪt/
68

/ʌ/

Spelling Pronunciation
-brush /brʌʃ/
-culture /ˈkʌltʃər/
-cup /kʌp/
-currency /ˈkʌrənsi/
-currently /ˈkʌrəntli/
-custom /ˈkʌstəm/
-cut /kʌt/
-discuss /dɪˈskʌs/
-drug /drʌg/
-drum /drʌm/
-duck /dʌk/
-dust /dʌst/
-fun /fʌn/
-gum /gʌm/
-gun /gʌn/
-hundred /ˈhʌndrəd/
-hungry /ˈhʌŋgri/
-hunt /hʌnt/
-hurricane /ˈhʌrɪkən/
-hurry /ˈhʌri/
-husband /ˈhʌzbənd/
-judge /dʒʌdʒ/
-jump /dʒʌmp/
-just /dʒʌst/
-lull /lʌl/
-lunch /lʌntʃ/
-lung /lʌŋ/
-mother /ˈmʌðər/
-much /mʌtʃ/
-mud /mʌd/
-mum /mʌm/
-muscle /ˈmʌsl/
-number /ˈnʌmbər/
69

-nut /nʌt/
-public /ˈpʌblɪk/
-pulse /pʌls/
-punish /ˈpʌnɪʃ/
-puzzle /ˈpʌzl/
-rug /rʌg/
-run /rʌn/
-Russian /ˈrʌʃn/
-study /ˈstʌdi/
-subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ /ˈsʌbdʒekt/
-suffer /ˈsʌfər/
-summer /ˈsʌmər/
-summit /ˈsʌmɪt/
-sun /sʌn/
-Sunday /ˈsʌndeɪ/ /ˈsʌndi/
-trust /trʌst/
-tunnel /ˈtʌnl/
-ugly /ˈʌgli/
-ultimate /ˈʌltɪmət/
-umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/
-uncle /ˈʌŋkl/
-under /ˈʌndər/
-understand /ˌʌndəˈstænd/
-worried /ˈwʌrid/
-worry /ˈwʌri/
-worrying /ˈwʌriɪŋ/

-country /ˈkʌntri/
-couple /ˈkʌpl/
-courage /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-cousin /ˈkʌzn/
-double /ˈdʌbl/
-enough /ɪˈnʌf/
-rough /rʌf/
-touch /tʌtʃ/
-tough /tʌf/
70

/ʊ/

-book /bʊk/
-bull /bʊl/
-bush /bʊʃ/
-butcher /ˈbʊtʃəʳ/
-cook /kʊk/
-could /kʊd/ /kəd/
-cushion /ˈkʊʃn/
-foot /fʊt/
-full /fʊl/
-good /gʊd/
-look /lʊk/
-pull /pʊl/
-push /pʊʃ/
-put /pʊt/
-room /rʊm/ /ruːm/
-should /ʃʊd/ /ʃəd/
-stood /stʊd/
-sugar /ˈʃʊgəʳ/
-took /tʊk/
-wolf /wʊlf/
-woman /ˈwʊmən/
-wood /wʊd/
-wool /wʊl/
-would /wʊd/ /wəd/

/ɪ/, /ə/, /ʊ/ = Weak Vowels = Good Friends

71

/ɒ/

-along /əˈlɒŋ/
-belong /bɪˈlɒŋ/
-Bob /bɒb/
-chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/
-clock /klɒk/
-constant /ˈkɒnstənt/
-content /ˈkɒntent/
-continent /ˈkɒntɪnənt/
-cost /kɒst/
-dog /dɒg/
-from /frɒm/ /frəm/
-God /gɒd/
-gone /gɒn/
-got /gɒt/
-hot /hɒt/
-job /dʒɒb/
-jog /dʒɒg/
-John /dʒɒn/
-knock /nɒk/
-lock /lɒk/
-long /lɒŋ/
-model /mɒdl/
-modern /ˈmɒdn/
-mom /mɒm/
-mosque /mɒsk/
-non /nɒn/
-not /nɒt/
-novel /ˈnɒvl/
-offer /ˈɒfər/
-on /ɒn/
-pop /pɒp/
-popular /ˈpɒpjələr/ /ˈpɒpjʊlər/
-pot /pɒt/
-problem /ˈprɒbləm/
72

-project /ˈprɒdʒekt/
-promise /ˈprɒmɪs/
-proper /ˈprɒpər/
-qualify /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/
-quality /ˈkwɒləti/
-quantity /ˈkwɒntəti/
-quarrel /ˈkwɒrəl/
-rob /rɒb/
-rock /rɒk/
-shop /ʃɒp/
-sock /sɒk/
-soft /sɒft/
-song /sɒŋ/
-stop /stɒp/
-strong /strɒŋ/
-Tom /tɒm/
-top /tɒp/
-volleyball /ˈvɒlibɔːl/
-voluntarily /ˈvɒləntrəli/
-voluntary /ˈvɒlən tri/
-volunteer /ˌvɒlənˈtɪər/
-want /wɒnt/
-wash /wɒʃ/
-watch /wɒtʃ/
-wrong /rɒŋ/
-yacht /jɒt/
73

MID-VOWELS
74
75

/i/

Spelling Pronunciation
-ability /ə'bɪləti/
-any /'eni/
-beauty /'bjuːti/
-body /'bɒdi/
-busy /'bɪzi/
-candy /'kændi/
-century /'sentʃəri/
-cherry /'tʃeri/
-cloudy /'klaʊdi/
-country /'kʌntri/
-crazy /'kreɪzi/
-daily /'deɪli/
-diary /'daɪəri/
-easy /'iːzi/
-empty /'empti/
-enemy /'enəmi/
-energy /'enədʒi/
-entry /'entri/
-envy /'envi/
-every /'evri/
-family /'fæməli/
-fifty /'fɪfti/
-finally /'faɪnəli/
-funny /'fʌni/
-happy /'hæpi/
-heavy /'hevi/
-history /'hɪstri/
-holiday /ˈhɒlədi/
-hungry /'hʌŋgri/
-hurry /'hʌri/
-icy /'aɪsi/
-identity /aɪ'dentəti/
-lazy /'leɪzi/
76

-library /'laɪbrəri/ /'laɪbri/

-lucky /'lʌki/
-many /'meni/
-maybe /'meɪbi/
-meaty /'miːti/
-money /'mʌni/
-monkey /'mʌŋki/
-only /'əʊnli/
-penalty /'penəlti/
-rainy /'reɪni/
-Saturday /ˈsætədi/
-snowy /'snəʊi/
-society /sə'saɪəti/
-study /'stʌdi/
-Sunday /ˈsʌndi/
-sunny /'sʌni/
-tidy /'taɪdi/
-Tuesday /ˈtjuːzdi/
-windy /'wɪndi/
-yearly /ˈjɪəli/
-yesterday /ˈjestədi/

NOTE:

INTONATION and SENTENCE TYPE

RISING / FALLING INTONATION RISING INTONATION

STATEMENTS YES / NO QUESTIONS

WH-QUESTIONS
COMMANDS

EXCLAMATIONS
77

/u/

-actually /ˈæktʃuəli/ /ˈæktʃəli/

-casual /ˈkæʒuəl/
-eventually /ɪˈventʃuəli/
-factual /ˈfæktʃuəl/
-gradually /ˈgrædʒuəli/
-graduate (noun) /ˈgrædʒuət/
-graduate (verb) /ˈgrædʒueɪt/
-intellectual /ˌɪntɪˈlektʃuəl/
-manual /ˈmænjuəl/
-mutual /ˈmjuːtʃuəl/
-punctual /ˈpʌŋktʃuəl/
-usually /ˈjuːʒuəli/ /ˈjuːʒəli/
-visual /ˈvɪʒuəl/
-virtual /ˈvɜːtʃuəl/
-virtually /ˈvɜːtʃuəli/
-annual /ˈænjuəl/
-annually /ˈænjuəli/

NOTE:

GELENEĞE BAĞLI YAZIM DÜZENİ

TÜRKÇE, İNGİLİZCE, FRANSIZCA, ALMANCA...YAZILDIĞI GİBİ OKUNMAZ.

‘ğ’ = /ː/ /y/ /v/

78
79

LONG & TENSE

VOWELS
80
81

/iː/

-beat /biːt/
-breathe /briːð/
-cheap /tʃiːp/
-cheat /tʃiːt/
-clean /kliːn/
-dream /driːm/
-east /iːst/
-easy /iːzi/
-heat /hiːt/
-meal /miːl/
-mean /miːn/
-meat /miːt/
-peace /piːs/
-please /pliːz/
-read /riːd/
-season /'siːzn/
-speak /spiːk/
-steal /stiːl/
-tea /tiː/
-team /tiːm/

-bee /biː/
-beef /biːf/
-been /biːn/
-between /bɪ'twiːn/
-canteen /kæn'tiːn/
-deep /diːp/
-feed /fiːd/
-feel /fiːl/
-feet /fiːt/
-free /friː/
-green /griːn/
-keep /kiːp/
-meet /miːt/
82

-need /niːd/
-see /siː/
-sleep /sliːp/
-speed /spiːd/
-street /striːt/
-teen /tiːn/

NOTE:

TOOTH-RIDGE = GUM RIDGE = ALVEOLAR

SPOKEN ENGLISH = STRESSED LANGUAGE = SCHWA = /ə/

PRIMARY STRESS SECONDARY STRESS

(APOSTROPHE) (COMMA)
STRESS ON
A VOWEL SOUND
/ˈ/ /ˌ/
83

/ɜː/

-alert /ə'lɜːt/
-alternative /ɔːl'tɜːnətɪv/
-certain /'sɜːtn/
-desert /dɪ'zɜːt/
-deserve /dɪ'zɜːv/
-dessert /dɪ'zɜːt/
-earn /ɜːn/
-earth /ɜːθ/
-emerge /ɪ'mɜːdʒ/
-expert /'ekspɜːt/
-German /'dʒɜːmən/
-heard /hɜːd/
-nerve /nɜːv/
-observe /əb'zɜːv/
-pearl /pɜːl/
-perfect /'pɜːfɪkt/
-perfume /'pɜːfjuːm/
-person /'pɜːsn/
-personality /ˌpɜːsə'næləti/
-personal /'pɜːsənl/
-search /sɜːtʃ/
-servant /'sɜːvənt/
-serve /sɜːv/
-service /'sɜːvɪs/
-superlative /suː'pɜːlətɪv/ /sjuː'pɜːlətɪv/
-term /tɜːm/
-transfer /træns'fɜːʳ/
-verb /vɜːb/
-versatile /'vɜːsətaɪl/
-verse /vɜːs/
-version /'vɜːʃn/
-versus /'vɜːsəs/
-were /wɜːʳ/ /wəʳ/
-her /hɜːʳ/ /həʳ/ /əʳ/
84

-absurd /əb'zɜːd/ /əb'sɜːd/

-burn /bɜːn/
-church /tʃɜːtʃ/
-curly /'kɜːli/
-curtain /'kɜːtn/
-disturb /dɪ'stɜːb/
-hamburger /'hæmbɜːgər/
-murder /'mɜːdə/
-nurse /nɜːs/
-occur /ə'kɜːʳ/
-purchase /'pɜːtʃəs/
-purple /'pɜːpl/
-purpose /'pɜːpəs/
-purse /pɜːs/
-surf /sɜːf/
-surface /'sɜːfɪs/
-surgeon /'sɜːdʒən/
-surname /'sɜːneɪm/
-Turkey /'tɜːki/
-turn /tɜːn/
-turtle /'tɜːtl/
-urban /'ɜːbən/
-urgent /'ɜːdʒənt/

-affirmative /ə'fɜːmətɪv/
-bird /bɜːd/
-circle /'sɜːkl/
-circumstance /'sɜːkəmstəns/ /'sɜːkəmstɑːns/
-circus /'sɜːkəs/
-firm /fɜːm/
-first /fɜːst/
-flirt /flɜːt/
-girl /gɜːl/
-shirt /ʃɜːt/
-skirt /skɜːt/
-stir /stɜːʳ/
85

-word /wɜːd/
-work /wɜːk/
-world /wɜːld/
-worse /wɜːs/
-worst /wɜːst/
-worth /wɜːθ/

NOTE:

STRESS FBI /ˌef biː ˈaɪ/

ACRONYMS
ON THE LAST LETTER BBC /ˌbiː biː ˈsiː/
CIA /ˌsiː aɪ ˈeɪ/
86

/ɑː/

-architect /'ɑːkɪtekt/
-argue /'ɑːgjuː/
-arm /ɑːm/
-army /'ɑːmi/
-art /ɑːt/
-article /'ɑːtɪkl/
-artist /'ɑːtɪst/
-artistic /ɑː'tɪstɪk/
-bar /bɑːʳ/
-barber /'bɑːbəʳ/
-bargain /'bɑːgən/
-bark /bɑːk/
-bazaar /bə'zɑːʳ/
-calm /kɑːm/
-car /kɑːʳ/
-card /kɑːd/
-carpenter /'kɑːpəntəʳ/
-cartoon /kɑː'tuːn/
-carton /'kɑːtn/
-charge /tʃɑːdʒ/
-Charles /tʃɑːlz/
-charm /tʃɑːm/
-dark /dɑːk/
-far /fɑːʳ/
-farm /fɑːm/
-garden /gɑːdn/
-guard /gɑːd/
-harm /hɑːm/
-jar /dʒɑːʳ/
-large /lɑːdʒ/
-March /mɑːtʃ/
-mark /mɑːk/
-market /'mɑːkɪt/
-park /pɑːk/
87

-party /'pɑːti/
-sharp /ʃɑːp/
-star /stɑːʳ/
-start /stɑːt/
-yard /jɑːd/

-advance /ədˈvɑːns/
-advanced /ədˈvɑːnst/
-advantage /ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/
-after /ˈɑːftər/
-answer /ˈɑːnsər/
-ask /ɑːsk/
-basket /ˈbɑːskɪt/
-bath /bɑːθ/
-can’t /kɑːnt/
-cast /kɑːst/
-castle /ˈkɑːsl/
-class /klɑːs/
-command /kəˈmɑːnd/
-dance /dɑːns/
-demand /dɪˈmɑːnd/
-disaster /dɪˈzɑːztər/
-example /ɪgˈzɑːmpl/
-fast /fɑːst/
-fasten /ˈfɑːsn/
-glance /glɑːns/
-glass /glɑːs/
-grant /grɑːnt/
-grasp /grɑːsp/
-grass /grɑːs/
-half /hɑːf/
-last /lɑːst/
-mask /mɑːsk/
-master /ˈmɑːstər/
-nasty /nɑːsti/
-pass /pɑːs/
88

-passport /ˈpɑːspɔːt/
-past /pɑːst/
-path /pɑːθ/
-plant /plɑːnt/
-sample /ˈsɑːmpl/
-task /tɑːsk/
-vast /vɑːst/

NOTE:

Back vowel sound = velar /ɑ/ /pɑːs/ /fɑːst/

Front vowel sound = palatal /a/ /faɪn/ /haʊs/
Short vowel sound = middle /ʌ/ /kʌt/ /bʌt/

SOME WORDS HAVE TWO WEAK FORMS

FUNCTION WORDS BEFORE a CONSONANT BEFORE a VOWEL
the /ðə/ /ði/
to /tə/ /tʊ/

The letter ‘e’ is not pronounced at the end of a word.

Read /riːd/ Read /red/ Read /red/

89

/uː/

-boot /buːt/
-cool /kuːl/
-food /fuːd/
-fool /fuːl/
-google /'guːgl/
-groom /gruːm/
-loose /luːs/
-mood /muːd/
-moon /muːn/
-proof /pruːf/
-roof /ruːf/
-room /ruːm/
-root /ruːt/
-school /skuːl/
-shoot /ʃuːt/
-soon /suːn/
-tool /tuːl/
-tooth /tuːθ/
-zoo /zuː/

-blew /bluː/
-chew /tʃuː/
-drew /druː/
-few /fjuː/
-flew /fluː/
-grew /gruː/
-knew /njuː/
-nephew /ˈnefjuː/ /ˈnevjuː/
-new /njuː/
-news /njuːz/
-review /rɪˈvjuː/
-screw /skruː/
-threw /θruː/
-view /vjuː/
90

-blue /bluː/
-cruel /'kruːəl/
-cruise /'kruːz/
-flu /fluː/
-fluently /'fluːəntli/
-fruit /fruːt/
-group /gruːp/
-jewellery /'dʒuːəlri/
-juice /dʒuːs/
-June /dʒuːn/
-lose /luːz/
-move /muːv/
-prove /pruːv/
-rude /ruːd/
-true /truː/

-argue /ˈɑːrgjuː/
-beautiful /ˈbjuːtɪfl/
-beautifully /ˈbjuːtɪfli/
-beautify /ˈbjuːtɪfaɪ/
-beauty /ˈbjuːti/
-communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
-confuse /kənˈfjuːz/
-confusion /kənˈfjuːʒn/
-consume /kənˈsjuːm/
-consumer /kənˈsjuːmər/
-continue /kənˈtɪnjuː/
-contribute /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ /ˈkɒntrɪbjuːt/
-cucumber /ˈkjuːkʌmbər/
-due /djuː/
-duty /ˈdjuːti/
-future /ˈfjuːtʃər/
-huge /hjuːdʒ/
-human /ˈhjuːmən/
-humid /ˈhjuːmɪd/
-humorous /ˈhjuːmərəs/
91

-humour /ˈhjuːmər/
-institute /ˈɪnstɪtjuːt/
-issue /ˈɪʃuː/ /ˈɪsjuː/
-menu /ˈmenjuː/
-museum /mjuːˈziəm/
-music /ˈmjuːzɪk/
-mute /mjuːt/
-mutual /ˈmjuːtʃuəl/
-numerous /ˈnjuːmərəs/
-produce /prəˈdjuːs/
-pupil /ˈpjuːpl/
-queue /kjuː/
-reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/
-refuse /rɪˈfjuːz/
-rescue /ˈreskjuː/
-schedule /ˈʃedjuːl/ /ˈskedjuːl/
-student /ˈstjuːdnt/
-studio /ˈstjuːdiəʊ/
-suit /suːt/ /sjuːt/
-suitable /ˈsuːtəbl/ /ˈsjuːtəbl/
-super /'suːpər/ /'sjuːpər/
-tube /ˈtjuːb/
-Tuesday /ˈtjuːzdeɪ/ /ˈtjuːzdi/
-tune /tjuːn/
-tutor /ˈtjuːtər/
-union /ˈjuːniən/
-unit /ˈjuːnɪt/
-use (n) /juːs/
-use (v) /juːz/
-useful /ˈjuːsfl/
-useless /ˈjuːsləs/
-usual /ˈjuːʒuəl/ /ˈjuːʒəl/
-usually /ˈjuːʒuəli/ /ˈjuːʒəli/
-value /ˈvæljuː/
-you’ve /juːv/
-youth /juːθ/
92

/ɔː/

-airport /'eəpɔːt/
-assure /ə'ʃɔːr/
-before /bɪ'fɔːʳ/
-border /'bɔːdəʳ/
-bored /bɔːd/
-call /kɔːl/
-chalk /tʃɔːk/
-corner /'kɔːnəʳ/
-course /kɔːs/
-court /kɔːt/
-dormitory /'dɔːmətri/
-floor /flɔːʳ/
-for /fɔːʳ/ /fəʳ/
-force /fɔːs/
-fork /fɔːk/
-form /fɔːm/
-formerly /ˈfɔːməli/
-fortunately /ˈfɔːtʃənətli/
-fortune /ˈfɔːtʃuːn/
-forty /ˈfɔːti/
-forward /ˈfɔːwəd/
-fourteen /ˌfɔːˈtiːn/
-fourth /fɔːθ/
-more /mɔːʳ/
-normal /'nɔːml/
-north /nɔːθ/
-or /ɔːʳ/ /əʳ/
-oral /'ɔːrəl/
-orchard /'ɔːtʃəd/
-orchestra /'ɔːkɪstrə/
-order /'ɔːdəʳ/
-ordinary /'ɔːdnri/
-organ /'ɔːgən/
-organize /'ɔːgənaɪz/
93

-poor /pɔːʳ/
-portable /'pɔːtəbl/
-porter /'pɔːtəʳ/
-portion /'pɔːʃn/
-pour /'pɔːr/
-short /ʃɔːt/
-sport /spɔːt/
-storm /stɔːm/
-story /'stɔːri/
-sure /ʃɔːr/
-torch /tɔːtʃ/
-tortoise /ˈtɔːtəs/
-tour /tɔːr/
-tourist /'tɔːrɪst/
-uniform /'juːnɪfɔːm/
-you’re /jɔːr/
-your /jɔːr/ /jər/
-yours /jɔːz/
-yourself /jɔː'self/ /jə'self/

-all /ɔːl/
-also /'ɔːlsəʊ/
-alter /'ɔːltəʳ/
-always /'ɔːlweɪz/ /'ɔːlwɪz/ /'ɔːlwəz/
-bald /bɔːld/
-ball /bɔːl/
-fall /fɔːl/
-false /fɔːls/
-hall /hɔːl/
-salt /sɔːlt/
-small /smɔːl/
-stall /stɔːl/
-talk /tɔːk/
-tall /tɔːl/
-walk /wɔːk/
-wall /wɔːl/
94

-quarter /'kwɔːtəʳ/
-towards /tə'wɔː dz/
-war /wɔːʳ/
-warm /wɔːm/
-warn /wɔːn/

-dawn /dɔːn/
-draw /drɔː/
-drawer /drɔːr/
-flaw /flɔː/
-jaw /dʒɔː/
-paw /pɔː/
-raw /rɔː/
-saw /sɔː/
-strawberry /'strɔːbəri/

-bought /bɔːt/
-brought /brɔːt/
-caught /kɔːt/
-naughty /'nɔːti/
-nought /nɔːt/
-sought /sɔːt/
-taught /tɔːt/
-thought /θɔːt/

NOTE:

Content words are strong ones that carry important imformation.

Function words are weak ones that make the grammar correct.

SHORT SCHWA /ə/ UNSTRESSED

LONG SCHWA /ɜː/ STRESSED

95

DIPH–THONGS
96
97

/eɪ/

-bake /beɪk/
-brave /breɪv/
-cake /keɪk/
-came /keɪm/
-case /keɪs/
-change /tʃeɪndʒ/
-date /deɪt/
-face /feɪs/
-female /ˈfiːmeɪl/
-game /geɪm/
-gave /geɪv/
-lake /leɪk/
-late /leɪt/
-make /meɪk/
-male /meɪl/
-name /neɪm/
-place /pleɪs/
-plane /pleɪn/
-plate /pleɪt/
-safe /seɪf/
-save /seɪv/
-state /steɪt/
-take /teɪk/
-wake /weɪk/

-away /əˈweɪ/
-day /deɪ/
-lay /leɪ/
-may /meɪ/
-pay /peɪ/
-play /pleɪ/
-say /seɪ/
-stay /steɪ/
-way /weɪ/
98

-afraid /əˈfreɪd/
-again /əˈgen/ /əˈgeɪn/
-against /əˈgenst/ /əˈgeɪnst/
-brain /breɪn/
-main /meɪn/
-paint /peɪnt/
-plain /pleɪn/
-rain /reɪn/
-straight /streɪt/
-train /treɪn/
-trait /treɪt/
-wait /weɪt/

-layer /ˈleɪəʳ/
-player /ˈpleɪəʳ/
99

/əʊ/

-alone /əˈləʊn/
-broke /brəʊk/
-close (v) /kləʊz/
-close (adj) /kləʊs/
-drove /drəʊv/
-episode /ˈepɪsəʊd/
-home /həʊm/
-hope /həʊp/
-joke /dʒəʊk/
-moment /ˈməʊmənt/
-noble /ˈnəʊbl/
-nose /nəʊz/
-note /nəʊt/
-ocean /ˈəʊʃn/
-open /ˈəʊpən/
-over /ˈəʊvər/
-owe /əʊ/
-phone /fəʊn/
-rode /rəʊd/
-rose /rəʊz/
-spoke /spəʊk/
-stone /stəʊn/
-toe /təʊ/
-tone /təʊn/

-blow /bləʊ/
-borrow /ˈbɒrəʊ/
-elbow /ˈelbəʊ/
-grow /grəʊ/
-know /nəʊ/
-low /ləʊ/
-own /əʊn/
-row /rəʊ/
-show /ʃəʊ/
100

-slow /sləʊ/
-snow /snəʊ/
-throw /θrəʊ/

-boat /bəʊt/
-coach /kəʊtʃ/
-coal /kəʊl/
-coast /kəʊst/
-coat /kəʊt/
-float /fləʊt/
-foam /fəʊm/
-goal /gəʊl/
-goat /gəʊt/
-load /ləʊd/
-loaf /ləʊf/
-local /ˈləʊkl/
-oak /əʊk/
-road /rəʊd/
-soak /səʊk/
-soap /səʊp/
-toast /təʊst/

-ago /əˈgəʊ/
-donˈt /dəʊnt/
-ghost /gəʊst/
-go /gəʊ/
-hello /həˈləʊ/
-most /məʊst/
-no /nəʊ/
-only /ˈəʊnli/
-post /pəʊst/
-so /səʊ/
-won’t /wəʊnt/
-zero /ˈzɪərəʊ/
-tomato /təˈmɑːtəʊ/
101

-bold /bəʊld/
-cold /kəʊld/
-folk /fəʊlk/
-gold /gəʊld/
-hold /həʊld/
-old /əʊld/
-scold /skəʊld/
-sold /səʊld/
-sole /səʊl/
-told /təʊld/
-toll /təʊl/

-lower /ˈləʊəʳ/
-mower /ˈməʊəʳ/
-poem /ˈpəʊɪm/
-poet /ˈpəʊɪt/
-poetic /pəʊˈetɪk/
-poetry /ˈpəʊətri/
-slower /ˈsləʊəʳ/
102

/ɔɪ/

-boil /bɔɪl/
-choice /tʃɔɪs/
-coin /kɔɪn/
-join /dʒɔɪn/
-noise /nɔɪz/
-oil /ɔɪl/
-point /pɔɪnt/
-soil /sɔɪl/
-voice /vɔɪs/

-annoy /əˈnɔɪ/
-boy /bɔɪ/
-coy /kɔɪ/
-destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/
-employ /ɪmˈplɔɪ/
-employee /ɪmˈplɔɪiː/ /ˌemplɔɪˈiː/
-employer /ɪmˈplɔɪər/
-enjoy /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/
-joy /dʒɔɪ/
-loyal /ˈlɔɪəl/
-royal /ˈrɔɪəl/
-toy /tɔɪ/
103

/aɪ/

-advice /ədˈvaɪs/
-advise /ədˈvaɪz/
-arrive /əˈraɪv/
-bike /baɪk/
-bite /baɪt/
-bride /braɪd/
-climate /ˈklaɪmət/
-decide /dɪˈsaɪd/
-die /daɪ/
-dive /daɪv/
-divide /dɪˈvaɪd/
-drive /draɪv/
-fine /faɪn/
-hide /haɪd/
-hire /ˈhaɪər/
-lie /laɪ/
-life /laɪf/
-like /laɪk/
-line /laɪn/
-mobile /ˈməʊbaɪl/
-neither /ˈnaɪðəʳ/ /ˈniːðəʳ/
-nice /naɪs/
-polite /pəˈlaɪt/
-pride /praɪd/
-private /ˈpraɪvət/
-prize /praɪz/
-provide /prəˈvaɪd/
-quite /kwaɪt/
-realize /ˈriːəlaɪz/ /ˈrɪəlaɪz/
-rice /raɪs/
-ride /raɪd/
-rise /raɪz/
-shine /ʃaɪn/
-side /saɪd/
104

-site /saɪt/
-size /saɪz/
-surprised /səˈpraɪzd/
-survive /səˈvaɪv/
-tie /taɪ/
-time /taɪm/
-while /waɪl/
-wide /waɪd/
-wife /waɪf/
-wine /waɪn/
-wise /waɪz/
-write /raɪt/

-fight /faɪt/
-flight /flaɪt/
-high /haɪ/
-light /laɪt/
-might /maɪt/
-night /naɪt/
-right /raɪt/
-sigh /saɪ/
-sight /saɪt/
-sign /saɪn/

-buy /baɪ/
-cry /kraɪ/
-deny /dɪˈnaɪ/
-dry /draɪ/
-fry /fraɪ/
-my /maɪ/
-rely /rɪˈlaɪ/
-reply /rɪˈplaɪ/
-shy /ʃaɪ/
-sky /skaɪ/
-why /waɪ/
105

-climb /klaɪm/
-decisive /dɪˈsaɪsɪv/
-find /faɪnd/
-kind /kaɪnd/
-library /ˈlaɪbrəri/ /ˈlaɪbri/
-licence /ˈlaɪsns/
-mild /maɪld/
-mind /maɪnd/
-wild /waɪld/

-acquire /əˈkwaɪəʳ/
-admire /ədˈmaɪəʳ/
-anxiety /æŋˈzaɪəti/
-appliance /əˈplaɪəns/
-bias /ˈbaɪəs/
-buyer /ˈbaɪəʳ/
-client /ˈklaɪənt/
-desire /dɪˈzaɪəʳ/
-diabetic /ˌdaɪəˈbetɪk/
-diagnose /ˈdaɪəgnəʊz/
-dial /ˈdaɪəl/
-dialect /ˈdaɪəlekt/
-dialogue /ˈdaɪəlɒg/
-diamond /ˈdaɪəmənd/
-diary /ˈdaɪəri/
-diet /ˈdaɪət/
-entire /ɪnˈtaɪəʳ/
-fire /ˈfaɪəʳ/
-inspire /ɪnˈspaɪəʳ/
-iron /ˈaɪən/
-liable /ˈlaɪəbl/
-liar /ˈlaɪəʳ/
-lion /ˈlaɪən/
-prior /ˈpraɪəʳ/
-psychiatry /saɪˈkaɪətri/
106

-quiet /ˈkwaɪət/
-quite /kwaɪt/
-require /rɪˈkwaɪəʳ/
-science /ˈsaɪəns/
-siren /ˈsaɪrən/
-society /səˈsaɪəti/
-trial /ˈtraɪəl/
-tyre /ˈtaɪəʳ/
-variety /vəˈraɪəti/
-violent /ˈvaɪələnt/
-violet /ˈvaɪələt/
-virus /ˈvaɪrəs/
-wire /ˈwaɪəʳ/

NOTE:

Back vowel = Velar /ɑː/ /fɑːst/ /pɑːs/

Front vowel = Palatal /a/ /faɪn/ /haʊs/
Short vowel = Middle /ʌ/ /kʌt/ /bʌt/
107

/aʊ/

-count /kaʊnt/
-doubt /daʊt/
-found /faʊnd/
-ground /graʊnd/
-house /haʊs/
-mountain /ˈmaʊntən/
-mouse /maʊs/
-mouth /maʊθ/
-out /aʊt/
-proud /praʊd/
-round /raʊnd/
-shout /ʃaʊt/
-sound /saʊnd/
-sour /ˈsaʊər/
-south /saʊθ/

-allowance /əˈlaʊəns/
-bow /baʊ/
-brown /braʊn/
-cow /kaʊ/
-down /daʊn/
-flour /ˈflaʊər/
-flower /ˈflaʊər/
-hour /ˈaʊəʳ/
-how /haʊ/
-now /naʊ/
-power /ˈpaʊər/
-row /raʊ/
-shower /ˈʃaʊər/
-towel /ˈtaʊəl/
-tower /ˈtaʊər/
-town /taʊn/
-vow /vaʊ/
-vowel /ˈvaʊəl/
108

/ɪə/

-appear /əˈpɪər/
-beard /bɪəd/
-beer /bɪəʳ/
-career /kəˈrɪəʳ/
-cheer /tʃɪəʳ/
-clear /klɪəʳ/
-dear /dɪəʳ/
-ear /ɪəʳ/
-engineer /ˌendʒɪˈnɪəʳ/
-fear /fɪəʳ/
-fierce /fɪəs/
-hear /hɪəʳ/
-here /hɪəʳ/
-idea /aɪˈdɪə/
-merely /mɪəli/
-near /nɪəʳ/
-real /rɪəl/ /ˈriːəl/
-really /ˈrɪəli/ /ˈriːəli/
-serious /ˈsɪəriəs/
-tear (n) /tɪəʳ/
-theatre /ˈθɪətər/
-volunteer /ˌvɒlənˈtɪəʳ/
-weary /ˈwɪəri/
-weird /wɪəd/
-weˈre /wɪəʳ/
-year /jɪəʳ/ /jɜːʳ/
-yearly /ˈjɪəli/ /ˈjɜːli/

NOTE:

NO LETTER, BUT SOUND

ENGLISH TURKISH

/ə/ /w/
109

/ʊə/

-assure /ə'ʃʊəʳ/ /ə'ʃɔːr/

-cure /kjʊəʳ/
-during /ˈdjʊərɪŋ/
-euro /ˈjʊərəʊ/
-Europe /ˈjʊərəp/
-mature /məˈtʃʊəʳ/ /məˈtjʊəʳ/
-plural /ˈplʊərəl/
-poor /pʊəʳ/ /pɔːʳ/
-pure /pjʊəʳ/
-rural /ˈrʊərəl/
-sure /ʃʊəʳ/ /ʃɔːʳ/
-tour /tʊəʳ/ /tɔːʳ/
-tourist /ˈtʊərɪst/ /ˈtɔːrɪst/

NOTE:

GERÇEK İNGİLİZCE = ALFABETİK İLİŞKİLERİ KEŞFETME

REAL ENGLISH = TEACHING THE SOUND - SPELLING RELATIONS

Because /bɪˈkəz/
110

/eə/

-air /eəʳ/
-airport /ˈeəpɔːt/
-bare /beəʳ/
-bear /beəʳ/
-care /keəʳ/
-careful /ˈkeəfl/
-compare /kəmˈpeəʳ/
-dairy /deəri/
-dare /deəʳ/
-declare /dɪˈkleəʳ/
-fair /feəʳ/
-fare /feəʳ/
-hair /heəʳ/
-layer /leəʳ/
-mayor /meəʳ/
-pair /peəʳ/
-parent /ˈpeərənt/
-rare /reəʳ/
-rarely /ˈreəli/
-share /ʃeəʳ/
-square /skweəʳ/
-stair /steəʳ/
-tear (v) /teəʳ/
-their /ðeəʳ/ /ðəʳ/
-theirs /ðeəz/
-there /ðeəʳ/ /ðəʳ/
-wear /weəʳ/
-where /weəʳ/
-whereas /ˌweərˈæz/
-wherever /weərˈevər/
-yeah /jeə/
111

LESSON II

DIFFICULT CONSONANTS
112
113

/f/

-beautiful /ˈbjuːtɪfl/
-breakfast /ˈbrekfəst/
-coffee /ˈkɒfi/
-cough /kɒf/
-difficult /ˈdɪfɪkəlt/
-first /fɜːst/
-football /ˈfʊtbɔːl/ /ˈfʊpbɔːl/
-laugh /lɑːf/

-atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪər/
-dolphin /ˈdɒlfɪn/
-nephew /ˈnefjuː/ /ˈnevjuː/
-pharmacist /ˈfɑːməsɪst/
-pharmacy /ˈfɑːməsi/
-pharynx /ˈfærɪŋks/
-philology /fɪˈlɒlədʒi/
-philosopher /fəˈlɒsəfəʳ/
-phobia /ˈfəʊbiə/
-phone /fəʊn/
-phoneme /ˈfəʊniːm/
-phonemic /fəˈniːmɪk/
-phonetic /fəˈnetɪk/
-phonetician /ˌfəʊnəˈtɪʃn/
-phonics /ˈfɒnɪks/
-phonology /fəˈnɒlədʒi/
-photo /ˈfəʊtəʊ/
-photograph /ˈfəʊtəgrɑːf/
-photographer /fəˈtɒgrəfəʳ/
-phrase /freɪz/
-physical /ˈfɪzɪkl/
-physically /ˈfɪzɪkli/
-physics /ˈfɪzɪks/

‘ph’ = /f/
114

/w/

-wage /weɪdʒ/
-waist /weɪst/
-wait /weɪt/
-waiter /ˈweɪtəʳ/
-walk /wɔːk/
-wall /wɔːl/
-wallet /ˈwɒlɪt/
-wander /ˈwɒndəʳ/
-wanna /ˈwɒnə/
-want /wɒnt/
-war /wɔːʳ/
-warden /ˈwɔːdn/
-wardrobe /ˈwɔːdrəʊb/
-warm /wɔːm/
-warn /wɔːn/
-warning /ˈwɔːnɪŋ/
-warrant /ˈwɒrənt/
-was /wɒz/ /wəz/
-wash /wɒʃ/
-waste /weɪst/
-watch /wɒtʃ/
-water /ˈwɔːtəʳ/
-water mill /ˈwɔːtəmɪl/
-wave /weɪv/
-way /weɪ/
-we /wiː/ /wi/
-weak /wiːk/
-wealth /welθ/
-weapon /ˈwepən/
-wear /weəʳ/
-weather /ˈweðəʳ/
-web /web/
-weekend /ˌwiːkˈend/
-weep /wiːp/
115

-weigh /weɪ/
-weight /weɪt/
-welcome /ˈwelkəm/
-welfare /ˈwelfeəʳ/
-well /wel/
-well known /ˌwelˈnəʊn/
-Wednesday /ˈwenzdeɪ/ /ˈwenzdi/
-were /wɜːʳ/ /wəʳ/
-west /west/
-western /ˈwestən/
-wet /wet/
-whale /weɪl/
-what /wɒt/
-whatever /wɒtˈevəʳ/
-wheat /wiːt/
-wheel /wiːl/
-when /wen/
-whenever /wenˈevəʳ/
-where /weəʳ/
-whereas /ˌweərˈæz/
-wherever /weərˈevəʳ/
-whether /ˈweðəʳ/
-which /wɪtʃ/
-whichever /wɪtʃˈevəʳ/
-while /waɪl/
-whisky /ˈwɪski/
-whisper /ˈwɪspəʳ/
-whistle /ˈwɪsl/
-white /waɪt/
-why /waɪ/
-wide /waɪd/
-wife /waɪf/
-wig /wɪg/
-wild /waɪld/
-will /wɪl/
-win /wɪn/
116

-wind /wɪnd/
-window /ˈwɪndəʊ/
-wine /waɪn/
-wing /wɪŋ/
-winter /wɪntəʳ/
-wipe /waɪp/
-wire /ˈwaɪəʳ/
-wisdom /ˈwɪzdəm/
-wise /waɪz/
-wish /wɪʃ/
-witch /wɪtʃ/
-with /wɪð/ /wɪθ/
-within /wɪˈðɪn/
-without /wɪˈðaʊt/
-witness /ˈwɪtnəs/
-wolf /wʊlf/
-woman /ˈwʊmən/
-women /ˈwɪmɪn/
-wonderful /ˈwʌndəfl/
-wood /wʊd/
-wool /wʊl/
-word /wɜːd/
-work /wɜːk/
-world /wɜːld/
-worried /ˈwʌrid/
-worry /ˈwʌri/
-worse /wɜːs/
-worship /ˈwɜːʃɪp/
-worst /wɜːst/
-worth /wɜːθ/
-would /wʊd/ /wəd/
-wound /wuːnd/

-always /ˈɔːlweɪz/ /ˈɔːlwɪz/ /ˈɔːlwəz/

-awake /əˈweɪk/
-award /əˈwɔːd/
117

-aware /əˈweəʳ/
-awareness /əˈweənəs/
-away /əˈweɪ/
-awkward /ˈɔːkwəd/
-between /bɪˈtwiːn/
-bewilder /bɪˈwɪldəʳ/
-once /wʌns/
-ones /wʌnz/
-quality /ˈkwɒləti/
-quantity /ˈkwɒntəti/
-quarrel /ˈkwɒrəl/
-quarter /ˈkwɔːtəʳ/
-queen /kwiːn/
-quest /kwest/
-question /ˈkwestʃən/
-quick /kwɪk/
-quiet /ˈkwaɪət/
-quiz /kwɪz/
-schwa /ʃwɑː/
-swallow /ˈswɒləʊ/
-swear /sweəʳ/
-sweat /swet/
-sweater /ˈswetəʳ/
-sweep /swiːp/
-sweet /swiːt/
-swim /swɪm/
-switch /swɪtʃ/
-towards /təˈwɔːdz/
-twelve /twelv/
-twenty /ˈtwenti/
-twice /twaɪs/
-twin /twɪn/
-twist /twɪst/
-twitter /ˈtwɪtəʳ/

/w/ = short /u/

118

/θ/

Verbs
-thank /θæŋk/
-think /θɪŋk/
-thought /θɔːt/
-threw /θruː/
-thrill /θrɪl/
-throw /θrəʊ/
-thump /θʌmp/

Nouns
-author /ˈɔːθəʳ/
-athlete /ˈæθliːt/
-breath /breθ/
-death /deθ/
-depth /depθ/
-diphthong /ˈdɪfθɒŋ/
-faith /feɪθ/
-health /helθ/
-length /leŋθ/
-math /mæθ/
-month /mʌnθ/
-mouth /maʊθ/
-north /nɔːθ/
-south /saʊθ/
-strength /streŋθ/
-teeth /tiːθ/
-theatre /ˈθɪətəʳ/
-theme /θiːm/
-theory /ˈθɪəri/
-thesis /ˈθiːsɪz/
-thief /θiːf/
-thing /θɪŋ/
-third /θɜːd/
-thirteen /ˌθɜːˈtiːn/
119

-thirty /ˈθɜːti/
-thousand /ˈθaʊznd/
-thousandth /ˈθaʊznθ/
-thread /θred/
-threat /θret/
-three /θriː/
-throat /θrəʊt/
-thumb /θʌm/
-thunder /ˈθʌndəʳ/
-Thursday /ˈθɜːzdeɪ/ /ˈθɜːzdi/
-tooth /tuːθ/
-triphthong /ˈtrɪfθɒŋ/
-worth /wɜːθ/
-zenith /ˈzenɪθ/

Adjectives
-athletic /æθˈletɪk/
-thermal /ˈθɜːml/
-thick /θɪk/
-thin /θɪn/
-thirsty /ˈθɜːsti/
-thorough /ˈθʌrə/
-thoughtful /ˈθɔːtfl/

Adverbs
-beneath /bɪˈniːθ/
-both /bəʊθ/
-thoroughly /ˈθʌrəli/
-through /θruː/

Content words = ‘th’ = /th/ = /θ/

120

/ð/

-although /ˈɔːlðəʊ/
-bother /ˈbɒðəʳ/
-breathe /briːð/
-brother /ˈbrʌðəʳ/
-father /ˈfɑːðəʳ/
-feather /ˈfeðəʳ/
-further /fɜːðəʳ/
-gather /ˈgæðəʳ/
-mother /ˈmʌðəʳ/
-northern /ˈnɔːðən/
-other /ˈʌðəʳ/
-otherwise /ˈʌðəwaɪz/
-southern /ˈsʌðən/
-than /ðæn/ /ðən/
-that /ðæt/ /ðət/
-the /ðə/ /ði/
-their /ðər/ /ðeəʳ/
-theirs /ðeəz/
-them /ðem/ /ðəm/
-themself /ðəmˈself/
-themselves /ðəmˈselvz/
-then /ðen/
-there /ðeəʳ/ /ðəʳ/
-therefore /ˈðeəfɔːr/
-these /ðiːz/
-they /ðeɪ/
-they’d /ðeɪd/
-they’ll /ðeɪl/
-this /ðɪs/
-those /ðəʊz/
-though /ðəʊ/
-thus /ðʌs/
-together /təˈgeðəʳ/
-with /wɪð/
121

-within /wɪˈðɪn/
-without /wɪˈðaʊt/

Funtion = Grammar words = ‘th’ = /dh/ = /ð/

122

/s/

-relax /rɪˈlæks/
-six /sɪks/
-taxi /ˈtæksi/
-text /tekst/
-except /ɪkˈsept/
-exciting /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/
-exhibition /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/
-explain /ɪkˈspleɪn/
-export /ˈekspɔːt/
-extra /ˈekstrə/

-cease /siːs/
-ceiling /ˈsiːlɪŋ/
-celebrate /ˈselɪbreɪt/
-cell /sel/
-census /ˈsensəs/
-centre /ˈsentəʳ/
-century /ˈsentʃəri/
-ceremony /ˈserəməni/
-certain /ˈsɜːtn/
-certificate (n) /səˈtɪfɪkət/
-certificate (v) /səˈtɪfɪkeɪt/

-cigarette /ˌsɪgəˈret/
-cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/
-circle /ˈsɜːkl/
-circulate /ˈsɜːkjəleɪt/
-circumstance /ˈsɜːkəmstəns/ /ˈsɜːkəmstɑːns/
-circus /ˈsɜːkəs/
-cite /saɪt/
-citizen /ˈsɪtɪzn/
-city /ˈsɪti/
-civil /ˈsɪvl/
-civilization /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/
123

‘c’ between two vowels = /s/

-advice /ədˈvaɪs/
-brace /breɪs/
-dance /dɑːns/
-device /dɪˈvaɪs/
-excite /ɪkˈsaɪt/
-face /feɪs/
-ice /aɪs/
-innocent /ˈɪnəsnt/
-menace /ˈmenəs/
-mice /maɪs/
-nice /naɪs/
-niece /niːs/
-pace /peɪs/
-piece /piːs/
-place /pleɪs/
-precise /prɪˈsaɪs/
-price /praɪs/
-race /reɪs/
-rice /raɪs/
-sacrifice /ˈsækrɪfaɪs/
-service /ˈsɜːvɪs/
-slice /slaɪs/
-suffice /səˈfaɪs/
-trace /treɪs/
-twice /twaɪs/
-voice /vɔɪs/

Soft/Front ‘c’ = ‘c + e, i’ = /s/

124

/z/

-advise /ədˈvaɪz/
-amuse /əˈmjuːz/
-because /bɪˈkɒz/ /bɪˈkəz/
-blouse /blaʊz/
-choose /tʃuːz/
-chose /tʃəʊz/
-close (v) /kləʊz/
-criticize /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/
-desert /ˈdezət/
-design /dɪˈzaɪn/
-dessert /dɪˈzɜːt/
-devise /dɪˈvaɪz/
-disease /dɪˈziːz/
-easy /ˈiːzi/
-excuse (v) /ɪk'skjuːz/
-excuse (n) /ɪk'skjuːs/
-exercise /ˈeksəsaɪz/
-lose /luːz/
-nose /nəʊz/
-please /pliːz/
-possess /pə'zes/
-praise /preɪz/
-propose /prə'pəʊz/
-raise /reɪz/
-refuse /rɪ'fjuːz/
-resemble /rɪ'zembl/
-reserve /rɪ'zɜːv/
-resident /'rezɪdənt/
-resign /rɪ'zaɪn/
-resist /rɪ'zɪst/
-resort /rɪ'zɔːt/
-result /rɪ'zʌlt/
-resume /rɪ'zuːm/ /rɪ'zjuːm/
-rise /raɪz/
125

-surprised /sə'praɪzd/
-use (v) /juːz/
-visit /'vɪzɪt/
-wise /waɪz/

-exact /ɪgˈzækt/
-exam /ɪgˈzæm/
-examine /ɪgˈzæmɪn/
-examinee /ɪgˌzæmɪˈniː/
-example /ɪgˈzɑːmpl/
-exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/
-exhibit /ɪgˈzɪbɪt/
-exist /ɪgˈzɪst/
-exit /ˈegzɪt/ /ˈeksɪt/

EXCEPTIONS

-base /beɪs/
-case /keɪs/
-chase /tʃeɪs/
-house /haʊs/
-mouse /maʊs/
-release /rɪ'liːs/
-use (n) /juːs/
-close (adj) /kləʊs/

‘s’ between two vowels = /z/

126

/tʃ/

-beach /biːtʃ/
-butcher /ˈbʊtʃəʳ/
-chair /tʃeəʳ/
-chalk /tʃɔːk/
-chance /tʃɑːns/
-change /tʃeɪndʒ/
-channel /ˈtʃænl/
-charity /ˈtʃærəti/
-chat /tʃæt/
-cheap /tʃiːp/
-cheat /tʃiːt/
-check /tʃek/
-cheer /tʃɪər/
-cheerful /ˈtʃɪəfl/
-cheese /tʃiːz/
-cherry /ˈtʃeri/
-chest /tʃest/
-chew /tʃuː/
-chicken /ˈtʃɪkɪn/
-chief /tʃiːf/
-child /tʃaɪld/
-chin /tʃɪn/
-Chinese /tʃaɪˈniːz/
-chips /tʃɪps/
-church /tʃɜːtʃ/
-French /frentʃ/
-kitchen /ˈkɪtʃɪn/
-lunch /lʌntʃ/
-match /mætʃ/
-much /mʌtʃ/
-peach /piːtʃ/
-rich /rɪtʃ/
-search /sɜːtʃ/
-teacher /ˈtiːtʃəʳ/
127

-capture /ˈkæptʃəʳ/
-departure /dɪˈpɑːtʃəʳ/
-feature /ˈfiːtʃəʳ/
-future /ˈfjuːtʃəʳ/
-mature /məˈtʃʊəʳ/ /məˈtjʊəʳ/
-nature /ˈneɪtʃəʳ/
-natural /ˈnætʃrəl/
-picture /ˈpɪktʃəʳ/
-temperature /ˈtemprətʃəʳ/

EXCEPTIONS

-actual /ˈæktʃuəl/
-factual /ˈfæktʃuəl/
-question /ˈkwestʃən/
-suggestion /səˈdʒestʃən/

-Aren't you...? /ˈɑːn tʃə.../

-Can't you...? /ˈkɑːn tʃə.../
-Couldn’t you...? /ˈkʊdn tʃə.../
-Didn't you..? /ˈdɪdn tʃə.../
-Don't you...? /ˈdəʊn tʃə.../
-Hadn’t you...? /ˈhædn tʃə.../
-Haven’t you...? /ˈhævn tʃə.../
-Mustn’t you...? /ˈmʌsn tʃə.../
-Shouldn’t you...? /ˈʃʊdn tʃə.../
-Weren’t you...? /ˈwɜːn tʃə. ../
-Won't you...? /ˈwəʊn tʃə.../
-Wouldn’t you...? /ˈwʊdn tʃə.../
128

/dʒ/

-age /eɪdʒ/
-arrange /ə'reɪndʒ/
-bridge /brɪdʒ/
-cottage /'kɒtɪdʒ/
-courage /'kʌrɪdʒ/
-energy /'enədʒi/
-engaged /ɪn'geɪdʒd/
-engine /'endʒɪn/
-enlarge /ɪn'lɑːdʒ/
-general /'dʒenrəl/
-generous /'dʒenərəs/
-genius /'dʒiːniəs/
-gentle /'dʒentl/
-gerund /'dʒerənd/
-gesture /'dʒestʃəʳ/
-judge /dʒʌdʒ/
-language /'læŋgwɪdʒ/
-strange /streɪndʒ/

-jacket /'dʒækɪt/
-jam /dʒæm/
-January /'dʒænjuəri/ /'dʒænjʊri/
-Japan /dʒə'pæn/
-Japanese /ˌdʒæpə'niːz/
-jazz /dʒæz/
-jealous /'dʒeləs/
-jet /dʒet/
-job /dʒɒb/
-jog /dʒɒg/
-joke /dʒəʊk/
-journey /'dʒɜːni/
-joy /dʒɔɪ/
-judo /'dʒuːdəʊ/
-jug /dʒʌg/
129

-juice /dʒuːs/
-July /dʒu'laɪ/ /dʒʊ'laɪ/
-jump /dʒʌmp/
-June /dʒuːn/
-jungle /'dʒʌŋgl/
-junior /'dʒuːniəʳ/
-jury /'dʒʊəri/
-just /dʒʌst/ /dʒəst/
-justice /'dʒʌstɪs/
-object (n) /'ɒbdʒɪkt/
-object (v) /əb'dʒekt/
-subject (n) /'sʌbdʒɪkt/ /'sʌbdʒekt/
-subject (v) /səb'dʒekt/

-Could you...? /kəˈdʒʊ.../

-Did you...? /dɪˈdʒʊ.../
-Do you...? /dʒʊ.../
-Should you...? /ʃəˈdʒʊ.../
-Would you...? /wəˈdʒʊ.../

Soft/Front ‘g’ = ‘g + e’ = /dʒ/

130

/ʃ/

-British /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/
-brush /brʌʃ/
-cash /kæʃ/
-dish /dɪʃ/
-finish /ˈfɪnɪʃ/
-fish /fɪʃ/
-flash /flæʃ/
-fresh /freʃ/
-furnish /ˈfɜːnɪʃ/
-shake /ʃeɪk/
-sheep /ʃiːp/
-shelve /ʃelv/
-shift /ʃɪft/
-shine /ʃaɪn/
-shock /ʃɒk/
-shoot /ʃuːt/
-shop /ʃɒp/
-short /ʃɔːt/
-shout /ʃaʊt/
-show /ʃəʊ/
-shy /ʃaɪ/
-sugar /ˈʃʊgəʳ/
-vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/
-wash /wɒʃ/
-wish /wɪʃ/

-addition /əˈdɪʃn/
-attention /əˈtenʃn/
-celebration /ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn/
-consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn/
-conversation /ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn/
-decoration /ˌdekəˈreɪʃn/
-dictation /dɪkˈteɪʃn/
-dictionary /ˈdɪkʃənri/ /ˈdɪkʃənəri/
131

-direction /dəˈrekʃn/ /dɪˈrekʃn/ /daɪˈrekʃn/

-education /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn/ /ˌedjʊˈkeɪʃn/
-emotion /ɪˈməʊʃn/
-exception /ɪkˈsepʃn/
-generation /ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/
-imagination /ɪˌmædʒɪˈneɪʃn/
-information /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/
-invention /ɪnˈvenʃn/
-invitation /ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃn/
-nation /ˈneɪʃn/
-objection /əbˈdʒekʃn/
-pollution /pəˈluːʃn/
-population /ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn/ /ˌpɒpjəˈleɪʃn/
-position /pəˈzɪʃn/
-promotion /prəˈməʊʃn/
-reaction /riˈækʃn/
-reception /rɪˈsepʃn/
-reduction /rɪˈdʌkʃn/
-relation /rɪˈleɪʃn/

-admission /ədˈmɪʃn/
-comprehension /ˌkɒmprɪˈhenʃn/
-discussion /dɪˈskʌʃn/
-expression /ɪkˈspreʃn/
-mission /ˈmɪʃn/
-obsession /əbˈseʃn/
-permission /pəˈmɪʃn/
-possession /pəˈzeʃn/
-session /ˈseʃn/

-question /ˈkwestʃən/
-Aren't you...? /ˈɑːn tʃə.../
-Can't you...? /ˈkɑːn tʃə.../
-Couldn’t you...? /ˈkʊdn tʃə.../
-Didn't you..? /ˈdɪdn tʃə.../
-Don't you...? /ˈdəʊn tʃə.../
132

/ʒ/

-collision /kəˈlɪʒn/
-decision /dɪˈsɪʒn/
-invasion /ɪnˈveɪʒn/
-occasion /əˈkeɪʒn/
-persuasion /pəˈsweɪʒn/
-revision /rıˈvıʒn/
-vision /ˈvɪʒn/

-leisure /ˈleʒəʳ/
-measure /ˈmeʒəʳ/
-pleasure /ˈpleʒəʳ/
-treasure /ˈtreʒəʳ/

-cottage /'kɒtɪdʒ/
-courage /'kʌrɪdʒ/
-energy /'enədʒi/
-engaged /ɪn'geɪdʒd/
-engine /'endʒɪn/
-enlarge /ɪn'lɑːdʒ/
-general /'dʒenrəl/
-jacket /'dʒækɪt/
-jam /dʒæm/
-January /'dʒænjuəri/ /'dʒænjʊri/
-Japan /dʒə'pæn/
-Japanese /ˌdʒæpə'niːz/
-object (n) /'ɒbdʒɪkt/
-object (v) /əb'dʒekt/
-subject (n) /'sʌbdʒɪkt/ /'sʌbdʒekt/
-subject (v) /səb'dʒekt/
-Could you...? /kəˈdʒʊ.../
-Did you...? /dɪˈdʒʊ.../
-Do you...? /dʒʊ.../
-Should you...? /ʃəˈdʒʊ.../
-Would you...? /wəˈdʒʊ.../
133

/k/

-academy /əˈkædəmi/
-accept /əkˈsept/
-artistic /ɑːˈtɪstɪk/
-balcony /ˈbælkəni/
-break /breɪk/
-cake /keɪk/
-calculate /ˈkælkjuleɪt/
-calendar /ˈkælɪndəʳ/
-call /kɔːl/
-camel /ˈkæml/
-camera /ˈkæmərə/
-camouflage /ˈkæməflɑːʒ/
-campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/
-cancer /ˈkænsəʳ/
-candidate /ˈkændɪdət/ /ˈkændɪdeɪt/
-canteen /kænˈtiːn/
-capable /ˈkeɪpəbl/
-capacity /kəˈpæsəti/
-capital /ˈkæpɪtl/
-captain /ˈkæptɪn/
-career /kəˈrɪəʳ/
-careful /ˈkeəfl/
-carpet /ˈkɑːpɪt/
-carriage /ˈkærɪdʒ/
-carry /ˈkæri/
-carton /ˈkɑːtn/
-cast /kɑːst/
-castle /ˈkɑːsl/
-cat /kæt/
-category /ˈkætəgəri/
-clue /kluː/
-coach /kəʊtʃ/
-coffee /ˈkɒfi/
-coherent /kəʊˈhɪərənt/
134

-coincide /ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd/
-coincidence /kəʊˈɪnsɪdəns/
-collaborate /kəˈlæbəreɪt/
-collapse /kəˈlæps/
-colleague /ˈkɒliːg/
-colour /ˈkʌləʳ/
-cupboard /ˈkʌbəd/
-curious /ˈkjʊəriəs/
-curly /ˈkɜːli/
-currently /ˈkʌrəntli/
-curtain /ˈkɜːtn/
-customs /ˈkʌstəmz/
-dark /dɑːk/
-discuss /dɪˈskʌs/
-fact /fækt/
-fantastic /fænˈtæstɪk/
-focus /ˈfəʊkəs/

-karate /kəˈrɑːti/
-kebab /kɪˈbæb/
-key /kiː/
-kill /kɪl/
-king /kɪŋ/
-shark /ʃɑːk/

-back /bæk/
-brick /brɪk/
-kick /kɪk/
-lick /lɪk/
-lock /lɒk/
-muck /mʌk/
-neck /nek/
-nick /nɪk/
-pack /pæk/
-pick /pɪk/
-shock /ʃɒk/
135

-sock /sɒk/
-stick /stɪk/
-thick /θɪk/
-trick /trɪk/
-wick /wɪk/

-adequate /ˈædɪkwət/
-conquer /ˈkɒŋkəʳ/
-conquest /ˈkɒŋkwest/
-consequence /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/
-earthquake /ˈɜːθkweɪk/
-equal /ˈiːkwəl/
-equip /ɪˈkwɪp/
-equipment /ɪˈkwɪpmənt/
-frequently /ˈfriːkwəntli/
-liquid /ˈlɪkwɪd/
-quality /ˈkwɒləti/
-quantity /ˈkwɒntəti/
-quarrel /ˈkwɒrəl/
-quarter /ˈkwɔːtəʳ/
-queen /kwiːn/
-quest /kwest/
-question /ˈkwestʃən/
-quick /kwɪk/
-quiet /ˈkwaɪət/
-quiz /kwɪz/
-request /rɪˈkwest/
-require /rɪˈkwaɪəʳ/
-sequence /ˈsiːkwəns/
-square /skweəʳ/
-squash /skwɒʃ/
-squeeze /skwiːz/

Hard/Back ‘c’ = ‘c + a, o, u’ = /k/

136

/ŋ/

/ŋ/ /ŋk/
bang /bæŋ/ bank /bæŋk/
ing /ɪŋ/ ink /ɪŋk/
rang /ræŋ/ rank /ræŋk/
sing /sɪŋ/ sink /sɪŋk/
tang /tæŋ/ tank /tæŋk/
thing /θɪŋ/ think /θɪŋk/

-ng /ŋ/ -nk /ŋk/

along /əˈlɒŋ/ ankle /ˈæŋkl/
bring /brɪŋ/ anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/
boring /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ blank /blæŋk/
finger /ˈfɪŋgəʳ/ blanket /ˈblæŋkɪt/
king /kɪŋ/ drink /drɪŋk/
long /lɒŋ/ donkey /ˈdɒŋki/
ring /rɪŋ/ function /ˈfʌŋkʃn/
single /ˈsɪŋgl/ monkey /ˈmʌŋki/
strong /strɒŋ/ pink /pɪŋk/
tongue /tʌŋ/ punctual /ˈpʌŋktʃuəl/
wrong /rɒŋ/ uncle /ˈʌŋkl/

NOTE:

‘ng’ = /ŋ/
‘nk’, ‘nc’ = /ŋk/
137

-beginning /ˈbɪgɪnɪŋ/
-catching /ˈkætʃɪŋ/
-coming /ˈkʌmɪŋ/
-cutting /ˈkʌtɪŋ/
-doing /ˈduːɪŋ/
-eating /ˈiːtɪŋ/
-falling /ˈfɔːlɪŋ/
-feeling /ˈfiːlɪŋ/
-fighting /ˈfaɪtɪŋ/
-finding /ˈfaɪndɪŋ/
-giving /ˈgɪvɪŋ/
-going /ˈgəʊɪŋ/
-having /ˈhævɪŋ/
-hitting /ˈhɪtɪŋ/
-leaving /ˈliːvɪŋ/
-listening /ˈlɪsnɪŋ/
-losing /ˈluːzɪŋ/
-making /ˈmeɪkɪŋ/
-meaning /ˈmiːnɪŋ/
-putting /ˈpʊtɪŋ/
-reading /ˈriːdɪŋ/
-rising /ˈraɪzɪŋ/
-running /ˈrʌnɪŋ/
-selling /ˈselɪŋ/
-sitting /ˈsɪtɪŋ/
-sleeping /ˈsliːpɪŋ/
-speaking /ˈspiːkɪŋ/
-spending /ˈspendɪŋ/
-standing /ˈstændɪŋ/
-swimming /ˈswɪmɪŋ/
-telling /ˈtelɪŋ/
-thinking /ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/
-writing /ˈraɪtɪŋ/
138

/h/

-habit /ˈhæbɪt/
-had to /ˈhæt tə/
-harmful /hɑːmfl/
-has to /ˈhæs tə/
-has /hæz/ /həz/ /əz/
-have to /ˈhæf tə/
-have /hæv/ /həv/ /əv/
-he /hiː/ /hi/ /iː/ /i/
-heard /hɜːd/
-heart /hɑːt/
-heat /hiːt/
-heavy /ˈhevi/
-heel /hiːl/
-height /haɪt/
-her /hɜːr/ /hər/ /ɜːr/ /ər/
-hero /ˈhɪərəʊ/
-hers /hɜːz/
-herself /hɜːˈself/ /həˈself/ /əˈself/
-hesitate /ˈhezɪteɪt/
-him /hɪm/ /ɪm/
-himself /hɪmˈself/ /ɪmˈself/
-hope /həʊp/
-hurt /hɜːt/
-inhabit /ɪnˈhæbɪt/
-inhale /ɪnˈheɪl/
-inherit /ɪnˈherɪt/
-inhibit /ɪnˈhɪbɪt/
-who /huː/
-whole /həʊl/
-whom /huːm/
-whose /huːz/
*honest /ˈɒnɪst/
*honour /ˈɒnəʳ/
*hour /ˈaʊəʳ/
139

/r/

-appropriate /əˈprəʊpriət/
-around /əˈraʊnd/
-arrest /əˈrest/
-arrive /ə'raɪv/
-brain /breɪn/
-carry /'kæri/
-country /'kʌntri/
-courage /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-crazy /'kreɪzi/
-currency /ˈkʌrənsi/
-currently /ˈkʌrəntli/
-foreign /ˈfɒrən/
-forever /fərˈevər/
-horror /'hɒrəʳ/
-hundred /ˈhʌndrəd/
-hurry /'hʌri/
-jewellery /'dʒuːəlri/
-marriage /ˈmærɪdʒ/
-married /ˈmærid/
-memory /'meməri/
-perhaps /præps/
-quarrel /ˈkwɒrəl/
-rain /reɪn/
-rich /rɪtʃ/
-ride /raɪd/
-rule /ruːl/
-sorry /'sɒri/
-street /striːt/
-wherever /weərˈevəʳ/
-worried /ˈwʌrid/

‘r’ before ‘a vowel’ or ‘y’ = /r/

140

/j/

-ambulance /ˈæmbjələns/ /ˈæmbjʊləns/

-behaviour /bɪˈheɪvjər/
-billion /ˈbɪljən/
-failure /ˈfeɪljər/
-lawyer /ˈlɔːjəʳ/
-million /ˈmɪljən/
-onion /ˈʌnjən/
-opinion /əˈpɪnjən/
-rebellion /rɪˈbeljən/
-yacht /jɒt/
-yard /jɑːd/
-yawn /jɔːn/
-yeah /jeə/
-yellow /ˈjeləʊ/
-you /jə/ /jʊ/ /juː/
-you’d /juːd/
-you’ll /juːl/
-young /jʌŋ/
-yours /jɔːz/
-yourself /jəˈself/ /jɔːˈself/
-youth /juːθ/

-argue /ˈɑːrgjuː/
-beautiful /ˈbjuːtɪfl/
-communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
-confuse /kənˈfjuːz/
-confusion /kənˈfjuːʒn/
-consume /kənˈsjuːm/
-consumer /kənˈsjuːmər/
-continue /kənˈtɪnjuː/
-contribute /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ /ˈkɒntrɪbjuːt/
-cucumber /ˈkjuːkʌmbər/
-due /djuː/
-duty /ˈdjuːti/
141

-future /ˈfjuːtʃər/
-huge /hjuːdʒ/
-human /ˈhjuːmən/
-humorous /ˈhjuːmərəs/
-humour /ˈhjuːmər/
-institute /ˈɪnstɪtjuːt/
-issue /ˈɪʃuː/ /ˈɪsjuː/
-menu /ˈmenjuː/
-museum /mjuːˈziəm/
-music /ˈmjuːzɪk/
-mute /mjuːt/
-mutual /ˈmjuːtʃuəl/
-produce /prəˈdjuːs/
-pupil /ˈpjuːpl/
-queue /kjuː/
-reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/
-refuse /rɪˈfjuːz/
-rescue /ˈreskjuː/
-schedule /ˈʃedjuːl/ /ˈskedjuːl/
-student /ˈstjuːdnt/
-studio /ˈstjuːdiəʊ/
-suit /suːt/ /sjuːt/
-suitable /ˈsuːtəbl/ /ˈsjuːtəbl/
-super /'suːpər/ /'sjuːpər/
-tube /ˈtjuːb/
-Tuesday /ˈtjuːzdeɪ/ /ˈtjuːzdi/
-tune /tjuːn/
-tutor /ˈtjuːtər/
-union /ˈjuːniən/
-unit /ˈjuːnɪt/
-use (n) /juːs/
-use (v) /juːz/
-useful /ˈjuːsfl/
-useless /ˈjuːsləs/
-usually /ˈjuːʒuəli/ /ˈjuːʒəli/
-value /ˈvæljuː/
142

ENGLISH STOP CONSONANTS (PLOSIVES)

Stop consonants are weak, low and quiet at the end of words. We stop
the consonant sound and don’t open our lips or tongue again, but at the
beginning of words are strong and long. We stop the consonant sound
for a very short time and open our lips or tongue again.

/p/
help /help/
sleep /sliːp/
stop /stɒp/
/b/
job /dʒɒb/
rob /rɒb/
kebab /kɪˈbæb/
/t/
cat /kæt/
interest /ˈɪntrəst/ /ˈɪntrest/
plant /plɑːnt/
/d/
hand /hænd/
need /niːd/
word /wɜːd/
/k/
park /pɑːk/
talk /tɔːk/
walk /wɔːk/
/g/
bag /bæg/
dog /dɒg/
leg /leg/

Stop consonants at the end weak, quiet and short.

Stop consonants at the beginning strong and long.
143

DI-GRAPHS

A di-graph is a single sound, or phoneme which consists of two letters.

Two letters represent one sound.

ch /tʃ/ chance / tʃɑːns/

gh /g/ ghost /gəʊst/

ng /ŋ/ song /sɒŋ/
ph /f/ phonetic /fəˈnetɪk/

sh /ʃ/ shoot /ʃuːt/

th /ð/ mother /ˈmʌðər/

th /θ/ thing /θɪŋ/

wh /w/ where /weər/

wr /r/ wrist /rɪst/

SAME DOUBLE CONSONANTS

/b/ bb rabbit /ˈræbɪt/

/d/ dd kidding /ˈkɪdɪŋ/
/f/ ff difficult /ˈdɪfɪkəlt/
/g/ gg beggar /ˈbegər/
/l/ ll follow /ˈfɒləʊ/
/m/ mm summer /ˈsʌməʳ/
/n/ nn dinner /ˈdɪnəʳ/
/p/ pp slipper /ˈslɪpəʳ/
/r/ rr borrow /ˈbɒrəʊ/
/s/ ss kissing /ˈkɪsɪŋ/
/t/ tt sitting /ˈsɪtɪŋ/
144

ONE CLEAR SOUND = TWO CONSONANTS

Spelling Pronunciation
-addition /əˈdɪʃn/
-allow /əˈlaʊ/
-apple /ˈæpl/
-boss /bɒs/
-bottom /ˈbɒtəm/
-channel /ˈtʃænl/
-collection /kəˈlekʃn/
-common /ˈkɒmən/
-cotton /ˈkɒtn/
-cutting /ˈkʌtɪŋ/
-effect /ɪˈfekt/
-falling /ˈfɔːlɪŋ/
-foggy /ˈfɒgi/
-gossip /ˈgɒsɪp/
-happen /ˈhæpən/
-happy /ˈhæpi/
-intelligent /ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt/
-letter /ˈletəʳ/
-little /ˈlɪtl/
-middle /ˈmɪdl/
-narrow /ˈnærəʊ/
-parallel /ˈpærəlel/
-parrot /ˈpærət/
-possess /pəˈzes/
-possible /ˈpɒsəbl/
-putting /ˈpʊtɪŋ/
-puzzle /ˈpʌzl/
-quarrel /ˈkwɒrəl/
-rabbit /ˈræbɪt/
-rubbish /ˈrʌbɪʃ/
-seller /ˈseləʳ/
-selling /ˈselɪŋ/
-telling /ˈtelɪŋ/
145

CONSONANT CLUSTERS (BLENDS)

black /blæk/
/bl/ blanket /ˈblæŋkɪt/
blond /blɒnd/
brave /breɪv/
/br/ bread /bred/
break /breɪk/
clear /klɪəʳ/
/cl/ climb /klaɪm/
close /kləʊz/
crazy /ˈkreɪzi/
/cr/ create /kriˈeit/
crew /kruː/
dress /dres/
/dr/ drink /drɪŋk/
drive /draɪv/
flag /flæg/
/fl/ flood /flʌd/
fluent /ˈfluːənt/
free /ˈfriː/
/fr/ front /frʌnt/
fruit /fruːt/
glass /glɑːs/
/gl/ glove /glʌv/
glue /gluː/
grandfather /ˈgrænfɑːðər/
/gr/ great /greɪt/
group /gruːp/
play /pleɪ/
/pl/ please /pliːz/
plenty /ˈplenti/
prevent /prɪˈvent/
/pr/ pretty /ˈprɪti/
press /pres/
146

scale /skeɪl/
/sc/ scared /skeəd/
scandal /ˈskændl/
ski /skiː/
/sk/ skill /skɪl/
skirt /skɜːt/
slim /slɪm/
/sl/ sleep /sliːp/
slip /slɪp/
smell /smel/
/sm/ smile /smaɪl/
smoke /sməʊk/
snake /sneɪk/
/sn/ sneeze /sniːz/
sniff /snɪf/
space /speɪs/
/sp/ speak /spiːk/
specialist /ˈspeʃəlɪst/
stair /steəʳ/
/st/ stand /stænd/
stamp /stæmp/
swear /sweəʳ/
/sw/ sweet /swiːt/
swim /swɪm/
train /treɪn/
/tr/ travel /ˈtrævl/
trip /trɪp/
street /striːt/
/str/ stress /stres/
straight /streɪt/

*We blend the /b/ and the /l/ sounds together to make the /bl/.
147

SILENT CONSONANT LETTERS

Silent ‘b’

-bomb /bɒm/
-climb /klaɪm/
-comb /kəʊm/
-debt /det/
-doubt /daʊt/
-lamb /læm/
-limb /lɪm/
-thumb /θʌm/
-tomb /tuːm/

Silent ‘d’

-grandfather /ˈgrænfɑːðəʳ/
-grandmother /ˈgrænmʌðəʳ/
-grandson /ˈgrænsʌn/
-handsome /ˈhænsəm/
-Wednesday /ˈwenzdeɪ/ /ˈwenzdi/

Silent ‘g’

-campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/
-reign /reɪn/
-sign /saɪn/

Silent ‘h’

-exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/
-exhibit /ɪgˈzɪbɪt/
-honest /ˈɒnɪst/
-honour /ˈɒnəʳ/
-hour /ˈaʊəʳ/
-her /ɜːʳ/ /əʳ/
-him /ɪm/
148

Silent ‘k’

-knee /niː/
-kneel /niːl/
-knickers /ˈnɪkəz/
-knife /naɪf/
-knight /naɪt/
-knit /nɪt/
-knock /nɒk/
-know /nəʊ/
-knowledge /ˈnɒlɪdʒ/

Silent ‘l’

-calf /kɑːf/
-calm /kɑːm/
-could /kʊd/ /kəd/
-half /hɑːf/
-should /ʃʊd/ /ʃəd/
-talk /tɔːk/
-walk /wɔːk/
-would /wʊd/ /wəd/

Silent ‘n’

-autumn /ˈɔːtəm/
-column /ˈkɒləm/
-condemn /kənˈdem/
-damn /dæm/
-solemn /ˈsɒləm/

Silent ‘p’

-psychiatrist /saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/
-psychological /ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/
-psychologist /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/
-psychology /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/
149

Silent ‘r’

-answers /ˈɑːnsəz/
-beard /bɪəd/
-chairs /tʃeəz/
-colours /ˈkʌləz/
-effort /ˈefət/
-letters /ˈletəz/
-sisters /ˈsɪstəz/
-summers /ˈsʌməz/

Silent ‘t’

-castle /ˈkɑːsl/
-Christmas /ˈkrɪsməs/
-listen /ˈlɪsn/
-mustnˈt /ˈmʌsnt/

Silent ‘w’

-sword /sɔːd/
-who /huː/
-who’s /huːz/
-who’ve /huːv/
-whoever /huːˈevəʳ/
-whole /həʊl/
-whom /huːm/
-whose /huːz/
-wrap /ræp/
-wreck /rek/
-wrest /rest/
-wrestle /ˈresl/
-wrestler /ˈresləʳ/
-wrestling /ˈreslɪŋ/
-wrist /rɪst/
-write /raɪt/
-wrong /rɒŋ/
150
151

LESSON III

PRESENT SIMPLE –S & –ES ENDINGS

PAST SIMPLE –D & –ED ENDINGS

-ED ADJECTIVES

PLURAL NOUN –S & –ES ENDINGS

152
153

PRESENT SIMPLE –S & –ES ENDINGS

/s/

When the final sound of the infinitive verb is another unvoiced (voiceless)
consonant sound /k/, /f/, /p/, /t/, /θ/ - we pronounce the –s / es
ending /s/.

VOICELESS /f/

-bluffs /blʌfs/
-coughs /kɒfs/
-cuffs /kʌfs/
-laughs /lɑːfs/
-muffs /mʌfs/
-sniffs /snɪfs/

VOICELESS /k/

-asks /ɑːsks/ /ɑːs/

-breaks /breɪks/
-cooks /kʊks/
-drinks /drɪŋks/
-looks /lʊks/
-makes /meɪks/
-takes /teɪks/
-talks /tɔːks/
-walks /wɔːks/
-works /wɜːks/

VOICELESS /p/

-develops /dɪˈveləps/
-drops /drɒps/
-helps /helps/
-hopes /həʊps/
154

-sleeps /sliːps/
-stops /stɒps/

VOICELESS /t/

-costs /kɒsts/ /kɒs/

-cuts /kʌts/
-eats /iːts/
-fights /faɪts/
-fits /fɪts/
-gets /gets/
-invites /ɪnˈvaɪts/
-puts /pʊts/
-sits /sɪts/
-visits /ˈvɪzɪts/
-waits /weɪts/
-writes /raɪts/

LONG VOWEL PHONEMES

BRITISH ENGLISH AMERICAN ENGLISH

/iː/ /i/
/ɑː/ /ɑ/
/uː/ /u/
/ɔː/ /ɔ/
/ɜː/ /ɜ/

ful /fəl/
155

/z/

When the final sound of the infinitive verb is another voiced consonant
sound /b/, /d/, /g/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /v/, /ð/ or a vowel sound - we
pronounce the –s / es ending /z/.

VOICED /b/

-bribes /braɪbz/
-curbs /kɜːbz/
-describes /dɪˈskraɪbz/
-disturbs /dɪˈstɜːbz/
-grabs /græbz/
-robs /rɒbz/

VOICED /d/

-builds /bɪldz/
-finds /faɪndz/ /faɪnz/
-hides /haɪdz/
-holds /həʊldz/
-lends /lendz/ /lenz/
-needs /niːdz/
-reads /riːdz/
-sends /sendz/ /senz/
-spends /spendz/ /spenz/

VOICED /ð/ = /dh/

-bathe /beɪðz/
-breathes /briːðz/

VOICED /g/

-digs /dɪgz/
-hugs /hʌgz/
156

VOICED /l/

-boils /bɔɪlz/
-falls /fɔːlz/
-feels /fiːlz/
-kills /kɪlz/
-sails /seɪlz/
-sells /selz/
-spells /spelz/
-steals /stiːlz/
-tells /telz/

VOICED /m/

-climbs /klaɪmz/
-comes /kʌmz/
-dreams /driːmz/
-performs /pəˈfɔːmz/
-swims /swɪmz/

VOICED /n/

-begins /bɪˈgɪnz/
-earns /ɜːnz/
-happens /ˈhæpənz/
-learns /lɜːnz/
-listens /ˈlɪsnz/
-means /miːnz/
-owns /əʊnz/
-phones /fəʊnz/
-returns /rɪˈtɜːnz/
-runs /rʌnz/
-shines /ʃaɪnz/
-warns /wɔːnz/
-wins /wɪnz/
157

VOICED /ŋ/

-brings /brɪŋz/
-rings /rɪŋz/
-sings /sɪŋz/

VOICED /r/

-clears /klɪəʳz/
-enters /ˈentəʳz/
-hears /hɪəʳz/
-hires /ˈhaɪəʳz/
-offers /ɒfəʳz/
-wears /weəʳz/

VOICED /v/

-dives /daɪvz/
-drives /draɪvz/
-gives /gɪvz/
-leaves /liːvz/
-lives /lɪvz/
-loves /lʌvz/

/VOWELS/

When the final sound of the infinitive verb is a vowel sound, we

pronounce the –s /-es ending /z/.

-allows /əˈlaʊz/
-annoys /əˈnɔɪz/
-dies /daɪz/
-draws /drɔːz/
-enjoys /ɪnˈdʒɔɪz/
-grows /grəʊz/
-hurried /ˈhʌriz/
158

-knows /nəʊz/
-lies /laɪz/
-pays /peɪz/
-plays /pleɪz/
-rescues /ˈreskjuːz/
-says /sez/
-shows /ʃəʊz/
-snows /snəʊz/
-stays /steɪz/
-studies /ˈstʌdiz/
-worries /ˈwʌriz/

NOTE:

MAGIC LETTER ‘E’

When the letter ‘e’ is at the end of a word, we don’t pronounce it. ‘e’
is magic, and it makes the vowel sound a diphthong or a long sound
in a word.
/eɪ/ MAKE
/aɪ/ FINE
/əʊ/ HOME

A DIPH-THONG COUNTS AS ONLY ONE SOUND.

DIPH-THONGS = MOVING VOWELS

/ə/ IS THE MOST COMMON SOUND, BECAUSE ENGLISH IS A STRESSED LANGUAGE.

159

/ɪz/

When the final sound of the infinitive verb is one of the ‘hissing = noisy’
sounds /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/ - we pronounce the –s / es ending
/ɪz/.

/s/

-kisses /ˈkɪsɪz/
-misses /ˈmɪsɪz/
-passes /ˈpɑːsɪz/
-promises /ˈprɒmɪsɪz/
-relaxes /rɪˈlæksɪz/

/z/

-amuses /əˈmjuːzɪz/
-chooses /ˈtʃuːzɪz/
-closes /ˈkləʊzɪz/
-loses /ˈluːzɪz/
-rises /ˈraɪzɪz/
-surprises /sə'praɪzɪz/
-uses /juːzɪz/

/ʃ/

-finishes /ˈfɪnɪʃɪz/
-punishes /ˈpʌnɪʃɪz/
-washes /ˈwɒʃɪz/
-wishes /ˈwɪʃɪz/
-vanishes /ˈvænɪʃɪz/

/ʒ/

-garages /ˈgærɑːʒɪz/
-massages /ˈmæsɑːʒɪz/
160

/tʃ/

-catches /ˈkætʃɪz/
-matches /ˈmætʃɪz/
-reaches /ˈriːtʃɪz/
-teaches /ˈtiːtʃɪz/

/dʒ/

-changes /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/
-damages /ˈdæmɪdʒɪz/
-judges /ˈdʒʌdʒɪz/

Hissing (noisy) sounds: /sss..., zzz..., ʃʃʃ..., ʒʒʒ.../

‘PRIMARY (MAIN)’ & ‘SECONDARY’ STRESS

SECONDARY STRESS FIRST, PRIMARY (MAIN) STRESS SECOND

STRESS on the FIRST SYLLABLE STRESS on the SECOND SYLLABLE

thirty /ˈθɜːti/ thirteen /ˌθɜːˈtiːn/
forty /ˈfɔːti/ fourteen /ˌfɔːˈtiːn/
fifty /ˈfɪfti/ fifteen /ˌfɪfˈtiːn/
sixty /ˈsɪksti/ sixteen /ˌsɪksˈtiːn/
seventy /ˈsevnti/ seventeen /ˌsevnˈtiːn/
eighty /ˈeɪti/ eighteen /ˌeɪˈtiːn/
ninety /ˈnaɪnti/ nineteen /ˌnaɪnˈtiːn/

*Primary (main) stress: /ˈ/

*Secondary stress: /ˌ/
161

PAST SIMPLE –D and –ED ENDINGS

-ED ADJECTIVES

/t/

When the final sound of the infinitive verb is another unvoiced (voiceless)
consonant sound /p/, /k/, /f/, /s/, /θ/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/ - we pronounce the –d
/ -ed ending /t/.

VOICELESS /f/

-bluffed /blʌft/
-coughed /kɒft/
-cuffed /kʌft/
-laughed /lɑːft/
-muffed /mʌft/
-sniffed /snɪft/

VOICELESS /k/

-asked /ɑːskt/
-backed /bækt/
-booked /bʊkt/
-cooked /kʊkt/
-packed /pækt/
-shocked /ʃɒkt/
-talked /tɔːkt/
-walked /wɔːkt/
-worked /wɜːkt/

VOICELESS /p/

-developed /dɪˈveləpt/
-dropped /drɒpt/
-helped /helpt/
-hoped /həʊpt/
-stopped /stɒpt/
162

VOICELESS /s/

-depressed /dɪˈprest/
-embarrassed /ɪmˈbærəst/
-kissed /kɪst/
-missed /mɪst/
-passed /pɑːst/
-promised /ˈprɒmɪst/

VOICELESS /ʃ/

-finished /ˈfɪnɪʃt/
-punished /ˈpʌnɪʃt/
-washed /wɒʃt/
-wished /wɪʃt/

VOICELESS /tʃ/

-matched /mætʃt/
-watched /wɒtʃt/

MANNER OF ARTICULATION

PLOSIVES p b t d k g

AFFRICATES tʃ dʒ

FRICATIVES f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ

SONORANTS m n ŋ h l r w j

of = /əv/, /ə/, /ɒv/ off = /ɒf/

163

/d/

When the final sound of the infinitive verb is another voiced consonant
sound - /b/, /g/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /v/, /z/, /ð/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/ - we
pronounce the –d / -ed ending /d/.

VOICED /b/

-described /dɪˈskraɪbd/
-disturbed /dɪˈstɜːbd/
-robbed /rɒbd/

VOICED /dʒ/

-aged /eɪdʒd/
-arranged /əˈreɪndʒd/
-changed /tʃeɪndʒd/
-engaged /ɪn'geɪdʒd/
-enlarged /ɪn'lɑːdʒd/
-judged /dʒʌdʒd/

VOICED /ð/

-bathed /beɪðd/ /beɪd/

-breathed /briːðd/ /briːd/
-loathed /ləʊðd/ /ləʊd/

VOICED /g/

-begged /begd/
-hugged /hʌgd/

VOICED /ʒ/

-garaged /ˈgærɑːʒd/
-massaged /ˈmæsɑːʒd/
-sabotaged /ˈsæbətɑːʒd/
164

VOICED /l/

-boiled /bɔɪld/
-killed /kɪld/
-sailed /seɪld/
-travelled /ˈtrævld/

VOICED /m/

-claimed /kleɪmd/
-climbed /klaɪmd/
-dreamed /driːmd/
-performed /pəˈfɔːmd/

VOICED /n/

-earned /ɜːnd/
-frightened /ˈfraɪtnd/
-happened /ˈhæpənd/
-learned /lɜːnd/
-listened /ˈlɪsnd/
-phoned /fəʊnd/
-returned /rɪˈtɜːnd/
-turned /tɜːnd/
-warned /wɔːnd/

VOICED /ŋ/

-hanged /hæŋd/

VOICED /r/

-bored /bɔːrd/
-covered /ˈkʌvərd/
-entered /ˈentərd/
-offered /ˈɒfərd/
-tired /ˈtaɪərd/
165

VOICED /v/

-dived /daɪvd/
-loved /lʌvd/
-proved /pruːvd/
-solved /sɒlvd/

VOICED /z/

-amused /əˈmjuːzd/
-closed /ˈkləʊzd/
-organised /ˈɔːgənaɪzd/
-surprised /səˈpraɪzd/
-used /juːzd/

/VOWELS/

When the final sound of the infinitive verb is a vowel sound, we

pronounce –d / ed ending /d/.

-allowed /əˈlaʊd/
-applied /əˈplaɪd/
-chewed /tʃuːd/
-destroyed /dɪˈstrɔɪd/
-died /daɪd/
-employed /ɪmˈplɔɪd/
-enjoyed /ɪnˈdʒɔɪd/
-hurried /ˈhʌrid/
-lied /laɪd/
-rescued /ˈreskjuːd/
-showed /ʃəʊd/
-snowed /snəʊd/
-stayed /steɪd/
-studied /ˈstʌdid/
-tied /taɪd/
-worried /ˈwʌrid/
166

/ɪd/

When the final sound of the infinitive verb is /t/ or /d/ - we pronounce
the –d / -ed ending /ɪd/.

/t/

-excited /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/
-invited /ɪnˈvaɪtɪd/
-painted /ˈpeɪntɪd/
-started /ˈstɑːtɪd/
-visited /ˈvɪzɪtɪd/
-waited /ˈweɪtɪd/
-wanted /ˈwɒntɪd/

/d/

-decided /dɪˈsaɪdɪd/
-divided /dɪˈvaɪdɪd/
-mended /ˈmendɪd/
-needed /ˈniːdɪd/
-provided /prəˈvaɪdɪd/

NOTE:

ENGLISH AFFRICATES

AFFRICATES PLOSIVE FRICATIVE

/tʃ/ /t/ /ʃ/
/dʒ/ /d/ /ʒ/
167

PLURAL NOUN –S & –ES ENDINGS

/s/

When the final sound of the singular noun is another unvoiced (voiceless)
consonant sound /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /θ/ - we pronounce the –s / es
ending /s/.

VOICELESS /k/

-banks /bæŋks/
-bikes /baɪks/
-books /bʊks/
-desks /desks/ /des/
-forks /fɔːks/
-lakes /leɪks/
-parks /pɑːks/
-socks /sɒks/
-talks /tɔːks/
-walks /wɔːks/
-weeks /wiːks/

VOICELESS /f/

-handkerchiefs /ˈhæŋkətʃɪfs/
-photographs /ˈfəʊtəgrɑːfs/

VOICELESS /p/

-cups /kʌps/
-envelopes /ˈenvələʊps/
-groups /gruːps/
-hopes /həʊps/
-maps /mæps/
-shops /ʃɒps/
-tips /tɪps/
-tops /tɒps/
168

VOICELESS /t/

-cats /kæts/
-coats /kəʊts/
-forests /ˈfɒrɪsts/ /ˈfɒrɪs/
-hats /hæts/
-jackets /ˈdʒækɪts/
-lights /laɪts/
-minutes /ˈmɪnɪts/
-notes /nəʊts/
-parents /ˈpeərənts/
-plates /pleɪts/
-shirts /ʃɜːts/
-skirts /skɜːts/
-streets /striːts/
-students /ˈstjuːdnts/
-tourists /ˈtʊərɪsts/ /ˈtɔːrɪs/

VOICELESS /θ/ = /th/

-deaths /deθs/
-months /mʌnθs/
-mouths /maʊθs/

NOTE:

SONORANTS

NASAL SOUNDS m n ŋ
LIQUID SOUNDS l r
GLIDE SOUNDS w y
169

/z/

When the final sound of the singular noun is another voiced consonant
sound /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /ð/ or a vowel sound - we
pronounce the –s / es ending /z/.

VOICED /b/

-clubs /klʌbz/
-jobs /dʒɒbz/
-pubs /pʌbz/
-tubes /tjuːbz/
-verbs /vɜːbz/

VOICED /d/

-beds /bedz/
-cards /kɑːdz/
-friends /frendz/ /frenz/
-hands /hændz/ /hænz/
-husbands /ˈhʌzbəndz/ /ˈhʌzbənz/
-words /wɜːdz/

VOICED /g/

-bags /bægz/
-dogs /dɒgz/
-drugs /drʌgz/
-eggs /egz/
-legs /legz/
-rugs /rʌgz/

VOICED /l/

-animals /ˈænɪmlz/
-apples /ˈæplz/
170

-bowls /bəʊlz/
-example /ɪgˈzɑːmplz/
-goals /gəʊlz/
-meals /miːlz/
-nails /neɪlz/
-pencils /ˈpenslz/
-rules /ruːlz/
-sandals /ˈsændlz/
-skills /skɪlz/
-tables /ˈteɪblz/

VOICED /m/

-exams /ɪgˈzæmz/
-farms /fɑːmz/
-firms /fɜːmz/
-homes /həʊmz/
-names /neɪmz/
-problems /ˈprɒbləmz/
-programmes /ˈprəʊgræmz/
-rooms /ruːmz/ /rʊmz/

VOICED /n/

-actions /ˈækʃnz/
-bones /bəʊnz/
-guns /gʌnz/
-lessons /ˈlesnz/
-onions /ˈʌnjənz/
-opinions /əˈpɪnjənz/
-plans /plænz/
-questions /ˈkwestʃənz/
-reasons /ˈriːznz/
-spoons /spuːnz/
-stones /stəʊnz/
171

VOICED /ŋ/

-buildings /ˈbɪldɪŋz/
-feelings /ˈfiːlɪŋz/
-rings /rɪŋz/
-songs /sɒŋz/
-things /thɪŋz/

VOICED /r/

-answers /ˈɑːnsərz/
-chairs /tʃeərz/
-colours /ˈkʌlərz/
-doors /dɔːrz/
-letters /ˈletərz/
-numbers /ˈnʌmbərz/
-papers /ˈpeɪpərz/
-partners /ˈpɑːtnərz/
-pears /peərz/
-sisters /ˈsɪstərz/
-stairs /steərz/
-strangers /ˈstreɪndʒərz/
-summers /ˈsʌmərz/
-teachers /ˈtiːtʃərz/
-years /jɪərz/ /jɜːrz/

VOICED /v/

-gloves /glʌvz/
-knives /naɪvz/
-lives /laɪvz/
-negatives /ˈnegətɪvz/
-olives /ɒlɪvz/
-positives /ˈpɒzətɪvz/
-scarves /skɑːvz/
-shelves /ʃelvz/
172

-wives /waɪvz/
-wolves /wʊlvz/

/VOWELS/

When the final sound of the singular noun is a vowel sound, we

pronounce the –s / -es ending /z/.

-boys /bɔɪz/
-cinemas /ˈsɪnəməz/
-cows /kaʊz/
-duties /ˈdjuːtiz/
-keys /kiːz/
-lies /laɪz/
-monkeys /ˈmʌŋkiz/
-nephews /ˈnefjuːz/ /ˈnevjuːz/
-news /njuːz/
-paws /pɔːz/
-shows /ʃəʊz/
-Sundays /ˈsʌndeɪz/ /ˈsʌndiz/
-ties /taɪz/
-toes /təʊz/
-toys /tɔɪz/
-views /vjuːz/
-ways /weɪz/
-zoos /zuːz/
-studies /ˈstʌdiz/
173

/ɪz/

When the final sound of the singular noun is one of the ‘hissing=noisy’
sounds /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/ - we pronounce the –s/es ending
/ɪz/.

/s/

-boxes /ˈbɒksɪz/
-buses /ˈbʌsɪz/
-choices /ˈtʃɔɪsɪz/
-classes /ˈklɑːsɪz/
-courses /ˈkɔːsɪz/
-differences /ˈdɪfrənsɪz/
-glasses /ˈglɑːsɪz/
-illnesses /ˈɪlnəsɪz/
-nieces /ˈniːsɪz/
-nurses /ˈnɜːsɪz/
-offices /ˈɒfɪsɪz/
-places /ˈpleısɪz/

/z/

-houses /ˈhaʊzɪz/
-noises /ˈnɔɪzɪz/
-noses /ˈnəʊzɪz/
-roses /ˈrəʊzɪz/

/ʃ/

-brushes /ˈbrʌʃɪz/
-bushes /ˈbʊʃɪz/
-crashes /ˈkræʃɪz/
-dishes /ˈdɪʃɪz/
-wishes /ˈwɪʃɪz/
174

/ʒ/

-garages /ˈgærɑːʒɪz/
-massages /ˈmæsɑːʒɪz/

/tʃ/

-beaches /ˈbiːtʃɪz/
-peaches /ˈpiːtʃɪz/
-researches /rɪˈsɜːtʃɪz/
-sandwiches /ˈsænwɪtʃɪz/
-watches /ˈwɒtʃɪz/

/dʒ/

-bridges /ˈbrɪdʒɪz/
-changes /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/
-damages /ˈdæmɪdʒɪz/
-languages /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒɪz/
-oranges /ˈɒrɪndʒɪz/
-sausages /ˈsɒsɪdʒɪz/
-stages /ˈsteɪdʒɪz/
175

ENGLISH CONSONANT PHONEMES

VOICED (SOFT) UNVOICED (VOICELESS, HARD)

/b/ /p/
/d/ /t/
/dʒ/ /tʃ/
/g/ /k/
/v/ /f/
/ð/ /θ/
/z/ /s/
/ʒ/ /ʃ/
/h/
/m/
/n/
/ŋ/
/l/
/r/
/w/
/j/

NOTE:

/dʒ/ = /d+ʒ/ /tʃ/ = /t+ʃ/

/ð/ = /dh/ /θ/ = /th/
/j/ = /y/ /ʃ/ = /ş/
/ʒ/ = /j/ /w/ = /vu/, /vü/
/ŋ/ = /ng/
176

SYLLABLES & –S ENDINGS

Words ending in Words ending in Words ending in

VOICED SOUNDS VOICELESS SOUNDS NOISY SOUNDS

/z/ /s/ /ɪz/

Add a SOUND Add a SOUND Add a SYLLABLE
.../z/ .../s/ .../ɪz/

1 /b/ /p/ /dʒ/

2 /d/ /t/ /tʃ/
3 /ð/ /θ/ /ʃ/
4 /g/ /k/ /s/
5 /v/ /f/ /z/
6 /m/
7 /n/
8 /ŋ/
9 /l/
10 /r/
11 VOWEL SOUNDS

EXAMPLES Add a SOUND Add a SYLLABLE

beach beaches
change changes
close closes
dance dances
finish finishes
judge judges
kiss kisses
leave leaves
miss misses
orange oranges
pay pays
plan plans
send sends
teach teaches
177

SYLLABLES & –ED ENDINGS

Words ending in Words ending in Words ending in

VOICED SOUNDS VOICELESS SOUNDS /t/ or /d/
/d/ /t/ /ɪd/
Add a SOUND Add a SOUND Add a SYLLABLE
.../d/ .../t/ .../ɪd/

1 /b/ /p/ /d/

2 /dʒ/ /tʃ/ /t/
3 /g/ /k/
4 /ʒ/ /ʃ/
5 /v/ /f/
6 /z/ /s/
7 /ð/
8 /m/
9 /n/
10 /ŋ/
11 /l/
12 /r/
13 VOWEL SOUNDS

EXAMPLES Add a SOUND Add a SYLLABLE

close closed
decide decided
excite excited
finish finished
kiss kissed
looked looked
paint painted
phone phoned
start started
visit visited
wait waited
178
179

LESSON IV

SYLLABIFICATION
(SYLLABICATION)
&
WORD STRESS
180
181

ENGLISH SYLLABLE RULES

There are six syllable types. A syllable is a beat in a word.

/miː/ me
/gəʊ/ go
OPEN
SYLLABLES /maɪ/ my
/ʃuː/ shoe
/beɪ-bi/ [Link]
/mæp/ map
/bɪg/ big
CLOSED
/kʌt/ cut
SYLLABLES
/fʊt/ foot
/ˈdentɪst/ [Link]
/gɒn/ gone
/həʊm/ home
MAGIC /E/
/dʌn/ done
SYLLABLES
/teɪk/ take
/maɪn/ mine
/əʊld/ old
/ʃaʊt/ shout
VOWEL TEAM
/waɪld/ wild
SYLLABLES
/bɪəd/ beard
/weɪt/ wait
/ɪər/ ear
/flɔːʳ/ floor
/R/ CONTROLLED
/heər/ hair
SYLLABLES
/kɑːʳ/ car
/ˈpɜːrfɪkt/ [Link]
/ˈteɪbl/ [Link]
/ˈmɪdl/ [Link]
/L/ CONTROLLED
/ˈgɪgl/ [Link]
SYLLABLES
/ˈsɜːkl/ [Link]
/ˈbɒtl/ [Link]
182

ONE-SYLLABLE WORDS

SHORT VOWELS LONG VOWELS DIPH-THONGS

yes /jes/ clean /kliːn/ near /nɪəʳ/
bad /bæd/ work /wɜːk/ tour /tʊəʳ/
kiss /kɪs/ yard /jɑːd/ share /ʃeəʳ/
was /wəz/ school /skuːl/ brave /breɪv/
sun /sʌn/ short /ʃɔːt/ join /dʒɔɪn/
foot /fʊt/ while /waɪl/
stop /stɒp/ phone /fəʊn/
mouth /maʊθ/

-bad /bæd/
-beard /bɪəd/
-cake /keɪk/
-clean /kliːn/
-cup /kʌp/
-dare /deəʳ/
-food /fuːd/
-got /gɒt/
-house /haʊs/
-jar /dʒɑːʳ/
-look /lʊk/
-male /meɪl/
-mouth /maʊθ/
-noise /nɔɪz/
-phone /fəʊn/
-please /pliːz/
-share /ʃeəʳ/
-short /ʃɔːt/
-shout /ʃaʊt/
-sure /ʃʊəʳ/
-team /tiːm/
-tour /tʊəʳ/
-while /waɪl/
-work /wɜːk/
183

TWO-SYLLABLE WORDS and STRESS

Spelling Pronunciation
-[Link] /əˈbɔːd/
-[Link] /əˈbaʊt/
-[Link] /əˈdɔːʳ/
-[Link] /əˈgenst/ /əˈgeɪnst/
-[Link] /əˈgəʊ/
-[Link] /əˈlɑːm/
-[Link] /əˈlaɪk/
-[Link] /əˈlaʊd/
-[Link] /əˈmaʊnt/
-[Link] /əˈpɑːt/
-[Link] /əˈraɪz/
-[Link] /əˈraʊnd/
-[Link] /əˈraʊz/
-[Link] /əˈʃeɪmd/
-[Link] /əˈsaɪd/
-[Link] /əˈweɪt/
-[Link] /əˈwaɪl/
-[Link] /əˈkleɪm/
-[Link] /əˈkɔːd/
-[Link] /ˈækʃn/
-[Link] /ədˈhɪəʳ/
-[Link] /əˈledʒ/
-[Link] /ˈæŋgri/
-[Link] /ˈɑːnsəʳ/
-an.y /ˈeni/
-[Link] /ˈæŋkʃəs/
-[Link] /əˈpɔːl/
-[Link] /əˈpreɪz/
-[Link] /ˈɑːgjuː/
-[Link] /ˈɑːmi/
-[Link] /ˈɑːtɪst/
-[Link] /əˈskraɪb/
-[Link] /əˈspaɪəʳ/
184

-[Link] /əˈsɜːt/
-[Link] /əˈsaɪn/
-[Link] /ˈɔːgəst/
-[Link] /ˈɔːθəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈɔːfl/
-[Link] /ˈbeɪbi/
-[Link] /ˈbædli/
-[Link] /ˈbæŋkəʳ/
-[Link] /bɪˈkɒz/ /bɪˈkəz/
-[Link] /bɪˈfɔːʳ/
-[Link] /bɪˈgɪnɪŋ/
-[Link] /bɪˈheɪv/
-[Link] /bɪˈliːv/
-[Link] /bɪˈtwiːn/
-[Link] /ˈbliːdɪŋ/
-bod.y /ˈbɒdi/
-[Link] /ˈbɔːdəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/
-[Link] /ˈbɒðəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈbrekfəst/
-[Link] /ˈbɪldɪŋ/
-[Link] /ˈbɜːgləʳ/
-bur.y /ˈberi/
-bus.y /ˈbɪzi/
-[Link] /ˈbɪznəs/
-[Link] /kəˈrɪəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈkændi/
-[Link] /ˈkɑːpɪt/
-[Link] /ˈkærət/
-[Link] /ˈkæri/
-[Link] /kɑːˈtuːn/
-[Link] /ˈkɑːsl/
-[Link] /ˈsɜːtn/
-[Link] /ˈtʃɪkɪn/
-[Link] /ˈtʃaɪldɪʃ/
-cit.y /ˈsɪti/
185

-[Link] /ˈklevəʳ/
-[Link] /kənˈtrəʊl/
-cop.y /ˈkɒpi/
-[Link] /ˈkɔːnəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈkʌpl/
-[Link] /ˈkʌntri/
-[Link] /ˈkʌvəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈkreɪzi/
-[Link] /kriˈeɪt/
-[Link] /ˈkraʊdɪd/
-[Link] /ˈkʌltʃəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈdæmɪdʒ/
-[Link] /ˈdeɪndʒəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈdɔːtəʳ/
-[Link] /dɪˈsaɪd/
-dirt.y /ˈdɜːti/
-[Link] /ˈdɒktəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈdjuːti/
-[Link] /ˈdjʊərɪŋ/
-[Link] /ɪˈnʌf/
-[Link] /ˈiːkwəl/
-[Link] /ˈiːvn/
-[Link] /ɪˈvent/
-[Link] /ˈiːgəʳ/
-eas.y /ˈiːzi/
-[Link] /ˈaɪðəʳ/ /ˈiːðəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-[Link] /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/
-[Link] /ˈentəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈendɪŋ/
-[Link] /ˈevəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈevri/
-[Link] /ˈiːvnɪŋ/
-[Link] /ɪgˈzæm/
-[Link] /ɪgˈzɪst/
-[Link] /ˈfeɪməs/
186

-[Link] /ˈfɑːðəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈfɑːsn/
-[Link] /ˈfæʃn/
-[Link] /ˈfiːmeɪl/
-[Link] /ˈfaɪnl/
-[Link] /ˈfɪnɪʃ/
-[Link] /ˈfɒrən/
-[Link] /ˈfjuːtʃəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈfʌŋkʃn/
-[Link] /ˈgɪftɪd/
-[Link] /ˈglɑːsɪz/
-[Link] /gɪˈtɑːʳ/
-guilt.y /ˈgɪlti/
-[Link] /ˈhæbɪt/
-hand.y /ˈhændi/
-[Link] /ˈhɪərəʊ/
-health.y /ˈhelθi/
-heav.y /ˈhevi/
-[Link] /hɜːˈself/ /həˈself/
-[Link] /həʊˈtel/
-[Link] /ˈɒnɪst/
-[Link] /ˈɒnəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈhjuːmən/
-[Link] /ˈhʌndrəd/
-[Link] /ˈhʌŋgri/
-[Link] /ˈhʌrid/
-[Link] /ˈhʌzbənd/
-[Link] /aɪˈdɪə/
-[Link] /ˈɪlnəs/
-[Link] /ˈɪmɪdʒ/
-[Link] /ɪnˈvaɪt/
-[Link] /ˈaɪlənd/
-[Link] /ˈdʒækɪt/
-[Link] /ˈdʒeləs/
-[Link] /ˈdʒɒgɪŋ/
-[Link] /ˈdʒɜːni/
187

-[Link] /ˈdʒʊəri/
-[Link] /ˈdʒʌstɪs/
-[Link] /ˈkɪləʳ/
-[Link] /ˈkɪlɪŋ/
-[Link] /ˈkɪtʃɪn/
-[Link] /ˈnɒlɪdʒ/
-[Link] /ˈleɪbl/
-[Link] /ˈleɪzi/
-[Link] /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
-[Link] /ˈleɪtəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈleɪtɪst/
-[Link] /ˈlɑːftəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈliːgl/
-[Link] /ˈleʒəʳ/
-[Link] /meɪnˈteɪn/
-[Link] /ˈmænɪdʒ/
-man.y /ˈmeni/
-[Link] /ˈmɑːkɪt/
-[Link] /ˈmɑːstəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈmaɪnəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈmɒdn/
-[Link] /ˈmɔːnɪŋ/
-[Link] /ˈmʌðəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈneɪtɪv/
-[Link] /ˈnæsti/
-[Link] /ˈnaɪðəʳ/ /ˈniːðəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈneɪbəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈnevəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈnaɪnti/
-[Link] /ˈnəʊbl/
-[Link] /ˈnɔːml/
-[Link] /ˈəʊpən/
-[Link] /ˈɒbdʒɪkt/
-[Link] /əbˈteɪn/
-[Link] /pəˈliːs/
-[Link] /pəˈlaɪt/
188

-[Link] /ˈpɔɪzn/
-[Link] /ˈkwɒrəl/
-[Link] /ˈkwɔːtəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈkwestʃən/
-rain.y /ˈreɪni/
-[Link] /rɪˈlaɪ/
-[Link] /ˈsiːkwəns/
-[Link] /ˈsentəns/
-[Link] /ˈsɪstəʳ/
-snow.y /ˈsnəʊi/
-[Link] /ˈsɪmbl/
-[Link] /ˈtɑːgɪt/
-[Link] /təˈtuː/
-[Link] /ˈtrænspɔːt/
-[Link] /ˈjuːniən/
-[Link] /ˈʌndəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈvænɪʃ/
-[Link] /ˈwɔːtəʳ/
-wind.y /ˈwɪndi/
-[Link] /ˈwʊmən/
-[Link] /ˈwɪmɪn/
-[Link] /ˈwʌndəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈwʌrid/
189

DIPHTHONG + SCHWA

Spelling Pronunciation
-[Link] /ˈbaɪ.əs/
-[Link] /ˈbaɪ.əʳ/
-[Link] /ˈklaɪ.ənt/
-[Link] /ˈdaɪ.əl/
-[Link] /ˈdaɪ.ət/
-flour /ˈflaʊ.əʳ/
-[Link] /ˈflaʊ.əʳ/
-[Link] /ˈaɪ.ən/
-[Link] /ˈleɪ.əʳ/
-[Link] /ˈlaɪ.əʳ/
-[Link] /ˈlaɪ.ən/
-[Link] /ˈləʊ.əʳ/
-[Link] /ˈlɔɪ.əl/
-[Link] /ˈməʊ.əʳ/
-[Link] /ˈpleɪ.əʳ/
-[Link] /ˈpəʊ.ɪm/
-[Link] /ˈpəʊ.ɪt/
-[Link] /ˈpaʊ.əʳ/
-[Link] /ˈkwaɪ.ət/
-[Link] /ˈrɔɪ.əl/
-[Link] /ˈʃaʊ.əʳ/
-[Link] /ˈsləʊ.əʳ/
-[Link] /ˈtaʊ.əl/
-[Link] /ˈtaʊ.əʳ/
-[Link] /ˈtraɪ.əl/
-[Link] /ˈvaʊ.əl/

/eɪ + ə/ /ɔɪ + ə/ /aɪ + ə/ /əʊ + ə/ /aʊ + ə/

190

DOUBLE CONSONANTS = ONE CLEAR CONSONANT

Spelling Pronunciation
-[Link] /əkˈsept/
-[Link] /əˈlaʊ/
-[Link] /ˈtʃænl/
-[Link] /ˈkɒmən/
-[Link] /ˈkʌtɪŋ/
-[Link] /ˈdɪzi/
-[Link] /ɪˈfekt/
-[Link] /ˈfɔːlɪŋ/
-[Link] /ˈfɒgi/
-[Link] /ˈfɒləʊ/
-[Link] /ˈfʊli/
-[Link] /ˈgɒsɪp/
-[Link] /ˈhæpən/
-[Link] /ˈhæpi/
-[Link] /ˈletəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈnærəʊ/
-[Link] /ˈpærət/
-[Link] /pəˈluːt/
-[Link] /pəˈzes/
-[Link] /ˈpʊtɪŋ/
-[Link] /ˈpʌzl/
-[Link] /ˈkwɒrəl/
-[Link] /ˈræbɪt/
-[Link] /ˈseləʳ/
-[Link] /ˈselɪŋ/
-[Link] /ˈsetɪŋ/
-[Link] /ˈsɪtɪŋ/
-[Link] /ˈslɪpəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈwɪnɪŋ/

*Divide words into syllables between same middle consonants.

191

THREE-SYLLABLE WORDS and STRESS

Spelling Pronunciation
-[Link] /əˈbɒlɪʃ/
-[Link] /əˈtʃiːvmənt/
-[Link] /əˈpɑːtmənt/
-[Link] /ˈæksɪdənt/
-[Link] /ˈækjərət/ /ˈækjʊrət/
-[Link] /ˈækrənɪm/
-[Link] /əˈdɪʃn/
-[Link] /ədˈmɪʃn/
-[Link] /ədˈmɒnɪʃ/
-[Link] /əˈnʌðəʳ/
-[Link] /əˈpɪərəns/
-[Link] /əˈpendɪks/
-[Link] /əˈpɔɪntmənt/
-[Link] /ˈɑːgjumənt/ /ˈɑːgjəmənt/
-[Link] /əˈraɪvl/
-[Link] /ˈɑːtɪkl/
-[Link] /ˈærəgənt/
-[Link] /əˈsembl/
-[Link] /əˈsaɪnmənt/
-[Link] /əˈtenʃn/
-[Link] /əˈtɜːni/
-[Link] /əˈtrɪbjuːt/
-[Link] /ˈɔːdiəns/
-[Link] /bəˈnɑːnə/
-[Link] /ˈbætʃələʳ/
-[Link] /ˈbɑːskɪtbɔːl/
-[Link] /bɪˈheɪvjəʳ/
-[Link] /bɪˈlɒŋɪŋz/
-[Link] /bɪˈlʌvɪd/
-[Link] /ˈbjuːtɪfl/
-[Link] /ˈkeɪpəbl/
-[Link] /ˈtʃæmpiən/
-[Link] /ˈkærəktəʳ/
192

-[Link] /ˈsɜːkəmstəns/ /ˈsɜːkəmstɑːns/

-[Link] /kəˈlekʃn/
-[Link] /ˈkʌmpəni/
-[Link] /kəmˈpjuːtəʳ/
-[Link] /kənˈdɪʃn/
-[Link] /kəˈnektɪd/
-[Link] /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/
-[Link] /kənˈsɪdəʳ/
-[Link] /kənˈsɪdəd/
-[Link] /kənˈteɪdʒəs/
-[Link] /kənˈtɪnjuː/
-[Link] /kənˈtrækʃn/
-[Link] /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ /ˈkɒntrɪbjuːt/
-[Link] /ˈkjʊəriəs/
-[Link] /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/
-[Link] /dɪˈsɪʒn/
-[Link] /dɪˈlɪvəʳ/
-[Link] /dɪˈpreʃn/
-[Link] /dɪˈveləpt/
-[Link] /ˈdemənstreɪt/
-[Link] /ˈdɪfrənt/
-[Link] /ˈdɪfɪkəlt/
-[Link] /ˈdɒktərəl/
-[Link] /drəˈmætɪk/
-[Link] /ɪˈməʊʃn/
-[Link] /ɪˈrekʃn/
-[Link] /ɪnˈdevəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈenədʒi/
-[Link] /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/
-[Link] /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/
-[Link] /ˈfeɪvərɪt/ /ˈfeɪvrət/
-[Link] /ˈfestɪvl/
-[Link] /ˈfjuːtʃərɪst/
-[Link] /ˈfɜːnɪtʃəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈgɑːdnɪŋ/
-[Link] /ˈglɒsəri/
193

-[Link].y /ˈgrəʊsəri/
-[Link] /ˌgærənˈtiː/
-[Link] /dʒɪmˈnæstɪks/
-[Link] /ˈhɪstri/
-[Link] /ˈhɒrəskəʊp/
-[Link] /ˈhɒspɪtl/
-[Link] /ɪˈmædʒɪn/
-[Link] /ɪmˈpɔːtnt/
-[Link] /ˈɪntənet/
-[Link] /ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs/
-[Link] /ɪnˈvenʃn/
-[Link] /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/
-[Link] /ˈmænɪdʒəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈmɑːvələs/
-[Link] /ˈmɪnɪstəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈnjuːzpeɪpəʳ/ /ˈnjuːspeɪpəʳ/
-[Link] /nəʊˈvembəʳ/ /nəˈvembəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈɒfɪsəʳ/
-[Link] /əˈpəʊnənt/
-[Link] /ˈpærəlel/
-[Link] /ˈpenəlti/
-[Link] /ˈpɒsəbl/
-[Link] /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/
-[Link] /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/
-[Link] /ˈkwɒləti/
-[Link] /ˈkwɒntəti/
-[Link] /ˈkwaɪətli/
-[Link] /rɪˈseʃn/
-[Link] /rɪˈlɪdʒən/
-[Link] /rɪˈmembəʳ/
-[Link] /sepˈtembəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈsʌdənli/
-[Link] /ˈvɪzɪtəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈwʌndəfl/
194

CLOSED SYLLABLE & PRIMARY STRESS

Spelling Pronunciation
-[Link] /ˈænɪml/
-[Link] /ˈeniwʌn/
-[Link] /ˈævəlɑːnʃ/ /ˈævəlɑːntʃ/
-[Link] /ˈævənjuː/
-[Link] /ˈævərɪdʒ/
-[Link] /ˈbætʃələʳ/
-[Link] /ˈbenɪfɪt/
-[Link] /ˈkæləri/
-[Link] /ˈkæmərə/
-[Link] /ˈkæpɪtl/
-[Link] /ˈkæʒuəl/
-[Link] /ˈsɪnəmə/
-[Link] /ˈsɪtɪzn/
-[Link] /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/
-[Link] /ˈkrɒkədaɪl/
-[Link] /ˈdefɪnət/
-[Link] /ˈdɒkjumənt/ /ˈdɒkjəmənt/
-[Link] /ˈdɒmɪnənt/
-[Link] /ˈedɪtəʳ/
-[Link] /ˈelɪmənt/
-[Link] /ˈenəmi/
-[Link] /ˈdʒenərəs/
-[Link] /ˈgrævəti/
-[Link] /ˈhezɪteɪt/
-[Link] /ˈhɒlədeɪ/ /ˈhɒlədi/
-[Link] /ˈɪmɪteɪt/
-[Link] /ˈmænjuəl/
-[Link] /ˈmɪnərəl/
-[Link] /ˈmɪnɪməm/
-[Link] /ˈnegətɪv/
-[Link] /ˈpɒzətɪv/
-[Link] /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/
-[Link] /ˈkwɒləti/
195

FOUR-SYLLABLE WORDS and STRESS

Spelling Pronunciation
-[Link] /əˈnætəmi/
-[Link] /əˈnɒnɪməs/
-[Link] /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/
-[Link] /əkˈseləreɪt/
-[Link] /əkˈseptəbl/
-[Link] /əˈkɒmədeɪt/
-[Link] /əˈkʌmpəni/
-[Link] /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/ /əˈkjuːmjʊleɪt/
-[Link] /ˌædəˈlesnt/
-[Link] /ədˈvɜːtɪsmənt/
-[Link] /ˈægrɪkʌltʃəʳ/
-[Link] /ˌænɪˈmeɪʃn/
-[Link] /ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt/
-[Link] /ænˈtɪpəθi/
-[Link].y /ˈenibɒdi/
-[Link] /æŋˈzaɪəti/
-[Link] /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn/
-[Link] /əˈpriːʃieɪt/
-[Link] /əˈprəʊpriət/
-[Link] /əˈprɒksɪmət/
-[Link] /əˈsɪməleɪt/
-[Link] /ɔːˈθɒrəti/
-[Link] /kəˈpæsəti/
-[Link] /ˈkætəgəri/
-[Link] /ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn/
-[Link] /ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃn/
-[Link] /kəˈmiːdiən/
-[Link] /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
-[Link] /ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃn/
-[Link] /ˌkɒnsənˈtreɪʃn/
-[Link] /ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃn/
-[Link] /kənˈsɜːvətɪv/
-[Link] /kənˈsɪdərət/
-[Link] /kənˈtɪnjuəs/
196

-[Link] /kənˈviːniənt/
-[Link] /ˌkɒrəˈspɒndəns/
-[Link].m /ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm/
-[Link] /kəˈrɪkjələm/ /kəˈrɪkjʊləm/
-[Link] /dɪˈmɒkrəsi/
-[Link] /dɪˈveləpmənt/
-[Link] /ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn/
-[Link] /ˌdeməˈkrætɪk/
-[Link] /ˌdɪsəˈpruːvɪŋ/
-[Link] /dɪˈstrɪbjətəʳ/ /dɪˈstrɪbjʊtəʳ/
-[Link] /ˌentəˈteɪnmənt/
-[Link] /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/
-[Link] /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/
-[Link] /aɪˈdentɪkl/
-[Link] /ɪˈmiːdiət/
-[Link] /ɪmˈpɒsəbl/
-[Link] /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/
-[Link] /ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt/
-[Link] /ɪnˈvestɪgeɪt/
-[Link] /ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃn/
-[Link] /ˈmændətəri/
-[Link] /ˈnesəsəri/ /ˈnesəsri/
-[Link] /rekˈtæŋgjələʳ/ /rekˈtæŋgjʊləʳ/
-[Link] /ˌʌnsəkˈsesfl/
-[Link] /ʌnˈjuːʒuəl/ /ʌnˈjuːʒəl/
197

FIVE-SYLLABLE WORDS and STRESS

Spelling Pronunciation
-[Link] /əˌbriːviˈeɪʃn/
-[Link] /ˌænɪˈvɜːsəri/
-[Link] /ˌæntɪpəˈθetɪk/
-[Link] /əˌsɪməˈleɪʃn/
-[Link] /əˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃn/ /əˌsəʊsiˈeɪʃn/
-[Link] /kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃn/
-[Link] /kənˌgrætʃuˈleɪʃn/ /kənˌgrætʃəˈleɪʃn/
-[Link] /kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn/
-[Link] /kənˈtemprəri/ /kənˈtempri/
-[Link] /dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/
-[Link] /ˌelɪˈmentri/
-[Link] /ɪgˌzæmɪˈneɪʃn/
-[Link] /həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃn/
-[Link] /ɪˌmædʒɪˈneɪʃn/
-[Link] /ɪˈmiːdiətli/
-[Link] /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl/
-[Link] /ˌɪntəˈmiːdiət/
-[Link] /ɪnˌvestɪˈgeɪʃn/
-[Link] /ˌdʒʌstɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/
-[Link] /nɪˌgəʊʃiˈeɪʃn/
-[Link] /ˌɔːgənaɪˈzeɪʃn/
-[Link] /ˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/
-[Link] /ʌnˈkʌmftəbl/ /ʌnˈkʌmfətəbl/
-[Link] /ˌʌndərˈestɪmeɪt/
-[Link] /ˌʌndəˈgrædʒuət/
198

DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES

They change the meaning or grammatical category (noun, verb, adjec-

tive, adverb) of the word.

COMMON SUFFIXES EXAMPLES SOUNDS

-age short-age /ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/
-al na-tion-al /ˈnæʃnəl/
-en sharp-en /ˈʃɑːpən/
-er sing-er /ˈsɪŋəʳ/
-ess host-ess /ˈhəʊstəs/
-ful stress-ful /ˈstresfl/
-fy sim-pli-fy /ˈsɪmplɪfaɪ/
-hood neigh-bour-hood /ˈneɪbəhʊd/
-ic ec-o-nom-ic /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/
-ish child-ish /ˈtʃaɪldɪʃ/
-ist art-ist /ˈɑːtɪst/
-less care-less /ˈkeələs/
-ly friend-ly /ˈfrendli/
-ment em-ploy-ment /ɪmˈplɔɪmənt/
-ness kind-ness /ˈkaɪndnəs/
-or vis-it-or /ˈvɪzɪtəʳ/
-ous dan-ger-ous /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/
-ship friend-ship /ˈfrendʃɪp/
-sion vi-sion /ˈvɪʒn/
-tion ac-tion /ˈækʃn/
-tive cre-a-tive /kriˈeɪtɪv/
-ure fail-ure /ˈfeɪljəʳ/
-y dirt-y /ˈdɜːti/

About 90 PER CENT of the TWO-SYLLABLE NOUNS have FIRST-SYLLABLE STRESS.

About 75 PER CENT of the TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS have SECOND-SYLLABLE STRESS.
199

UNSTRESSED SUFFIXES

delicious /dɪˈlɪʃəs/
-cious
suspicious /səˈspɪʃəs/
geography /dʒiˈɒgrəfi/
-graphy
photography /fəˈtɒgrəfi/
essential /ɪˈsenʃl/
-ial
financial /faɪˈnænʃl/
politician /ˌpɒləˈtɪʃn/
-ian
vegetarian /ˌvedʒəˈteəriən/
impossible /ɪmˈpɒsəbl/
-ible
incredible /ɪnˈkredəbl/
energetic /ˌenəˈdʒetɪk/
-ic
fantastic /fænˈtæstɪk/
ancient /ˈeɪnʃənt/
-ient
efficient /ɪˈfɪʃnt/
classify /ˈklæsɪfaɪ/
-ify
terrify /ˈterɪfaɪ/
ability /əˈbɪləti/
-ity
possibility /ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti/
biology /baɪˈɒlədʒi/
-logy
psychology /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/
kilometre /kɪˈlɒmɪtər/
-meter
thermometer /θəˈmɒmɪtər/
occasion /əˈkeɪʒn/
-sion
permission /pəˈmɪʃn/
definition /ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn/
-tion
situation /ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn/
ambitious /æmˈbɪʃəs/
-tious
cautious /ˈkɔːʃəs/
unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒəl/
-ual
visual /ˈvɪʒuəl/
necessary /ˈnesəsəri/
-ary secretary /ˈsekrətri/
vocabulary /vəˈkæbjələri/
200

associate /əˈsəʊʃieɪt/
-ate exaggerate /ɪgˈzædʒəreɪt/
operate /ˈɒpəreɪt/
apologize /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/
-ize (-ise) criticize /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/
recognize /ˈrekəgnaɪz/
dangerous /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/
-ous spontaneous /spɒnˈteɪniəs/
simultaneous /ˌsɪmlˈteɪniəs/

STRESSED SUFFIXES

STRESSED EXAMPLES SOUNDS

employee /ˌɪmplɔɪˈiː/
referee /ˌrefəˈriː/
-ee
refugee /ˌrefjuˈdʒiː/
trainee /ˌtreɪˈniː/
career /kəˈrɪəʳ/
engineer /ˌendʒɪˈnɪəʳ/
-eer
mountaineer /ˌmaʊntəˈnɪəʳ/
volunteer /ˌvɒlənˈtɪəʳ/
Chinese /tʃaɪˈniːz/
-ese
Japanese /ˌdʒæpəˈniːz/
antique /ænˈtiːk/
-ique technique /tekˈniːk/
unique /juˈniːk/
201

COMMON PREFIXES EXAMPLES SOUNDS

bi- bi-noculars /bɪˈnɒkjələz/
co- co-op-e-rate /kəʊˈɒpəreɪt/
com- com-bine /kəmˈbaɪn/
de- de-part /dɪˈpɑːt/
dis- dis-like /dɪsˈlaɪk/
en- en-joy /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/
ex- ex-press /ɪkˈspres/
im- im-pos-si-ble /ɪmˈpɒsəbl/
in- in-competent /ɪnˈkɒmpɪtənt/
ir- ir-reg-u-lar /ɪˈregjələʳ/
mis- mis-take /mɪˈsteɪk/
re- re-view /rɪˈvjuː/
un- un-friendly /ʌnˈfrendli/

INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES

They don't change the meaning or grammatical category (noun, verb,

adjective, adverb) of the word.

SUFFIXES FUNCTION EXAMPLES SOUNDS

-s Plural endings dog-s /dɒgz/
-s Present tense endings come-s /kʌmz/
-ed Past tense endings start-ed /ˈstɑːtɪd/
-ing Continuous endings read-ing /ˈriːdɪŋ/
-er Comparative endings old-er /ˈəʊldəʳ/
-est Superlative endings rich-est /ˈrɪtʃɪst/
202

COMPOUND WORDS & STRESS

COMPOUND NOUNS Stress on the ‘first part’.

PROPER NOUNS Stress on the ‘second part’.
PHRASAL VERBS Stress on the ‘second part’.
ADJECTIVE + NOUN Stress on the ‘second part’.

bedroom /ˈbedruːm/
COMPOUND NOUNS juice bar /ˈdʒuːs bɑːr/
showman /ˈʃəʊmən/
Great Britain /ˌgreɪt ˈbrɪtn/
PROPER NOUNS New Zealand /ˌnjuː ˈziːlənd/
United Kingdom /juˌnaɪtɪd ˈkɪŋdəm/
turn on /ˌtɜːn ˈɒn/
PHRASAL VERBS look for /ˌlʊk ˈfɔːr/
put up with /ˌpʊt ˈʌp wɪð/
white lie /ˌwaɪt ˈlaɪ/
ADJECTIVE + NOUN good morning /ˌgʊd ˈmɔːnɪŋ/
good night /ˌgʊd ˈnaɪt/

STRESSED & UNSTRESSED SOUNDS

UNSTRESSED SOUNDS
ALWAYS /ə/
USUALLY /ɪ/

WEAK FORMS

to: /tə/ (before consonants) = to play = /tə pleɪ/

/tʊ/ (before vowels) = to eat = /tʊ iːt/
203

NEARLY 90 PERCENT OF THE TWO-SYLLABLE NOUNS

HAVE FIRST-SYLLABLE STRESS

Spelling Pronunciation
-Adam /ˈædəm/
-Albert /ˈælbət/
-Arnold /ˈɑːnəld/
-Arthur /ˈɑːθəʳ/
-atlas /ˈætləs /
-atom /ˈætəm/
-Bernard /ˈbɜːnəd/
-biscuit /ˈbɪskɪt/
-bonus /ˈbəʊnəs/
-Brenda /ˈbrendə/
-bucket /ˈbʌkɪt/
-camera /ˈkæmərə/
-Charlotte /ˈʃɑːlət/
-corner /ˈkɔːnəʳ/
-doktor /ˈdɒktəʳ/
-Donald /ˈdɒnəld/
-drama /ˈdrɑːmə/
-ekstra /ˈekstrə/
-Ella /ˈelə/
-Ellen /ˈelən/
-Emma /ˈemə/
-festival /ˈfestɪvl/
-final /ˈfaɪnl/
-Freda /ˈfriːdə/
-garden /ˈgɑːdn/
-Georgia /ˈdʒɔːdʒə/
-German /ˈdʒɜːmən/
-Gilbert /ˈgɪlbət/
-grammar /ˈgræməʳ/
-Helen /ˈhelən/
-Herbert /ˈhɜːbət/
-Hilda /ˈhɪldə/
204

-Ivan /ˈaɪvn/
-Laura /ˈlɔːrə/
-learner /ˈlɜːnəʳ/
-Leonard /ˈlenəd/
-lesson /ˈlesn/
-Liam /ˈliːəm/
-Linda /ˈlɪndə/
-London /ˈlʌndən/
-Malcolm /ˈmælkəm/
-Martha /ˈmɑːθə/
-mega /ˈmegə/
-Megan /ˈmegən/
-Meryl /ˈmerəl/
-metal /ˈmetl/
-Michael /ˈmaɪkəl/
-minor /ˈmaɪnəʳ/
-model /ˈmɒdl/
-modern /ˈmɒdn/
-mother /ˈmʌðəʳ/
-motor /ˈməʊtəʳ/
-mountain /ˈmaʊntən/
-Nigel /ˈnaɪdʒəl/
-Nora /ˈnɔːrə/
-normal /ˈnɔːml/
-Oxford /ˈɒksfəd/
-packet /ˈpækɪt/
-pardon /ˈpɑːdn/
-partner /ˈpɑːtnəʳ/
-pasta /ˈpɑːstə/
-Peter /ˈpiːtəʳ/
-petrol /ˈpetrəl/
-pilot /ˈpaɪlət/
-planet /ˈplænɪt/
-pocket /ˈpɒkɪt/
-Raymond /ˈreɪmənd/
-Sandra /ˈsɑːndrə/
205

-Sarah /ˈserə/
-season /ˈsiːzn/
-Sheila /ˈʃiːlə/
-Simon /ˈsaɪmən/
-sister /ˈsɪstəʳ/
-standard /ˈstændəd/
-Stella /ˈstelə/
-stomach /ˈstʌmək/
-super /ˈsuːpəʳ/
-symbol /ˈsɪmbl/
-system /ˈsɪstəm/
-table /ˈteɪbl/
-teacher /ˈtiːtʃəʳ/
-ticket /ˈtɪkɪt/
-uncle /ˈʌŋkl/
-Victor /ˈvɪktəʳ/
-Warren /ˈwɔːrən/
-weather /ˈweðəʳ/
-Wilbur /ˈwɪlbəʳ/
-William /ˈwɪljəm/
-yogurt /ˈjɒgət/

‘ness’ = /nəs/

-business /ˈbɪznəs/
-darkness /ˈdɑːknəs/
-happiness /ˈhæpinəs/
-illness /ˈɪlnəs/
-sadness /ˈsædnəs/
-shyness /ˈʃaɪnəs/
-sickness /ˈsɪknəs/
206

‘est’ = /ɪst/

Spelling Pronunciation
-biggest /ˈbɪgɪst/
-coldest /ˈkəʊldɪst/
-dirtiest /ˈdɜːtiɪst/
-earliest /ˈɜːliɪst/
-fastest /ˈfɑːstɪst/
-fattest /ˈfætɪst/
-highest /ˈhaɪɪst/
-kindest /ˈkaɪndɪst/
-oldest /ˈəʊldɪst/
-saddest /ˈsædɪst/
-safest /ˈseɪfɪst/
-slowest /ˈsləʊɪst/
-smallest /ˈsmɔːlɪst/
-tallest /ˈtɔːlɪst/
-youngest /ˈjʌŋgɪst/

‘less’ = /ləs/

-careless /ˈkeələs/
-harmless /ˈhɑːmləs/
-helpless /ˈhelpləs/
-jobless /ˈdʒɒbləs/
-worthless /ˈwɜːθləs/

‘ful’ = /fl/

-careful /ˈkeəfl/
-harmful /ˈhɑːmfl/
-helpful /ˈhelpfl/
-powerful /ˈpaʊəfl/
-stressful /ˈstresfl/
207

ABOUT 75 PER CENT OF THE TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS

HAVE SECOND-SYLLABLE STRESS

Spelling Pronunciation
-abandon /əˈbændən/
-abate /əˈbeɪt/
-abide /əˈbaɪd/
-ability /əˈbɪləti/
-aboard /əˈbɔːd/
-about /əˈbaʊt/
-above /əˈbʌv/
-abroad /əˈbrɔːd/
-abrupt /əˈbrʌpt/
-absorb /əbˈzɔːb/ /əbˈsɔːb/
-abstain /əbˈsteɪn/
-absurd /əbˈzɜːd/ /əbˈsɜːd/
-abuse /əˈbjuːz/
-accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/
-accept /əkˈsept/
-acclaim /əˈkleɪm/
-accommodate /əˈkɒmədeɪt/
-accompany /əˈkʌmpəni/
-accord /əˈkɔːd/
-according /əˈkɔːdɪŋ/
-account /əˈkaʊnt/
-accuse /əˈkjuːz/
-accustom /əˈkʌstəm/
-achieve /əˈtʃiːv/
-acquire /əˈkwaɪəʳ/
-acquit /əˈkwɪt/
-across /əˈkrɒs/
-acute /əˈkjuːt/
-adapt /əˈdæpt/
-addition /əˈdɪʃn/
-adhere /ədˈhɪəʳ/
-adjourn /əˈdʒɜːn/
208

-adjust /əˈdʒʌst/
-admire /ədˈmaɪəʳ/
-admit /ədˈmɪt/
-adopt /əˈdɒpt/
-adore /əˈdɔːʳ/
-advance /ədˈvɑːns/
-advise /ədˈvaɪz/
-affair /əˈfeəʳ/
-affect /əˈfekt/
-afford /əˈfɔːd/
-afraid /əˈfreɪd/
-again /əˈgen/ /əˈgeɪn/
-against /əˈgenst/ /əˈgeɪnst/
-aggressive /əˈgresɪv/
-ago /əˈgəʊ/
-agree /əˈgriː/
-ahead /əˈhed/
-alarm /əˈlɑːm/
-alert /əˈlɜːt/
-alike /əˈlaɪk/
-alive /əˈlaɪv/
-allege /əˈledʒ/
-allergic /əˈlɜːdʒɪk/
-allow /əˈlaʊ/
-allude /əˈluːd/
-alone /əˈləʊn/
-aloud /əˈlaʊd/
-amend /əˈmend/
-among /əˈmʌŋ/
-amount /əˈmaʊnt/
-amount /əˈmaunt/
-amuse /əˈmjuːz/
-annoy /əˈnɔɪ/
-apart /əˈpɑːt/
-apologize /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/
-appall /əˈpɔːl/
209

-appalling /əˈpɔːlɪŋ/
-appeal /əˈpiːl/
-appear /əˈpɪəʳ/
-appease /əˈpiːz/
-append /əˈpend/
-applaud /əˈplɔːd/
-apply /əˈplaɪ/
-appoint /əˈpɔɪnt/
-appraise /əˈpreɪz/
-appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪt/
-apprise /əˈpraɪz/
-approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/
-appropriate /əˈprəʊpriət/
-approve /əˈpruːv/
-approximate /əˈprɒksɪmət/
-arise /əˈraɪz/
-around /əˈraʊnd/
-arouse /əˈraʊz/
-arraign /əˈreɪn/
-arrange /əˈreɪndʒ/
-arrest /əˈrest/
-arrive /əˈraɪv/
-ascend /əˈsend/
-ascent /əˈsent/
-ascribe /əˈskraɪb/
-ascribe /əˈskraɪb/
-ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/
-ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/
-aside /əˈsaɪd/
-asleep /əˈsliːp/
-aspire /əˈspaɪəʳ/
-assail /əˈseɪl/
-assault /əˈsɔːlt/
-assay /əˈseɪ/
-assemble /əˈsembl/
-assert /əˈsɜːt/
210

-assess /əˈses/
-assign /əˈsaɪn/
-assign /əˈsaɪn/
-assignment /əˈsaɪnmənt/
-assimilate /əˈsɪməleɪt/
-assist /əˈsɪst/
-assistant /əˈsɪstnt/
-associate /əˈsəʊʃieɪt/
-assume /əˈsjuːm/
-assure /əˈʃʊəʳ/ /əˈʃɔːʳ/
-astonish /əˈstɒnɪʃ/
-astound /əˈstaʊnd/
-attach /əˈtætʃ/
-attack /əˈtæk/
-attain /əˈteɪn/
-attempt /əˈtempt/
-attend /əˈtend/
-attention /əˈtenʃn/
-attract /əˈtrækt/
-available /əˈveɪləbl/
-avoid /əˈvɔɪd/
-await /əˈweɪt/
-award /əˈwɔːd/
-aware /əˈweər/
-away /əˈweɪ/
-awhile /əˈwaɪl/
-collapse /kəˈlæps/
-collect /kəˈlekt/
-collection /kəˈlekʃn/
-collide /kəˈlaɪd/
-combine /kəmˈbaɪn/
-command /kəˈmɑːnd/
-commence /kəˈmens/
-commit /kəˈmɪt/
-communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
-commute /kəˈmjuːt/
211

-compare /kəmˈpeəʳ/
-compete /kəmˈpiːt/
-complain /kəmˈpleɪn/
-complete /kəmˈpliːt/
-compose /kəmˈpəʊz/
-compound /kəmˈpaʊnd/
-comprise /kəmˈpraɪz/
-computer /kəmˈpjuːtəʳ/
-conceal /kənˈsiːl/
-concede /kənˈsiːd/
-conceive /kənˈsiːv/
-concern /kənˈsɜːn/
-concise /kənˈsaɪs/
-conclude /kənˈkluːd/
-condemn /kənˈdem/
-condition /kənˈdɪʃn/
-conduct /kənˈdʌkt/
-confess /kənˈfes/
-confide /kənˈfaɪd/
-confine /kənˈfaɪn/
-confirm /kənˈfɜːm/
-conform /kənˈfɔːm/
-confront /kənˈfrʌnt/
-confuse /kənˈfjuːz/
-congratulate /kənˈgrætʃʊleɪt/ /kənˈgrætʃəleɪt/
-congratulation /kənˌgrætʃʊˈleɪʃn/ /kənˌgrætʃəˈleɪʃn/
-connect /kəˈnekt/
-consent /kənˈsent/
-conserve /kənˈsɜːv/
-consider /kənˈsɪdəʳ/
-consist /kənˈsɪst/
-console /kənˈsəʊl/
-construct /kənˈstrʌkt/
-consult /kənˈsʌlt/
-consume /kənˈsjuːm/
-contain /kənˈteɪn/
212

-contemporary /kənˈtemprəri/ /kənˈtempəri/

-contend /kənˈtend/
-continue /kənˈtɪnjuː/
-continuous /kənˈtɪnjuəs/
-contract /kənˈtrækt/
-contrast /kənˈtrɑːst/
-contribute /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ /kɒnˈtrɪbjuːt/
-control /kənˈtrəʊl/
-converse /kənˈvɜːs/
-convert /kənˈvɜːt/
-convict /kənˈvɪkt/
-convince /kənˈvɪns/
-correct /kəˈrekt/
-forever /fərˈevər/
-forget /fəˈget/
-forgive /fəˈgɪv/
-forsake /fəˈseɪk/
-inter /ˈɪntəʳ/
-interfere /ˌɪntəˈfɪəʳ/
-intermediate /ˌɪntəˈmiːdiət/
-internet /ˈɪntənet/
-interrupt /ˌɪntəˈrʌpt/
-interval /ˈɪntəvl/
-interview /ˈɪntəvjuː/
-object (n) /ˈɒbdʒɪkt/
-object (v) /əbˈdʒekt/
-objective /əbˈdʒektɪv/
-obscure /əbˈskjʊəʳ/
-observe /əbˈzɜːv/
-obsess /əbˈses/
-obtain /əbˈteɪn/
-occasion /əˈkeɪʒn/
-occur /əˈkɜːʳ/
-oˈclock /əˈklɒk/
-offend /əˈfend/
-opinion /əˈpɪnjən/
213

-opponent /əˈpəʊnənt/
-particular /pəˈtɪkjələʳ/ /pəˈtɪkjʊləʳ/
-perceive /pəˈsiːv/
-perception /pəˈsepʃn/
-perform /pəˈfɔːm/
-perhaps /pəˈhæps/ /præps/
-permission /pəˈmɪʃn/
-permit /pəˈmɪt/
-perpetual /pəˈpetʃuəl/
-perplex /pəˈpleks/
-persist /pəˈsɪst/
-perspective /pəˈspektɪv/
-persuade /pəˈsweɪd/
-police /pəˈliːs/
-polite /pəˈlaɪt/
-political /pəˈlɪtɪkl/
-pollute /pəˈluːt/
-pollution /pəˈluːʃn/
-position /pəˈzɪʃn/
-possess /pəˈzes/
-potato /pəˈteɪtəʊ/
-potential /pəˈtenʃl/
-produce /prəˈdjuːs/
-production /prəˈdʌkʃn/
-profess /prəˈfes/
-progress /prəˈgres/
-prohibit /prəˈhɪbɪt/
-project /prəˈdʒekt/
-promote /prəˈməʊt/
-propel /prəˈpel/
-propose /prəˈpəʊz/
-prospect /prəˈspekt/
-protect /prəˈtekt/
-protest /prəˈtest/
-provide /prəˈvaɪd/
-provoke /prəˈvəʊk/
214

-subject (v) /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ /ˈsʌbdʒekt/

-subject (v) /səbˈdʒekt/
-submit /səbˈmɪt/
-subordinate /səˈbɔːdɪneɪt/
-subside /səbˈsaɪd/
-subsist /səbˈsɪst/
-succeed /səkˈsiːd/
-success /səkˈses/
-successful /səkˈsesfl/
-suffice /səˈfaɪs/
-sufficient /səˈfɪʃnt/
-suggest /səˈdʒest/
-supply /səˈplaɪ/
-support /səˈpɔːt/
-surmount /səˈmaʊnt/
-surpass /səˈpɑːs/
-surprise /səˈpraɪz/
-surrender /səˈrendəʳ/
-surround /səˈraʊnd/
-survey /səˈveɪ/
-survive /səˈvaɪv/
-suspect /səˈspekt/
-suspend /səˈspend/
-suspicious /səˈspɪʃəs/
-sustain /səˈsteɪn/
-today /təˈdeɪ/
-together /təˈgeðəʳ/
-tomato /təˈmɑːtəʊ/
-tomorrow /təˈmɒrəʊ/
-tonight /təˈnaɪt/
215

ALMOST 75 PER CENT OF THE TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS

HAVE SECOND-SYLLABLE STRESS

Spelling Pronunciation
-because /bɪˈkɒz/
-become /bɪˈkʌm/
-before /bɪˈfɔːʳ/
-befriend /bɪˈfrend/
-begin /bɪˈgɪn/
-behalf /bɪˈhɑːf/
-behave /bɪˈheɪv/
-behind /bɪˈhaɪnd/
-believe /bɪˈliːv/
-belong /bɪˈlɒŋ/
-beloved /bɪˈlʌvɪd/
-below /bɪˈləʊ/
-beneath /bɪˈniːθ/
-beside /bɪˈsaɪd/
-besides /bɪˈsaɪdz/
-besiege /bɪˈsiːdʒ/
-between /bɪˈtwiːn/
-bewail /bɪˈweɪl/
-beware /bɪˈweəʳ/
-bewilder /bɪˈwɪldəʳ/
-beyond /bɪˈjɒnd/
-decay /dɪˈkeɪ/
-deceive /dɪˈsiːv/
-decide /dɪˈsaɪd/
-declare /dɪˈkleəʳ/
-decline /dɪˈklaɪn/
-decrease /dɪˈkriːs/
-deduce /dɪˈdjuːs/
-deduct /dɪˈdʌkt/
-defeat /dɪˈfiːt/
-defect /dɪˈfekt/
-defend /dɪˈfend/
-defer /dɪˈfɜːʳ/
216

-define /dɪˈfaɪn/
-degree /dɪˈgriː/
-delay /dɪˈleɪ/
-delete /dɪˈliːt/
-deliberate /dɪˈlɪbəreɪt/
-delight /dɪˈlaɪt/
-deliver /dɪˈlɪvəʳ/
-demand /dɪˈmɑːnd/
-denial /dɪˈnaɪəl/
-deny /dɪˈnaɪ/
-depart /dɪˈpɑːt/
-depend /dɪˈpend/
-depress /dɪˈpres/
-deprive /dɪˈpraɪv/
-descend /dɪˈsend/
-describe /dɪˈskraɪb/
-desert /dɪˈzɜːt/
-deserve /dɪˈzɜːv/
-design /dɪˈzaɪn/
-desire /dɪˈzaɪəʳ/
-despair /dɪˈspeəʳ/
-despite /dɪˈspaɪt/
-destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/
-detach /dɪˈtætʃ/
-detail /dɪˈteɪl/
-detect /dɪˈtekt/
-deter /dɪˈtɜːʳ/
-determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/
-detest /dɪˈtest/
-develop /dɪˈveləp/
-device /dɪˈvaɪs/
-devise /dɪˈvaɪz/
-devoid /dɪˈvɔɪd/
-devote /dɪˈvəʊt/
-dictate /dɪkˈteɪt/
-diffuse /dɪˈfjuːz/
217

-diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/
-direct /dɪˈrekt/
-disable /dɪsˈeɪbl/
-disagree /ˌdɪsəˈgriː/
-disappear /ˌdɪsəˈpɪəʳ/
-disappoint /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪnt/
-discern /dɪˈsɜːn/
-discharge /dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ/
-disconnect /ˌdɪskəˈnekt/
-discount /dɪsˈkaʊnt/
-discourage /dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-discover /dɪsˈkʌvəʳ/
-discriminate /dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt/
-discuss /dɪˈskʌs/
-disease /dɪˈziːz/
-disgrace /dɪsˈgreɪs/
-disguise /dɪsˈgaɪz/
-disgust /dɪsˈkʌst/
-dislike /dɪsˈlaɪk/
-dismiss /dɪsˈmɪs/
-disobey /ˌdɪsəˈbeɪ/
-dispel /dɪˈspel/
-dispense /dɪˈspens/
-disperse /dɪˈspɜːs/
-displace /dɪsˈpleɪs/
-display /dɪˈspleɪ/
-dispose /dɪˈspəʊz/
-dispute /dɪˈspjuːt/
-distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ/
-distort /dɪˈstɔːt/
-distract /dɪˈstrækt/
-distribute /dɪˈstrɪbjuːt/
-disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/
-divert /daɪˈvɜːt/ /dəˈvɜːt/ /dɪˈvɜːt/
-divest /daɪˈvest/ /dəˈvest/ /dɪˈvest/
-divide /dɪˈvaɪd/
218

-effect /ɪˈfekt/
-elect /ɪˈlekt/
-elicit /ɪˈlɪsɪt/
-eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/
-embarrass /ɪmˈbærəs/
-embrace /ɪmˈbreɪs/
-emerge /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/
-emit /ɪˈmɪt/
-employ /ɪmˈplɔɪ/
-enable /ɪˈneɪbl/
-enclose /ɪnˈkləʊz/
-encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntəʳ/
-encourage /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-endanger /ɪnˈdeɪndʒəʳ/
-endorse /ɪnˈdɔːs/
-endure /ɪnˈdjʊəʳ/
-enforce /ɪnˈfɔːs/
-engage /ɪnˈgeɪdʒ/
-English /ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-enjoy /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/
-enlarge /ɪnˈlɑːdʒ/
-enquire /ɪnˈkwaɪəʳ/
-enrich /ɪnˈrɪtʃ/
-entail /ɪnˈteɪl/
-entire /ɪnˈtaɪəʳ/
-erase /ɪˈreɪz/
-erect /ɪˈrekt/
-erupt /ɪˈrʌpt/
-escape /ɪˈskeɪp/
-escort /ɪˈskɔːt/
-especial /ɪˈspeʃl/
-establish /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/
-estate /ɪˈsteɪt/
-evacuate /ɪˈvækjueɪt/
-evaluate /ɪˈvæljueɪt/
-evict /ɪˈvɪkt/
219

-examine /ɪgˈzæmɪn/
-exceed /ɪkˈsiːd/
-exchange /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/
-excite /ɪkˈsaɪt/
-exclude /ɪkˈskluːd/
-excuse /ɪkˈskjuːz/
-executive /ɪgˈzekjətɪv/ /ɪgˈzekjʊtɪv/
-exhaust /ɪgˈzɔːst/
-exhibit /ɪgˈzɪbɪt/
-exist /ɪgˈzɪst/
-expand /ɪkˈspænd/
-expect /ɪkˈspekt/
-expel /ɪkˈspel/
-expend /ɪkˈspend/
-experience /ɪkˈspɪəriəns/
-expire /ɪkˈspaɪəʳ/
-explain /ɪkˈspleɪn/
-explode /ɪkˈspləʊd/
-exploit /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
-explore /ɪkˈsplɔːʳ/
-export /ɪkˈspɔːt/
-expose /ɪkˈspəʊz/
-expres /ɪkˈspres/
-extend /ɪkˈstend/
-extent /ɪkˈstent/
-extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/
-extinguish /ɪkˈstɪŋgwɪʃ/
-extract /ɪkˈstrækt/
-extreme /ɪkˈstriːm/
-ignore /ɪgˈnɔːʳ/
-imagine /ɪˈmædʒɪn/
-immediate /ɪˈmiːdiət/
-immerse /ɪˈmɜːs/
-impact /ɪmˈpækt/
-impede /ɪmˈpiːd/
-imperil /ɪmˈperɪl/
220

-implode /ɪmˈpləʊd/
-imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/
-import /ɪmˈpɔːt/
-impose /ɪmˈpəʊz/
-impress /ɪmˈpres/
-improve /ɪmˈpruːv/
-incline /ɪnˈklaɪn/
-include /ɪnˈkluːd/
-incorporate /ɪnˈkɔːpəreɪt/
-increase /ɪnˈkriːs/
-indeed /ɪnˈdiːd/
-induce /ɪnˈdjuːs/
-infect /ɪnˈfekt/
-inform /ɪnˈfɔːm/
-initiate /ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/
-inside /ɪnˈsaɪd/
-insist /ɪnˈsɪst/
-inspect /ɪnˈspekt/
-inspire /ɪnˈspaɪəʳ/
-install /ɪnˈstɔːl/
-instead /ɪnˈsted/
-instruct /ɪnˈstrʌkt/
-insult /ɪnˈsʌlt/
-insure /ɪnˈʃʊəʳ/ /ɪnˈʃɔːʳ/
-intend /ɪnˈtend/
-intensify /ɪnˈtensɪfaɪ/
-interact /ˌɪntərˈækt/
-interfere /ˌɪntəˈfɪəʳ/
-interpret /ɪnˈtɜːprɪt/
-interrogate /ɪnˈterəgeɪt/
-interrupt /ˌɪntəˈrʌpt/
-intervene /ˌɪntəˈviːn/
-introduce /ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs/
-intrude /ɪnˈtruːd/
-invade /ɪnˈveɪd/
-invent /ɪnˈvent/
221

-invert /ɪnˈvɜːt/
-invest /ɪnˈvest/
-investigate /ɪnˈvestɪgeɪt/
-invite /ɪnˈvaɪt/
-invoke /ɪnˈvəʊk/
-involve /ɪnˈvɒlv/
-rebel /rɪˈbel/
-recall /rɪˈkɔːl/
-recede /rɪˈsiːd/
-receipt /rɪˈsiːt/
-receive /rɪˈsiːv/
-record /rɪˈkɔːd/
-recover /rɪˈkʌvəʳ/
-recruit /rɪˈkruːt/
-reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/
-refer /rɪˈfɜːʳ/
-refine /rɪˈfaɪn/
-reflect /rɪˈflekt/
-reform /rɪˈfɔːm/
-refrain /rɪˈfreɪn/
-refresh /rɪˈfreʃ/
-refund /rɪˈfʌnd/
-refuse /rɪˈfjuːz/
-regard /rɪˈgɑːd/
-regret /rɪˈgret/
-rehearse /rɪˈhɜːs/
-reject /rɪˈdʒekt/
-relate /rɪˈleɪt/
-relax /rɪˈlæks/
-release /rɪˈliːs/
-relieve /rɪˈliːv/
-relinquish /rɪˈlɪŋkwɪʃ/
-rely /rɪˈlaɪ/
-remain /rɪˈmeɪn/
-remark /rɪˈmɑːk/
-remember /rɪˈmembəʳ/
222

-remind /rɪˈmaɪnd/
-remote /rɪˈməʊt/
-repair /rɪˈpeəʳ/
-repeat /rɪˈpiːt/
-repel /rɪˈpel/
-reply /rɪˈplaɪ/
-report /rɪˈpɔːt/
-request /rɪˈkwest/
-require /rɪˈkwaɪəʳ/
-research /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/
-resemble /rɪˈzembl/
-resent /rɪˈzent/
-reserve /rɪˈzɜːv/
-resign /rɪˈzaɪn/
-resist /rɪˈzɪst/
-resort /rɪˈzɔːt/
-resource /rɪˈzɔːs/
-respect /rɪˈspekt/
-respond /rɪˈspɒnd/
-restrict /rɪˈstrɪkt/
-resume /rɪˈzjuːm/
-retain /rɪˈteɪn/
-retire /rɪˈtaɪəʳ/
-return /rɪˈtɜːn/
-reveal /rɪˈviːl/
-revenge /rɪˈvendʒ/
223

STRESS SHIFT (CHANGE)

-academic /ˌækəˈdemɪk/
-academy /əˈkædəmi/
-accident /ˈæksɪdənt/
-accidental /ˌæksɪˈdentl/
-accusation /ˌækjuˈzeɪʃn/ /ˌækjəˈzeɪʃn/
-accuse /əˈkjuːz/
-adapt /əˈdæpt/
-adaptation /ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/
-advertise /ˈædvətaɪz/
-advertisement /ədˈvɜːtɪsmənt/
-anxiety /æŋˈzaɪəti/
-anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/
-atom /ˈætəm/
-atomic /əˈtɒmɪk/
-celebrate /ˈselɪbreɪt/
-celebration /ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn/
-civil /ˈsɪvl/
-civility /səˈvɪləti/
-compete /kəmˈpiːt/
-competition /ˌkɒmpɪˈtɪʃn/
-concentrate /ˈkɒnsntreɪt/
-concentration /ˌkɒnsnˈtreɪʃn/
-constitute /ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt/
-constitution /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃn/
-continent /ˈkɒntɪnənt/
-continental /ˌkɒntɪˈnentl/
-contribute /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ /ˈkɒntrɪbjuːt/
-contribution /ˌkɒntrɪˈbjuːʃn/
-conversation /ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn/
-converse /kənˈvɜːs/
-cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/
-cultivation /ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃn/
-declaration /ˌdekləˈreɪʃn/
-declare /dɪˈkleəʳ/
-decorate /ˈdekəreɪt/
224

-decoration /ˌdekəˈreɪʃn/
-dedicate /ˈdedɪkeɪt/
-dedication /ˌdedɪˈkeɪʃn/
-demonstrate /ˈdemənstreɪt/
-demonstration /ˌdemənˈstreɪʃn/
-discriminate /dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt/
-discrimination /dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/
-economic /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/
-economical /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkl/
-economy /ɪˈkɒnəmi/
-edit /ˈedɪt/
-edition /ɪˈdɪʃn/
-educate /ˈedʒukeɪt/ /ˈedjʊkeɪt/
-education /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn/ /ˌedjʊˈkeɪʃn/
-employ /ɪmˈplɔɪ/
-employee /ˌemplɔɪˈiː/
-engine /ˈendʒɪn/
-engineer /ˌendʒɪˈnɪəʳ/
-expect /ɪkˈspekt/
-expectation /ˌekspekˈteɪʃn/
-familiar /fəˈmɪliəʳ/
-family /ˈfæməli/
-historian /hɪˈstɔːriən/
-historical /hɪˈstɒrɪkl/
-history /ˈhɪstri/
-hospital /ˈhɒspɪtl/
-hospitality /ˌhɒspɪˈtæləti/
-invitation /ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃn/
-invite /ɪnˈvaɪt/
-mathematician /ˌmæθɪməˈtɪʃn/
-mathematics /ˌmæθɪˈmætɪks/
-mountain /ˈmaʊntən/
-mountaineer /ˌmaʊntəˈnɪəʳ/
-necessary /ˈnesəsəri/
-necessity /nəˈsesəti/
-observation /ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn/
225

-observe /əbˈzɜːv/
-personal /ˈpɜːsənl/
-personality /ˌpɜːsəˈnæləti/
-photograph /ˈfəʊtəgrɑːf/
-photographer /fəˈtɒgrəfəʳ/
-photographic /ˌfəʊtəˈgræfɪk/
-political /pəˈlɪtɪkl/
-politician /ˌpɒlɪˈtɪʃn/
-politics /ˈpɒlɪtɪks/
-possibility /ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti/
-possible /ˈpɒsəbl/
-pronounce /prəˈnaʊns/
-pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn/
-psychological /ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/
-psychologist /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/
-psychology /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/
-recommend /ˌrekəˈmend/
-recommendation /ˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃn/
-refer /rɪˈfɜːʳ/
-reference /ˈrefrəns/
226

HOMO-GRAPHS (SAME SPELLING)

WORDS VERB FORMS NOUN FORMS

certificate /sə'tɪfɪkeɪt/ /sə'tɪfɪkət/
conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ /ˈkɒndʌkt/
conflict /kənˈflɪkt/ /ˈkɒnflɪkt/
conserve /kənˈsɜːv/ /ˈkɒnsɜːv/
content /kənˈtent/ (adj) /ˈkɒntent/
contest /kənˈtest/ /ˈkɒntest/
contract /kənˈtrækt/ /ˈkɒntrækt/
contrast /kənˈtrɑːst/ /ˈkɒntrɑːst/
converse /kənˈvɜːs/ /ˈkɒnvɜːs/
convert /kənˈvɜːt/ /ˈkɒnvɜːt/
convict /kənˈvɪkt/ /ˈkɒnvɪkt/
desert /dɪˈzɜːt/ /ˈdezət/
excuse /ɪk'skjuːz/ /ɪk'skjuːs/
export /ɪkˈspɔːt/ /ˈekspɔːt/
graduate /ˈgrædʒueɪt/ /ˈgrædʒuət/
import /ɪmˈpɔːt/ /ˈɪmpɔːt/
incline /ɪnˈklaɪn/ /ˈɪnklaɪn/
increase /ɪn'kriːs/ /'ɪnkriːs/
object /əbˈdʒekt/ /ˈɒbdʒɪkt/
permit /pəˈmɪt/ /ˈpɜːmɪt/
present /prɪˈzent/ /ˈpreznt/
produce /prəˈdjuːs/ /ˈprɒdjuːs/
progress /prəˈgres/ /ˈprəʊgres/
project /prəˈdʒekt/ /ˈprɒdʒekt/
prospect /prəˈspekt/ /ˈprɒspekt/
protest /prəˈtest/ /ˈprəʊtest/
rebel /rɪˈbel/ /ˈrebl/
record /rɪˈkɔːd/ /ˈrekɔːd/
subject /səbˈdʒekt/ /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ /-dʒekt/
survey /səˈveɪ/ /ˈsɜːveɪ/
suspect /səˈspekt/ /ˈsʌspekt/
use /juːz/ /juːs/
227

HOMO-PHONES (SAME PRONUNCIATION)

RHYMING WORDS

ant / aunt forth / fourth road / rode

acts / ax flew / flu root / route
allowed / aloud find / fined son / sun
ate / eight flour / flower stair / stare
aisle / isle / I'll gene / jean sea / see
all ready / already guessed / guest seas / sees / seize
be / bee hear / here steal / steel
blew / blue heard / herd suite / sweet
berry / bury hi / high scene / seen
board / bored hole / whole sail / sale
bare / bear hour / our theirs / there's
ball / bawl knew / new threw / through
band / banned knight / night tail / tale
brake / break know / no their / there / they're
buy / by / bye knows / nose to / too / two
cent / scent / sent lie / lye vary / very
chews / choose made / maid wood / would
cite / sight / site mail / male who's / whose
cell / sell meat / meet weak / week
clause / claws oh / owe way / weigh
close / clothes one / won ways / weighs
desert / dessert pause / paws waist / waste
dear / deer plain / plane wait / weight
do / due passed / past weather / whether
die / dye peace / piece wear / where
eye / I rain / reign which / witch
ewe / you read / red we'll / wheel
fair / fare review / revue you’re / your
228

HOMO-NYMS (SAME SPELLING and PRONUNCIATION)

WORDS NOUN FORMS VERB FORMS

bear /beər/ /beər/
can /kæn/ /kæn/

NOTE:

Homo-graph = different in origin, grammar, meaning, pronunciation.

Homo-graph = same in spelling, but the difference is the stress.
Homo-phone = same in sounds, but different in spelling, meaning.
Homo-nym = same in spelling and sounds, but different in meaning.
The noun ‘bear’ and the verb ‘bear’ are homo-nyms.
The noun ‘can’ and the verb ‘can’ are homo-nyms.
The ‘hear / here’ are homo-phones = /hɪəʳ/.
The noun ‘present’ is a homo-graph of the verb ‘present’.
TURKISH : ‘öğle / öyle’ are homo-phones = /öile/.
TURKISH: pɑˈzɑr (Sunday), ˈpɑzɑr (market place) are homo-graphs.
TURKISH: yüz (hundred), yüz (face) are homo-nyms.
TURKISH: ˈTokɑt (city), toˈkɑt (slap) are homo-graphs.
229

TWO-SYLLABLE NOUN-VERB PAIRS & STRESS SHIFT

STRESS VERBS NOUNS

without stress shift OFfer OFfer
without stress shift ANswer ANswer
without stress shift surPRISE surPRISE
without stress shift conTROL conTROL
without stress shift PROmise PROmise
without stress shift conCERN conCERN
without stress shift rePLY rePLY
without stress shift deSIGN deSIGN
with stress shift reWRITE REwrite
with stress shift reJECT REject
with stress shift inSULT INsult

ISTANBUL TURKISH HOMO-GRAPHS

SHORT VOWELS LONG VOWELS
adet /ɑˈdet/ (number) adet /ɑːˈdet/ (custom)
hala /ˈhɑlɑ/ (aunt) hala /ˈhɑːlæː/ (still, yet)
şura /ˈşurɑ/ (that place) şura /şuːˈrɑ/ (council)

ISTANBUL TURKISH HOMO-GRAPHS & STRESS SHIFT

City or Town Names Day or Proper Names
Çarşamba /çɑrˈşɑmbɑ/ çarşamba /çɑrşɑmˈbɑ/
Perşembe /perˈşembe/ perşembe /perşemˈbe/
Aydın /ˈɑidın/ aydın /ɑiˈdın/
Ordu /ˈordu/ ordu /orˈdu/
230
231

LESSON V

STRESS-TIMED ‘ENGLISH’

VERSUS

SYLLABLE-TIMED ‘TURKISH’
232
233

STRESS-TIMED ‘ENGLISH’ & SYLLABLE-TIMED ‘TURKISH’

-absorb /əbˈsɔːb/ /əbˈzɔːb/

-absurd /əbˈsɜːd/ /əbˈzɜːd/
-academician /əˌkædəˈmɪʃn/
-academy /əˈkædəmi/
-accent /ˈæksənt/ /ˈæksent/
-acoustic /əˈkuːstɪk/
-activity /ækˈtɪvəti/
-actor /ˈæktəʳ/
-actress /ˈæktrəs/
-actual /ˈæktʃuəl/
-Adam /ˈædəm/
-adapt /əˈdæpt/
-adaptation /ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/
-adapter /əˈdæptəʳ/
-address /əˈdres/
-advantage /ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/
-Africa /ˈæfrɪkə/
-agenda /əˈdʒendə/
-agent /ˈeɪdʒənt/
-alarm /əˈlɑːm/
-album /ˈælbəm/
-alphabet /ˈælfəbet/
-alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/
-aluminium /ˌæləˈmɪniəm/
-ambulance /ˈæmbjələns/ /ˈæmbjʊləns/
-Amerika /əˈmerɪkə/
-analyse /ˈænəlaɪz/
-analysis /əˈnæləsɪs/
-anarchist /ˈænəkɪst/
-anatomy /əˈnætəmi/
-anemia /əˈniːmiə/
-animation /ˌænɪˈmeɪʃn/
-announce /əˈnaʊns/
-antipathetic /ˌæntɪpəˈθetɪk/
-antipathy /ænˈtɪpəθi/
234

-antonym /ˈæntənɪm/
-apart /əˈpɑːt/
-apartment /əˈpɑːtmənt/
-appetizer /ˈæpɪtaɪzəʳ/
-arabesque /ˌærəˈbesk/
-arena /əˈriːnə/
-argument /ˈɑːgjumənt/ /ˈɑːgjəmənt/
-arranger /əˈreɪndʒəʳ/
-arsenal /ˈɑːsənl/
-Asia /ˈeɪʃə/ /ˈeɪʒə/
-assist /əˈsɪst/
-assistant /əˈsɪstnt/
-astronaut /ˈæstrənɔːt/
-athlete /ˈæθliːt/
-atlas /ˈætləs/
-atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪəʳ/
-attach /əˈtætʃ/
-attache /əˈtæʃeɪ/
-attack /əˈtæk/
-August /ˈɔːgəst/
-aura /ˈɔːrə/
-automatic /ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk/
-average /ˈævərɪdʒ/
-balance /ˈbæləns/
-balcony /ˈbælkəni/
-balloon /bəˈluːn/
-banal /bəˈnɑːl/
-bank /bæŋk/
-barbarian /bɑːˈbeəriən/
-barbecue /ˈbɑːbɪkjuː/
-barber /ˈbɑːbəʳ/
-baron /ˈbærən/
-barrier /ˈbæriər/
-battery /ˈbætəri/
-bazaar /bəˈzɑːʳ/
-beige /beɪʒ/
235

-Belgian /ˈbeldʒən/
-bonus /ˈbəʊnəs/
-boom /buːm/
-boot /buːt/
-boutique /buːˈtiːk/
-bravo /ˈbrɑːvəʊ/
-briefing /ˈbriːfɪŋ/
-bulletin /ˈbʊlətɪn/
-bureau /ˈbjʊərəʊ/
-bust /bʌst/
-button /ˈbʌtn/
-bye /baɪ/
-cabin /ˈkæbɪn/
-cabinet /ˈkæbɪnət/
-cable /ˈkeɪbl/
-cactus /ˈkæktəs/
-cafe /ˈkæfeɪ/
-calorie /ˈkæləri/
-camera /ˈkæmərə/
-camouflage /ˈkæməflɑːʒ/
-camp /kæmp/
-campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/
-canal /kəˈnæl/
-cancer /ˈkænsəʳ/
-canteen /kænˈtiːn/
-capacity /kəˈpæsəti/
-capitalist /ˈkæpɪtəlɪst/
-captain /ˈkæptɪn/
-carbon /ˈkɑːbən/
-card /kɑːd/
-career /kəˈrɪəʳ/
-cargo /ˈkɑːgəʊ/
-caricature /ˈkærɪkətʃʊəʳ/
-carnival /ˈkɑːnɪvl/
-cartel /kɑːˈtel/
-cassette /kəˈset/
236

-catalog /ˈkætəlɒg/
-category /ˈkætəgəri/
-central /ˈsentrəl/
-certificate /səˈtɪfɪkət/
-champion /ˈtʃæmpiən/
-chance /tʃɑːns/
-channel /ˈtʃænl/
-chaos /ˈkeɪɒs/
-character /ˈkærəktəʳ/
-charge /tʃɑːdʒ/
-cheque /tʃek/
-chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/
-chronology /krəˈnɒlədʒi/
-cigarette /ˌsɪgəˈret/
-cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/
-circulation /ˌsɜːkjəˈleɪʃn/ /ˌsɜːkjʊˈleɪʃn/
-civil /ˈsɪvl/
-climate /ˈklaɪmət/
-closet /ˈklɒzɪt/
-club /klʌb/
-coach /kəʊtʃ/
-coalition /ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃn/
-cobra /ˈkəʊbrə/
-coca /ˈkəʊkə/
-cocktail /ˈkɒkteɪl/
-coffee /ˈkɒfi/
-collection /kəˈlekʃn/
-collective /kəˈlektɪv/
-college /ˈkɒlɪdʒ/
-colon /ˈkəʊlən/
-coma /ˈkəʊmə/
-combination /ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃn/
-comedian /kəˈmiːdiən/
-comedy /ˈkɒmədi/
-comfort /ˈkʌmfət/
-command /kəˈmɑːnd/
237

-commission /kəˈmɪʃn/
-committee /kəˈmɪti/
-complete /kəmˈpliːt/
-compliment /ˈkɒmplɪmənt/
-concentrate /ˈkɒnsntreɪt/
-concentration /ˌkɒnsnˈtreɪʃn/
-concept /ˈkɒnsept/
-concert /ˈkɒnsət/
-condition /kənˈdɪʃn/
-conference /ˈkɒnfərəns/
-congress /ˈkɒŋgres/
-contact /ˈkɒntækt/
-container /kənˈteɪnəʳ/
-contra /ˈkɒntrə/
-contract /ˈkɒntrækt/
-control /kənˈtrəʊl/
-corner /ˈkɔːnəʳ/
-corridor /ˈkɒrɪdɔːʳ/
-cosmopolitan /ˌkɒzməˈpɒlɪtən/
-costume /ˈkɒstjuːm/
-cotton /ˈkɒtn/
-council /ˈkaʊnsl/
-coupon /ˈkuːpɒn/
-court /kɔːt/
-cousin /ˈkʌzn/
-cowboy /ˈkaʊbɔɪ/
-credit /ˈkredɪt/
-criminal /ˈkrɪmɪnl/
-crisis /ˈkraɪsɪs/
-criterion /kraɪˈtɪəriən/
-critic /ˈkrɪtɪk/
-crystal /ˈkrɪstl/
-culture /ˈkʌltʃər/
-cup /kʌp/
-cylinder /ˈsɪlɪndəʳ/
-dance /dɑːns/
238

-data /ˈdeɪtə/
-declare /dɪˈkleəʳ/
-decor /ˈdeɪkɔːʳ/
-decoration /ˌdekəˈreɪʃn/
-deep /diːp/
-defense /dɪˈfens/
-defensive /dɪˈfensɪv/
-degree /dɪˈgriː/
-delegate /ˈdelɪgət/
-democracy /dɪˈmɒkrəsi/
-democrat /ˈdeməkræt/
-democratic /ˌdeməˈkrætɪk/
-department /dɪˈpɑːtmənt/
-deposit /dɪˈpɒzɪt/
-depression /dɪˈpreʃn/
-derby /ˈdɑːbi/
-dervish /ˈdɜːvɪʃ/
-detail /ˈdiːteɪl/
-detective /dɪˈtektɪv/
-detector /dɪˈtektəʳ/
-detox /ˈdiːtɒks/
-dictator /dɪkˈteɪtəʳ/
-diction /ˈdɪkʃn/
-diesel /ˈdiːzl/
-diet /ˈdaɪət/
-digital /ˈdɪdʒɪtl/
-dilemma /dɪˈlemə/
-diploma /dɪˈpləʊmə/
-diplomat /ˈdɪpləmæt/
-director /dɪˈrektəʳ/
-disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/
-discipline /ˈdɪsəplɪn/
-discount /ˈdɪskaʊnt/
-disko /ˈdɪskəʊ/
-distributor /dɪˈstrɪbjətəʳ/ /dɪˈstrɪbjʊtəʳ/
-doctor /ˈdɒktəʳ/
239

-doctoral /ˈdɒktərəl/
-document /ˈdɒkjumənt/ /ˈdɒkjəmənt/
-dogma /ˈdɒgmə/
-dollar /ˈdɒləʳ/
-dominant /ˈdɒmɪnənt/
-doner /ˈdɒnəʳ/
-doner kebab /ˌdɒnə kɪˈbæb/
-double /ˈdʌbl/
-drama /ˈdrɑːmə/
-dramatic /drəˈmætɪk/
-dynamic /daɪˈnæmɪk/
-ecology /ɪˈkɒlədʒi/
-economic /ˌekəˈnɒmɪk/
-economy /ɪˈkɒnəmi/
-ecstasy /ˈekstəsi/
-eczema /ˈeksɪmə/
-editor /ˈedɪtəʳ/
-effect /ɪˈfekt/
-effort /ˈefət/
-electric /ɪˈlektrɪk/
-element /ˈelɪmənt/
-elementary /ˌelɪˈmentri/
-eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/
-elimination /ɪˌlɪmɪˈneɪʃn/
-embargo /ɪmˈbɑːgəʊ/
-emission /ɪˈmɪʃn/
-encyclopedia /ɪnˌsaɪkləˈpiːdiə/
-endeavour /ɪnˈdevəʳ/
-energetic /ˌenəˈdʒetɪk/
-energy /ˈenədʒi/
-English /ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-erection /ɪˈrekʃn/
-erosion /ɪˈrəʊʒn/
-ethnic /ˈeθnɪk/
-Europe /ˈjʊərəp/
-exercise /ˈeksəsaɪz/
240

-express /ɪkˈspres/
-extra /ˈekstrə/
-factor /ˈfæktəʳ/
-factory /ˈfæktəri/
-fair /feəʳ/
-fan /fæn/
-fantastic /fænˈtæstɪk/
-far /fɑːʳ/
-favourite /ˈfeɪvərɪt/ /ˈfeɪvrət/
-fax /fæks/
-federal /ˈfedərəl/
-federation /ˌfedəˈreɪʃn/
-feminist /ˈfemənɪst/
-festival /ˈfestɪvl/
-film /fɪlm/
-filter /ˈfɪltəʳ/
-final /ˈfaɪnl/
-firm /fɜːm/
-fit /fɪt/
-flash /flæʃ/
-flute /fluːt/
-focus /ˈfəʊkəs/
-football /ˈfʊtbɔːl/ /ˈfʊpbɔːl/
-form /fɔːm/
-formation /fɔːˈmeɪʃn/
-formula /ˈfɔːmjələ/ /ˈfɔːmjʊlə/
-forum /ˈfɔːrəm/
-forward /ˈfɔːwəd/
-fossil /ˈfɒsl/
-foul /faʊl/
-free /friː/
-frequency /ˈ friːkwənsi/
-fuel /ˈfjuːəl/
-full /fʊl/
-function /ˈfʌŋkʃn/
-fund /fʌnd/
241

-fuse /fjuːz/
-futurist /ˈfjuːtʃərɪst/
-gala /ˈgɑːlə/
-gallery /ˈgæləri/
-garage /ˈgærɑːʒ/
-gas /gæs/
-gasp /gɑːsp/
-gendarme /ˈʒɒndɑːm/
-general /ˈdʒenrəl/
-generation /ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/
-generator /ˈdʒenəreɪtəʳ/
-genetic /dʒəˈnetɪk/
-gentleman /ˈdʒentlmən/
-geography /dʒiˈɒgrəfi/
-geometry /dʒiˈɒmətri/
-global /ˈgləʊbl/
-goal /gəʊl/
-golf /gɒlf/
-google /ˈguːgl/
-grammar /ˈgræməʳ/
-graphic /ˈgræfɪk/
-grey /greɪ/
-group /gruːp/
-guarantee /ˌgærənˈtiː/
-guard /gɑːd/
-guardian /ˈgɑːdiən/
-guerrilla /gəˈrɪlə/
-guitar /gɪˈtɑːʳ/
-gymnastics /dʒɪmˈnæstɪks/
-hacker /ˈhækəʳ/
-hall /hɔːl/
-hallucination /həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃn/
-hamburger /ˈhæmbɜːgəʳ/
-handicap /ˈhændikæp/
-harmony /ˈhɑːməni/
-hazel /ˈheɪzl/
242

-helicopter /ˈhelɪkɒptəʳ/
-hello /həˈləʊ/
-hierarchy /ˈhaɪrɑːki/
-hobby /ˈhɒbi/
-honour /ˈɒnəʳ/
-hooligan /ˈhuːlɪgən/
-horizon /həˈraɪzn/
-horn /hɔːn/
-horoscope /ˈhɒrəskəʊp/
-hotel /həʊˈtel/
-human /ˈhjuːmən/
-hydrogen /ˈhaɪdrədʒən/
-hygiene /ˈhaɪdʒiːn/
-hyper /ˈhaɪpəʳ/
-hypnosis /hɪpˈnəʊsɪs/
-Italy /ˈɪtəli/
-icon /ˈaɪkɒn/
-ideal /aɪˈdɪəl/ /aɪˈdiːəl/
-idealism /aɪˈdɪəlɪzəm/ /aɪˈdiːəlɪzəm/
-idealist /aɪˈdɪəlɪst/ /aɪˈdiːəlɪst/
-illegal /ɪˈliːgl/
-illusion /ɪˈluːʒn/
-imperial /ɪmˈpɪəriəl/
-imperialism /ɪmˈpɪəriəlɪzm/
-industrial /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/
-industry /ˈɪndəstri/
-infection /ɪnˈfekʃn/
-inflation /ɪnˈfleɪʃn/
-information /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/
-injection /ɪnˈdʒekʃn/
-innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/
-institute /ˈɪnstɪtjuːt/
-instrument /ˈɪnstrəmənt/ /ˈɪnstrʊmənt/
-integrate /ˈɪntɪgreɪt/
-intellectual /ˌɪntɪˈlektʃuəl/
-intermediate /ˌɪntəˈmiːdiət/
243

-internet /ˈɪntənet/
-intonation /ˌɪntəˈneɪʃn/
-introduce /ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs/
-introduction /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃn/
-investigation /ɪnˌvestɪˈgeɪʃn/
-ironic /aɪˈrɒnɪk/
-irrational /ɪˈræʃənl/
-isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn/
-jacket /ˈdʒækɪt/
-Japan /dʒəˈpæn/
-Japanese /ˌdʒæpəˈniːz/
-jargon /ˈdʒɑːgən/
-jet /dʒet/
-jupiter /ˈdʒuːpɪtəʳ/
-jury /ˈdʒʊəri/
-kangaroo /ˌkæŋgəˈruː/
-karate /kəˈrɑːti/
-kebab /kɪˈbæb/
-keen /kiːn/
-kettle /ˈketl/
-kilo /ˈkiːləʊ/
-kilogram /ˈkɪləgræm/
-kilometre /ˈkɪləmiːtəʳ/
-knowledge /ˈnɒlɪdʒ/
-kung fu /ˌkʌŋ ˈfuː/
-laboratory /ləˈbɒrətri/
-lamp /læmp/
-language /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
-laser /ˈleɪzəʳ/
-league /liːg/
-legal /ˈliːgl/
-lemon /ˈlemən/
-leopard /ˈlepəd/
-liberal /ˈlɪbərəl/
-Libya /ˈlɪbiə/
-licence /ˈlaɪsns/
244

-limit /ˈlɪmɪt/
-list /lɪst/
-literature /ˈlɪtrətʃəʳ/
-lobby /ˈlɒbi/
-local /ˈləʊkl/
-location /ləʊˈkeɪʃn/
-logistic /ləˈdʒɪstɪk/
-logo /ˈləʊgəʊ/
-Lolita /ləʊˈliːtə/ /ləˈliːtə/
-luxurious /lʌgˈʒʊəriəs/
-luxury /ˈlʌkʃəri/
-lyric /ˈlɪrɪk/
-machine /məˈʃiːn/
-madam /ˈmædəm/
-Madonna /məˈdɒnə/
-mafia /ˈmæfiə/
-magazine /ˌmægəˈziːn/
-magma /ˈmægmə/
-magnetic /mægˈnetɪk/
-major /ˈmeɪdʒəʳ/
-Malta /ˈmɔːltə/
-maniac /ˈmeɪniæk/
-manipulate /məˈnɪpjuleɪt/ /məˈnɪpjəleɪt/
-manufacture /ˌmænjuˈfæktʃəʳ/ /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃəʳ/
-marathon /ˈmærəθən/
-march /mɑːtʃ/
-margarine /ˌmɑːdʒəˈriːn/
-marginal /ˈmɑːdʒɪnl/
-marine /məˈriːn/
-maritime /ˈmærɪtaɪm/
-mark /mɑːk/
-market /ˈmɑːkɪt/
-mask /mɑːsk/
-mason /ˈmeɪsn/
-massage /ˈmæsɑːʒ/
-master /ˈmɑːstəʳ/
245

-matador /ˈmætədɔːʳ/
-match /mætʃ/
-material /məˈtɪəriəl/
-mathematics /ˌmæθɪˈmætɪks/
-maths /mæθs/
-maximum /ˈmæksɪməm/
-mechanical /mɪˈkænɪkl/
-medal /ˈmedl/
-media /ˈmiːdiə/
-medical /ˈmedɪkl/
-medium /ˈmiːdiəm/
-mega /ˈmegə/
-megabyte /ˈmegəbaɪt/
-megaphone /ˈmegəfəʊn/
-megapixel /ˈmegəpɪksl/
-megastar /ˈmegəstɑːʳ/
-melody /ˈmelədi/
-memorial /məˈmɔːriəl/
-mental /ˈmentl/
-menu /ˈmenjuː/
-mercy /ˈmɜːsi/
-message /ˈmesɪdʒ/
-metabolism /məˈtæbəlɪzəm/
-metal /ˈmetl/
-metaphor /ˈmetəfəʳ/
-meteor /ˈmiːtiəʳ/
-meter /ˈmiːtəʳ/
-method /ˈmeθəd/
-microphone /ˈmaɪkrəfəʊn/
-microscope /ˈmaɪkrəskəʊp/
-mile /maɪl/
-millimetre /ˈmɪlimiːtəʳ/
-million /ˈmɪljən/
-mimic /ˈmɪmɪk/
-mine /maɪn/
-mineral /ˈmɪnərəl/
246

-miniature /ˈmɪnətʃəʳ/
-minibus /ˈmɪnibʌs/
-minimize /ˈmɪnɪmaɪz/
-minimum /ˈmɪnɪməm/
-mission /ˈmɪʃn/
-mobile /ˈməʊbaɪl/
-mode /məʊd/
-model /ˈmɒdl/
-moderator /ˈmɒdəreɪtəʳ/
-modern /ˈmɒdn/
-modernize /ˈmɒdənaɪz/
-module /ˈmɒdjuːl/
-monarchy /ˈmɒnəki/
-monitor /ˈmɒnɪtəʳ/
-monotone /ˈmɒnətəʊn/
-monotonous /məˈnɒtənəs/
-montage /ˈmɒntɑːʒ/
-morale /məˈrɑːl/
-more /mɔːʳ/
-mortgage /ˈmɔːgɪdʒ/
-motivation /ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃn/
-motor /ˈməʊtəʳ/
-murmur /ˈmɜːməʳ/
-museum /mjuːˈziəm/
-music /ˈmjuːzɪk/
-musical /ˈmjuːzɪkl/
-natural /ˈnætʃrəl/
-negative /ˈnegətɪv/
-normal /ˈnɔːml/
-nostalgic /nɒˈstældʒɪk/
-nuclear /ˈnjuːkliəʳ/
-number /ˈnʌmbəʳ/
-object /ˈɒbdʒɪkt/
-obsess /əbˈses/
-obsession /əbˈseʃn/
-ocean /ˈəʊʃn/
247

-office /ˈɒfɪs/
-oligarchy /ˈɒlɪgɑːki/
-olympic /əˈlɪmpɪk/
-omelette /ˈɒmlət/
-oncology /ɒŋˈkɒlədʒi/
-operation /ˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/
-operator /ˈɒpəreɪtəʳ/
-option /ˈɒpʃn/
-organ /ˈɔːgən/
-organic /ɔːˈgænɪk/
-organization /ˌɔːgənaɪˈzeɪʃn/
-original /əˈrɪdʒənl/
-orthodox /ˈɔːθədɒks/
-Oscar /ˈɒskəʳ/
-oval /ˈəʊvl/
-oxygen /ˈɒksɪdʒən/
-packet /ˈpækɪt/
-palace /ˈpæləs/
-panda /ˈpændə/
-panel /ˈpænl/
-panic /ˈpænɪk/
-paradise /ˈpærədaɪs/
-paradox /ˈpærədɒks/
-parallel /ˈpærəlel/
-parcel /ˈpɑːsl/
-pardon /ˈpɑːdn/
-parenthesis /pəˈrenθəsɪs/
-parentheses /pəˈrenθəsiːz/
-parity /ˈpærəti/
-park /pɑːk/
-parliament /ˈpɑːləmənt/
-parole /pəˈrəʊl/
-part /pɑːt/
-partner /ˈpɑːtnəʳ/
-party /ˈpɑːti/
-passage /ˈpæsɪdʒ/
248

-passive /ˈpæsɪv/
-passport /ˈpɑːspɔːt/
-pasta /ˈpæstə/
-pastoral /ˈpɑːstərəl/
-patent /ˈpætnt/ /ˈpeɪtnt/
-penalty /ˈpenəlti/
-penguin /ˈpeŋgwɪn/
-perfect /ˈpɜːfɪkt/
-performance /pəˈfɔːməns/
-perhaps /præps/
-period /ˈpɪəriəd/
-personal /ˈpɜːsənl/
-personnel /ˌpɜːsəˈnel/
-Peru /pəˈruː/
-petrol /ˈpetrəl/
-phobia /ˈfəʊbiə/
-phonetic /fəˈnetɪk/
-phonetician /ˌfəʊnəˈtɪʃn/ /ˌfɒnəˈtɪʃn/
-phonetics /fəˈnetɪks/
-physical /ˈfɪzɪkl/
-physics /ˈfɪzɪks/
-physique /fɪˈziːk/
-pianist /ˈpɪənɪst/
-piano /piˈænəʊ/
-picnic /ˈpɪknɪk/
-pilot /ˈpaɪlət/
-piston /ˈpɪstən/
-pizza /ˈpiːtsə/
-plan /plæn/
-plastic /ˈplæstɪk/
-platform /ˈplætfɔːm/
-plaza /ˈplɑːzə/
-police /pəˈliːs/
-policy /ˈpɒləsi/
-politic /ˈpɒlətɪk/
-political /pəˈlɪtɪkl/
249

-politician /ˌpɒləˈtɪʃn/
-popular /ˈpɒpjələʳ/ /ˈpɒpjʊləʳ/
-portrait /ˈpɔːtreɪt/ /ˈpɔːtrət/
-position /pəˈzɪʃn/
-positive /ˈpɒzətɪv/
-poster /ˈpəʊstəʳ/
-postpone /pəˈspəʊn/
-potato /pəˈteɪtəʊ/
-potential /pəˈtenʃl/
-practical /ˈpræktɪkl/
-prefab /ˈpriːfæb/
-preparation /ˌprepəˈreɪʃn/
-prescription /prɪˈskrɪpʃn/
-press /pres/
-prince /prɪns/
-princess /ˌprɪnˈses/
-principle /ˈprɪnsəpl/
-problem /ˈprɒbləm/
-procedure /prəˈsiːdʒəʳ/
-proceed /prəˈsiːd/
-proceeding /prəˈsiːdɪŋ/
-professional /prəˈfeʃənl/
-professor /prəˈfesəʳ/
-profile /ˈprəʊfaɪl/
-programme /ˈprəʊgræm/
-project /ˈprɒdʒekt/
-projector /prəˈdʒektəʳ/
-promotion /prəˈməʊʃn/
-protocol /ˈprəʊtəkɒl/
-provocation /ˌprɒvəˈkeɪʃn/
-provocative /prəˈvɒkətɪv/
-provoke /prəˈvəʊk/
-psychology /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/
-pyjamas /pəˈdʒɑːməz/
-pyramid /ˈpɪrəmɪd/
-quality /ˈkwɒləti/
250

-racket /ˈrækɪt/
-radar /ˈreɪdɑːʳ/
-radical /ˈrædɪkl/
-radio /ˈreɪdiəʊ/
-rally /ˈræli/
-Rambo /ˈræmbəʊ/
-rank /ræŋk/
-reaction /riˈækʃn/
-real /ˈriːəl/ /rɪəl/
-realism /ˈriːəlɪzəm/ /ˈrɪəlɪzəm/
-reality /riˈæləti/
-realize /ˈriːəlaɪz/ /ˈrɪəlaɪz/
-recession /rɪˈseʃn/
-record /ˈrekɔːd/
-rectangular /rekˈtæŋgjələʳ/ /rekˈtæŋgjʊləʳ/
-reference /ˈrefrəns/
-reflex /ˈriːfleks/
-reform /rɪˈfɔːm/
-relax /rɪˈlæks/
-report /rɪˈpɔːt/
-residence /ˈrezɪdəns/
-restore /rɪˈstɔːʳ/
-revenge /rɪˈvendʒ/
-rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/
-ring /rɪŋ/
-risk /rɪsk/
-robot /ˈrəʊbɒt/
-rocket /ˈrɒkɪt/
-role /rəʊl/
-roman /ˈrəʊmən/
-romantic /rəʊˈmæntɪk/ /rəˈmæntɪk/
-route /ruːt/
-routine /ruːˈtiːn/
-Russia /ˈrʌʃə/
-sabotage /ˈsæbətɑːʒ/
-safari /səˈfɑːri/
251

-salad /ˈsæləd/
-saloon /səˈluːn/
-sandal /ˈsændl/
-sandwich /ˈsænwɪtʃ/ /ˈsænwɪdʒ/
-sauce /sɔːs/
-sausage /ˈsɒsɪdʒ/
-scale /skeɪl/
-scandal /ˈskændl/
-scenario /səˈnɑːriəʊ/
-scene /siːn/
-score /skɔːʳ/
-season /ˈsiːzn/
-secondary /ˈsekəndri/
-secret /ˈsiːkrət/
-secretary /ˈsekrətri/
-sector /ˈsektəʳ/
-seismic /ˈsaɪzmɪk/
-select /sɪˈlekt/
-semantic /sɪˈmæntɪk/
-seminar /ˈsemɪnɑːʳ/
-senator /ˈsenətəʳ/
-sensible /ˈsensəbl/
-sensitive /ˈsensətɪv/
-series /ˈsɪəriːz/
-serum /ˈsɪərəm/
-service /ˈsɜːvɪs/
-shish kebab /ʃɪʃ kɪˈbæb/
-shock /ʃɒk/
-shocked /ʃɒkt/
-shoot /ʃuːt/
-short /ʃɔːt/
-shortage /ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/
-show /ʃəʊ/
-signal /ˈsɪgnəl/
-simultaneous /ˌsɪmlˈteɪniəs/
-skeleton /ˈskelɪtn/
252

-sketch /sketʃ/
-slow /sləʊ/
-sociable /ˈsəʊʃəbl/
-social /ˈsəʊʃl/
-specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/
-spokesman /ˈspəʊksmən/
-sponsor /ˈspɒnsəʳ/
-spontaneous /spɒnˈteɪniəs/
-sport /spɔːt/
-standard /ˈstændəd/
-star /stɑːʳ/
-station /ˈsteɪʃn/
-statistic /stəˈtɪstɪk/
-status /ˈsteɪtəs/
-still /stɪl/
-stock /stɒk/
-strategic /strəˈtiːdʒɪk/
-strategy /ˈstrætədʒi/
-stress /stres/
-stretch /stretʃ/
-studio /ˈstjuːdiəʊ/
-style /staɪl/
-subvention /səbˈvenʃn/
-super /ˈsuːpəʳ/ /ˈsjuːpəʳ/
-surprise /səˈpraɪz/
-symbol /ˈsɪmbl/
-symbolic /sɪmˈbɒlɪk/
-sympathetic /ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk/
-sympathy /ˈsɪmpəθi/
-syndrome /ˈsɪndrəʊm/
-synergy /ˈsɪnədʒi/
-synonym /ˈsɪnənɪm/
-syrup /ˈsɪrəp/
-system /ˈsɪstəm/
-table /ˈteɪbl/
-tablet /ˈtæblət/
253

-tactic /ˈtæktɪk/
-tape /teɪp/
-target /ˈtɑːgɪt/
-Tarzan /ˈtɑːzæn/
-taxi /ˈtæksi/
-technique /tekˈniːk/
-technology /tekˈnɒlədʒi/
-telephone /ˈtelɪfəʊn/
-telescope /ˈtelɪskəʊp/
-television /ˈtelɪvɪʒn/
-tempo /ˈtempəʊ/
-tennis /ˈtenɪs/
-tenor /ˈtenəʳ/
-tension /ˈtenʃn/
-terrace /ˈterəs/
-terrorist /ˈterərɪst/
-test /test/
-theatre /ˈθɪətəʳ/
-theory /ˈθɪəri/
-thermos /ˈθɜːməs/
-thesis /ˈθiːsɪs/
-threat /θret/
-titanic /taɪˈtænɪk/
-toast /təʊst/
-today /təˈdeɪ/
-toilet /ˈtɔɪlət/
-tolerance /ˈtɒlərəns/
-tolerate /ˈtɒləreɪt/
-tomato /təˈmɑːtəʊ/
-ton /tʌn/
-tone /təʊn/
-tonight /təˈnaɪt/
-total /ˈtəʊtl/
-tour /tʊəʳ/ /tɔːʳ/
-tourism /ˈtʊərɪzəm/ /ˈtɔːrɪzəm/
-tourist /ˈtʊərɪst/ /ˈtɔːrɪst/
254

-tractor /ˈtræktəʳ/
-tradition /trəˈdɪʃn/
-traditional /trəˈdɪʃənl/
-traffic /ˈtræfɪk/
-train /treɪn/
-transfer /ˈtrænsfɜːʳ/
-translate /trænsˈleɪt/ /trænzˈleɪt/
-trend /trend/
-triangle /ˈtraɪæŋgl/
-tube /tjuːb/
-tunnel /ˈtʌnl/
-turbulence /ˈtɜːbjələns/ /ˈtɜːbjʊləns/
-Turkey /ˈtɜːki/
-typical /ˈtɪpɪkl/
-uniform /ˈjunɪfɔːm/
-unit /ˈjuːnɪt/
-universal /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsl/
-university /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/
-vacation /vəˈkeɪʃn/ /veɪˈkeɪʃn/
-valley /ˈvæli/
-vegetable /ˈvedʒtəbl/
-vegetarian /ˌvedʒəˈteəriən/
-ventilator /ˈventɪleɪtəʳ/
-versatile /ˈvɜːsətaɪl/
-version /ˈvɜːʃn/
-veterinarian /ˌvetərɪˈneəriən/
-veto /ˈviːtəʊ/
-village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/
-virus /ˈvaɪrəs/
-vision /ˈvɪʒn/
-vitamin /ˈvɪtəmɪn/
-wardrobe /ˈwɔːdrəʊb/
-yacht /jɒt/
-yogurt /ˈjɒgət/
255

-acaba /ˈɑcɑbɑ/
-acele /ɑceˈle/
-açıkça /ɑˈçıkçɑ/
-açmak /ɑçˈmɑk/
-ağustos /ɑusˈtos/
-Akçaabat /ɑkˈçɑːbɑt/
-akraba /ɑkrɑˈbɑː/
-albay /ɑlˈbɑi/
-alet /ɑːˈlet/
-Alevi /ɑleˈviː/
-alfabe /ælfɑˈbe/
-almak /ɑlˈmɑk/
-Alman /ɑlˈmɑn/
-Amerika /ɑmeˈrikɑ/
-amir /ɑːˈmir/
-anadil /ɑˈnɑdil/
-Anadolu /ɑnɑdoˈlu/
-anayasa /ɑˈnɑyɑsɑ/
-Ankara /ˈɑŋkɑrɑ/
-anket /ɑŋˈket/
-anlam /ɑnˈlɑm/
-anne /ˈɑnne/
-anneanne /ɑˈnɑːnne/
-araba /ɑrɑˈbɑ/
-arkadaş /ɑrkɑˈdɑş/
-baba /bɑˈba/
-babaanne /bɑˈbɑːnne/
-bağış /bɑːş/
-bahane /bɑhɑːˈne/
-bakan /bɑˈkɑn/
-bavul /bɑˈwul/
-bayağı /bɑˈyɑː/
-bayrak /bɑiˈrɑk/
-bazen /ˈbɑːzen/
-bekar /beˈkær/
-casus /cɑːˈsus/
256

-cemaat /ceˈmɑːt/
-cesaret /cesɑːˈret/
-cevapsız /cevɑpˈsız/
-ciddi /cidˈdiː/
-cuma /cuˈmɑ/
-çaba /çɑˈbɑ/
-çağdaş /çɑːˈdɑş/
-çarşamba /çɑrşɑmˈbɑ/
-Çarşamba /çɑrˈşɑmbɑ/
-çeşme /çeşˈme/
-Çeşme /ˈçeşme/
-çiçekçi /çiçekˈçi/
-çoban /çoˈbɑn/
-dahi /dɑːˈhi/
-damat /dɑːˈmɑt/
-dava /dɑːˈvɑ/
-davet /dɑːˈvet/
-dede /deˈde/
-değerli /deyerˈli/
-değersiz /deyerˈsiz/
-değinmek /deyinˈmek/
-değirmen /deyirˈmen/
-değişim /deyiˈşim/
-değişken /deyişˈken/
-denizcilik /denizciˈlik/
-dernek /derˈnek/
-dersane /dersɑːˈne/
-devlet /devˈlet/
-diğer /ˈdiyer/
-dilbilimci /ˈdilbilimci/
-dilekçe /diˈlekçe/
-diploma /dipˈloma/
-Divriği /ˈdivriː/
-doğru /doːˈru/
-doktora /dokˈtora/
-dolayı /dolɑˈyı/
257

-dolu /doˈlu/
-domates /doˈmɑtes/
-dostane /dostɑːˈne/
-dövüşmek /döwüşˈmek/
-drama /dırɑˈmɑ/
-durağan /duˈrɑːn/
-duymak /duiˈmɑk/
-duyuru /duyuˈru/
-düet /ˈdüyet/
-düğün /ˈdüyün/
-dükkan /dükˈkæn/
-dünya /dünˈyɑː/
-düzine /düziˈne/
-edebi /edeˈbi/
-edebiyat /edebiˈyɑt/
-efendim /eˈfendim/
-eğitim /eyiˈtim/
-eğitsel /eyitˈsel/
-ekmek /ekˈmek/
-eleştiri /eleştiˈri/
-emekli /emekˈli/
-evlat /evˈlæt/
-evli /evˈli/
-fabrika /fɑbˈrikɑ/
-fare /fɑːˈre/
-feshetmek /ˈfesetmek/
-festival /festiˈvæl/
-fethetmek /ˈfeθetmek/
-Fethiye /ˈfeθiye/
-fiilen /ˈfiːlen/
-futbolcu /futbolˈcu/
-galeri /gɑleˈri/
-galiba /ˈgɑːlibɑ/
-garanti /gɑrɑnˈti/
-garson /gɑrˈson/
-gazete /gɑsˈte/
258

-gazi /gɑːˈzi/
-Gaziantep /gɑːˈziɑntep/
-gece /geˈce/
-general /geneˈræl/
-geniş /geˈniş/
-giysi /giːˈsi/
-Gölköy /ˈgölköi/
-göre /göˈre/
-görev /göˈrev/
-görsel /görˈsel/
-görüş /göˈrüş/
-gramer /gırɑˈmer/
-gülmek /gülˈmek/
-Gümüşhane /güˈmüşɑːne/
-güney /güˈnei/
-güvence /güvenˈce/
-güverte /güˈverte/
-güya /ˈgüːyɑ/
-güzellik /güzelˈlik/
-haberdar /hɑberˈdɑr/
-hadise /hɑːdiˈse/
-hafız /hɑːˈfız/
-hafta /hɑfˈtɑ/
-Hakkari /hɑkˈkæːri/
-halen /ˈhɑːlen/
-halı /hɑˈlı/
-hamile /hɑːmiˈle/
-hangisi /ˈhɑŋgisi/
-hanım /hɑˈnım/
-hararet /hɑrɑːˈret/
-harbi /hɑrˈbi/
-harekat /hɑreˈkæːt/
-hareket /hɑreˈket/
-harici /hɑːriˈci/
-hariç /hɑːˈriç/
-harika /hɑːriˈkɑ/
259

-harikulade /ˈhɑrkulæːde/
-harita /hɑˈritɑ/
-hasılat /hɑːsɪˈlɑt/
-hasta /hɑsˈtɑ/
-hastane /hɑstɑːˈne/
-hata /hɑˈtɑː/
-hatalı /hɑtɑːˈlı/
-hatıra /hɑːtıˈrɑ/
-hatun /hɑːˈtun/
-hava /hɑˈvɑ/
-havale /hɑvɑːˈle/
-havayolu /hɑˈvɑyolu/
-hayal /hɑˈyæl/
-hayal meyal /hɑˈyæl meyæl/
-hayalet /hɑyɑːˈlet/
-hayali /hɑyɑːˈli/
-hayhay /hɑiˈhɑi/
-hayır /hɑˈyır/
-hayır /ˈhɑyır/
-hazine /hɑziːˈne/
-haziran /hɑziːˈrɑn/
-hediye /hediˈye/
-hemen /ˈhemen/
-hezimet /heziːˈmet/
-hibe /hiːˈbe/
-hile /hiːˈle/
-hitabe /hitɑːˈbe/
-horoz /hoˈroz/
-hoşgörü /ˈhoşgörü/
-hukuken /huˈkuːken/
-hukuki /hukuːˈki/
-hurafe /hurɑːˈfe/
-husumet /husuːˈmet/
-hususi /husuːˈsi/
-hükümet /hüküˈmet/
-hünkar /hüŋˈkær/
260

-hürriyet /hürriˈyet/
-hüsran /hüsˈrɑn/
-ıhlamur /ıhlɑˈmur/
-ırkçı /ırkˈçı/
-ıspanak /ıspɑˈnɑk/
-Isparta /ısˈpɑrtɑ/
-ızgara /ızˈgɑrɑ/
-ibaret /ibɑːˈret/
-icat /iːˈcɑt/
-icaz /iːˈcɑz/
-icazet /icɑːˈzet/
-icraat /icˈrɑːt/
-içeri /içeˈri/
-içmimar /ˈiçmiːmɑr/
-idam /iːˈdɑm/
-idare /idɑːˈre/
-idareci /idɑːreˈci/
-idari /idɑːˈri/
-ifa /iːˈfɑ/
-ifade /ifɑːˈde/
-ihale /ihɑːˈle/
-ihanet /ihɑːˈnet/
-ihlal /ihˈlæl/
-ihmal /ihˈmæl/
-ihracat /ihrɑːˈcɑt/
-ihtimal /ihtiˈmæl/
-ikramiye /ikrɑːmiˈye/
-ilan /iːˈlæn/
-ilave /ilæːˈve/
-ilçe /ilˈçe/
-ile /iˈle/
-ileride /ilerˈde/
-iletişim /iletiˈşim/
-ilham /ilˈhɑm/
-ima /iːˈmɑ/
-imalat /iːmɑːˈlæt/
261

-iman /iːˈmɑn/
-İnebolu /iˈnebolu/
-İngiltere /ingilˈtere/
-inkılap /inkıˈlæp/
-insan /inˈsɑn/
-insani /insɑːˈni/
-inşaat /inˈşɑːt/
-İpsala /ipˈsɑlɑ/
-iptal /ipˈtæl/
-irade /irɑːˈde/
-İsa /iːˈsɑ/
-isabet /isɑːˈbet/
-İslam /isˈlæm/
-İstanbul /isˈtɑmbul/
-istikamet /istikɑːˈmet/
-istikbal /istikˈbæl/
-istiklal /istikˈlæl/
-istişare /istişɑːˈre/
-işaret /işɑːˈret/
-itaat /iˈtɑːt/
-itibar /iːtiˈbɑr/
-itibaren /iːtiˈbɑːren/
-itimat /iːtiˈmɑt/
-itiraf /iːtiˈrɑf/
-itiraz /iːtiˈrɑz/
-iyi /iː/
-izah /iːˈzɑ/
-jale /jɑːˈle/
-jübile /jübiˈle/
-jüri /ˈjüri/
-kabaca /kɑˈbɑcɑ/
-kabahat /kɑbɑˈhɑt/
-Kabe /kæːˈbe/
-kabus /kæːˈbus/
-kafi /kæːˈfi/
-kafile /kɑːfiˈle/
262

-kafiye /kɑːfiˈye/
-kağıt /ˈkæːt/
-kahin /kæːˈhin/
-kahve /kɑhˈve/
-kamu /kɑˈmu/
-kanaat /kɑˈnɑːt/
-kanepe /kɑˈnepe/
-kanun /kɑːˈnun/
-kanunen /kɑːˈnuːnen/
-kanuni /kɑːnuːˈni/
-kapanık /kɑpɑˈnık/
-karaağaç /kɑˈrɑːç/
-karanlık /kɑrɑnˈnık/
-karlı /kærˈlı/
-karne /ˈkɑrne/
-kartal /kɑrˈtɑl/
-Kartal /ˈkɑrtɑl/
-kasaba /kɑˈsɑbɑ/
-kase /kæːˈse/
-Kastamonu /kɑsˈtɑmonu/
-kasten /ˈkɑsten/
-kasti /kɑsˈtiː/
-kati /kɑˈtiː/
-katip /kæːˈtip/
-katsayı /ˈkɑtsɑyı/
-kayağan /kɑˈyɑːn/
-kaymakam /kɑimɑˈkɑm/
-kazara /kɑzɑːˈrɑ/
-kehanet /kehɑːˈnet/
-kepaze /kepɑːˈze/
-kestane /kestɑːˈne/
-Keşan /ˈkeşɑn/
-keşke /ˈkeşke/
-keza /ˈkezɑ/
-Kırklareli /kırkˈlɑreli/
-kısaca /kıˈsɑcɑ/
263

-kısmen /ˈkısmen/
-kıyı /kıˈyı/
-kızan /kıˈzɑn/
-kibarca /kiˈbɑrcɑ/
-kilo /ˈkilo/
-kimyacı /kimyɑːˈcı/
-kinayeli /kinɑːyeˈli/
-kira /kiˈrɑː/
-kiracı /kirɑːˈcı/
-klavye /kılævˈye/
-kolonya /koˈloŋyɑ/
-komedi /koˈmedi/
-komisyon /komisˈyon/
-komşu /komˈşu/
-konserve /konˈserve/
-kura /kuˈrɑː/
-kurabiye /kurɑːbiˈye/
-Kuran /kuˈrɑn/
-kurbağa /kurˈbɑː/
-kurdele /kurˈdele/
-külah /küˈlæh/
-kültür /külˈtür/
-kütüphane /kütüpɑːˈne/
-lahana /læˈhɑnɑ/
-lahmacun /læhmɑːˈcun/
-lale /læːˈle/
-lamba /ˈlæmbɑ/
-lanet /læːˈnet/
-lapa /læˈpɑ/
-lavabo /læˈvɑbo/
-lazım /læːˈzım/
-lira /ˈlirɑ/
-lise /ˈlise/
-Lüleburgaz /lüˈleburgɑz/
-lütfen /ˈlütfen/
-maalesef /ˈmɑːlesef/
264

-maaş /ˈmɑːş/
-Macaristan /mɑcɑrisˈtɑn/
-macera /mɑːceˈrɑ/
-macun /mɑːˈcun/
-maden /mɑːˈden/
-mağara /ˈmɑːrɑ/
-mağaza /ˈmɑːzɑ/
-mahalle /mɑhɑlˈle/
-mahpushane /mɑpusɑːˈne/
-makale /mɑkɑːˈle/
-makul /mɑːˈkul/
-maliye /mɑːliˈye/
-maliyet /mɑːliˈyet/
-Malkara /ˈmɑlkɑrɑ/
-malum /mɑːˈlum/
-malzeme /mælzeˈme/
-mama /mɑˈmɑ/
-mana /mɑˈnæː/
-mandıra /ˈmɑndırɑ/
-manevi /mɑːneˈviː/
-manzara /ˈmɑnzɑrɑ/
-marifet /mɑːriˈfet/
-marul /mɑˈrul/
-maruz /mɑːˈruz/
-masum /mɑːˈsum/
-masumiyet /mɑːsumiˈyet/
-maşallah /ˈmɑːşɑllɑh/
-matbaa /mɑtˈbɑː/
-matem /mɑːˈtem/
-mavi /mɑːˈvi/
-mazeret /mɑːzeˈret/
-mazi /mɑːˈzi/
-mecazi /mecɑːˈzi/
-mecburen /mecˈbuːren/
-mecburi /mecbuːˈri/
-meğer /ˈmeyer/
265

-mekan /meˈkæn/
-melike /meliːˈke/
-memur /meːˈmur/
-menfaat /menˈfɑːt/
-merasim /merɑːˈsim/
-merhaba /ˈmerhɑbɑ/
-merkezi /merkeˈziː/
-mersi /merˈsi/
-mesafe /mesɑːˈfe/
-mesela /ˈmeselæ/
-meşrubat /meşruːˈbɑt/
-metal /meˈtæl/
-metanetli /metɑːnetˈli/
-meyhane /meihɑːˈne/
-mezun /meːˈzun/
-mısra /mısˈrɑː/
-milat /miːˈlæt/
-milli /milˈliː/
-mimar /miːˈmɑr/
-minare /minɑːˈre/
-mineral /mineˈræl/
-minibüs /miˈnibüs/
-miras /miːˈrɑs/
-misafir /misɑːˈfir/
-misal /miˈsæl/
-mola /ˈmolɑ/
-moral /moˈræl/
-mucit /muːˈcit/
-muğlak /muːˈlæk/
-muhabir /muhɑːˈbir/
-Muratlı /muˈrɑtlı/
-Musa /muːˈsɑ/
-musiki /muːsiˈki/
-mutabık /mutɑːˈbık/
-mutemet /muːteˈmet/
-muzip /muːˈzip/
266

-mübalağa /mübɑːˈlæ/
-mübarek /mübɑːˈrek/
-mübaşir /mübɑːˈşir/
-mülakat /mülæːˈkɑt/
-münasip /münɑːˈsip/
-münazara /münɑːzɑˈrɑ/
-müsaade /müsɑːˈde/
-müsabaka /müsɑːbɑˈkɑ/
-mütevazı /mütevɑːˈzı/
-müzakere /müzɑːkeˈre/
-müze /ˈmüze/
-naaş /nɑːş/
-naçizane /nɑːçizɑːˈne/
-nadir /nɑːˈdir/
-nadiren /ˈnɑːdiren/
-nafile /nɑːfiˈle/
-nahoş /nɑːˈhoş/
-namus /nɑːˈmus/
-nane /nɑːˈne/
-narin /nɑːˈrin/
-nasıl /ˈnɑsıl/
-nasip /nɑˈsip/
-nazik /nɑːˈzik/
-neden /neˈden/
-nerede /ˈnerde/
-netice /netiːˈce/
-nezaket /nezɑːˈket/
-nihayet /nihɑːˈyet/
-nimet /niːˈmet/
-nine /niˈne/
-nitekim /ˈnitekim/
-normal /norˈmæl/
-numara /nuˈmɑrɑ/
-numune /numuːˈne/
-olağan /oˈlɑːn/
-orada /ˈordɑ/
267

-Orhaneli /orˈhaneli/
-öğün /ˈöyün/
-öğüt /ˈöyüt/
-örneğin /ˈörneyin/
-padişah /pɑːdiˈşɑh/
-pahalı /pɑhɑˈlɪ/
-Palu /ˈpɑlu/
-papağan /pɑˈpɑːn/
-partner /pɑrtˈner/
-pastane /pɑstɑːˈne/
-pazar /pɑˈzɑr/
-pazartesi /pɑˈzɑrtesi/
-pekiyi /ˈpekiː/
-perişan /periːˈşɑn/
-perşembe /perşemˈbe/
-Perşembe /perˈşembe/
-pervane /pervɑːˈne/
-peşinat /peşiːˈnɑt/
-piyade /piyɑːˈde/
-posta /ˈpostɑ/
-postane /postɑːˈne/
-randevu /rɑndeˈwu/
-razı /rɑːˈzı/
-rekabet /rekɑːˈbet/
-rekat /reˈkæt/
-resen /ˈreːsen/
-resmi /resˈmiː/
-reva /reˈvɑː/
-rezalet /rezɑːˈlet/
-rica /riˈcɑː/
-rivayet /rivɑːˈyet/
-rutubet /rutuːˈbet/
-rüya /rüˈyɑː/
-saadet /sɑːˈdet/
-saat /sɑːt/
-saba /sɑˈbɑː/
268

-sabit /sɑːˈbit/
-sade /sɑːˈde/
-sadece /ˈsɑːdece/
-sadık /sɑːˈdık/
-saha /sɑːˈhɑ/
-sahi /sɑːˈhi/
-sahil /sɑːˈhil/
-saksağan /sɑkˈsɑːn/
-salep /sɑːˈlep/
-samimi /sɑmiːˈmi/
-sanayi /sɑnɑːˈyi/
-saniye /sɑːniˈye/
-saraçhane /sɑrɑçɑːˈne/
-savunmak /sɑwunˈmɑk/
-secde /sejˈde/
-seda /seˈdɑː/
-sefa /seˈfɑː/
-sefalet /sefɑːˈlet/
-seferi /sefeˈriː/
-sehpa /sehˈpɑ/
-semaver /semɑːˈver/
-seri /seˈriː/
-sesbilim /ˈsesbilim/
-sevda /sevˈdɑː/
-seyahat /seyɑˈhɑt/
-sığır /sɪːr/
-Siirt /siːrt/
-siyahi /siyɑːˈhi/
-siyaset /siyɑːˈset/
-soğumak /soːˈmɑk/
-soğutmak /sowutˈmɑk/
-suni /suˈniː/
-sülale /sülæːˈle/
-sürahi /sürɑːˈhi/
-şaban /şɑːˈbɑn/
-şahane /şɑːhɑːˈne/
269

-şahit /şɑːˈhit/
-şayet /şɑːˈyet/
-şeftali /şeftɑːˈli/
-şehzade /şehzɑːˈde/
-şelale /şelæːˈle/
-şevval /şevˈvæl/
-şifa /şiˈfɑː/
-Şii /şiː/
-şiir /şiːr/
-şimdi /ˈşindi/
-şimdiden /ˈşimden/
-Şişhane /şişɑːˈne/
-şive /şiːˈve/
-şube /şuːˈbe/
-şule /şuːˈle/
-şura /şuːˈrɑː/
-şuur /şuːr/
-taahhüt /tɑːˈhüt/
-taahhütlü /tɑːhütˈlü/
-taarruz /tɑːrˈruz/
-taassup /tɑːsˈsup/
-tabela /tɑbeˈlæ/
-tabii /tɑˈbiː/
-tabir /tɑːˈbir/
-tadilat /tɑːdiˈlæt/
-tahin /tɑːˈhin/
-tahliye /tɑhliˈye/
-tahribat /tɑhriːˈbɑt/
-takibat /tɑːkiːˈbɑt/
-takip /tɑːˈkip/
-talihli /tɑːlihˈli/
-talimat /tɑːliˈmɑt/
-talip /tɑːˈlip/
-tamamen /tɑˈmɑːmen/
-tamir /tɑːˈmir/
-tamirci /tɑːmirˈci/
270

-tane /tɑːˈne/
-Tanzimat /tɑnziːˈmɑt/
-tarif /tɑːˈrif/
-tarih /tɑːˈrih/
-tarihi /tɑːriˈhiː/
-tasavvuf /tɑsɑvˈwuf/
-tasavvur /tɑsɑvˈwur/
-taviz /tɑːˈviz/
-tavla /ˈtɑvlɑ/
-tavuk /tɑˈwuk/
-taze /tɑːˈze/
-taziye /tɑːziˈye/
-tebligat /tebliːˈgɑt/
-tebliğ /tebˈliː/
-tecil /teːˈcil/
-teessüf /teːsˈsüf/
-teğet /ˈteyet/
-tehir /teːˈhir/
-tekamül /tekæːˈmül/
-Tekirdağ /teˈkirdɑː/
-telaffuz /telæfˈfuz/
-telafi /telæːˈfi/
-telaş /teˈlæş/
-telif /teːˈlif/
-temayül /temɑːˈyül/
-temenni /temenˈniː/
-tenha /tenˈhɑː/
-teravi /terɑːˈvi/
-terazi /terɑːˈzi/
-terfi /terˈfiː/
-tersane /tersɑːˈne/
-tesadüf /tesɑːˈdüf/
-tesadüfen /teˈsɑːdüfen/
-teselli /teselˈliː/
-tesis /teːˈsis/
-tesisat /teːsiːˈsɑt/
271

-teşkilat /teşkiːˈlæt/
-tevazu /tevɑːˈzu/
-teyit /teːˈyit/
-tezahürat /tezɑːhüˈrɑt/
-tezgah /tezˈgæh/
-tıbbi /tıbˈbiː/
-ticaret /ticɑːˈret/
-ticari /ticɑːˈri/
-tiryaki /tiryɑːˈki/
-tişört /ˈtiːşört/
-tiyatro /tiˈyɑtro/
-tokat /toˈkɑt/
-Tokat /ˈtokɑt/
-tonbalığı /ˈtonbɑlıː/
-tosbağa /tosˈbɑː/
-tövbe /töwˈbe/
-tufan /tuːˈfɑn/
-tuzsuz /tusˈsuz/
-Türkçe /ˈtürkçe/
-Türkiye /ˈtürkiye/
-ucube /ucuːˈbe/
-uğur /uːr/
-ukala /ukɑˈlæː/
-ulema /uleˈmɑː/
-ücra /ücˈrɑː/
-üstgeçit /ˈüsgeçit/
-vaat /vɑːt/
-vaaz /vɑːz/
-vade /vɑːˈde/
-vahiy /vɑˈhiː/
-vakıf /vɑːˈkıf/
-vali /vɑːˈli/
-valide /vɑːliˈde/
-vallahi /ˈvɑllɑːhi/
-varis /vɑːˈris/
-vasıta /vɑːsıˈtɑ/
272

-vatani /vɑtɑˈniː/
-vazife /vɑziːˈfe/
-veba /veˈbɑː/
-vebal /veˈbæl/
-vecize /veciːˈze/
-veda /veˈdɑː/
-vefa /veˈfɑː/
-vekalet /vekæːˈlet/
-velayet /velæːˈyet/
-velev /veˈlev/
-veli /veˈliː/
-veraset /verɑːˈset/
-vesaire /veˈsɑire/
-vesayet /vesɑːˈyet/
-vesika /vesiːˈkɑ/
-vesile /vesiːˈle/
-veya /veˈyɑː/
-vicdanen /vicˈdɑːnen/
-vilayet /vilæːˈyet/
-volkan /wolˈkɑn/
-votka /ˈwotkɑ/
-vurgu /wurˈgu/
-vurmak /wurˈmɑk/
-vücut /wüˈcut/
-ya da /ˈyɑ dɑ/
-yabani /yɑbɑːˈni/
-yağış /yɑːş/
-yahu /ˈyɑːhu/
-yahut /ˈyɑːhut/
-yani /ˈyɑːni/
-yapağı /yɑˈpɑː/
-yar /yɑːr/
-yaren /yɑːˈren/
-yasin /yɑːˈsin/
-yatağan /yɑˈtɑːn/
-yatakhane /yɑtɑkɑːˈne/
273

-yaver /yɑːˈver/
-yavuz /yɑˈwuz/
-yegane /ˈyegæːne/
-yeğen /yeːn/
-yekta /yekˈtɑː/
-yelpaze /yelpɑːˈze/
-yeniden /ˈyeniden/
-yığın /yıːn/
-yığınak /yıːˈnɑk/
-yiğit /yiːt/
-yoğun /yoːn/
-yoğurt /yoːrt/
-yukarıda /yukɑrˈdɑ/
-zaaf /zɑːf/
-zabıta /zɑːbıˈtɑ/
-zalim /zɑːˈlim/
-zarafet /zɑrɑːˈfet/
-zaruri /zɑruːˈri/
-zat /zɑːt/
-zaten /zɑːˈten/
-zati /zɑːˈtiː/
-zeka /zeˈkæː/
-zekat /zeˈkæt/
-zeki /zeˈkiː/
-zenci /zenˈciː/
-zerdali /zerdɑːˈli/
-zifiri /zifiːˈri/
-zihni /zihˈniː/
-zina /ziˈnɑː/
-zira /ziːˈrɑː/
-ziya /ziˈyɑː/
-ziyade /ziyɑːˈde/
-ziyafet /ziyɑːˈfet/
-ziyaret /ziyɑːˈret/
-zoraki /zorɑːˈki/
-züğürt /züːrt/
274

TURKISH CONSONANT PHONEMES

Çift dudak
/p/ /b/ /m/ /w/

Alt dudak
/f/ /v/
/ diş
Dil ucu
/θ/ /ð/
/ diş
Dil ucu ince kalın
/d/ /t/ /n/ /r/
/ diş eti /l/ /l/
Dil önü
/s/ /z/
/ diş eti
Dil önü
/ç/ /c/ /ş/ /j/
/ diş eti ardı
Dil ortası /k/ /g/
/y/
/ ön damak (i,e,ü,ö,â) (i,e,ü,ö,â)
Dil ortası /k/ /g/
/ orta damak (ı) (ı)
Dil arkası /k/ /g/
/ŋ/
/ art damak (u,o,a) (u,o,a)
Gırtlak
/h/

ÇIKIŞ BİÇİMİNE GÖRE TÜRKÇENİN ÜNSÜZLERİ

Patlamalı (sürekli olmayan), tonlu (ötümlü) b, d, c, g

Patlamalı (sürekli olmayan), tonsuz (ötümsüz) p, t, ç, k
Sızıcı (sürtünmeli), tonlu (titreşimli) v, z, j
Sızıcı (sürtünmeli), tonsuz (titreşimsiz ) f, s, ş, h
Akıcı (sürtünmesiz), burun (geniz) m, n
Akıcı (sürtünmesiz), titrek (çarpmalı) r
Akıcı (sürtünmesiz), yarı ünlü w, y
Akıcı (sürtünmesiz), yan ünsüz ince l, kalın l
275

TURKISH VOWEL SYSTEM

SHORT VOWELS

/ɑ/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ı/ /i/ /o/ /ö/ /u/ /ü/ /â/ /ô/ /û/

LONG VOWELS

/ɑː/ /eː/ /ıː/ /iː/ /oː/ /öː/ /uː/ /üː/ /âː/

‘Ğ’ MAKES ALL THE VOWELS LONG

iğ = /iː/ eğ = /eː/ üğ = /üː/ öğ = /öː/

ığ = /ıː/ ağ = /ɑː/ uğ = /uː/ oğ = /oː/

TONGUE POSITION

FRONT /e/ /ɛ/ /eː/ /i/ /iː/ /ö/ /öː/ /ü/ /üː/ /â/ /âː/
CENTRAL /ı/ /ıː/
BACK /ɑ/ /ɑː/ /o/ /oː/ /u/ /uː/ /ô/ /û/

LIPS POSITION

UNROUNDED /ɑ/ /ɑː/ /e/ /ɛ/ /eː/ /ı/ /ıː/ /i/ /iː/ /âː/ /â/
ROUNDED /o/ /oː/ /ö/ /öː/ /u/ /uː/ /ü/ /üː/ /ô/ /û/

JAW POSITION

NARROW (CLOSE) /i/ /iː/ /u/ /uː/ /ü/ /üː/ /û/

HALF-CLOSE /e/ /ı/ /ıː/
HALF-OPEN /ɛ/ /eː/ /o/ /oː/ /ö/ /öː/ /ô/
WIDE (OPEN) /ɑ/ /â/ /ɑː/ /âː/
276

BORROWED VOWELS /â, î, û, ô/

FRONT SHORT VOWEL kâlp, dükkân, gâwur, Nigâr, Lâpseki, mekân,

/â/ tezgâh, kâğıt, selâm, silâh, lâf...
FRONT LONG VOWEL ilâːve, lâːzım, kâːbus, lâːyık, lâːnet, Hakkâːri,
/âː/ kâːtip, hikâːye, ifâːde, lâːkin, lâːle...
BACK-FRONT VOWEL
halûk, mahlûk, lûtuf, sükût, mahkûm, üslûp...
/û/
BACK-FRONT VOWEL
alkôl, rôl, gôl, hôl, sôl, lôdos, lôkum, lôkanta...
/ô/

‘Ğ’ = /y/ with /i, e, ö, ü/

FRONT SPELLING /ğ/ PRONUNCIATION /y/

VOWELS
/i, e, ö, ü/ eğitim, değişim... /eyitim, deyişim.../

VOWEL SOUNDS with /y/

ıy iy uy üy ey ay oy öy
/ıi/ /iː/ /ui/ /üi/ /ei/ /ɑi/ /oi/ /öi/

VOWEL SOUNDS with /w/

ev av uv üv ov öv
/ew/ /ɑw/ /uw/ /üw/ /ow/ /öw/

NOTE:

THERE are 21 VOWEL SOUNDS in ISTANBUL TURKISH.

THERE are 29 CONSONANT SOUNDS in ISTANBUL TURKISH.
TURKISH SOUNDS are MORE THAN ENGLISH SOUNDS.
277

*TURKISH BORROWED VOWELS /â, î, û, ô/ from ARABIC, PERSIAN, and FRENCH.

TONGUE POSITION
FRONT VOWELS MID-VOWELS BACK VOWELS
/i, e, ö, ü/ /ı/ /ɑ, o, u/

JAW POSITION
NARROW VOWELS MID-VOWELS WIDE VOWELS
/i, ı, ü, u/ /e, o, ö/ /ɑ/

SPELLING (YAZIM) PRONUNCIATION (SÖYLEYİŞ)

-acak -ıcɑk / -ucɑk
-ecek -icek / -ücek

NOTE:

THE UNFAMILIAR CONSONANT SOUNDS

ENGLISH /dʒ/ /tʃ/ /ð/ /ʒ/ /ŋ/ /ʃ/ /θ/ /j/

TURKISH /c/ /ç/ /dh/ /j/ /n/ /ş/ /th/ /y/
278

Turkish Spelling Pronunciation

-acıkacak /ɑcıˈkıcɑk/
-akacak /ɑˈkıcɑk/
-alacak /ɑˈlıcɑk/
-alınacak /ɑlıˈnıcɑk/
-atanacak /ɑtɑˈnıcɑk/
-bakacak /bɑˈkıcɑk/
-bırakacak /bırɑˈkıcɑk/
-boşanacaklar mı? /boşɑnıcɑkˈlɑr mı/
-bulacaklar mı? /bulucɑkˈlɑr mı/
-bulunacak /buluˈnucɑk/
-çalacak /çɑˈlıcɑk/
-çalışacaksa /çɑlışıˈcɑksɑ/
-çatacak /çɑˈtıcɑk/
-çıkacaktır /çıkıˈcɑktır/
-dalacak /dɑˈlıcɑk/
-davranacak /dɑvrɑˈnıcɑk/
-doğuracak /doːˈrucɑk/ /douˈrucɑk/
-dolaşacak /dolɑˈşıcɑk/
-donacak /doˈnucɑk/
-duracaksa /duruˈcɑksɑ/
-duyacaklar mı? /duyucɑkˈlɑr mı/
-kaçacak /kɑˈçıcɑk/
-kalacak mı? /kɑlıˈcɑk mı/
-kalkacaktır /kɑlkıˈcɑktır/
-kapayacak /kɑˈpıycɑk/ /kɑˈpiːcɑk/
-karşılaşacak /kɑrşılɑˈşıcɑk/
-kıracak /kıˈrıcɑk/
-kızacak mı? /kızıˈcɑk mı/
-kokacak /koˈkucɑk/
-konuşacak mı? /konuşuˈcɑk mı/
-koruyacağız /koruˈyucɑz/ /koˈruːcɑz/
-koruyacak /koruˈyucɑk/ /koˈruːcɑk/
-okunacak /okuˈnucɑk/
-olacaksa /oluˈcɑksɑ/
-oluşacak /oluˈşucɑk/
279

-saçacak /sɑˈçıcɑk/
-salacaksın /sɑlıˈcɑksın/
-saldıracaksa /sɑldırıˈcɑksɑ/
-savunacaksın /sɑwunuˈcɑksın/
-sırıtacak /sırıˈtıcɑk/
-sokacak /soˈkucɑk/
-soracaksın /soruˈcɑksın/
-soyacaktı /soyuˈcɑktı/
-susacaktı /susuˈcɑktı/
-şaşıracaktı /şɑşırıˈcɑktı/
-takacaktı /tɑkıˈcɑktı/
-tanışacaktı /tɑnışıˈcɑktı/
-tutacakken /tutuˈcɑkken/
-uçacakken /uçuˈcɑkken/
-unutacakken /unutuˈcɑkken/
-usanacakken /usɑnıˈcɑkken/
-vuracakken /wuruˈcɑkken/
-yanacakmış /yɑnıˈcɑkmış/
-yapacakmış /yɑpıˈcɑkmış/
-yatacakmış /yɑtıˈcɑkmış/
-yazacakmış /yɑzıˈcɑkmış/
-yutacakmış /yutuˈcɑkmış/

SPELLING (YAZIM) PRONUNCIATION (SÖYLENİŞ)

...acak ...ıcɑk /...ucɑk
...ecek ...icek /...ücek
280

Turkish Spelling Pronunciation

-acımayacak /ɑˈcımıycɑk/ /ɑˈcımiːcɑk/
-akmayacak /ˈɑkmıycɑk/ /ˈɑkmiːcɑk/
-almayacak /ˈɑlmıycɑk/ /ˈɑlmiːcɑk/
-alınmayacak /ɑˈlınmıycɑk/ /ɑˈlınmiːcɑk/
-atanmayacak /ɑˈtɑnmıycɑk/ /ɑˈtɑnmiːcɑk/
-bakmayacak /ˈbɑkmıycɑk/ /ˈbɑkmiːcɑk/
-bırakmayacak /bıˈrɑkmıycɑk/ /bıˈrɑkmiːcɑk/
-boşanmayacak /boˈşɑnmıycɑk/ /boˈşɑnmiːcɑk/
-bulmayacağız /ˈbulmıycɑz/ /ˈbulmiːcɑz/
-bulunmayacak /buˈlunmıycɑk/ /buˈlunmiːcɑk/
-çalmayacağım /ˈçɑlmıycɑm/ /ˈçɑlmiːcɑm/
-çalışmayacağım /çɑˈlışmıycɑm/ /çɑˈlışmiːcɑm/
-çıkmayacaksa /ˈçıkmıycɑksɑ/ /ˈçıkmiːcɑksɑ/
-davranmayacak /dɑvˈrɑnmıycɑk/ /dɑvˈrɑnmiːcɑk/
-dolaşmayacak /doˈlɑşmıycɑk/ /doˈlɑşmiːcɑk/
-donmayacağız /ˈdonmıycɑz/ /ˈdonmiːcɑz/
-durmayacak /ˈdurmıycɑk/ /ˈdurmiːcɑk/
-duyamayacak /ˈduymıycɑk/ /ˈduymiːcɑk/
-kaçmayacağız /ˈkɑçmıycɑz/ /ˈkɑçmiːcɑz/
-kalmayacak /ˈkɑlmıycɑk/ /ˈkɑlmiːcɑk/
-kalkmayacak /ˈkɑlkmıycɑk/ /ˈkɑlkmiːcɑk/
-karşılaşmayacağız /kɑrşıˈlɑşmıycɑz/ /kɑrşıˈlɑşmiːcɑz/
-kırmayacak /ˈkırmıycɑk/ /ˈkırmiːcɑk/
-kızmayacağım /ˈkızmıycɑm/ /ˈkızmiːcɑm/
-kokmayacak /ˈkokmıycɑk/ /ˈkokmiːcɑk/
-konuşmayacaksa /koˈnuşmıycɑksɑ/ /koˈnuşmiːcɑksɑ/
-korumayacağız /koˈrumıycɑz/ /koˈrumiːcɑz/
-koşmayacağım /ˈkoşmıycɑm/ /ˈkoşmiːcɑm/
-okumayacak /oˈkumıycɑk/ /oˈkumicɑk/
-olmayacaksa /olmıyˈcɑksɑ/ /olmiːˈcɑksɑ/
-oluşmayacak /oˈluşmıycɑk/ /oˈluşmicɑk/
-saçmayacağım /ˈsɑçmıycɑm/ /ˈsɑçmiːcɑm/
-salmayacak /ˈsɑlmıycɑk/ /ˈsɑlmiːcɑk/
-saldırmayacağız /sɑlˈdırmıycɑz/ /sɑlˈdırmiːcɑz/
-savunmayacak /sɑˈwunmıycɑk/ /sɑˈwunmiːcɑk/
281

-sırıtmayacağız /sıˈrıtmıycɑz/ /sıˈrıtmiːcɑz/

-sokmayacak /ˈsokmıycɑk/ /ˈsokmiːcɑk/
-sormayacak /ˈsormıycɑk/ /ˈsormiːcɑk/
-soymayacak /ˈsoimıycɑk/ /ˈsoimiːcɑk/
-susmayacak /ˈsusmıycɑk/ /ˈsusmiːcɑk/
-takmayacak /ˈtɑkmıycɑk/ /ˈtɑkmiːcɑk/
-tamamlamayacağız /tɑmɑmˈlɑmıycɑz/ /tɑmɑmˈlɑmiːcɑz/
-tanışmayacağım /tɑˈnışmıycɑm/ /tɑˈnışmiːcɑm/
-tutmayacak /ˈtutmıycɑk/ /ˈtutmiːcɑk/
-uçmayacaksın /ˈuçmıycɑksın/ /ˈuçmiːcɑksın/
-unutmayacaksın /uˈnutmıycɑksın/ /uˈnutmiːcɑksın/
-usanmayacak /uˈsɑnmıycɑk/ /uˈsɑnmiːcɑk/
-vurmayacaktı /ˈwurmıycɑktı/ /ˈwurmiːcɑktı/
-yanmayacaktı /ˈyɑnmıycɑktı/ /ˈyɑnmiːcɑktı/
-yapmayacakmış /ˈyɑpmıycɑkmış/ /ˈyɑpmiːcɑkmış/
-yatmayacakmış /ˈyɑtmıycɑkmış/ /ˈyɑtmiːcɑkmış/
-yazmayacakmış /ˈyɑzmıycɑkmış/ /ˈyɑzmiːcɑkmış/
-yutmayacak /ˈyutmıycɑk/ /ˈyutmicɑk/

-konuşmayacağım /koˈnuşmıycɑm/ /koˈnuşmiːcɑm/

-konuşmayacaksın /koˈnuşmıycɑksın/ /koˈnuşmiːcɑksın/
-konuşmayacak /koˈnuşmıycɑk/ /koˈnuşmiːcɑk/
-konuşmayacağız /koˈnuşmıycɑz/ /koˈnuşmiːcɑz/
-konuşmayacaksınız /koˈnuşmıycɑksınız/ /koˈnuşmiːcɑksınız/
-konuşmayacaklar /koˈnuşmıycɑklɑr/ /koˈnuşmiːcɑklɑr/

-anlamayacak mısınız? /ɑnˈlɑmıycɑk mısınız//ɑnˈlɑmiːcɑk mısınız/

-susmayacak mıydın? /ˈsusmıycɑk mıydın/ /ˈsusmiːcɑk mıydın/
-konuşmayacak mısın? /koˈnuşmıycɑk mısın//koˈnuşmiːcɑk mısın/
-unutmayacaklar mı? /uˈnutmıycɑklɑr mı/ /uˈnutmiːcɑklɑr mı/
282

Turkish Spelling Pronunciation

-bilecek /biˈlicek/
-binecek /biˈnicek/
-bölecek /böˈlücek/
-çevirecek /çeviˈricek/
-çökecek /çöˈkücek/
-çökecek /çöˈkücek/
-delecek /deˈlicek/
-dikecek /diˈkicek/
-dinleyecekse /dinliːˈcekse/
-dökecek /döˈkücek/
-döndürecek /döndüˈrücek/
-dönecekler mi? /dönücekˈler mi/
-dönüşecek /dönüˈşücek/
-düşecek /düˈşücek/
-düşünecek /düşüˈnücek/
-eriyecek /eˈriːcek/
-gelecekken /geliˈcekken/
-gelişecek /geliˈşicek/
-gezecek /geˈzicek/
-girecekse /giriˈcekse/
-görüşecekler mi? /görüşücekˈler mi/
-götürecek /götüˈrücek/
-gülecekler mi? /gülücekˈler mi/
-indirecek /indiˈricek/
-ineceksin /iniˈceksin/
-ölecek /öˈlücek/
-öpecekken /öpüˈcekken/
-serecek /seˈricek/
-seveceksin /seviˈceksin/
-sevinecekse /seviniˈcekse/
-silecek /siˈlicek/
-sökecek /söˈkücek/
-sövecekken /söwüˈcekken/
-sürecekken /sürüˈcekken/
-tütecek /tüˈtücek/
283

-üzülecekse /üzülüˈcekse/
-verecekti /veriˈcekti/
-yenecekti /yeniˈcekti/
-yetiştirecek /yetiştiˈricek/
-yönelecek /yöneˈlicek/
-yönetecekmiş /yönetiˈcekmiş/
-yükselecekmiş /yükseliˈcekmiş/
-yürüyecekmiş /yüriːˈcekmiş/

Ğ-W DEĞİŞMESİ (labial harmony)

koğmak kowˈmak
oğmak owˈmak
öğmek öwˈmek
döğmek döwˈmek

N-M DEĞİŞMESİ (labial harmony)

saklanbaç saklamˈbaç
anbar amˈbar
penbe pemˈbe
tonbul tomˈbul

Ses olayları, söyleyiş kolaylığı sağlamak amacıyla tüm dünya dillerinde

vardır. Sesleri en az çabayla çıkarma eğilimi sonucunda ses
değişimleri (benzeşmeleri) meydana gelmektedir, ve bu sözlü dilde
kaçınılmazdır.
284

Turkish Spelling Pronunciation

-bilmeyecek /ˈbilmiycek/ /ˈbilmiːcek/
-binmeyecek /ˈbinmiycek/ /ˈbinmiːcek/
-bölmeyeceğim /ˈbölmiycem/ /ˈbölmiːcem/
-çevirmeyecek /çeˈvirmiycek/ /çeˈvirmiːcek/
-çökmeyecek /ˈçökmiycek/ /ˈçökmiːcek/
-delmeyecek /ˈdelmiycek/ /ˈdelmiːcek/
-dikmeyecek /ˈdikmiycek/ /ˈdikmiːcek/
-dinlemeyeceğiz /dinˈlemiycez/ /dinˈlemiːcez/
-dökmeyecek /ˈdökmiycek/ /ˈdökmiːcek/
-döndürmeyecek /dönˈdürmiycek/ /dönˈdürmiːcek/
-dönmeyecek /ˈdönmiycek/ /ˈdönmiːcek/
-dönüşmeyecek /döˈnüşmiycek/ /döˈnüşmiːcek/
-düşmeyecekler mi? /ˈdüşmiycekler mi/ /ˈdüşmiːcekler mi/
-düşünmeyecek /düˈşünmiycek/ /düˈşünmiːcek/
-erimeyecek /eˈrimiycek/ /eˈrimiːcek/
-gelmeyecek /ˈgelmiycek/ /ˈgelmiːcek/
-gelişmeyecekse /geˈlişmiycekse/ /geˈlişmiːcekse/
-gezmeyecekler /ˈgezmiycekler/ /ˈgezmiːcekler/
-girmeyeceğim /ˈgirmiycem/ /ˈgirmiːcem/
-görüşmeyecek /göˈrüşmiycek/ /göˈrüşmiːcek/
-götürmeyecek /göˈtürmiycek/ /göˈtürmiːcek/
-gülmeyeceksin /ˈgülmiyceksin/ /ˈgülmiːceksin/
-indirmeyecek /inˈdirmiycek/ /inˈdirmiːcek/
-inmeyecekse /ˈinmiycekse/ /ˈinmiːcekse/
-ölmeyecek /ˈölmiycek/ /ˈölmiːcek/
-öpmeyecek /ˈöpmiycek/ /ˈöpmiːcek/
-sermeyecek /ˈsermiycek/ /ˈsermiːcek/
-sevmeyecek /ˈsevmiycek/ /ˈsevmiːcek/
-sevinmeyecek /seˈvinmiycek/ /seˈvinmiːcek/
-silmeyeceksin /ˈsilmiyceksin/ /ˈsilmiːceksin/
-sökmeyecek /ˈsökmiycek/ /ˈsökmiːcek/
-sürmeyecek /ˈsürmiycek/ /ˈsürmiːcek/
-tütmeyecek /ˈtütmiycek/ /ˈtütmiːcek/
-üzülmeyeceğim /üˈzülmiycem/ /üˈzülmiːcem/
-vermeyecekler mi? /ˈvermiycekler mi/ /ˈvermiːcekler mi/
285

-yenmeyecekti /ˈyenmiycekti/ /ˈyenmiːcekti/

-yetişmeyecekti /yeˈtişmiycekti/ /yeˈtişmiːcekti/
-yönelmeyecekti /yöˈnelmiycekti/ /yöˈnelmiːcekti/
-yönetmeyecekmiş /yönetmiyˈcekmiş/ /yöˈnetmiːcekmiş/
-yükselmeyecekmiş /yükˈselmiycekmiş/ /yükˈselmiːcekmiş/
-yürümeyecekmiş /yüˈrümiycekmiş/ /yüˈrimiːcekmiş/

-gelmeyeceğim /ˈgelmiycem/ /ˈgelmiːcem/

-gelmeyeceksin /ˈgelmiyceksin/ /ˈgelmiːceksin/
-gelmeyecek /ˈgelmiycek/ /ˈgelmiːcek/
-gelmeyeceğiz /ˈgelmiycez/ /ˈgelmiːcez/
-gelmeyeceksiniz /ˈgelmiyceksiniz/ /ˈgelmiːceksiniz/
-gelmeyecekler /ˈgelmiycekler/ /ˈgelmiːcekler/

-gelmeyecek misin? /ˈgelmiycek misin/ /ˈgelmiːcek misin/

-gelmeyecek misiniz? /ˈgelmiycek misiniz/ /ˈgelmiːcek misiniz/
-gelmeyecekler mi? /ˈgelmiycekler mi/ /ˈgelmiːcekler mi/
-gelmeyecek miydim? /ˈgelmiycek miydim/ /ˈgelmiːcek miːdim/
-gelmeyecek miydi? /ˈgelmiycek miydi/ /ˈgelmiːcek miːdi/
-gelmeyecek miydiniz? /ˈgelmiycek miydiniz//ˈgelmiːcek miːdiniz/

SPELLING PRONUNCIATION
burada /ˈburdɑ/
dışarıda /dışɑrˈdɑ/
dışarısı /dışɑrˈsı/
içeride /içerˈde/
içerisi /içerˈsi/
nerede /ˈnerde/
orada /ˈordɑ/
286

‘y’ = /i/

-ayran /ɑiˈrɑn/
-bey /bei/
-boy /boi/
-böyle /ˈböile/
-buyruk /buiˈruk/
-çay /çɑi/
-çeyrek /çeiˈrek/
-duymak /duiˈmɑk/
-eğlence /eilenˈce/
-giymek /giːˈmek/
-giysi /giːˈsi/
-huy /hui/
-kaymak /kɑiˈmɑk/
-kaynak /kɑiˈnɑk/
-kıymak /kıiˈmɑk/
-kıymet /kıiˈmet/
-koymak /koiˈmɑk/
-köy /köi/
-kuyruk /kuiˈruk/
-leylek /leiˈlek/
-ölüydü /ölüidü/
-öykü /öiˈkü/
-öyle /ˈöile/
-sayfa /sɑiˈfɑ/
-seyrek /seiˈrek/
-sıyrık /sıiˈrık/
-soy /soi/
-söylemek /söileˈmek/ /söːleˈmek/
-şey /şei/
-şöyle /ˈşöile/
-teyze /ˈteize/
-toy /toi/
-tüy /tüi/
-ziynet /ziːˈnet/
287

‘v’ = /w/ = short /u/

-av /ɑw/
-Avrupa /ˈɑwrupɑ/
-avuç /ɑˈwuç/
-avukat /ɑwuˈkɑt/
-avunmak /ɑwunˈmɑk/
-avutmak /ɑwutˈmɑk/
-Avusturya /ɑwusˈturyɑ/
-başvuru /ˈbɑşwuru/
-bavul /bɑˈwul/
-çavuş /çɑˈwuş/
-davul /dɑˈwul/
-dövme /döwˈme/
-dövüşmek /döwüşˈmek/
-duvar /duˈwɑr/
-düğme /düwˈme/
-havlu /hɑwˈlu/
-havuç /hɑˈwuç/
-havuz /hɑˈwuz/
-kavun /kɑˈwun/
-kavurma /kɑwurˈmɑ/
-kovmak /kowˈmɑk/
-ov /ow/
-öv /öw/
-övünmek /öwünˈmek/
-savunmak /sɑwunˈmɑk/
-savur /sɑˈwur/
-sev /sew/
-sövmek /söwˈmek/
-tavla /ˈtɑwlɑ/
-tavuk /tɑˈwuk/
-tövbe /töwˈbe/
-voleybol /woˈleibol/
-vur /wur/
-yavru /yɑwˈru/
288

‘a’ = /æ/

-ahkam /ɑhˈkæm/
-ahlak /ɑhˈlæk/
-bela /beˈlæː/
-bilahare /ˈbilæːhɑre/
-bilakis /ˈbilækis/
-bilanço /biˈlænço/
-bilardo /biˈlærdo/
-billahi /ˈbillæːhi/
-deplasman /deplæsˈmɑn/
-dükkan /dükˈkæn/
-ela /eˈlæː/
-elalem /elæːˈlem/
-Elazığ /eˈlæzıː/
-emlak /emˈlæk/
-final /fiˈnæl/
-galaksi /gɑˈlæksi/
-gavur /gæˈwur/
-güzergah /güzerˈgæh/
-Hakkari /hɑkˈkæːri/
-hala /ˈhɑːlæː/
-helal /heˈlæl/
-hikaye /hikæːˈye/
-iflas /ifˈlæs/
-ihlal /ihˈlæl/
-ihmal /ihˈmæl/
-ihtilal /ihtiˈlæl/
-ihtimal /ihtiˈmæl/
-ikamet /ikæːˈmet/
-ilaç /iˈlæç/
-ilan /iːˈlæn/
-ilave /ilæːˈve/
-imkan /imˈkæn/
-imla /imˈlæ/
-inkar /inˈkær/
289

-iptal /ipˈtæl/
-ishal /isˈhæl/
-İslam /isˈlæm/
-istikbal /istikˈbæl/
-istiklal /istikˈlæl/
-Kabe /kæːˈbe/
-kabus /kæːˈbus/
-kafi /kæːfi/
-kağıt /kæːt/
-kalp /kælp/
-Kamil /kæːˈmil/
-kar /kæːr/
-katip /kæːˈtip/
-Kazım /kæːˈzım/
-laf /læf/
-lahana /læˈhɑnɑ/
-lahmacun /læhmɑːˈcun/
-lakap /læˈkɑp/
-lale /læːˈle/
-lamba /ˈlæmbɑ/
-lanet /læːˈnet/
-langırt /lænˈgırt/
-Lapseki /ˈlæpseki/
-lastik /læsˈtik/
-latif /læˈtif/
-laubali /læubɑːˈli/
-lav /læv/
-lavabo /læˈvɑbo/
-layık /læːˈyık/
-laz /læz/
-lazer /ˈlæzer/
-lazım /læːˈzım/
-mekan /meˈkæn/
-mesela /ˈmeselæ/
-nikah /niˈkæh/
-reklam /rekˈlæm/
290

-selam /seˈlæm/
-silah /siˈlæh/
-tadilat /tɑːdiˈlæt/
-tahsilat /tɑhsiːˈlæt/
-tezgah /tezˈgæh/
-ukala /ukɑˈlæː/

/k/, /l/ /æ/ = /Æ/

291

AYNI SÖZCÜĞÜN BİRDEN FAZLA SÖYLENİŞİNİN DOĞRU OLABİLECEĞİ

UNUTULMAMALIDIR!

-abdest /ɑpˈtest/
-açmıyor /ˈɑçmıyoʳ/
-açtı /ˈɑştı/ /ˈɑşdı/
-ağa /ɑː/
-ağabey /ˈɑːbi/
-ağaç /ɑːç/
-ağır /ɑːr/
-ağıt /ɑːt/
-ağız /ɑːz/
-Ahmet’in /ɑhˈmedin/
-aklınca /ɑkˈlıncɑ/
-akşamleyin /ɑkˈşɑmleyin/
-alacağım /ɑˈlıcɑm/
-alacak /ɑˈlıcɑk/
-alacaksa /ɑlıˈcɑksɑ/
-almadan /ˈɑlmɑdɑn/
-almayacakmış /ˈɑlmıycɑkmış/
-almazsa /ˈɑlmɑssɑ/
-almıştır /ɑlˈmıştır/
-almıyorken /ˈɑlmıyorken/
-amcamgil /ɑmˈcɑmgil/
-ana baba /ɑnɑ bɑˈbɑ/
-annemgil /ɑnˈnemgil/
-annemle /ɑnˈnemle/
-Antalya /ɑnˈtælyɑ/
-aptalcasına /ɑpˈtɑlcɑsınɑ/
-arabamla /ɑrɑˈbɑmlɑ/
-arayan /ɑˈrıyɑn/
-arayayım /ɑˈrɑyım/ /ɑˈriːyım/
-asla /ˈɑslɑː/
-astsubay /ˈɑssubɑi/
-Asya /ˈɑsyɑ/
-Avrupa /ˈɑwrupɑ/
-ayakkabı /ɑˈyɑkkɑbı/
292

-ayrıca /ˈɑyrıcɑ/
-ayşegil /ɑiˈşegil/
-Babaeski /bɑbɑˈeski/
-babamda /bɑbɑmˈdɑ/
-babamdaki /bɑbɑmdɑˈki/
-babamdakiler /bɑbɑmdɑkiˈler/
-babamla /bɑˈbɑmlɑ/
-bağır /bɑːr/
-bağış /bɑːş/
-bakacağım /bɑˈkıcɑm/
-bakakalmak /bɑˈkɑkɑlmɑk/
-başlardı /bɑşˈlɑrdı/
-başlayacak /bɑşˈlıycɑk/ /bɑşˈliːcɑk/
-başlayalar /bɑşlıˈyɑlɑr/
-başlayalım /bɑşlıˈyɑlım/
-başlayasın /bɑşlıˈyɑsın/
-başlayasınız /bɑşlıˈyɑsınız/
-başlayayım /bɑşˈlıyım/
-bayağı /bɑˈyɑː/
-beğen /ˈbeyen/
-beğeni /beyeˈni/
-bekar /beˈkær/
-bekarlık /bekærˈlık/
-bekleyemem /bekliˈyemem/
-belki /ˈbelki/
-belliydi /belˈliːdi/
-bembeyaz /ˈbembeyɑz/
-bence /ˈbence/
-benimle /ˈbenle/
-biçerdöver /biçerdöˈver/
-biçti /ˈbişti/ /ˈbişdi/
-bildi mi? /bilˈdi mi/
-bilinmeyen /biˈlinmiyen/
-biliyorken /biliˈyorken/
-biliyormuş /biliˈyormuş/
-bilmiyor /ˈbilmiyoʳ/
293

-bilmiyorken /ˈbilmiyorken/
-bilmiyormuş /ˈbilmiyormuş/
-bin bir /ˈbim bir/
-bineceğim /biˈnicem/
-bir daha /bi ˈdɑː/
-bir dakika /bi dɑkˈkɑ/
-bir ekmek /bi ekˈmek/
-birader /bilæˈder/
-biraz /ˈbirɑz/
-birçok /ˈbirçok/
-bodrum /bodˈrum/
-Bodrum /ˈbodrum/
-böyle /ˈböːle/
-bugün /ˈbugün/
-buğday /buːˈdɑy/
-bulacak /buˈlucɑk/
-Bulgaristan /bulgɑrisˈtɑn/
-büyükçe /büˈyükçe/
-canlı /cɑnˈnı/
-çağır /çɑːr/
-çağrı /çɑːrı/
-çalışacak /çɑlıˈşıcɑk/
-çalışırsak /çɑlıˈşırsɑk/
-Çankırı /ˈçɑnkırı/
-çığlık /çıːˈlık/
-çıkmazsa /ˈçıkmɑssɑ/
-çiçekler /çiçekˈler/
-çift /çif/
-çiftçi /çifˈçi/
-çiğdem /çiːˈdem/
-çiğnemek /çiːneˈmek/
-çocuğumla /çoˈcuːmlɑ/
-çocukla /çoˈcuklɑ/
-çoğalmak /çoɑlˈmɑk/
-çözmeyeceğim /ˈçözmiycem/
-dağınık /dɑːˈnık/
294

-dağıtım /dɑːˈtım/
-daima /ˈdɑyimɑ/
-daracık /ˈdɑrɑcık/
-değil mi /ˈdi mi/
-değil /diːl/
-değirmen /deyirˈmen/
-değişim /deyiˈşim/
-değişmek /deyişˈmek/
-değnek /deiˈnek/
-delicesine /deˈlicesine/
-demin /ˈdemin/
-Denizli /deˈnizli/
-dersane /dersɑːˈne/
-deyeceksin /diːˈceksin/
-diğer /ˈdiyer/
-diyoruz /ˈdiyos/
-doğal /ˈdoɑl/
-doğan /ˈdoɑn/
-doğmak /doːˈmɑk/
-doğru /doːru/
-doğu /ˈdou/
-doğum /ˈdoːum/ /doːm/
-dolduracak /dolduˈrucɑk/
-domates /doˈmɑtez/
-dost /dos/
-dostça /ˈdosçɑ/
-dönecek /döˈnücek/
-dövmek /döwˈmek/
-drama /dırɑˈmɑ/
-durduracak /durduˈrucɑk/
-düğüm /ˈdüyüm/ /düːm/
-düğün /ˈdüyün/ /düːn/
-dürüst /düˈrüs/
-eğer /ˈeyer/
-eğik /ˈeyik/
-eğil /ˈeyil/
295

-eğim /ˈeyim/
-eğitim /eyiˈtim/
-eğlence /eilenˈce/
-eğri /eiˈri/
-Erzincan /erzinˈcɑn/
-Erzurum /ˈerzurum/
-eşimle /eˈşimle/
-evde mi? /evˈde mi/
-evet /ˈevet/
-evlenmeyeceğim /evˈlenmiycem/
-Galatasaray /ˈgɑːsɑrɑi/
-gayet /ˈgɑːyet/
-gazete /gɑsˈte/
-geçti /ˈgeşti/ /ˈgeşdi/
-geldi mi? /gelˈdi mi/
-geleceğim /geˈlicem/ /ˈgelcem/
-gelecekken /geliˈcekken/
-gelecektir /geliˈcektir/
-gelirim /geˈlirim/
-gelirse /geˈlirse/
-gelirsin /geˈlirsin/
-geliyorum /geˈliyom/
-geliyoruz /geˈliyoz/
-gelmeden /ˈgelmeden/
-gelmedi /ˈgelmedi/
-gelmedim /ˈgelmedim/
-gelmeye /ˈgelmiye/
-gelmeyeceğim /ˈgelmiycem/
-gelmeyeler /ˈgelmiyeler/
-gelmeyelim /ˈgelmiyelim/
-gelmeyen /ˈgelmiyen/
-gelmeyesin /ˈgelmiyesin/
-gelmeyesiniz /ˈgelmiyesiniz/
-gelmeyeyim /ˈgelmiyim/
-gelmez /ˈgelmes/
-gençlik /genşˈlik/
296

-getirmiyor /geˈtirmiyoʳ/
-gidecekse /gidiˈcekse/
-gidecekti /gidiˈcekti/
-giderim /giˈderim/
-giderim /giˈderim/
-giderim /giˈderim/
-giderken /giˈderken/
-giderse /giˈderse/
-gidivermek /giˈdivermek/
-Giresun /gireˈsun/
-girmeyecek misiniz? /ˈgirmiycek misiniz/
-gitmeliyim /gitmeˈliyim/
-gitmeliymiş /gitmeˈliːmiş/
-gitmemek /ˈgitmemek/
-gitmemiş /ˈgitmemiş/
-gitmeyecekmiş /ˈgitmiycekmiş/
-gizli mizli /gizˈli mizli/
-göğüs /ˈgöːüs/ /göːs/
-görecek /göˈrücek/
-görmeyecekler mi? /ˈgörmiycekler mi/
-görünce /göˈrünce/
-görüvermek /göˈrüvermek/
-gözsüz /gösˈsüz/
-grup /guˈrup/
-güğüm /ˈgüyüm/ /güːm/
-gülecek /güˈlücek/
-Gürcistan /gürcisˈtɑn/
-güzel mi? /güˈzel mi/
-güzeldir /güˈzeldir/
-hastane /hɑstɑːˈne/
-hayır /ˈhɑyır/
-hiçbiri /ˈhişbiri/
-Hindistan /hindisˈtɑn/
-Irak’a /ˈırɑː/
-içiyoruz /iˈçiyos/
-içli dışlı /içˈli dışlı/
297

-iğne /iːne/
-incecik /ˈincecik/
-ineceğim /iˈnicem/
-istemeyecek /isˈtemiycek/ /isˈtemiːcek/
-ite kaka /iˈte kɑkɑ/
-kabahat /kɑˈbɑːt/
-kağıt /kæːt/
-kahverengi /kɑhˈvereŋgi/
-kalacaktır /kɑlıˈcɑktır/
-kalemle /kɑˈlemle/
-kalkmıyor /ˈkɑlkmıyoʳ/
-kanayan /kɑˈnıyɑn/
-kapayamadım /kɑpıˈyɑmɑdım/
-karanlık /kɑrɑnˈnık/
-kardeşimle /kɑrdeˈşimle/
-Kastamonu /ˈkɑstɑmonu/
-Kayseri /ˈkɑiseri/
-kerliferli /kelˈlifelli/
-Kırşehir /ˈkırşehir/
-kısadır /kıˈsɑdır/
-kışın /ˈkışın/
-konuşmamak /koˈnuşmɑmɑk/
-koşmayacağım /ˈkoşmıycɑm/
-kral /kıˈrɑl/
-kritik /kıriˈtik/
-kuracağız /kuˈrucɑz/
-küçücük /ˈküçücük/
-Kütahya /küˈtɑhyɑ/
-lağım /læːm/
-leğen /ˈleyen/
-mağara /ˈmɑːrɑ/
-mağaza /ˈmɑːzɑ/
-mahsus /mɑːˈsus/
-Malatya /mɑˈlɑtyɑ/
-masmavi /ˈmɑsmɑːvi/
-meğer /ˈmeyer/ /meːr/
298

-mehmet /meːˈmet/
-mosmor /ˈmosmor/
-Nevşehir /ˈnevşehir/
-oğlan /oːˈlɑn/
-oğul /ˈoːul/ /oːl/
-okudukça /okuˈdukçɑ/
-okulda mı? /okulˈdɑ mı/
-okumayın /oˈkumɑyın/
-okuyor /oˈkuyoʳ/
-olacaktı /oluˈcɑktı/
-olağan /oˈlɑːn/
-olmadan /ˈolmɑdɑn/
-olmayacak /ˈolmıycɑk/
-olmayan /ˈolmıyɑn/
-olmaz /olmɑs/
-olmazsa /olˈmɑssɑ/
-olursa /oˈlursɑ/
-oluyor /oˈluyor/
-onbaşı /ˈombɑşı/
-onca /ˈoncɑ/
-onlar /onˈnɑr/
-onunla /oˈnunlɑ/
-oturmamak /oˈturmɑmɑk/
-oturunuz /oˈturunuz/
-öğrenci /öːrenci/
-öğreteceğim /öːreˈticem/
-öğreteceksin /öːretiˈceksin/
-öğüt /ˈöüt/ /öːt/
-önce /ˈönce/
-örneğin /ˈörneyin/
-öyle /ˈöile/
-papağan /pɑˈpɑːn/
-patates /pɑˈtɑtez/
-peki /ˈpeki/
-plan /piˈlæn/
-postane /postɑːˈne/
299

-rastgele /ˈrɑsgele/
-rastlantı /rɑslɑnˈtı/
-sabahleyin /sɑˈbɑhleyin/
-sağanak /sɑːˈnɑk/
-sağın /ˈsɑːın/ /sɑːn/
-sağır /sɑːr/
-sağlık /sɑːˈlık/
-santral /sɑntıˈræl/
-sapsarı /ˈsɑpsɑrı/
-senindir /seˈnindir/
-seninle /ˈsenle/
-serbest /serˈbes/
-sevecek /seˈvicek/
-seviyor /seˈviyoʳ/
-sığınak /sıːˈnɑk/
-sinop’u /ˈsinobu/
-soğan /ˈsoɑn/
-soğuk /ˈsouk/ /soːk/
-sonra /ˈsoːrɑ/
-soracağız /soˈrucɑz/
-soracak /soˈrucɑk/
-sormayacak mısın? /ˈsormıycɑk mısın/
-söylemek /söileˈmek/
-söyleyeceğim /söiˈliːcem/
-spiker /sipiˈker/
-spor /siˈpor/
-star /sıˈtɑr/
-sürüm sürüm /süˈrüm sürüm/
-şapır şupur /şɑˈpır şupur/
-şimdiden /ˈşimden/
-şöyle /ˈşöile/
-şurada /ˈşurdɑ/
-teğet /ˈteyet/
-trafik /tırɑˈfik/
-tren /tiˈren/
-Tunceli /ˈtunceli/
300

-tuzsuz /tusˈsuz/
-uğur /uːr/
-uzundur /uˈzundur/
-üstçavuş /ˈüsçɑwuş/
-üstgeçit /ˈüsgeçit/
-vardı /vɑrˈdı/
-vardı /ˈvɑrdı/
-vatansever /vɑtɑnseˈver/
-verdiydim /verˈdiːdim/
-vermeyeceğim /ˈvermiycem/
-yağış /yɑːş/
-yanlış /yɑnˈnış/
-yapacaklar mı? /yɑpıcɑkˈlɑr mı/
-yapacaksın /yɑpıˈcɑksın/
-yapıvermek /yɑˈpıvermek/
-yapıyor /yɑˈpıyoʳ/
-yapıyor mu? /yɑpıˈyor mu/
-yapıyoruz /yɑˈpıyos/
-yapmışsa /yɑpˈmışsɑ/
-yarın /ˈyɑrın/
-yazarım /yɑˈzɑrım/
-yazın /ˈyɑzın/
-yazıyorken /yɑzıˈyorken/
-yazmışsınız /yɑzˈmışınız/
-yeğenim /ˈyeːnim/ /ˈyeyenim/
-yemyeşil /ˈyemyeşil/
-yoğurt /ˈyoːurt/ /yoːrt/
-yorgunum /yorˈgunum/
-yukarıda /yukɑrˈdɑ/
-yukarısı /yukɑrˈsı/
-Yunanistan /yunɑnisˈtɑn/
-yürüyerek /yüriˈyerek/
-yüzlerce /yüzˈlerce/
-zift /zif/
-Zonguldak /zongulˈdɑk/
-züğürt /züːrt/ /ˈzüyürt/
301

ASSIMILATION = SOUND CHANGE

Çıkış yeri ve biçimi yönünden sesler birbirine yaklaşmakta veya benze-

mektedir. Başka bir ifadeyle, söyleyiş kolaylığı için sesler çıkış yeri ve
biçimi bakımından birbirine yaklaştırılır veya benzer söylenir. Bu ses olayı
da diğer ses olayları gibi kolayca ve en az çaba harcayarak söyleme
eğiliminden kaynaklanmıştır. En az çaba yasası, bütün dünya dillerinde
vardır.

SES BENZEŞMELERİ (DEĞİŞİMLERİ=UYUŞMALARI=ETKİLEŞMELERİ)

YAZIM SÖYLEYİŞ SES DEĞİŞİMLERİ

açtı /ˈɑştı/ ç = t+ş, t sesi düşer.
Ankara /ˈɑŋkɑrɑ/ n-ŋ değişimi
anne anne /ɑˈnɑːnne/ karşılıklı benzeşme
baba anne /bɑˈbɑːnne/ karşılıklı benzeşme
bengü /beŋˈgü/ n-ŋ değişimi
biçti /ˈbişti/ ç = t+ş, t sesi düşer.
bin bir /ˈbim bir/ n-m değişimi
binlik /binˈnik/ l-n değişimi
bunlar /bunˈnɑr/ l-n değişimi
canlı /cɑnˈnı/ l-n değişimi
dinlemek /dinneˈmek/ l-n değişimi
eczacı /ezzɑːˈcı/ dj –z değişimi
en büyük /em büˈyük/ n-m değişimi
geçti /ˈgeşti/ ç = t+ş, t sesi düşer.
gelmezse /ˈgelmesse/ z-s değişimi
gitsin /ˈgissin/ t-s değişimi
göçtü /ˈgöştü/ ç = t+ş, t sesi düşer.
gönlüm /ˈgönnüm/ l-n değişimi
görürler /ˈgörüller/ r-l değişimi
Gözsüz /ˈgössüz/ z-s değişimi
günlük /günˈnük/ l-n değişimi
içten /işˈten/ ç = t+ş, t sesi düşer.
içti /ˈişti/ ç = t+ş, t sesi düşer.
302

içtim /ˈiştim/ ç = t+ş, t sesi düşer.

İstanbul /isˈtɑmbul/ n-m değişimi
kaçtı /ˈkɑştı/ ç = t+ş, t sesi düşer.
karanlık /kɑrɑnˈnık/ l-n değişimi
kırp /kırk/ p-k değişimi
mecbur /mejˈbur/ c = d+j, d sesi düşer.
mecburen /mejˈbuːren/ c = d+j, d sesi düşer.
mecnun /mejˈnun/ c = d+j, d sesi düşer.
ne ise /ˈneyse/ karşılıklı benzeşme
ne olur /ˈnoːlur/ karşılıklı benzeşme
olmazsa /ˈolmɑssɑ/ z-s değişimi
on beş /ˈom beş/ n-m değişimi
renk /reŋk/ n-ŋ değişimi
secde /sejˈde/ c = d+j, d sesi düşer.
sevinçten /sevinşˈten/ ç = t+ş, t sesi düşer.
sonbahar /ˈsombɑhɑr/ n-m değişimi
şemsiye /şemşiˈye/ s-ş değişimi
tuzsuz /tusˈsuz/ z-s değişimi
uçtu /ˈuştu/ ç = t+ş, t sesi düşer.
yalnız /yɑnˈnız/ l-n değişimi
yanlış /yɑnˈnış/ l-n değişimi
yapmışsın /yɑpˈmışın/ s-ş değişimi
yatsı /yɑsˈsı/ t-s değişimi
yazsın /ˈyɑssın/ z-s değişimi
yüzsüz /yüsˈsüz/ z-s değişimi
303

‘SPOKEN TURKISH’ VERSUS ‘SPOKEN ENGLISH’

-adres /əˈdres/
-aktör /ˈæktər/
-alarm /əˈlɑːm/
-Almanca /ˈdʒɜːmən/
-Amerika /əˈmerɪkə/
-atlas /ˈætləs/
-atom /ˈætəm/
-avantaj /ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/
-bebek /ˈbeɪbi/
-doktor /ˈdɒktər/
-drama /ˈdrɑːmə/
-editör /ˈedɪtər/
-ekstra /ˈekstrə/
-festival /ˈfestɪvl/
-final /ˈfaɪnl/
-fonetik /fəˈnetɪk/
-gramer /ˈgræmər/
-internet /ˈɪntənet/
-İspanyol /ˈspænɪʃ/
-kamera /ˈkæmərə/
-kaptan /ˈkæptɪn/
-kontrol /kənˈtrəʊl/
-korner /ˈkɔːnər/
-Londra /ˈlʌndən/
-market /ˈmɑːkɪt/
-mega /ˈmegə/
-mental /ˈmentl/
-mesaj /ˈmesɪdʒ/
-metal /ˈmetl/
-metot /ˈmeθəd/
-model /ˈmɒdl/
-modern /ˈmɒdn/
-motor /ˈməʊtər/
-negatif /ˈnegətɪv/
304

-normal /ˈnɔːml/
-objektif /əbˈdʒektɪv/
-operasyon /ˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/
-opsiyon /ˈɒpʃn/
-Oxford /ˈɒksfəd/
-paket /ˈpækɪt/
-pardon /ˈpɑːdn/
-partner /ˈpɑːtnər/
-pasta /ˈpæstə/
-performans /pəˈfɔːməns/
-personel /ˌpɜːsəˈnel/
-petrol /ˈpetrəl/
-pilot /ˈpaɪlət/
-pozitif /ˈpɒzətɪv/
-rapor /rɪˈpɔːt/
-sembol /ˈsɪmbl/
-sezon /ˈsiːzn/
-showman /ˈʃəʊmən/
-sistem /ˈsɪstəm/
-skandal /ˈskændl/
-standart /ˈstændəd/
-süper /ˈsuːpər/ /ˈsjuːpər/
-Türkiye /ˈtɜːki/
-yoğurt /ˈjɒgət/

SPOKEN ENGLISH = STRESS-TIMED LANGUAGE

SPOKEN TURKISH = SYLLABLE-TIMED LANGUAGE
SPOKEN TURKISH = PALATAL & LABIAL HARMONY

‘STRESS’ in English and Turkish

TURKISH The level of stress between syllables is nearly same.
ENGLISH The level of stress between syllables is strong.
305

TÜRKÇE & İNGİLİZCEDE ‘DOĞAL VURGU’

İngilizce ‘vurgu zamanlı’ bir dildir. Vurgulu heceyi ayırt etmek kolaydır.
Türkçe ise ‘hece zamanlı’ bir dildir. Heceler arasında fazla şiddet farkı
olmadığından vurgulu heceyi ayırt etmek zordur.

ISTANBUL TURKISH with ENGLISH PHONETIC SYMBOLS

-akraba /ɑkrɑˈbɑː/
-akşam /ɑkˈʃɑm/
-Ankara /ˈɑŋkɑrɑ/
-anlam /ɑnˈlɑm/
-arkadaş /ɑrkɑˈdɑʃ/
-ateş /ɑˈteʃ/
-başvuru /ˈbɑʃwuru/
-bayan /bɑˈjɑn/
-bayrak /bɑiˈrɑk/
-beyaz /beˈjɑz/
-boya /bɔˈjɑ/
-bölüm /bɜˈljum/
-börek /bɜˈrek/
-çatal /tʃɑˈtɑl/
-çeyrek /tʃeiˈrek/
-devlet /dewˈlet/
-dondurma /dɔndurˈmɑ/
-dönem /dɜˈnem/
-dünya /djunˈjɑː/
-düzen /djuˈzen/
-erkek /erˈkek/
-gazete /gɑˈzete/ /gɑsˈte/
-görüntü /gɜrjunˈtju/
-güven /gjuˈwen/
-haber /hɑˈber/
-hafta /hɑfˈtɑ/
-horoz /hɔˈrɔz/
-Japon /ʒɑˈpɔn/
306

-kalem /kɑˈlem/
-kapak /kɑˈpɑk/
-karar /kɑˈrɑr/
-konu /kɔˈnu/
-kopya /ˈkɔpjɑ/
-korner /ˈkɔrner/
-koşmak /kɔʃˈmɑk/
-kömür /kɜˈmjur/
-kötü /kɜˈtju/
-kötümser /kɜtjumˈser/
-küçük /kjuˈtʃjuk/
-maden /mɑːˈden/
-masa /ˈmɑsɑ/
-masaj /mɑˈsɑʒ/
-masal /mɑˈsɑl/
-merkez /merˈkez/
-normal /nɔrˈmæl/
-ocak /ɔˈdʒɑk/
-okul /ɔˈkul/
-ortak /ɔrˈtɑk/
-pano /ˈpɑnɔ/
-posta /ˈpɔstɑ/
-sayfa /sɑiˈfɑ/
-sonuç /sɔˈnutʃ/
-soru /sɔˈru/
-sözlük /sɜzˈljuk/
-tablo /ˈtɑblɔ/
-tavuk /tɑˈwuk/
-temmuz /temˈmuz/
-Türkçe /ˈtjurktʃe/
-vurgu /wurˈgu/
-yazar /jɑˈzɑr/

TÜRKÇE TÜM HECELER NET DUYULABİLMEKTEDİR. (Hece zamanlı)

İNGİLİZCE SADECE VURGULU HECE NET DUYULABİLMEKTEDİR. (Vurgu zamanlı)
307

ENGLISH LONG VOWELS = TURKISH SHORT VOWELS

(DIFFERENT SPELLINGS, SAME PHONEMES)

ENGLISH SPELLING TURKISH SPELLING

-all ol
-art at
-ball bol
-bar bar
-bay bey
-be bi
-beach biç
-been bin
-boot but
-bought bot
-boy boy
-call kol
-car kar
-caught kot
-cause koz
-cease sis
-cool kul
-dance dans
-far far
-feel fil
-girl göl
-jeep cip
-keen kin
-more mor
-off of
-pass pas
-peace pis
-pool pul
-shoe şu
-soon sun
-talk tok
-team tim
-toy toy
308
309

LESSON VI

CONNECTED SPEECH

-ASSIMILATION
-INTRUSION
-ELISION
-LIASION
-JUNCTURE
-WEAK & STRONG FORMS
-SENTENCE STRESS
-INTONATION
310
311

ENGLISH SENTENCE STRESS and SCHWA

Content words are the key words of a sentence. They are the important
words that carry the information or meaning in a sentence.

Native speakers of English listen for the stressed words, not the weak
words. If you use sentence stress in your speech, you will understand
spoken English. Stressed words are the key to excellent pronunciation
and understanding of English.

Function words are not very important words. They are small words that
make the sentence correct grammatically. Unstressed words are weak,
small or quiet.

If you remove the content words from a sentence, you can’t undersand
the sentence. The sentence has no meaning without the content words.

If you remove the function words from a sentence, you can understand
the sentence. Function words have little meaning.

Every language has its own rhythm or beat. Sentence stress is the music
of spoken English. It is the part of a good accent.

Sentence stress gives English its rhythm. We use strong and weak
‘beats’ in sentences. The mixture of stressed and unstressed words gives
English its rhythm.

Sentence stress help us to understand spoken English when people

speak English fast. We reduce weak words or syllables.

With sentence stress, some words in a sentence are stressed (important,

loud, big) and other words are unstressed (weak, quiet, unimportant,
small). Sentence stress is a golden key to speaking and understanding
English.

If you stress every word or syllable equally, you sound angry, impatient
or you give negative feelings...
312

STRESS & UNSTRESS

STRESSED UNSTRESSED
(OPEN CLASS WORDS) (CLOSED CLASS WORDS)

VERBS AUXILIARIES
(go, come, read...) (was, will, are, can, could...)

NOUNS ARTICLES
(school, home...) (a, an, the)
ADJECTIVES PREPOSITIONS
(big, clever...) (from, to, of...)

ADVERBS CONJUNCTION
(slowly, hard..) (but, that, as, and, or...)
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS PRONOUNS
(that, this, these, those) (we, they, them...)

NEGATIVES QUANTIFIERS
(can’t, wouldn’t, don’t...) (some...)

QUESTION WORDS
(what, when, why, where...)
INTERJECTIONS (EXCLAMATIONS)
(oh!, wow!...)
PREPOSITIONAL ADVERBS
(Do you want to go out ?)
(where do you come from?)

*STRESSED SYLLABLES are high, long, and loud.

*UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES are low, short, quiet, and one-syllable words.

Content words = information words = stressed = important words...

Function words = non information = grammatical = unimportant...
313

WEAK & STRONG FORMS

(FUNCTION WORDS)

WORDS WEAK FORMS STRONG FORMS

a /ə/ /eɪ/
am /əm/ /m/ /æm/
an /ən/ /æn/
and /ən/ /n/ /ənd/ /nd/ /ænd/
are /əʳ/ /ɑːʳ/
as /əz/ /æz/
at /ət/ /æt/
be /bi/ /biː/
but /bət/ /bʌt/
can /kən/ /kn/ /kæn/
could /kəd/ /kʊd/
do /də/ /d/ /dʊ/ /duː/
does /dəz/ /z/ /dʌz/
for /fəʳ/ /fɔːʳ/
from /frəm/ /fəm/ /fm/ /frɒm/
had /həd/ /əd/ /d/ /hæd/
has /həz/ /əz/ /z/ /hæz/
have /həv/ /əv/ /ə/ /v/ /hæv/
he /hi/ /iː/ /i/ /hiː/
her /həʳ/ /ɜːʳ/ /əʳ/ /hɜːʳ/
herself /həˈself/ /əˈself/ /hɜːˈself/
him /əm/ /ɪm/ /hɪm/
himself /ɪmˈself/ /hɪmˈself/
his /ɪz/ /hɪz/
is /z/ /s/ /əz/ /ɪz/
just /dʒəst/ /dʒʌst/
me /mi/ /miː/
must /məst/ /məs/ /mʌst/
nor /nəʳ/ /nɔːʳ/
of /əv/ /ə/ /ɒv/
or /əʳ/ /ɔːʳ/
314

shall /ʃəl/ /ʃl/ /l/ /ʃæl/

she /ʃi/ /ʃiː/
should /ʃəd/ /ʃʊd/
sir /səʳ/ /sɜːʳ/
some /səm/ /sm/ /sʌm/
than /ðən/ /ðæn/
that(conj) /ðət/ /ðæt/
the /ðə/ /ði/ /ðiː/
their /ðəʳ/ /ðeəʳ/
them /əm/ /ðəm/ /ðem/
to /tə/ /tʊ/ /tuː/
us /əs/ /s/ /ʌs/
was /wəz/ /wɒz/
we /wi/ /wiː/
were /wəʳ/ /wɜːʳ/
will /wəl/ /əl/ /l/ /wɪl/
would /wəd/ /əd/ /d/ /wʊd/
you /jə/ /jʊ/ /juː/
you’re /jər/ /jɔːʳ/ /jʊər/
your /jəʳ/ /jɔːʳ/
yourself /jəˈself/ /jɔːˈself/

Phonemic Harmony = Vowel Harmony, Consonant Harmony

315

WHY ‘STRESS HARMONY’ IS IMPORTANT?

People will understand you if you don’t use contractions when you
speak, but contractions help you to speak faster and more smoothly. It is
very important to understand contractions in order to improve your
listening skills.

When people speak quickly, they use weak form pronouns, articles,
auxiliary (helping) verbs, quantifiers, conjunctions, and prepositions. If
you know how they sound, it can help your listening.

If you use strong form pronouns, articles, auxiliary (helping) verbs,

quantifiers, conjunctions, and prepositions in the middle of the
sentences when you speak, it will slow you down.

If you use grammar words with strong forms in the sentences, people
may think you are rude or feeling angry.
316

SPOKEN ENGLISH = STRESSED LANGUAGE = SCHWA

a an
/ə/ /ən/
was were
/wəz/ /wər/
and of
/ən/, /n/ /əv/, /ə/
from but
/frəm/, /fəm/ /bət/
can could
/kən/, /kn/ /kəd/
to for
/tə/ /fər/
do you
/də/ /jə/
her him
/ər/ /əm/, /ɪm/
them have
/əm/ /əv/, /ə/
at or
/ət/ /ər/
has are
/əz/ /ər/
some should
/səm/ /ʃəd/
317

SENTENCE STRESS EXAMPLES

POSITIVE SENTENCES

He used to walk to school. /hɪ juːs tʊ wɔːk tə skuːl/

I have finished my homework. /aɪv ˈfɪnɪʃt maɪ ˈhəʊmwɜːʳk/

I used to like my friends. /aɪ juːs tʊ laɪk maɪ frendz/

I was able to speak fluently. /aɪ wəz ˈeɪbl tə spiːk ˈfluːəntli/

It is very interesting. /ɪts ˈveri ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ/

It’s been snowing all day. /ɪts bɪn ˈsnəʊɪŋ ɔːl deɪ/

My car was stolen last year. /maɪ kɑːr wəz ˈstəʊlən lɑːs jɪər/

My friends visit me on Sunday. /maɪ frendz ˈvɪzɪt mɪ ɒn ˈsʌndeɪ/

My friends visited me. /maɪ frendz ˈvɪzɪtɪd mɪ/

My friends will visit me. /maɪ frendz wəl ˈvɪzɪt mɪ/

She had written her book. /ʃid ˈrɪtn-ər bʊk/

She has written her book. /ʃiz ˈrɪtn-ər bʊk/

She hates listening to music. /ʃi heɪts ˈlɪsnɪŋ tə ˈmjuːzɪk/

She is going to sing a song. /ʃiz ˈgəʊɪŋ tə sɪŋ-ə sɒŋ/

She must help her parents. /ʃi məst help-ər ˈperənts/

She says that she will come. /ʃi sez ðət ʃil kʌm/

She will have written her book. /ʃilv ˈrɪtn-ər bʊk/

That boy is my friend. /ðæt bɔɪz maɪ frend/

318

They are living in Turkey now. /ðeɪy ər ˈlɪvɪŋ-ɪn ˈtɜːʳki nau/

They had been playing football. /ðeɪd bɪn ˈpleɪɪŋ ˈfʊtbɔːl/

They have been playing football. /ðeɪv bɪn ˈpleɪɪŋ ˈfʊtbɔːl/

They love walking at the beach. /ðeɪ lʌv ˈwɔːkɪŋ-ət ðə biːtʃ/

They said that we played badly. /ðeɪ sed ðət wi pleɪd ˈbædli/

They will have been playing it. /ðeɪlv bɪn ˈpleɪɪŋ-ɪt/

Those teachers are at my school. /ðəʊz ˈtiːtʃəʳz ər-ət maɪ skuːl/

We say that he is doing it. /wi seɪ ðət hiz ˈduːɪŋ-ɪt/

NOTE:

INTENTION SPELLING PRONUNCIATION

Positive I can do it. /aɪ kən duw ɪt/
Extra Positive I can do it. /aɪ kæn duw ɪt/

INTENTION SPELLING PRONUNCIATION

Negative I can’t do it. /aɪ kɑːnt duw ɪt/
Extra Negative I can’t do it. /aɪ kɑːnt duw ɪt/

SPELLING BRITISH AMERICAN

can’t /kɑːnt/ /kænt/
319

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

He doesn’t like sitting at a cafe. /hɪ ˈdʌznt laɪk ˈsɪtɪŋ-ət-ə ˈkæfeɪ/

He won’t be able to cook. /hi wəʊnt bɪ ˈeɪbl tə kʊk/

His friends didn’t visit me. /hɪz frendz ˈdɪdnt ˈvɪzɪt mi/

His friends won’t visit me. /hɪz frendz wəʊnt ˈvɪzɪt mi/

I can’t stand that boy. /aɪ kɑːnt stænd ðæt bɔɪ/

She hadn’t written her book. /ʃi ˈhædnt ˈrɪtn-ər bʊk/

She hasn’t written her book. /ʃi ˈhæzənt ˈrɪtn-ər bʊk/

She won’t have written her book. /ʃi wəʊnt-əv ˈrɪtn-ər bʊk/

They aren’t living in Turkey. /ðeɪy ˈɑːrənt ˈlɪvɪŋ-ɪn tɜːʳki/

They didn’t use to smoke. /ðeɪ ˈdɪdnt juːs tə sməʊk/

They hadn’t been playing it. /ðeɪ ˈhædnt bɪn ˈpleɪɪŋ-ɪt/

They haven’t been playing it. /ðeɪ ˈhævənt bɪn ˈpleɪɪŋ-ɪt/

They won’t have been playing it. /ðeɪ wəʊnt-əv bɪn ˈpleɪɪŋ-ɪt/

We mustn’t play in the class. /wi ˈmʌsənt pleɪy-ɪn ðə klɑːs/

You mustn’t cheat in the exam. /jʊ ˈmʌsənt tʃiːt-ɪn ðiy ɪgˈzæm/

You shouldn’t come late. /jʊ ˈʃʊdnt kʌm leɪt/

320

QUESTION WORDS

Can you describe yourself? /kən jə dɪsˈkraɪb jərˈself/

Did she use to visit him? /dɪd ʃi juːs tʊ ˈvɪzɪt-ɪm/

Did you wear that dress? /dɪd jə weər ðæt dres/

Do you like flying? /djə laɪk ˈflaɪɪŋ/

Do you like this one or that one? /djə laɪk ðɪs wʌn ɔːr ðæt wʌn/

How do you spell it? /haʊ djə spel-ɪt/

How high is the building? /haʊ haɪy-əz ðə ˈbɪldɪŋ/

How long hasn’t she gone there? /haʊ lɒŋ ˈhæzənt ʃi gɒn ðeər/

How long have you been talking? /haʊ loŋ-əv jʊ bɪn ˈtɔːkɪŋ/

How many books will you read? /haʊ ˈmeni bʊks wɪl jə riːd/

How many hours is she waiting? /haʊ ˈmeni ˈaʊəz-əz ʃi ˈweɪtɪŋ/

How much money have you got? /haʊ mʌtʃ ˈmʌniy-əv jə gɒt/

How old are you? /haʊ əʊld-ər jʊ/

How well do you know it? /haʊ wel djə nəʊw ɪt/

Is he as old as her? /ɪz-iy-əz əʊld əz-ər/

What are you going to do here? /wɒt-ər jə ˈgəʊɪŋ tə duː hɪər/

What are you looking at? /wɒt-ər jə ˈlʊkɪŋ-æt/

What are you looking at? /wɒt-ər jə ˈlʊkɪŋ-æt/

What books will you read? /wɒt bʊks wɪl jə riːd/

What does she do? /wɒt dəz ʃi duː/

321

What should I do? /wɒt ʃəd-aɪ duː/

What time was it? /wɒt taɪm wəz-ɪt/

What’s the book about? /wɒts ðə bʊk-əˈbaʊt/

What’s your name? /wɒts jər neɪm/

What's your favourite drink? /wɒts jər ˈfeɪvərɪt drɪŋk/

When are you coming back? /wen-ər jə ˈkʌmɪŋ bæk/

When are you going? /wen-ər jə ˈgəʊɪŋ/

When didn’t you study? /wen ˈdɪdnt jəˈstʌdi/

When is she coming back? /wenz ʃi ˈkʌmɪŋ bæk/

When were the books stolen? /wen wər ðə bʊks ˈstəʊlən/

Where are you from? /weər-ər jə frɒm/

Where did you stay at? /weər dɪd jə steɪy-æt/

Where did you stay? /weər dɪd jə steɪ/

Where is he going to speak? /weərz hi ˈgəʊɪŋ tə spiːk/

Which clothes were they selling? /wɪtʃ kləʊz wəʳ ðeɪ ˈselɪŋ/

Which languages do you speak? /wɪtʃ ˈlæŋgwɪdʒəz djə spiːk/

Who came to my house? /huː keɪm tə maɪ haʊs/

Who did he go with? /huː dɪd-i gəʊ wɪð/

Who helps with my homework? /huː helps wɪð maɪ ˈhəʊmwɜːʳk/

Whom will you help? /huːm wɪl jə help/

Whose teacher is coming back? /huːz ˈtiːtʃərz ˈkʌmɪŋ bæk/

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Does she work at the hospital? /dəz ʃi wɜːrk-ət ðə ˈhɒspɪtəl/

Yes, she does. /jes ʃi dʌz/
Can he go out? /kən hi gəʊw aʊt/
Yes, he can. /jes hi kæn/
Was it here? /wəz-ɪt hɪər/
Yes, it was. /jes ɪt wɒz/
Were there any books? /wəʳ ðeər eni bʊks/
Yes, there were. /jes ðeəʳ wɜːʳ/
Do you like it? /djə laɪk-ɪt/
Yes, I do. /jes aɪ duː/
Could he write and read? /kəd hi raɪt-ən riːd/
Yes, he could. /jes, hi kʊd/
Are there any students? /ər ðeər eni ˈstuːdənts/
Yes, there are. /jes ðeər ɑːʳ/
Have you got a car? /həv jə gɒt-ə kaːʳ/
Yes, I have. /jes aɪ hæv/
Has she got an apple? /həz ʃi gɒt-ən ˈæpəl/
Yes, she has. /jes ʃi hæz/
Are you listening to the music? /ər jə ˈlɪsnɪŋ tə ðə ˈmjuːzɪk/
Yes, I am. /jes aɪy æm/
Were they playing the guitar? /wəʳ ðeɪ ˈpleɪɪŋ ðə ˈgɪtɑːʳ/
Yes, they were. /jes ðeɪ wɜːr/
Have you met her? /həv jə met-ər/
Yes, I have. /jes aɪ hæv/
Has she helped him? /həz ʃi helpt-ɪm/
Yes, she has. /jes ʃi hæz/
Has she been to London? /hæz ʃi bɪn tə ˈlʌndən/
Yes, she has been to London. /jes ʃiy-əz bɪn tə ˈlʌndən/
Have you been to İstanbul? /hæv jə bɪn tʊ isˈtɑnbul/
No, I haven’t been to İstanbul. /nəʊ aɪ ˈhævənt bɪn tʊ isˈtɑnbul/
I don’t study. /aɪ dəʊnt ˈstʌdi/
Neither does she. /ˈnaɪðər dəz ʃi/
She’s bored. /ʃiz bɔːʳd/
So is he. /səʊw əz hi/
Would you like to meet him? /wəd jə laɪk tə miːt-ɪm/
No, I wouldn’t. /nəʊw aɪ ˈwʊdnt/
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PHONETIC SPELLING

/ðə ˈflaʊrz-ər ˈbɪɪŋ ˈwɔːtəʳd baɪ ðə ˈgɑːʳdənəʳ naʊ/

/ðə θiːvz ˈwɜːrənt ˈfɑːloʊd baɪ ðə pəˈliːs/

/ðə ˈletəʳ ˈhædnt bɪn ˈrɪtn bayəʳ ˈfɑːðəʳ/

/ʃiz ðə məʊst-ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt stjuːdənt aɪv ˈevəʳ met/

/ʃiz ˈtɔːkɪŋ tə ðə ˈhelpfəl ˈwɜːʳkəʳz/

/ɪts ðə ˈtʃiːpɪst həʊˈtel aɪv ˈevəʳ steɪd-æt/

/maɪ haʊs ˈhæzn bɪn ˈpeɪntɪd sɪns aɪ muːvd/

/ðə mætʃ wɪl bi pleɪd ɪf-ɪt ˈdʌznt snəʊ/

/ðeɪ dəʊnt hæv tə gəʊ tə ðə skuːl ɒn ˈsʌndeɪz/

/ðeɪ wə ˈlɪvɪŋ-ɪn isˈtɑnbul wen aɪ hædnt ˈæksɪdənt/

/ðeɪ wəʳ ˈpleɪɪŋ ˈfʊtbɔːl səʊ ɪt wəz ˈdɪfɪkəlt tə hɪər mi/

/ðeɪ ˈwɜːrən ˈlɪvɪŋ-ɪn isˈtɑnbul wen aɪ hædnt ˈæksɪdənt/

/ðeɪ wɪl bi ˈlɪvɪŋ-ɪn isˈtɑnbul wen ðə wɔː bɪˈgɪnz/

/ðeɪ wəʊnt bi ˈlɪvɪŋ-ɪn isˈtɑnbul wen ðə wɔː bɪˈgɪnz/

/ðəʊz ˈhaʊz-ɪz wəʳ ˈpeɪntɪd baɪ maɪ ˈfɑːðəʳ/

/aɪv bɪn ˈpleɪɪŋ ˈfʊtbɔːl fəʳ tuː mʌnθs/

/ɪf jʊ-wəd keɪm aɪ wəd-əv bɪn ˈveri ˈhæpi/

/ɪf wɪ dɪd səm ˈriːdɪŋ wɪd bi ˈbetəʳ/

/ɪf ðə bʊkəd bɪn ˈtʃiːpəʳ ʃɪ wəd-əv bɔːt-ɪt/

/ðə kɑːʳ wɪl bi rɪˈpeəʳd baɪ ðə məˈkænɪk ɪn ði ˈiːvnɪŋ/

324

/ɪf-aɪ wəʳ ju aɪ ˈwʊdnt gəʊ tʊ ˈɑŋkɑrɑ/

/ɪf-ɪt ˈwʌzn ˈwɪndi wɪd hæv-ə ˈpɪknɪk/

/ɪf ʃi ˈstʌdɪd hɑːʳd ʃɪ wəd pɑːs ði ɪgˈzæm/

/haʊ lɒŋəz ʃi bɪn ˈstʌdiɪŋ ˈɪŋglɪʃ/

/haʊw ˈɒfən dɪd ʃi gəʊ tə ðə ˈsɪnɪmə/

/aɪy-əv bɪn ˈlɪvɪŋ-ɪn ˈtɜːʳki sɪns ˈeɪprəl/

/aɪm ˈbɔːʳd bət aɪ hæv tu duː maɪ ˈhəʊmwɜːʳk/

/hɪz frendz dəʊnt ˈvɪzɪt mɪ ɒn ˈsʌndeɪ/

/hɪ ˈwʊdnt-əv ˈiːtən ɪf hɪ ˈhædnt kʌm/

/ˈɪŋglɪʃ-əz ˈspəʊkən ɔːl ˈəʊvər ðə wɜːʳld/

/ər jəˈgəʊɪŋ tə ðə ˈsɪnɪmə ɒn ˈsætədeɪ naɪt/

/həv jə gɒt-ə ˈgɜːrlfrend ɔːr-ə ˈbɔɪfrend/

/wɒt djə laɪk ˈduːɪŋ-ɪn jər friː taɪm/

/jəv bɪn ˈweɪtɪŋ fər mi ˈtwenti ˈmɪnɪts/

/kən jə raɪd-ə ˈbaɪsɪkl/

/kən hi pleɪy-ən ˈɪnstrəmənt/

/wɒts jər dʒɒb/

/weərz ʃi frɒm/

/wɒts-ɪz neɪm/
325

-A cup of tea, please. /ə ˈkʌp əv ˌtiː ˈpliːz/

-Don't forget it, will you? /ˈdəʊn fəˌget ɪt ˌwɪl ˈjuː/
-Don't speak loudly, will you? /ˈdəʊn ˌspiːk ˈlaʊdli ˌwɪl ˈjuː/
-Don't touch it. /ˈdəʊn ˌtʌtʃ ɪt/
-He couldn't accept it. /hi ˈkʊdn əkˌsept ɪt/
-He has to walk. /hi ˈhæs tə ˌwɔːk/
-He is in bed. /ˌhiz ɪm ˈbed/
-He went to the cinema. /hi ˌwen tə ðə ˈsɪnɪmə/
-How do you go? /ˈhaʊ dʒʊ ˌgəʊ/
-How far is it? /ˈhaʊ ˌfɑːr ɪz ɪt/
-I bought these books. /aɪ ˌbɔːt ˈðiːz ˌbʊks ˈjestədeɪ/
-I didn't do any homework. /aɪ ˈdɪdn ˌduː ˈeni ˌhəʊmwɜːk/
-I have to study. /aɪ ˈhæf tə ˌstʌdi/
-I saw her in this shop. /aɪ ˌsɔː ər ɪn ˈðɪʃ ˌʃɒp/
-I stand there. /aɪ ˌstæn ˈðeə/
-It is very bad. /ɪts ˈveri ˌbæd/
-Pass the salt, please. /ˈpɑːs ðə ˌsɔːlt ˈpliːz/
-Post the letter, please. /ˈpəʊs ðə ˌletə ˈpliːz/
-She had to come. /ʃi ˈhæt tə ˌkʌm/
-She has a lot of housework. /ʃi ˌhæz ə ˈlɒt əv ˌhaʊswɜːk/
-She leaves the house. /ʃi ˈliːvz ðə ˌhaʊs/
-She met an old man. /ʃi ˌmet ən ˈəʊl ˌmæn/
-She never comes back. /ʃi ˈnevə ˌkʌmz ˈbæk/
-So he does. /ˌsəʊ hi ˈdʌz/
-Such a good boy. /ˈsʌtʃ ə ˈgʊb ˌbɔɪ/
-The boys are tall. /ðə ˈbɔɪz ə ˈtɔːl/
-They went shopping. /ðeɪ ˌwen ˈʃɒpɪŋ/
-We haven't got many. /wi ˈhævn ˌgɒt ˈmeni/
-What a wonderful day! /ˈwɒt ə ˌwʌndəfl ˈdeɪ/
-What day is it today? /ˈwɒt ˌdeɪ ɪz ɪt təˈdeɪ/
-What do you want? /ˈwɒt djə ˌwɒnt/
-What is the matter? /ˈwɒts ðə ˌmætə/
-What's the time? /ˈwɒts ðə ˌtaɪm/
326

ASSIMILATION

Assimilation helps you to speak faster and more smoothly. It is very

important to understand phonemic changes = sound changes in order to
improve your listening and speaking skills. They are called ‘changing
sounds’.

RAPID/CASUAL SPEECH
/t/ CHANGES to /p/ BEFORE /m/, /b/, /p/
/t/ CHANGES to /k/ BEFORE /k/, /g/
/d/ CHANGES to /b/ BEFORE /m/, /b/, /p/
/d/ CHANGES to /g/ BEFORE /k/, /g/
/n/ CHANGES to /m/ BEFORE /m/, /b/, /p/
/n/ CHANGES to /ŋ/ BEFORE /k/, /g/
/s/ CHANGES to /ʃ/ BEFORE /ʃ/, /j/
/z/ CHANGES to /ʒ/ BEFORE /ʃ/, /j/
/θ/ CHANGES to /s/ BEFORE /s/

-Have to study /hæf tə stʌdi/ /v/ changes to /f/ before /t/

-What do you do? /wɒt dʒʊ duː/ /dj/ changes to /dʒ/
-Don't you know? /dəʊn tʃə nəʊ/ /tj/ changes to /tʃ/
327

/t/ changes to /p/ before /m/, /b/, /p/

-best man /besp mæn/

-Great Britain /greɪp ˈbrɪtən/
-pocket money /ˈpɒkɪp mʌni/
-sit back /sɪp bæk/
-sweet pepper /swiːp ˈpepəʳ/
-that man /thæp mæn/
-white meat /waɪp miːt/

/t/ changes to /k/ before /k/, /g/

-credit card /ˈkredɪk kɑːd/

-fat girl /fæk gɜːl/
-first class /fɜːsk klɑːs/
-that key /thæk kiː/

/d/ changes to /b/ before /m/, /b/, /p/

-bad pain /bæb peɪn/

-closed book /kləʊzb bʊk/
-gold medal /gəʊlb ˈmedl/
-good morning /gʊb ˈmɔːnɪŋ/
-old boy /əʊlb bɔɪ/
-second plan /ˈsekənb plæn/
-stand by /stænb baɪ/

/d/ changes to /g/ before /k/, /g/

-bad girl /bæg gɜːl/

-good cook /gʊg kʊk/
-red carpet /reg ˈkɑːpɪt/
-sand castle /sæng ˈkɑːsl/
-second class /ˈsekəng klɑːs/
328

/n/ changes to /m/ before /m/, /b/, /p/

-garden party /ˈgɑːdm pɑːti/

-green bean /griːm biːn/
-one pair /wʌm peəʳ/
-open book /ˈəʊpəm bʊk/
-sun bath /sʌm bæθ/

/n/ changes to /ŋ/ before /k/, /g/

-action group /ˈækʃŋ gruːp/

-clean canal /kliːŋ kəˈnæl/
-Roman calendar /rəʊməŋ ˈkælɪndəʳ/

/s/ changes to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/, /j/

-dress shop /dreʃ ʃɒp/

-nice shoes /naɪʃ ʃuːz/
-nice yacht /naɪʃ jɒt/
-nice year /naɪʃ jɪər/

/z/ changes to /ʒ/ before /ʃ/, /j/

-wise showman /waɪʒ ˈʃəʊmən/

-name's Yiğit /neɪmʒ jiːt/
-these shops /ðiːʒ ʃɒps/

/θ/ changes to /s/ before /s/

-both sides /bəʊs saɪdz/

-fifth summer /fɪfs ˈsʌməʳ/
-fifth season /fɪfs ˈsiːzn/
-seventh section /sevns ˈsekʃn/
329

LINKING

In spoken English, we link words together if one ends with a consonant

sound - b, d, m, n, l, p... - and the next starts with a vowel sound – e, i,
u, ə, ɪ...
When people speak quickly, they link the consonant sound at the end of
one word with the vowel sound at the start of the next word.
Linking = liaison helps you to speak faster and more smoothly. It is very
important to understand linking in order to improve your listening and
speaking skills.

ISTANBUL TURKISH :

SPELLING LINKING CONSONANTS to VOWELS

Dikkat et /dikkɑ-tet/
Akşam oldu /ɑkşɑ-mol-du/
Bir arada /bi-rɑ-rɑ-dɑ/
Yemin ettim. /yemi-nettim/
Okuldan izin aldım /okuldɑ-nizi-nɑldım/
Senin elin /seni-nelin/
Elinden aldı. /elinde-nɑldı/
Sevmek istiyorum /sevme-kistiyorum/
Yapmış olunca /yɑpmı-şoluncɑ/
330

LINKING CONSONANTS to VOWELS

Act-out the story. /æk-taʊt ðə ˈstɔːri/

Before-a noun. /bɪˈfɔː-rə naʊn/
Come-in-and sit down. /kʌ-mɪ-nən sɪt daʊn/
He got-up-at six. /hi gɒ-tʌ-pət sɪks/
He runs for-a long time. /hi rʌnz fə-rə lɒŋ taɪm/
He walked-away. /hi wɔːk-tə weɪ/
He was big-and slow. /hi wəz bɪg-ən sləʊ/
How much-is-it? /haʊ mʌ-tʃɪ-zɪt/
I forget-about-it. /aɪ fəˈge-təˈbaʊ-tɪt/
I get-a haircut. /aɪ ge-tə ˈheərkʌt/
I have-a little money. /aɪ hæ-və ˈlɪtl ˈmʌni/
I ride-a bicycle. /aɪ raɪ-də ˈbaɪsɪkl/
I think-of-it. /aɪ θɪŋ-kə-vɪt/
I was-at-a party. /aɪ wə-zə-tə ˈpɑːti/
It may take-a year. /ɪt meɪ teɪ-kə jɪər/
It was-a dark place. /ɪt wə-zə dɑːk pleɪs/
It-is-a picture-of car. /ɪt-sə ˈpɪktʃə-rəv kɑːr/
It's-an-apple. /ɪt-sə-næpəl/
Look-at the pictures. /lʊ-kət ðə ˈpɪktʃəz/
Make-a poster-about yourself. /meɪ-kə ˈpəʊstə-rəˈbaʊt jəˈself/
She bought-a few books. /ʃi bɔː-tə fjuː buks/
she is good-at his work. /ʃiz gʊ-də-tɪz wɜːk/
She waits half-an hour. /ʃi weɪts hɑː-fə-naʊə/
she walks-in the fresh-air. /ʃi wɔːk-sɪn ðə fre-ʃeə/
That was-in-September. /ðæt wə-zɪn sepˈtembə/
The topic-of the programme. /ðə ˈtɒpɪ-kəv ðə ˈprəʊræm/
There were-a lot-of desks. /ðeər wə-rə lɒ-təv desks/
They help-us. /ðeɪ hel-pəs/
They look-at-it-in surprise. /ðeɪ lʊ-kə-tɪ-tɪn səˈpraɪz/
They make-a cake. /ðeɪ meɪ-kə keɪk/
They read-a book. /ðeɪ riː-də bʊk/
We meet-at seven. /wi miː-tət ˈsevn/
You don't want-it. /jə dəʊnt wɒn-tɪt/
331

LINKING CONSONANTS to VOWELS

after an accident afte-ra-naccident /ˈɑːftə-rə-ˈnæksɪdnt/

ask her about as-ke-rabout /ɑːs-kə-rəˈbaʊt/
back in ba-ckin /bæ-kɪn/
bad at ba-dat /bæ-dət/
come and go co-mand go /kʌ-mən gəʊ/
decide on deci-don /dɪˈsaɪ-dɒn/
for him fo-rim /fə-rɪm/
front of fron-tof /frʌn-təv/
get up ge-tup /ge-tʌp/
good at goo-dat /gʊ-dət/
has an ha-san /hæ-zən/
have a ha-va /hæ-və/
have an egg ha-va-negg /hæ-və-neg/
help it hel-pit /hel-pɪt/
invite a invi-ta /ɪnˈvaɪ-tə/
it is i-tis /ɪ-təz/
make of ma-kof /meɪ-kɒv/
of a o-fa /ə-və/
paint it pain-tit /peɪn-tɪt/
perform it perfor-mit /pəˈfɔː-mɪt/
place of pla-cof /pleɪ-səv/
record it recor-did /rɪˈkɔː-dɪd/
speak and spea-kand /spiː-kən/
such as su-chas /sʌ-tʃəz/
swim and swi-mand /swɪ-mən/
take it easy ta-ki-teasy /teɪ-kɪ-tiːzi/
take off ta-koff /teɪ-kɔːf/
these are the-sare /ðiː-zər/
twice a week twi-ca week /twaɪ-sə wiːk/
under a unde-ra /ˈʌndə-rə/
which activities whi-chactivities /wɪ-tʃækˈtɪvɪtiz/
which of whi-chof /wɪ-tʃəv/
with her boyfriend wi-ther boyfriend /wɪ-ðər-ˈbɔɪfrend/
write or wri-tor /raɪ-tər/
332

ELISION

It is mainly /t/ and /d/ are elided (leave out, omit) in English, particularly
when they are between two other consonants. They are losing or
disappearing in spoken English.

We don’t pronounce the letters ‘t’ or ‘d’ when they come at the end of a
word and the next word starts with a consonant sound.

In spoken English, Elision = Omission helps you to speak faster and

more smoothly. It is very important to understand elision in order to
improve your listening and speaking skills.

ISTANBUL TURKISH :

ELISION = OMISSION
SPELLING PRONUNCIATION
Artist oldu. /ɑrtis oldu/
Astsubay /ɑssubɑi/
Bir çift çorap /bir çif çorɑp/
Büst dikti. /büs dikti/
Çiftçi /çifçi/
Dost kalalım. /dos kɑlɑlım/
Dürüst davran. /dürüs dɑvrɑn/
Serbest muhasebeci /serbes muhɑsebeci/
Tost yedi. /tos yedi/

NOTE:

Elision /ɪˈlɪʒn/
Omission /əˈmɪʃn/
333

OMISSION OF /t/

SPELLING RAPID/CASUAL PRONUNCIATION

aren’t playing /ˈɑːnt ˈpleɪɪŋ/
best friend /best frend/
breakfast time /ˈbrekfəst taɪm/
can’t sit /kɑːnt sɪt/
couldn’t look /ˈkʊdnt lʊk/
depressed me /dɪˈprest mi/
didn’t come /ˈdɪdnt kʌm/
doesn’t think /ˈdʌznt θɪŋk/
hasn’t found /ˈhæznt faʊnd/
haven’t studied /ˈhævnt ˈstʌdid/
I don't know /aɪ dəʊnt nəʊ/
invent the phone /ɪnˈvent ðə fəʊn/
isn’t speaking /ˈɪznt ˈspiːkɪŋ/
kissed me /kɪst mi/
missed the bus. /mɪst ðə bʌs/
next day /nekst deɪ/
next month /nekst mʌnθ/
next station /nekst ˈsteɪʃn/
next week /nekst wiːk/
next year /nekst jɪəʳ/
next please /nekst pliːz/
passed the hotel /pɑːst ðə həʊˈtel/
post the letter /pəʊst ðə ˈletəʳ/
promised me /ˈprɒmɪst mi/
stressed the importance of /strest ði ɪmˈpɔːtns əv/
used to /ˈjuːst tə/
want to /wɒnt tə/
went to /went tə/
won’t work /wəʊnt wɜːk/
wouldn’t stand /ˈwʊdnt stænd/
334

OMISSION OF /d/

SPELLING RAPID/CASUAL PRONUNCIATION

arranged them /əˈreɪndʒd ðəm/
bald man /bɔːld mæn/
changed the room /tʃeɪndʒd ðə rʊm/
climbed the tree /klaɪmd ðə triː/
described the man /dɪˈskraɪbd ðə mæn/
disturbed me /dɪˈstɜːbd mi/
earned some money /ɜːnd səm ˈmʌni/
frendly /ˈfrendli/
friends /frendz/
frightened from /ˈfraɪtnd frəm/
killed the dog /kɪld ðə kæt/
learned the party /lɜːnd ðə ˈpɑːti/
listened music /ˈlɪsnd ðə ˈmjuːzɪk/
loved me /lʌvd mi/
old dog /əʊld dɒg/
phoned me /fəʊnd mi/
robbed the bank /rɒbd ðə bæŋk/
sandwich /ˈsændwɪtʃ/
solved the problem /sɒlvd ðə ˈprɒbləm/
stand there /stænd ðeəʳ/
surprised me /səˈpraɪzd mi/
turned down /tɜːnd daʊn/
you and me /juːwənd mi/
335

INTRUSION

In spoken English, intrusive sounds = adding sounds helps you to speak

faster and more smoothly. It is important to understand intrusive sounds
= extra sounds in order to improve your listening and speaking skills.

ISTANBUL TURKISH: (n, s, ş, y) /ɑltı-ş-ɑr/ /Mɑsɑ-n-ın/ /su-y-un/

THE FIRST WORD INTRUSIVES THE SECOND WORD

ENDINGS BEGINNINGS
/ʊ/ or /uː/ intrusive /w/ vowel sounds
/ɪ/ or /iː/ intrusive /j/ vowel sounds
/ə/ or /ɔː/ intrusive /r/ vowel sounds

LINKING VOWEL to VOWEL

THE FIRST WORD ENDS in /ʊ/ or /uː/ and

THE NEXT WORD BEGINS with a VOWEL sound.
go up /gəʊ w ʌp/
intrusive /w/
you are /juː w ɑːr/
you and me /juː w ənd mi/

THE FIRST WORD ENDS in /ɪ/ or /iː/ and

THE FOLLOWING WORD BEGINS with a VOWEL sound.
by a doctor /baɪ j ə ˈdɒktər/
he is /hiː j ɪz/
intrusive /j/ my aunt /maɪ j ɑːnt/
plenty of /ˈplenti j əv/
they are /ðeɪ j ɑːr/

THE FIRST WORD ENDS in /ə/ or /ɔː/ and

THE FOLLOWING WORD BEGINS with a VOWEL sound.
Angela and Linda /ˈændʒələ r ənd ˈlɪndə/
intrusive /r/ America and England /əˈmerɪkə r ənd ˈɪŋglənd/
I saw him. /aɪ sɔː r ɪm/
336

BLENDING CONSONANT to CONSONANT

When the first word ends in a consonant and the second word begins
with a same consonant, we blend = mix sounds together like one long
(clear) consonant.

/t/ next to /neks Tə/

/d/ good day /gʊ Deɪ/
/k/ look calm /lʊ Kɑːm/
/g/ big garden /bɪ Gɑːdn/
/m/ same mistake /seɪ Mɪsteɪk/
/n/ phone number /fəʊ Nʌmbəʳ/
/l/ small leg /smɔː Leg/
337

INTONATION

SENTENCE TYPE EXAMPLES TONE

DECLARATIVE He went to school. A FALLING TONE

SENTENCES He is playing football.
What are you doing? A FALLING TONE
WH-QUESTIONS
Why did she go?
Study English now. A FALLING TONE
IMPERATIVES
Don’t do it.
What a nice student!
EXCLAMATIONS A FALLING TONE
What bad weather!
QUESTION TAGS He is living here, isn’t he?
A FALLING TONE
(expecting She was here, wasn’t she?
confirmation)
Is she sleeping now?
YES-NO QUESTIONS A RISING TONE
Have you got any money?
QUESTION TAGS They study English, don’t they?
(less certain It is rainy, isn’t it? A RISING TONE
expectation)
ALTERNATIVE Do you work or study? A RISING and
INTERROGATIVES Are you at home or at school? FALLING TONE

It is not what you say, but THE WAY YOU SAY IT.
‘SAME sentences, DIFFERENT meanings’

A SENTENCE with such AN INTONATION that has DIFFERENT MEANINGS

-‘Turn off the lights’ means Hurry up.

-‘Turn off the lights’ means We can go out.
-‘Turn off the lights’ means We are going to sleep.
-‘Turn off the lights’ means Don’t speak to me.
-‘Turn off the lights’ means Don’t watch TV.
-‘Turn off the lights’ means We are late.
338

RISING / FALLING INTONATION

STATEMENTS/COMMANDS/WH-QUESTIONS have rising/falling intonation.

MEDIUM TONE HIGH TONE LOW TONE

She is a DEN tist

I was WALK ing
Don’t COME here
She is GO ing
It is SNOW y
It isn’t RAIN y
They WANT ed
What do you THINK of
You START ed
When did she TAKE it

RISING INTONATION

YES/NO QUESTIONS have rising intonation.

MEDIUM TONE HIGH TONE

Are you HAPpy

Can she SWIM
Was she HOME
Were they STUdents
Don’t you GO
Are there TEACHers
Could he TALK
Were they SHORT
339

RHYTHM GROUPS

In long sentences, There are very short pauses between rhythm groups.

*He began to walk / in the room.

*He earned enough money / to buy a house.

*I can’t tell you / what it is like.

*I will go downstairs / and make a cup of tea.

*Mehmet and Ali / is working in the office.

*She sat by the window / and listened to the music.

*The computer in the office / is not cheap.

*They were sitting together / with their drinks.

*You can go / if you want.

NOTE:

RAPID/CASUAL SPEECH IN ‘RHYTHM GROUPS’

ASSIMILATION
ELISION
INTRUSION
LINKING/LIAISON
JUNCTURE

There is a SECONDARY STRESS to maintain harmony between syllables

in longer words.
There are RHYTHM GROUPS to maintain harmony between groups of
words in longer sentences.
340

RHYME

Knowing HOW TO RHYME helps the students LEARN WORD ‘FAMILIES’ such as
‘day, may, say...’

RHYMING WORDS have the SAME SOUND ENDINGS. If two words rhyme, they end
with the same sound, including a vowel.

-‘cut’ rhymes with ‘but’.

-He, she, we, be, free, key, knee, me, tea...rhyme. The same vowel is /iː/

RHYMING WORDS

RHYMING VOWELS EXAMPLES RHYMING SOUNDS

bought /bɔːt/
/ɔː/
taught /tɔːt/
sold /səʊld/
/əʊ/
old /əʊld/
meant /ment/
/e/
sent /sent/
read /red/
/e/
said /sed/
plate /pleɪt/
/eɪ/
eight /eɪt/
May /meɪ/
/eɪ/
day /deɪ/
year /jɪər/
/ɪə/
dear /dɪər/
flew /fluː/
/uː/
grew /gruː/
true /truː/
/uː/
you /juː/
care /keər/
/eə/
there /ðeər/
341

PHONEMES & ALLOPHONES

The allo-phones are members of a phoneme. A phoneme has got more

than one allo-phone. We represent a phoneme with an allo-phone.

SOME EXAMPLES

PHONEMES ALLOPHONES
/t/ /t/ /θ/
/d/ /d/ /ð/
/n/ /n/ /ŋ/

A PHONEME = THE ALLO-PHONES

The actual pronunciations of a phoneme are allophones.

An allophone is an alternative way of saying a phoneme.
The allophones are variants of the same phoneme.
A phoneme is an abstract unit, you don’t see or hear it in daily
speech. The phoneme itself exists only in your mind.
Allophones are pronounced differently,
but the meaning doesn’t change.
Allophones belong to the same phoneme.

EXAMPLES

/d/, /ð/ are variants (allophones) of /d/ phoneme.

/n/, /ŋ/ are variants (allophones) of /n/ phoneme.
/t/, /θ/ are variants (allophones) of /t/ phoneme.
/l/ at the beginning, /l/ at the end are allophones.
/w/ is voiceless after voiceless plosives. (twice, quiz)
Pill (aspirated), spill (unaspirated)
342

ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEMES

iː ɪ ʊ uː
e ə ɜː ɔː
æ ʌ ɑː ɒ

TONGUE POSITION

FRONT C E N T R A L BACK

iː ɪ ʊ uː
e ə ɜː ɔː
æ ʌ ɑː ɒ

HIGH PHONEMES iː ɪ ʊ uː
MID PHONEMES e ə ɜː ɔː
LOW PHONEMES æ ʌ ɑː ɒ

LIPS POSITION

SPREAD N E U T R A L ROUNDED

iː ɪ ʊ uː
e ə ɜː ɔː
æ ʌ ɑː ɒ

JAW POSITION

JAW CLOSED iː ɪ ʊ uː
JAW NEUTRAL e ə ɜː ɔː
JAW OPEN æ ʌ ɑː ɒ

NOTE:

JAW = THE LOWER JAW = THE BOTTOM JAW

343

LESSON VII

BRITISH ACCENT

VERSUS

AMERICAN ACCENT
344
345

BRITISH PRONUNCIATION (RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION)

SHORT VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

FRONT BACK
CLOSE /ɪ/ /ʊ/
MID /e/ /ʌ/
OPEN /æ/ /ɒ/

LONG VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

FRONT CENTRAL BACK

CLOSE /iː/ /uː/
MID /ɜː/ /ɔː/
OPEN /ɑː/

UNSTRESSED VOWELS (REDUCED VOWELS)

/ɪ/ /ə/ /l/ /m/ /n/

BRITISH DIPH-THONGS

CLOSING CENTRING

/ɪ/ /ʊ/ /ə/

STARTING CLOSE /ɪə/ /ʊə/
STARTING MID /eɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /əʊ/ /eə/
STARTING OPEN /aɪ/ /aʊ/
346

AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION

SHORT VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

FRONT CENTRAL BACK

CLOSE /ɪ/ /ʊ/
CLOSE-MID

OPEN-MID /ɛ/ /ʌ/

OPEN /æ/

LONG VOWELS (FULL = STRESSED VOWELS)

FRONT CENTRAL BACK

CLOSE /i/ /u/
CLOSE-MID /e/ /o/
OPEN-MID /ɝ/ /ɔ/
OPEN /ɑ/

UNSTRESSED VOWELS (REDUCED VOWELS)

/ɪ/ /ə/ /l/ /m/ /n/

AMERICAN DIPH-THONGS

CLOSING RETROFLEX

/ɪ/ /ʊ/ /r/

STARTING CLOSE /ɪr/ /ʊr/
STARTING MID /eɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /oʊ/ /ɛr/ /ɔr/
STARTING OPEN /aɪ/ /aʊ/ /ɑr/
347

MANNER OF ARTICULATION

STOP p b t d k g
AFFRICATE tʃ dʒ
FRICATIVE f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h
NASAL m n ŋ
APPROXIMANT
(CENTRAL)
w r j
APPROXIMANT l
(LATERAL)

PLACE OF ARTICULATION

BILABIAL p b m w
LABIO-DENTAL f v
LABIO-VELAR w (ʍ)
DENTAL θ ð
ALVEOLAR t d s z n l
POST-ALVEOLAR tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ r
PALATAL j
VELAR k g ŋ
GLOTTAL h

THE DESCRIPTION OF ENGLISH CONSONANTS

STOPS p b t d k g
FRICATIVES f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h
AFFRICATES tʃ dʒ
APPROXIMANTS l r w y
348

THE SOUNDS OF STANDARD AMERICAN ENGLISH

FRONT i e ɪ ɛ æ a
CENTRAL ʌ ə ɚ ɝ
BACK u o ʊ ɔ ɑ

FRONT VOWELS

/i/ high close tense unrounded stressed

/ɪ/ high open lax unrounded stressed
/e/ mid close tense unrounded stressed
/ɛ/ mid open lax unrounded stressed
/æ/ low open lax unrounded stressed
/a/ low close tense unrounded stressed

CENTRAL VOWELS

/ɚ/ mid close lax rounded unstressed

/ɜ/ mid open tense rounded stressed
/ʌ/ mid close tense unrounded stressed
/ə/ mid open lax unrounded unstressed

BACK VOWELS

/u/ high close tense rounded stressed

/ʊ/ high open lax rounded stressed
/o/ mid close tense rounded stressed
/ɔ/ low-mid open lax rounded stressed
/ɑ/ low open lax unrounded stressed
349

THE SOUNDS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH

e æ ɪ ə ʌ ʊ

i ɜ ɑ u ɔ

ɪr ʊr ɛr eɪ ɔɪ aɪ oʊ aʊ

eɪə ɔɪə aɪə oʊə aʊə

b dʒ d ð g ʒ l m n

ŋ r v w j z

tʃ f h k p s ʃ t θ

LAX /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /æ/ /ɚ/ /ʌ/ /ə/ /ʊ/ /ɔ/ /ɑ/
TENSE /i/ /e/ /a/ /ɜ/ /u/ /o/

FRONT VOWELS i ɪ eɪ ɛ æ
CENTRAL VOWELS ə ʌ
BACK VOWELS uw ʊ ow ɔ a/ɑ
350

SYMBOLS FOR AMERICAN ENGLISH VOWEL SOUNDS

y w
i u
ɪ ʊ

y
e ə w
o
ɛ ʌ

æ ɑ
351

BRITISH PRONUNCIATION VERSUS AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION

BRITISH ENGLISH AMERCAN ENGLISH

/e/ /e/ = /ɛ/

/æ/ /a/

/ɪ/ /ɪ/

/ə/ /ə/

/ʌ/ /ʌ/ = /ə/

/ʊ/ /ʊ/

/iː/ /i/ = /iy/

/ɜː/ /ɜr/ = /əɾ/ = /ɚ/

/ɑː/ /ɑ/

/uː/ /u/ = /uw/

/ɔː/ /ɔ/

/ɒ/ /ɑ/

/ɪər/ /ɪr/

/ʊər/ /ʊr/

/eər/ /er/

/eɪ/ /eɪ/ = /ey/

/ɔɪ/ /ɔɪ/ = /ɔy/

/aɪ/ /aɪ/ = /ay/

352

/əʊ/ /oʊ/ = /ow/

/aʊ/ /aʊ/ = /aw/

/eɪər/ /eɪɚ/ = /eyər/

/ɔɪər/ /ɔɪɚ/ = /ɔyər/

/aɪər/ /aɪɚ/ = /ayər/

/əʊər/ /oʊɚ/ = /owər/

/aʊər/ /aʊɚ/ = /awər/

CONTRACTION (BECOMING SMALLER) IN ENGLISH PHONETIC SYMBOLS

SHORT VOWEL PHONEMES LONG VOWEL PHONEMES

(BECOMING SMALLER = SHORTER) (BECOMING LARGER = BIGGER)

/e/ /eː/ = /ɛ/

/ɪ/ /iː/ = /i/

/ə/ /ɜː/ = /ɜ/

/æ/ /ʌ/ /a/ /ɑː/ = /ɑ/

/ʊ/ /uː/ = /u/

/ɒ/ /ɔː/ = /ɔ/

353

LONG VOWEL PHONEMES

British English American English
/iː/ /i/
/ɜː/ /ɜ/
/ɑː/ /ɑ/
/uː/ /u/
/ɔː/ /ɔ/

AMERICAN ENGLISH VERSUS BRITISH ENGLISH

AMERICAN ENGLISH BRITISH ENGLISH

/æ/ /fæst/ /ɑː/ /fɑːst/

/ɚ/ /stɚ/ /ɜː/ /stɜːr/

/ɑ/ /hɑt/ /ɒ/ /hɒt/

/ɔ/ /dɔg/ /ɒ/ /dɒg/

/ɪr/ /hɪr/ /ɪə/ /hɪər/

/ʊr/ /tʊr/ /ʊə/ /tʊər/

/er/ /her/ /eə/ /heər/

/oʊ/ /goʊ/ /əʊ/ /gəʊ/

/r/ /ˈgɑrdn/ /-/ /ˈgɑːdn/

MANNER OF ARTICULATION

STOPS p b t d k g
AFFRICATES tʃ dʒ
FRICATIVES f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h
NASALS m n ŋ
SEMI-VOWELS w j
LATERAL l
RETROFLEX r
354

AMERICAN and BRITISH ENGLISH VOCABULARY

BRITISH ENGLISH VOCABULARY AMERICAN ENGLISH VOCABULARY

1st year under-graduate fresh-man

aeroplane airplane
autumn fall
banknote / note bill
bath bathtub / tub
bill check
biscuit cookie
black or white without or with
bonnet hat
book make a reservation
bookings reservations
braces suspenders
car park parking lot
caretaker / porter janitor
centre down town
charity not-for-profit
chemist / pharmacist druggist
chemist's drugstore / pharmacy
chips french fries
cinema movie house / theater
class / year grade
coach bus
conserves preserves
crisps potato chips
crossroads ıntersection
cupboard closet
curtains drapes
drink-driving drunk driving
driving licence driver's license
dual carriageway divided highway
dustbin / bin garbage can / trash can
dustcart garbage truck
355

dustman garbage man

engaged busy
fee tuition
film movie
first floor second floor
flat apartment
flat tyre / puncture flat tire
football soccer
fortnight two weeks
garden yard
ground floor first floor
handbag purse
head teacher principal
high street main street
hire rent
holiday vacation
hoover vacuum cleaner
hoover vacuum
ill sick
indicators turn signals
jam jelly
jeans / dungarees overalls
lie in sleep in
lift elevator
lorry / van truck
lost property lost and found
mad crazy
make redundant lay off
maths math
motorbike motorcycle
motorway inter-state / highway
newsagent news stand
nightdress nightgown
nil zero
nought zero
356

on stream on line
open day open house
overtake pass
pavement sidewalk
pavement sidewalk
petrol gas
pocket money allowance
post mail
post code zip code
postbox mailbox
postman mailman
pub bar
pudding / sweet dessert
put through connect
queue line
railway railroad
reception front desk
receptionist desk clerk
return ticket round trip ticket
ring up call / phone
rubber eraser
rubbish garbage / trash
rucksack backpack
sack fire
semi-detached duplex
settee / couch sofa
shopping trolley shopping cart
single one–way ticket
solicitor attorney / lawyer
sport sports
spring onions green onions
starters appetizers
state school public school
sweet candy
sweetcorn corn
357

taxi cab
tea towel dish towel
telephone box telephone booth
telly television
timetable schedule
tinned canned
toilet / cloakroom rest room
torch flashlight
trainers sneakers
trousers pants
underground / tube subway
university college
van minibus
vest undershirt
waistcoat vest
wallet pocketbook
wardrobe closet
whisky whiskey / scotch
zebra crossing pedestrian crossing / cross-walk

ENGLISH USUAL DIPH-THONGS

BRITISH ENGLISH AMERICAN ENGLISH

/ɪ/ /ə/ /ɪə/ /ɪ/ /r/ /ɪr/

/ʊ/ /ə/ /ʊə/ /ʊ/ /r/ /ʊr/
/e/ /ə/ /eə/ /e/ /r/ /er/
/e/ /ɪ/ /eɪ/ /e/ /ɪ/ /eɪ/
/ɔ/ /ɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /ɔ/ /ɪ/ /ɔɪ/
/a/ /ɪ/ /aɪ/ /a/ /ɪ/ /aɪ/
/ə/ /ʊ/ /əʊ/ /o/ /ʊ/ /oʊ/
/a/ /ʊ/ /aʊ/ /a/ /ʊ/ /aʊ/
358

AMERICAN ENGLISH VOWELS

FRONT CENTRAL BACK

HIGH i u
ɪ ɝ ɚ ʊ
e
MID o
ɛ
ʌ ə ɔ

LOW æ
a ɑ

FRONT CENTRAL BACK

HIGH /i/ /ɪ/ /u/ /ʊ/

MID /e/ /ɛ/ /ə/ /ʌ/ /ɝ/ /o/ /ɔ/
LOW /æ/ /ɑ/

NOTE:

*/e/ take /teɪk/

*/ɛ/ bed /bɛd/

*/o/ broke /broʊk/

*/ɔ/ bought /bɔt/

359

AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION

FRONT CENTRAL BACK

CLOSE
i u
Near-close
ɪ ʊ
Close-mid e o
MID ə
Open-mid
ɛ ʌ ɔ
ɜ
Near-open
æ
OPEN
a ɑ ɒ

ROUNDED /u/ /ʊ/ /o/ /ɔ/ /ɒ/

UNROUNDED /i/ /ɪ/ /e/ /ɛ/ /æ/ /a/ /ə/ /ɜ/ /ʌ/ /ɑ/

FRONT /i/ /e/ /ɛ/ /æ/ /a/

NEAR-FRONT /ɪ/
CENTRAL /ə/ /ɜ/
NEAR-BACK /ʊ/
BACK /u/ /o/ /ɔ/ /ɒ/ /ʌ/ /ɑ/
360

ACTIVE and PASSIVE ARTICULATORS CHART

CLASSIFICATION ACTIVE ARTICULATORS PASSIVE ARTICULATORS

Bi-labial Lower lip Upper lip
Labio-dental Lower lip Upper teeth
Dental Tongue tip / apex / blade Behind upper teeth
Alveolar Tongue tip /apex / blade Alveolar (teeth) ridge
Palato-alveolar Tongue blade Behind alveolar ridge
Palatal Tongue front Hard palate
Velar Tongue back Front of soft palate, velum
Uvular Tongue back Back of soft palate, uvula
Pharyngeal Tongue root Back of...
Glottal Vocal folds (cords) x

ACTIVE ARTICULATOR PLACE OF ARTICULATION

Bilabial
Lips
Labio-dental
Dental
Tongue tip/apex
Alveolar
Tongue blade Palato-alveolar
Tongue front Palatal
Velar
Tongue back
Uvular
Tongue root Pharyngeal
Vocal folds (cords) Glottal

NOTE:

The IPA usually uses ‘POST-ALVEOLAR’ instead of ‘PALATO-ALVEOLAR’.

361

FLAP /t/

-article /ˈɑrdɪkəl/
-artist /ˈɑrdɪst/
-battle /ˈbædl/
-beautiful /ˈbjuːdɪfəl/
-better /ˈbedər/
-bottle /ˈbɑdl/
-butter /ˈbʌdər/
-city /ˈsɪdi/
-computer /kəmˈpjuːdər/
-cottage /ˈkɑdɪdʒ/
-creative /kriˈeɪdɪv/
-critic /ˈkrɪdɪk/
-criticize /ˈkrɪdəsaɪz/
-cutting /ˈkʌdɪŋ/
-daughter /ˈdɔdər/
-dirty /ˈdɜrdi/
-duty /ˈdjuːdi/
-eating /ˈiːdɪŋ/
-editor /ˈedɪdər/
-exited /ɪkˈsaɪdɪd/
-fighting /ˈfaɪdɪŋ/
-forgetting /fərˈgedɪŋ/
-getting /ˈgedɪŋ/
-greetings /ˈgriːdɪŋz/
-hitting /ˈhɪdɪŋ/
-identity /aɪˈdendədi/
-internet /ˈɪndərnet/
-invited /ɪnˈvaɪdɪd/
-Italy /ˈɪdəli/
-later /ˈleɪdər/
-letter /ˈledər/
-little /ˈlɪdl/
-matter /ˈmædər/
-meeting /ˈmiːdɪŋ/
362

-metal /ˈmedl/
-meter /ˈmiːdər/
-motivate /ˈmoʊdəveɪt/
-motor /ˈmoʊdər/
-native /ˈneɪdɪv/
-negative /ˈnɛgədɪv/
-notice /ˈnoʊdɪs/
-ottoman /ˈɒdəmən/
-painted /ˈpeɪndɪd/
-party /ˈpɑrdi/
-pattern /ˈpædərn/
-peter /ˈpiːdər/
-phonetic /fəˈnedɪk/
-pity /ˈpɪdi/
-positive /ˈpɑzədɪv/
-pretty /ˈprɪdi/
-putting /ˈpʊdɪŋ/
-rating /ˈreɪdɪŋ/
-setting /ˈsedɪŋ/
-sitting /ˈsɪdɪŋ/
-started /ˈstɑrdɪd/
-tomato /təˈmeɪdoʊ/
-total /ˈtoʊdl/
-tutor /ˈtjuːdər/
-twitter /ˈtwɪdər/
-visited /ˈvɪzɪdɪd/
-waited /ˈweɪdɪd/
-waiting /ˈweɪdɪŋ/
-wanted /ˈwʌndɪd/
-water /ˈwɔːdər/
-writing /ˈraɪdıŋ/

PRONUNCIATION (TAPPING) of /t/ in AMERICAN ENGLISH

/t/ between vowel sounds = a quick (fast) short ‘d’.
A quick (fast) short ‘d’ between a stressed and unstressed vowel.
‘potato’ /pəˈteɪdoʊ/
363

APPENDIX
364
365

TURKISH SELF-TAUGHT with ENGLISH PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION

ENGLISH
IS A
STRESS-TIMED LANGUAGE

TURKISH
IS A
SYLLABLE-TIMED LANGUAGE

‘Bir dile başka bir dilden giren sözcükler önce o dilin ses dizgesinin
süzgecinden geçerler ve girdikleri dilin sesletim düzenine
olabildiğince uymaya çalışırlar. Bu durum her dil için söz konusu
olduğundan doğal sayılmaktadır.’
(İclâl Ergenç, Konuşma Dili ve Türkçenin Söyleyiş Sözlüğü, 38, 2002)

ENGLISH IS A STRESS-TIMED LANGUAGE

TURKISH IS A SYLLABLE-TIMED LANGUAGE

THE UNFAMILIAR CONSONANT SOUNDS

ENGLISH /dʒ/ /tʃ/ /ð/ /ʒ/ /ŋ/ /ʃ/ /θ/ /j/

TURKISH /c/ /ç/ /dh/ /j/ /n/ /ş/ /th/ /y/

TÜRKÇENİN ÜNLÜLERİ, BERRAK AĞIZ ÜNLÜLERİDİR.

BÖYLECE TÜM HECELER NET DUYULABİLMEKTEDİR.
366

‘TÜRKÇE, ALGILAMADA BEYNİ ZORLUYOR’

‘ODTÜ bünyesinde kurulan Beyin Dil Araştırmaları Laboratuvarında, diller

üzerine yapılan araştırmada, beynin Türkçe cümleleri anlamak için,
İngilizce dahil diğer bazı Avrupa dillerinin aksine beyinde iki kez işlem
gerektirdiği ortaya çıktı.’

Türkçenin anadil olarak işlemlenmesi sırasında, İngilizceyi anadili olarak

konuşanlardan farklı olarak zihinde fazladan bir işlem daha, yani daha
büyük bir yük meydana gelmektedir. Bu İngilizce ve Almanca'da
görülmeyen bir işlem yüküdür.

Türkiye’de artık beynin çalışma şekline uygun dil öğretim yöntemleri

geliştirilmesi mümkündür. Anadili Türkçe olan öğrenciler için yabancı dil
öğreniminde ve özellikle başlangıç aşamasında olan öğrencilerde, Türkçe
anadilin kullanılması çok gereklidir. Çünkü beynin çalışması bağlantılar
kurarak gerçekleşmektedir. Bilgiler arasındaki bağlantıların anlaşılır bir
şekilde verilmesiyle, öğrenme çok daha hızlı ve etkin olur.’

(Doç. Dr. Gülay Ediboğlu-Cedden, ODTÜ, [Link], 19-12-2011)

STRESS-TIMED LANGUAGES
We concentrate on the stressed words rather than giving importance to
each syllable. It is very important to know which syllable is stressed.
English, German, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Dutch...

SYLLABLE-TIMED LANGUAGES
Syllable-timed languages give syllables approximately equal stress and
generally lack reduced vowels.
Turkish, French, Italian, Spanish, Finnish...

ENGLISH, GERMAN...are STRESS-TIMED LANGUAGES.

TURKISH, FRENCH, SPANISH...are SYLLABLE-TIMED LANGUAGES.

367

APPENDIX 1 :

IRREGULAR VERBS

FIRST FORM SECOND FORM THIRD FORM

PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE
/biː/ /wɒz/ /wɜːr/ /biːn/
/bɪˈgɪn/ /bɪˈgæn/ /bɪˈgʌn/
/baɪt/ /bɪt/ /ˈbɪtn/
/bləʊ/ /bluː/ /bləʊn/
/breɪk/ /brəʊk/ /ˈbrəʊkən/
/biːt/ /biːt/ /biːtn/
/tʃuːz/ /tʃəʊz/ /ˈtʃəʊzn/
/duː/ /dɪd/ /dʌn/
/drɔː/ /druː/ /drɔːn/
/drɪŋk/ /dræŋk/ /drʌŋk/
/draɪv/ /drəʊv/ /ˈdrɪvn/
/iːt/ /et/ /eɪt/ /ˈiːtn/
/fɔːl/ /fel/ /ˈfɔːlən/
/flaɪ/ /fluː/ /fləʊn/
/fəˈget/ /fəˈgɒt/ /fəˈgɒtn/
/fəˈbɪd/ /fəˈbæd/ /fəˈbɪdn/
/fəˈgɪv/ /fəˈgeɪv/ /fəˈgɪvn/
/friːz/ /frəʊz/ /ˈfrəʊzn/
/gɪv/ /geɪv/ /ˈgɪvn/
/gəʊ/ /went/ /gɒn/
/grəʊ/ /gruː/ /grəʊn/
/haɪd/ /hɪd/ /ˈhɪdn/
/nəʊ/ /njuː/ /nəʊn/
/laɪ/ /leɪ/ /leɪn/
/rɪŋ/ /ræŋ/ /rʌŋ/
/raɪz/ /rəʊz/ /ˈrɪzn/
/raɪd/ /rəʊd/ /ˈrɪdn/
/siː/ /sɔː/ /siːn/
/ʃeɪk/ /ʃʊk/ /ˈʃeɪkən/
/stiːl/ /stəʊl/ /ˈstəʊlən/
368

/ʃəʊ/ /ʃəʊd/ /ʃəʊn/

/sɪŋ/ /sæŋ/ /sʌŋ/
/spiːk/ /spəʊk/ /ˈspəʊkən/
/swɪm/ /swæm/ /swʌm/
/sweər/ /swɔːr/ /swɔːn/
/teɪk/ /tʊk/ /ˈteɪkən/
/teər/ /tɔːr/ /tɔːrn/
/θrəʊ/ /θruː/ /θrəʊn/
/weɪk/ /wəʊk/ /ˈwəʊkən/
/weər/ /wɔːr/ /wɔːn/
/raɪt/ /rəʊt/ /ˈrɪtn/
/baɪ/ /bɔːt/
/bɜːrn/ /bɜːnt/
/bend/ /bent/
/bɪld/ /bɪlt/
/bliːd/ /bled/
/briːd/ /bred/
/brɪŋ/ /brɔːt/
/diːl/ /delt/
/dɪg/ /dʌg/
/driːm/ /dremt/
/dwel/ /dwelt/
/ʃaɪn/ /ʃɒn/
/ʃuːt/ /ʃɒt/
/faɪnd/ /faʊnd/
/faɪt/ /fɔːt/
/fiːd/ /fed/
/fiːl/ /felt/
/get/ /gɒt/
/hæŋ/ /hʌŋ/
/hæv/ /hæd/
/həʊld/ /held/
/hɪər/ /hɜːd/
/kætʃ/ /kɔːt/
/kiːp/ /kept/
369

/laɪt/ /lɪt/
/lɜːn/ /lɜːnt/
/leɪ/ /leɪd/
/lend/ /lent/
/liːd/ /led/
/liːv/ /left/
/luːz/ /lɒst/
/meɪk/ /meɪd/
/miːn/ /ment/
/miːt/ /met/
/peɪ/ /peɪd/
/riːd/ /red/
/seɪ/ /sed/
/sel/ /səʊld/
/send/ /sent/
/siːk/ /sɔːt/
/sɪt/ /sæt/
/sliːp/ /slept/
/smel/ /smelt/
/spel/ /spelt/
/spend/ /spent/
/spɪl/ /spɪlt/
/stænd/ /stʊd/
/stɪk/ /stʌk/
/stɪŋ/ /stʌŋ/
/straɪk/ /strʌk/
/swiːp/ /swept/
/tel/ /təʊld/
/tiːtʃ/ /tɔːt/
/ˌʌndəˈstænd/ /ˌʌndəˈstʊd/
/wɪn/ /wʌn/
/θɪŋk/ /θɔːt/
/kɒst/
/kʌt/
/hɪt/
370

/hɜːt/
/let/
/pʊt/
/set/
/ʃʌt/
/spred/
/bɜːst/
/ʌpˈset/
/rɪd/
/kwɪt/
/bet/
/kɑːst/
/fɪt/
/splɪt/

EXCEPTIONS

/smelt/ /smelt/
/smel/
/smeld/ (AmE) /smeld/ (AmE)
/spelt/ /spelt/
/spel/
/speld/ (AmE) /speld/ (AmE)
/spɪlt/ /spɪlt/
/spɪl/
/spɪld/ (AmE) /spɪld/ (AmE)
/lɪt/ /lɪt/
/laɪt/
/ˈlaɪtɪd/ /ˈlaɪtɪd/
/lɜːnt/ /lɜːnt/
/lɜːrn/
/lɜːrnd/ (AmE) /lɜːrnd/ (AmE)
/dremt/ /dremt/
/driːm/
/driːmd/ /driːmd/
/get/ /gɒt/ /ˈgɒtn/ (spoken)
/hʌŋ/ /hʌŋ/
/hæŋ/
/hæŋd/ (kill) /hæŋd/ (kill)
/ʃɒn/ /ʃɒn/
/ʃaɪn/
/ʃoʊn/ (AmE) /ʃoʊn/ (AmE)
/bɜːnt/ /bɜːnt/
/bɜːn/
/bɜːnd/ /bɜːnd/
371

APPENDIX 2 :

FEMALE NAMES and SCHWA /ə/

-Amanda /əˈmændə/
-Amelia /əˈmiːliə/
-Angela /ˈændʒələ/
-Anita /əˈniːtə/
-Belinda /bəˈlɪndə/
-Brenda /ˈbrendə/
-Caroline /ˈkærəlaɪn/
-Catherine /ˈkeθrɪn/
-Cecily /ˈsesɪli/
-Charlotte /ˈʃɑːlət/
-Christine /ˈkrɪstiːn/
-Claudia /ˈklɔːdiə/
-Diana /daɪˈænə/
-Eileen /ˈaɪliːn/
-Elaine /ɪˈleɪn/
-Eliza /ɪˈlaɪzə/
-Ella /ˈelə/
-Ellen /ˈelən/
-Emma /ˈemə/
-Eve /iːv/
-Freda /ˈfriːdə/
-Georgia /ˈdʒɔːdʒə/
-Helen /ˈhelən/
-Hilary /ˈhɪləri/
-Hilda /ˈhɪldə/
-Jessica /ˈdʒesɪkə/
-Julia /ˈdʒuːliə/
-Laura /ˈlɔːrə/
-Linda /ˈlɪndə/
-Lydia /ˈlɪdiə/
-Maria /məˈriːə/
-Martha /ˈmɑːθə/
372

-Megan /ˈmegən/
-Melinda /məˈlɪndə/
-Melissa /məˈlɪsə/
-Meryl /ˈmerəl/
-Michelle /mɪˈʃel/
-Miranda /mɪˈrændə/
-Miriam /ˈmɪriəm/
-Monica /ˈmɒnɪkə/
-Natasha /nəˈtæʃə/
-Nicola /ˈnɪkələ/
-Nora /ˈnɔːrə/
-Pamela /ˈpæmələ/
-Patricia /pəˈtrɪʃə/
-Rebecca /rɪˈbekə/
-Samantha /səˈmænθə/
-Sandra /ˈsɑːndrə/
-Sarah /ˈserə/
-Sharon /ˈʃærən/
-Sheila /ˈʃiːlə/
-Sian /ʃɑːn/
-Silvia /ˈsɪlvɪə/
-Stella /ˈstelə/
-Stephanie /ˈstefəni/
-Suzan /ˈsuːzən/
-Wendy /ˈwendi/

‘a’ letter at the end of a word is pronounced /ə/

cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/, banana /bəˈnɑːnə/, drama /ˈdrɑːmə/, opera /ˈɒprə/,
cola /ˈkəʊlə/, America /əˈmerɪkə/, Africa /ˈæfrɪkə/, Asia /ˈeɪʃə/...

‘o’ letter in the last syllable is pronounced /ə/

doctor /ˈdɒktər/, Raymond /ˈreɪmənd/, color /ˈkʌlər/, season /ˈsiːzn/,
scissors /ˈsɪzəz/, Oxford /ˈɒksfəd/, Viktor /ˈvɪktər/, Simon /ˈsaɪmən/,
Boston /bɒstən/, Sharon /ˈʃærən/...
373

MALE NAMES and SCHWA /ə/

-Adam /ˈædəm/
-Adrian /ˈeɪdriən/
-Albert /ˈælbət/
-Alfred /ˈælfrɪd/
-Andrew /ˈændruː/
-Antony /ˈæntəni/
-Arnold /ˈɑːnəld/
-Arthur /ˈɑːθər/
-Bernard /ˈbɜːnəd/
-Christopher /ˈkrɪstəfər/
-Cian /ʃɑːn/
-Clive /klaɪv/
-Daniel /ˈdænjəl/
-Dean /diːn/
-Derek /ˈderɪk/
-Donald /ˈdɒnəld/
-Dylan /ˈdɪlən/
-Gilbert /ˈgɪlbət/
-Harold /ˈhærəld/
-Herbert /ˈhɜːbət/
-Ivan /ˈaɪvən/
-Joseph /ˈdʒəʊsɪf/
-Keith /kiːθ/
-Kyle /kaɪl/
-Leonard /ˈlenəd/
-Lewis /ˈluːɪs/
-Liam /ˈliːəm/
-Luke /luːk/
-Malcolm /ˈmælkəm/
-Matthew /ˈmæθjuː/
-Maurice /ˈmɒrɪs/
-Michael /ˈmaɪkəl/
-Murray /ˈmʌri/
-Neil /nɪəl/
374

-Nicholas /ˈnɪkələs/
-Nigel /ˈnaɪdʒəl/
-Paul /pɔːl/
-Pete /piːt/
-Peter /ˈpiːtər/
-Philip /ˈfɪlɪp/
-Raymond /ˈreɪmənd/
-Reece /riːs/
-Rex /reks/
-Ronald /ˈrɒnəld/
-Russell /ˈrʌsl/
-Ryan /ˈraɪən/
-Samuel /ˈsæmjʊəl/
-Sean /ʃɔːn/
-Sebastian /səˈbæstiən/
-Simon /ˈsaɪmən/
-Terence /ˈterəns/
-Thomas /ˈtɒməs/
-Victor /ˈvɪktər/
-Warren /ˈwɔːrən/
-Wilbur /ˈwɪlbər/
-William /ˈwɪljəm/
375

APPENDIX 3 :

KONUŞMA DİLİ (spoken language)

Sevgili ööretmenim. Duyduuma göre okuldan ayrılcakmışınız. Bu haber

iişalla dooru diildir. Dilerim hep bizle kalırsınız. Eyer hakkaten giderseniz
ben ve diyer öörencileriniz çok üzülücez. Herkez geşte olsa deyerinizi
anlamıştı, bunu siz de biliyosunuz. Bize dayima şevkatli davrandınız. Sizi
tanıdıktan soora hayata bakışımız bayaa deyişti. Size saalık versin diye
Allaa her zaman dua edicem.

Gidiceeniz aklıma geldikçe canım çok sıkılıyo. Nası dayanıcaz yokluunuza

bilemiyorum. Okulda gözlerimiz hep sizi arıycak. Ayrıca, hemen aşşaa
maallede oturduunuzu da biliyorum. Tayininiz İstambul’dan başka bi
yere çıkmassa önerdiiniz kitabı okiyim, soora ziyaretinize geliyim
diyorum. Hem her zamanki gibi kitabın konusunu anlıyıp anlamadıımı da
konuşmuş oluruz. Size gelirken arkadaşlarımı da çaarıcaamdan emin
olabilirsiniz.

YAZI DİLİ (written language)

Sevgili öğretmenim. Duyduğuma göre okulumuzdan ayrılacakmışsınız. Bu haber

inşallah doğru değildir. Dilerim hep bizimle kalırsınız. Eğer hakikaten giderseniz
ben ve diğer öğrencileriniz çok üzüleceğiz. Herkes geç de olsa değerinizi
anlamıştı, bunu siz de biliyorsunuz. Bize daima şefkatli davrandınız. Sizi
tanıdıktan sonra hayata bakışımız bayağı değişti. Size sağlık versin diye Allah’a
her zaman dua edeceğim.

Gideceğiniz aklıma geldikçe canım çok sıkılıyor. Nasıl dayanacağız yokluğunuza

bilemiyorum. Okulda gözlerimiz hep sizi arayacak. Ayrıca, hemen aşağı
mahallede oturduğunuzu da biliyorum. Tayininiz İstanbul’dan başka bir yere
çıkmazsa önerdiğiniz kitabı okuyayım, sonra ziyaretinize geleyim diyorum. Hem
her zamanki gibi kitabın konusunu anlayıp anlamadığımı da konuşmuş oluruz.
Size gelirken arkadaşlarımı da çağırıcağımdan emin olabilirsiniz.

(MEB, Dil ve Anlatım 9 Sınıf, S:18-19, 2009)

376

APPENDIX 4 :

SES ve HARF (Sound and Letter)

‘Dilin meydana gelmesi, seslerinin oluşmasına bağlıdır. Dil, ses sayesinde

varlığını devam ettirir. Dilin asıl kaynağını oluşturan seslerin
değiştirilmesi veya başka dillerden alınması mümkün değildir. Bu konuda
zorlama olursa dili kullanan insanlar arasında anlaşmazlıklar doğar;
çünkü dilde zorlama olmaz. Dil, kendi kuralları içinde gelişmesini
sürdürür.
-Yazı;seslerin çeşitlerini, sözcüğün vurgusunu, cümlenin ezgisini
göstermez. Okurken bunları biz tamamlarız.
-Yazıyla söyleyiş arasındaki uyumsuzluğun en önemli nedenlerinden biri
dilin canlı bir varlık olması ve durmaksızın gelişmesidir. Oysa, yazı
olduğu gibi kalma eğilimindedir. Bunun sonucunda da yazılı biçim,
seslerde meydana gelen değişikliği gösteremez. Yazı, canlı olan konuşma
dilindeki değişikliğe ayak uyduramaz. Belli bir dönemde tutarlı olan bir
yazma biçimi, yüzyıl sonra tutarsızlaşır. Bir süre sonra yazım, söyleyişteki
değişikliklere ayak uydurabilmesi için değiştirilir.
-Dil (konuşma), canlıdır ve doğaldır; harf ise yapaydır, yakıştırmadır.
Sesler bir dilin temelini oluşturur ve bir dili diğerlerinden ayırır. Dilin en
küçük parçası ses, yazının en küçük parçası harftir.
-Dilde sürekli ve düzenli bir değişme vardır. Ama biz yaşadığımız süre
içinde günlük kullanmada bunun farkına varamayız. Fakat eski
metinlerle, günümüz metinlerini karşılaştırdığımızda değişikliği hemen
fark ederiz. Değişiklikler dilin her döneminde olur. Dile yeni sesler girdiği
gibi dilin kendine özgü bir sesi de kaybolabilir. Bir ses, belli şartlarda, bir
başka sese dönüşebilir.
-Dilin canlılığından kaynaklanan söylenişteki değişiklik, yazıya
yansıtılamaz. Bu yüzden sözcüklerin söylenişi ve yazılışı farklıdır.
-Bir dilin seslerini müdahale yoluyla değiştirmek mümkün değildir.
Halbuki seslerin karşılığı olan harfler değiştirilebilir.’

(MEB, Dilbilim 2, 2007)

377

APPENDIX 5 :

RESEARCH FINDINGS ABOUT PHONICS

Yapılan araştırmalarda:

*Ses bilincinin (dilin seslerini tanıma, ayırt etme, sınıflandırma, ayırma,

birleştirme, ekleme, çıkarma, değiştirme...) hem dilin kolay öğrenilme-
sine hem de zihinsel becerilerin gelişmesine doğrudan katkı sağladığı,

*Beynin, kelimeyi bir bütün olarak değil de, ses dizimine bağlı olarak
algıladığı, (Gh. Wettstein, Badour, 2006)

*Çocukların kendi kendilerine ses bilincini edinemedikleri, ses bilincinin

bir plan dahilinde öğretilmesi gerektiği, (Riben, Perfetti, 1989)

*Alfabetik dillerde ses bilinci eğitiminin zorunlu bir öncelik olduğu, hatta
bunun öğrenmenin kalbi olduğu, (Ziegler, Goswami, 2005)

*Ses bilinci çalışmalarına çok erken yaşlarda başlanması gerektiği,

(Stanke, 2001)

*Sözlü dil ile yazılı dil arasında vazgeçilmez bir ilişki olduğu,
(Bentolila, Gombert, 2005).

*Ses - şekil (harf) ilişkisini keşfetmenin zorunlu olduğu, ortaya çıkmıştır.

(Sprenger, Charolles, 2003)
378

APPENDIX 6 :

HOW WE SPEAK and USE ENGLISH

English is considered a stressed language while many other languages

(Turkish, French, Spanish, Italian...) are considered syllabic.

In English, we give stress to certain syllables or words while other

syllables or words are spoken quickly.

In other languages, such as Turkish, French or Italian..., we give stress to

each syllable equally. They receive equal importance.

In syllabic languages, each syllable has equal importance, and equal time
is needed. So many speakers of syllabic languages don't understand why
English people speak quickly, or swallow unstressed syllables or words in
a sentence.

In order to improve your pronunciation, focus on pronouncing the

stressed vowels clearly. But, don't be afraid to ‘mute’ (not say clearly) the
unstressed vowels.

Stressed syllables or words are the key to excellent pronunciation and

understanding of English. We needn’t pronounce every syllable or word
clearly (stressed) to be understood. We should concentrate on
pronouncing the stressed words clearly. In other words, we concentrate
on the stressed words rather than giving importance to each syllable. So
it is very important to know which syllable is stressed or not.

REAL ENGLISH = FOCUS on the STRESSED SYLLABLES or WORDS

Many languages are syllabic languages (syllables have their own
length), but English is a stressed language. Because stress and
intonation are particularly important in order to make sense while
communicating.
379

APPENDIX 7 :

BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMALAR

Beynin, kelimeyi bir bütün olarak değil de, ses dizimine bağlı olarak
algıladığı, (Gh. Wettstein, Badour, 2006)

Çocukların kendi kendilerine ses bilincini edinemedikleri, ses bilincinin

bir plan dahilinde öğretilmesi gerektiği, (Riben, Perfetti, 1989)

Alfabetik dillerde ses bilinci eğitiminin zorunlu bir öncelik olduğu, hatta
bunun öğrenmenin kalbi olduğu, (Ziegler, Goswami, 2005)

Ses bilinci çalışmalarına çok erken yaşlarda başlanması gerektiği,

(Stanke, 2001)

Sözlü dil ile yazılı dil arasında vazgeçilmez bir ilişki olduğu, (Bentolila,
Gombert, 2005).

Ses-şekil (harf) ilişkisini keşfetmenin zorunlu olduğu, ortaya çıkmıştır.

(Sprenger, Charolles, 2003)

İngilizce sözcüklerin yaklaşık % 84 ünde ses uyumu vardır. (Wiley Blevins,

1998)

Türkçenin 2004 yılına kadar yanlış teknik, yöntem ve yaklaşımla öğretimi

de, hedef dildeki ‘kemikleşmiş hataların’ düzeltilmesini geciktirmiştir,
geciktirmektedir. Çünkü anadil öğretimi, yabancı dil öğretiminin en
önemli yan unsurlarından biridir. (Sedat Erdoğan, 2012)

Nearly % 84 per cent of English words are phonetically regular.

ON BİNLERCE ARAŞTIRMA ve ONLARCA DENEYSEL ÇALIŞMA SONUCUNDA

‘SESLE BAŞLAYAN ve SİSTEMLİ SES EĞİTİMİ ALAN’
BİREYLERİN DİLİ KOLAYLIKLA ÖĞRENDİKLERİ BELİRLENMİŞTİR!
380

APPENDIX 8 :

FOSSILIZED PRONUNCIATION ERRORS

SYLLABIC /l/

Final ‘l’ as a vowel sound

-able /'eɪbl/
-angel /'eɪndʒl/
-animal /'ænɪml/
-apple /'æpl/
-article /'ɑːtɪkl/
-awful /'ɔːfl/
-beautiful /'bjuːtɪfl/
-bicycle /'baɪsɪkl/
-camel /'kæml/
-cancel /'kænsl/
-careful /'keəfl/
-cheerful /'tʃɪəfl/
-circle /'sɜːkl/
-double /'dʌbl/
-festival /'festɪvl/
-final /'faɪnl/
-formal /'fɔːml/
-helpful /'helpfl/
-illegal /'ɪliːgl/
-impossible /ɪm'pɒsəbl/
-joyful /'dʒɔɪfl/
-level /'levl/
-nasal /'neɪzl/
-normal /'nɔːml/
-pencil /'pensl/
-people /'piːpl/
-playful /'pleɪfl/
-political /pə'lɪtɪkl/
381

-powerful /'paʊəfl/
-puzzle /'pʌzl/
-simple /'sɪmpl/
-single /'sɪŋgl/
-successful /sək'sesfl/
-symbol /'sɪmbl/
-table /'teɪbl/
-travel /'trævl/
-tremble /'trembl/
-trouble /'trʌbl/
-vegetable /'vedʒtəbl/
382

SYLLABIC /n/

Final ‘n’ as a vowel sound

-citizen /'sɪtɪzn/
-driven /'drɪvn/
-eleven /ɪ'levn/
-even /'iːvn/
-forgotten /fə'gɒtn/
-given /'gɪvn/
-hidden /'hɪdn/
-important /ɪm'pɔːtnt/
-lesson /'lesn/
-listen /'lɪsn/
-medicine /'medsn/ /'medɪsn/
-modern /'mɒdn/
-often /'ɒfn/ /'ɒftn/
-person /'pɜːsn/
-pleasant /'pleznt/
-present /'preznt/
-reason /'riːzn/
-recent /'riːsnt/
-ridden /'rɪdn/
-risen /'rɪzn/
-season /'siːzn/
-student /'stjuːdnt/
-written /'rɪtn/

couldn’t /ˈkʊdnt/
didn’t /ˈdɪdnt/
doesn’t /ˈdʌznt/
hadn’t /ˈhædnt/
hasn’t /ˈhæznt/
haven’t /ˈhævnt/
isn’t /ˈɪznt/
383

mustn’t /ˈmʌsnt/
shouldn’t /ˈʃʊdnt/
usedn’t to /ˈjuːsnt tə/
wasn’t /ˈwɒznt/
weren’t /wɜːnt/
wouldn’t /ˈwʊdnt/

Final ‘m’

-nationalism /'næʃnəlɪzəm/
-populism /'pɒpjəlɪzəm/
-republicanism /rɪ'pʌblɪkənɪzəm/
-revolutionism /ˌrevə'luːʃənɪzəm/
-secularism /'sekjələrɪzəm/
-statism /'steɪtɪzəm/

-capitalism /'kæpɪtəlɪzəm/
-feminism /'femənɪzəm/
-realism /'rɪəlɪzəm/
384

SYLLABLE DELETION

-basically /ˈbeɪsɪkli/
-contemporary /kən'temprəri/
-dictionary /ˈdɪkʃənri/
-difference /'dɪfrəns/
-different /'dɪfrənt/
-documentary /ˌdɒkjuˈmentri/
-elementary /ˌelɪˈmentri/
-fashionable /ˈfæʃnəbl/
-favourite /'feɪvrət/
-general /'dʒenrəl/
-history /'hɪstri/
-interesting /'ɪntrəstɪŋ/ /'ɪntrestɪŋ/
-library /'laɪbri/
-literature /'lɪtrətʃəʳ/
-military /'mɪlətri/
-miserable /ˈmɪzrəbl/
-mystery /ˈmɪstri/
-natural /'nætʃrəl/
-opera /'ɒprə/
-reference /'refrəns/
-restaurant /'restrɒnt/
-secondary /'sekəndri/
-secretary /'sekrətri/

Linking /r/ is not sounded when the following sound is a consonant.

/he(r) Turkish/
/r/ is pronounced when the following sound is a vowel sound.
/her English/
385

APPENDIX 9 :

CAREFUL SPEECH versus RAPID SPEECH

386

APPENDIX 9 :

TEACHING SOUND-SPELLING RELATIONSHIPS

A phonogram is a letter or combination of letters that represent a sound.

a b c d e f g h i j k

l m n o q p r s t u v

w x y z

COMBINATION OF LETTERS

ai ar au aw ay ch ci ck

dge ea ear ed ee ei eigh er

ew ey gh gn ie igh ir kn

ng nk oa oe oi oo or ou

ough our ow oy ph qu sh si

tch th ti ui ur wh wor wr

Nearly % 84 per cent of English words are phonetically regular.

Therefore, teaching the most common sound-spelling relationships
in English is extremely useful for reader. (Wiley Blevins, 1998)
387

VOWEL PHONEMES

Short vowels æ e ɪ ə ʌ ʊ ɒ
Long vowels iː ɜː ɑː uː ɔː
Diph-thongs ɪə ʊə eə eɪ ɔɪ aɪ əʊ aʊ
Triph-thongs eɪə ɔɪə aɪə əʊə aʊə

CONSONANT PHONEMES

Plosives p b t d tʃ dʒ k g
(Stops)
f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ
Fricatives

Sonorants m n ŋ h l r w j
(Semi-vowels)

PLACES OF ARTICULATION

Bi-labial p b m w
Labio-dental f v
Dental θ ð
Alveolar t d s z l n
Post-alveolar tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ r
Palatal j
Velar k g ŋ
Throat h

*74 phono-grams represent 46 sounds (phonemes) in English.

*Each sound (phoneme) in a word is represented by a phono-gram.
388

BRITISH PHONEMES

VOWEL PHONEMES

MONOPH-THONGS (‘one vowel sound’ in one syllable)

iː ɪ ʊ uː

e ə ɜː ɔː

æ ʌ ɑː ɒ

DIPH-THONGS (‘two vowel sounds together’ in one syllable)

ɪə eɪ

ʊə ɔɪ əʊ

eə aɪ aʊ

TRIPH-THONGS (‘three vowel sounds together’ in one syllable)

eɪə ɔɪə aɪə əʊə aʊə

CONSONANT PHONEMES

Plosives p b t d tʃ dʒ k g

Fricatives f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ

Sonorants m n ŋ h l r w j
389

BRITISH VOWEL and CONSONANT SOUNDS

VOWELS

SHORT VOWEL SOUNDS (monoph-thongs)

e æ ɪ ə ʌ ʊ ɒ

LONG VOWEL SOUNDS (monoph-thongs)

iː ɜː ɑː uː ɔː

DOUBLE (TWO) VOWEL SOUNDS (diph-thongs, glides)

ɪə ʊə eə eɪ ɔɪ aɪ əʊ aʊ

THREE VOWEL SOUNDS (triph-thongs, glides)

eɪə ɔɪə aɪə əʊə aʊə

CONSONANTS

VOICED (SOFT) CONSONANT SOUNDS

b d g l r m n v w z

ð ʒ dʒ j ŋ

VOICELESS (HARD) CONSONANT SOUNDS

h f p s t k θ ʃ tʃ
390

The British Isles

/ðə ˌbrɪtɪʃ ˈaɪlz/

United Kingdom /juˌnaɪtɪd ˈkɪŋdəm/

Great Britain /ˌgreɪt ˈbrɪtn/
Scotland /ˈskɒtlənd/
Wales /weɪlz/
Northern Ireland /ˌnɔːðən ˈaɪələnd/
Republic of Ireland /rɪˌpʌblɪk əv ˈaɪələnd/

nature /ˈneɪtʃəʳ/
natural /ˈnætʃrəl/
naturally /ˈnætʃrəli/

‘WHEN TWO VOWELS GO WALKING, THE FIRST ONE DOES THE TALKING’

Bike i is talking e is silent

Goal o is talking a is silent
Tea e is talking a is silent
Tie i is talking e is silent

Learners whose first language is syllable-timed (Turkish, Spanish,

French...) usually have some problems, producing the unstressed
sounds in a stress-timed language (English, German...), tending to
give them equal stress.
391

SILENT SYLLABLES

BRITISH ENGLISH AMERICAN ENGLISH

Miss out a syllable Pronounce all the syllables
/ˈdɪkʃənri/ /ˈdɪkʃəneri/
/'nesəsri/ /'nesəseri/
/'sekrətri/ /'sekrəteri/
/ˈkʌmftəbl/ /ˈkʌmfərtəbl/
/ˈmedsn/ /ˈmedɪsn/
/'restrɒnt/ /'restərɑːnt/
/ˈtʃɒklət/ /ˈtʃɑːkələt/
/kənˈtempri/ /kənˈtempəreri/
/'praɪmri/ /'praɪmeri/

/ə/
Schwa is the most common vowel sound in English
was /wəz/ from /frəm/ her /həʳ/
unless /ənˈles/ direct /dəˈrekt/

/dʒ/
/d + ʒ/
First make the sound /d/, then add the sound /ʒ/
jazz /dʒæz/ Jeep /dʒiːp/

/tʃ/
/t + ʃ/
First make the sound /t/, then add the sound /ʃ/
chance /tʃɑːns/ charge /tʃɑːdʒ/ cheque /tʃek/
392

/w/
/w/ is a short form of the long vowel sound /uː/
win /ʊɪn/ twitter /tʊɪtəʳ/ web /ʊeb/

/v/ versus /w/

v /viː/ we /ʊiː/
vent /vent/ went /ʊent/
vest /vest/ west /ʊest/
vet /vet/ wet /ʊet/
vine /vaɪn/ wine /ʊaɪn/
verse /vɜːs/ worse /ʊɜːs/

INTONATION RULES for POLITE and RUDE REQUESTS

Start high, go down at the end. Polite and pleasant request.
Start low, go up at the end. Rude and angry request.
Could you close the door?

When you are sure, the intonation goes down in the question tag.
When you aren’t sure, the intonation goes up in the question tag.
You like London, don’t you?

When we list things, the intonation goes down on the last thing.
I would like a hat, a scarf and gloves, please.
393

SCHWA = SHWA
Schwa /ə/ is the only phoneme with its own name.
Schwa /ə/ is a typical sound in English.
Schwa /ə/ is always unstressed (weak).
All the vowel letters (a, e, i, o, u) can make the schwa /ə/ sound.
The central vowel /ə/ is the smallest (weakest) English sound.

HISSING (NOISY) SOUNDS sss... zzz... ʃ ʃ ʃ... ʒ ʒ ʒ...

/y/ and /i/ are PHONETICALLY close.

/w/ and /ʊ/ are PHONETICALLY close.

ENGLISH TURKISH
TONGUE TIP DİL UCU
TONGUE FRONT DİL ÖNÜ
TONGUE MID DİL ORTASI
TONGUE BACK DİL ARKASI
HARD (FRONT) PALATE SERT (ÖN) DAMAK
MID PALATE ORTA DAMAK
SOFT (BACK) PALATE YUMUŞAK (ARKA) DAMAK
HARD PHONEMES SERT ÜNSÜZLER
SOFT PHONEMES YUMUŞAK ÜNSÜZLER

himSELF
STRESS REFLEXIVE
herSELF
THE LAST SYLLABLE PRONOUNS
themSELVES

‘qu’ = /kw/
q /k/
u /w/
394

CONTENT WORDS EXAMPLES

NOUNS CLASS, SCHOOL, HOME, TAble, comPUter...
MAIN VERBS GO, COME, acCEPT, MEETing, adVISE, arRIVE...
ADJECTIVES EASy, BORing, DIFficult, exPENsive, HEAVy...
ADVERBS aBOUT, aGAIN, BADly, HARDly, MUCH...
WH-WORDS WHEN, WHY, WHO, WHOSE, WHERE, WHOM...
NEGATIVES DON’T, CAN’T, AREN’T, COULDN’T, DOESN’T ...
INTERJECTIONS
= YES!, WOW!, OH!, LOOK OUT!, OW!...
EXCLAMATIONS

PHONEMIC (SOUND) AWARENESS

ENGLISH TURKISH
ELISION, OMISSION SES DÜŞMESİ = YİTİMİ
ASSIMILATION SES BENZEŞMESİ
INTRUSION KAYNAŞTIRMA = SES TÜREMESİ
LINKING ULAMA

Content words are the key words of a sentence. They are the
important words that carry the meaning or sense.
If you remove the content words from a sentence, you will not
understand the sentence. The sentence has no sense or meaning.
([Link])

Structure words are not very important words. They are small, simple
words that make the sentence correct grammatically. They give the
sentence its correct form or "structure".
If you remove the structure words from a sentence, you will probably
still understand the sentence. ([Link])
395

House /haʊs/
FRONT=PALATAL /aɪ/ /aʊ/
Like /laɪk/
Cɑr /kɑːr/
BACK=VELAR /ɑ/
Gɑrden /ˈgɑːdn/

THERE ARE TWO BASIC KINDS OF PHONICS INSTRUCTION

The Synthetic Phonics Approach /s-t-r-e-e-t/

The Analytic phonics Approach /str-ee-t/

/ɚ/ The Schwa /ə/ + /r/

‘PHONICS first, SYLLABLES always’

INTONATION (MUSIC)
In Wh-questions, the intonation (voice) goes down at the end.
In Yes-No questions, the intonation (voice) goes up at the end.
In statements and commands, the intonation goes down at the end.

Demonstrative pronouns (this, these, that, those)

are STRESSED words in sentences.

/ʌ/ = HARD SCHWA = /ə/

396

/juː/

Many words with /uː/ sound have a hidden /j/.

British English American English

Words
/juː/ /u/
duet /djuˈet/ /duˈɛt/
duration /djʊˈreɪʃən/ /dʊˈreɪʃən/
during /ˈdjʊərɪŋ/ /ˈdʊrɪŋ/
duty /ˈdjuːti/ /ˈdudi/
institute /ˈɪnstɪtjuːt/ /ˈɪnstəˌtut/
issue /ˈɪʃu/ /ˈɪsjuː/ /ˈɪʃu/
knew /njuː/ /nu/
new /njuː/ /nu/
news /njuːz/ /nuz/
numerous /ˈnjuːmərəs/ /ˈnumərəs/
produce /prəˈdjuːs/ /prəˈdus/
reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/ /rɪˈdus/
schedule /ˈʃedjuːl/ /ˈskɛdʒʊl/
student /ˈstjuːdənt/ /ˈstudənt/
studio /ˈstjuːdiəʊ/ /ˈstudioʊ/
suit /sjuːt/ /sut/
suitable /ˈsjuːtəbəl/ /ˈsudəbəl/
super /ˈsjuːpər/ /ˈsupər/
tube /ˈtjuːb/ /ˈtub/
Tuesday /ˈtjuːzdi/ /ˈtjuːzdeɪ/ /ˈtuːzdi/ /ˈtuzdeɪ/
tutor /ˈtjuːtər/ /ˈtudər/

*What sound does the letter ‘u’ with the two dots above it?
/ju/ = /ü/ = /iu/
397

TRIPH-THONGS

Three vowel sounds come together in the same syllable.

They are ‘three vowels combination’. Three vowels join to form one
syllable.

A triph-thong is a movement or glide between three vowel sounds in one

syllable. We must pronounce every sound rapidly within a single syllable.

Triphthongs are the most complex English sounds. It is difficult to

pronounce the three vowels in one syllable.

British English American English

/eɪə/ /eɪɚ/
/ɔɪə/ /ɔɪɚ/
/aɪə/ /aɪɚ/
/əʊə/ /oʊɚ/
/aʊə/ /aʊɚ/

eɪə ɔɪə aɪə əʊə aʊə

eɪ+ə ɔɪ+ə aɪ+ə əʊ+ə aʊ+ə

*/ɚ/ = /ər/
398

SPOKEN ENGLISH = STRESSED SYLLABLES

NOUN Stress on the 1st syllable TAble, CHIna

ADJECTIVE Stress on the 1st syllable CLEver, HAPpy

VERB Stress on the 2nd syllable enJOY, comPLAIN

qu = /kw/ q = /k/ u = /w/

COMPOUND WORDS

GREENhouse, SNOWball,
NOUN Stress on the 1st syllable
RAINbow, WHITEhouse...
bad-TEMpered,
ADJECTIVE Stress on the 2nd syllable
old-FASHioned...
underSTAND,
VERB Stress on the 2nd syllable
beHAVE, forGIVE...

Voiced b dʒ d ð g ʒ l m n

Voiced ŋ r v w j z

Unvoiced tʃ f h k p s ʃ t θ
399

Labio-Velar Approximant

-whale /wheɪl/
-what /whɒt/
-wheat /whiːt/
-wheel /whiːl/
-when /when/
-where /wheəʳ/
-whether /ˈwheðəʳ/
-which /whɪtʃ/
-while /whaɪl/
-whisky /ˈwhɪski/
-whisper /ˈwhɪspəʳ/
-whistle /ˈwhɪsl/
-white /whaɪt/
-why /whaɪ/

-who /huː/
-who’ll /huːl/
-who’re /ˈhuːəʳ/
-who’s /huːz/
-who’ve /huːv/
-whole /həʊl/
-whom /huːm/
-whose /huːz/
400

IRREGULAR (PHONETICALLY) VERBS

Ending in -ow, -en, -y, -er, -le, -ish / The stress on the 1st syllable
-en open, sharpen...
-er offer, lower...
-ish finish, vanish...
-le sparkle, able...
-ow follow, swallow, borrow, fellow...
-y carry, bury, marry, copy...

Weak / ʊ/ /ˌedjʊˈkeɪʃn/, /ˈpɒpjʊləʳ/, /ˈregjʊlər/, /ˈdjʊərɪŋ/...

Flap /t/ /ˈletər/, /ˈɑrtɪst/, /ˈdɔtər/, /ˈsɪtɪŋ/, /ˈwɑtər/...
Optional /ə/ /'drɪvən/, /'faɪnəl/, /'æpəl/, /'lɪsən/, /'lesən/...

education /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn/ /ˌedjʊˈkeɪʃn/ /ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃn/

/r/
BRITISH AMERICAN
fire /ˈfaɪəʳ/ /faɪr/
flour /ˈflaʊəʳ/ /flaʊr/
hour /ˈaʊəʳ/ /aʊr/
power /ˈpaʊəʳ/ /paʊr/
shower /ˈʃaʊəʳ/ /ʃaʊr/
sour /ˈsaʊəʳ/ /saʊr/
401

THE PRODUCTION of CONSONANT SOUNDS

1 Place of articulation
2 Manner of articulation
3 Vocal cords are set to vibrate
4 Oral or nasal
5 Central or lateral

SONORANTS

Nasal sounds m n ŋ
Liquid sounds l r
Glide sounds w y

OBSTRUENTS VERSUS SONORANTS

OBSTRUENTS Oral stops Affricates Fricatives

SONORANTS Nasal stops Approximants Vowels

*OBSTRUENTS include the oral stops, the affricates and the fricatives.

*SONORANTS include the nasal stops, approximants and the vowels.

APPROXIMANTS Liquids Semi-vowels (glides)

SIBILANT SOUNDS s ʃ z ʒ

AFFRICATE = STOP PLUS FRICATIVE.

402

The alveolar trill /r/and the alveolar or post-alveolar approximant /ɹ/.

When a vowel is followed by an /r/, it makes a special sound.

These are called r-controlled vowels, or r-colored vowels.

AMERICAN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

The schwa + r = /ɚ/

STRESS strong loud long full high

UNSTRESS weak quiet short reduced low

RETROFLEX=Tongue tip toward Hard palate

A consonant sound produced with the tip of the tongue curled back
toward the hard palate.

ISTANBUL TURKISH /ŋ/

Sanki /sɑŋki/ yangın /jɑŋgın/ hangi /hɑŋgi/
banka /bɑŋkɑ/ denge /deŋge/

/ŋ/ sound
The letters ‘ng’ are pronounced /ŋ/ sound. Put your tongue back as if
you are going to make the sound/k/. With your tongue in this position
try to say /n/.
/g/ is not pronounced.
The letters ‘nk’or ‘nc’ are pronounced /ŋk/ sound.
403

/kw/ sound
The letters ‘qu’ is pronounced /kw/ sound.
The letter ‘q’ = The sound /k/
The letter ‘u’ = The sound /w/

Alveo palatal = Palato alveolar = Post alveolar

Lip Labial
Tongue tip Apical
Tongue blade Laminal
Tongue body Dorsal
Tongue root Radical

/ks/, /gz/ sound

The letter ‘x’ is pronounced /ks/ or /gz/ sound.

GLIDES=DIPHTHONGS

/ɪə/ /ɪ/ gliding /ə/

/ʊə/ /ʊ/ gliding /ə/
/eə/ /e/ gliding /ə/
/eɪ/ /e/ gliding /ɪ/
/ɔɪ/ /ɒ/ gliding /ɪ/
/aɪ/ /æ/ gliding /ɪ/
/əʊ/ /ə/ gliding /ʊ/
/aʊ/ /æ/ gliding /ʊ/
404

DIVIDING WORDS into SYLLABLES

Dividing words into parts helps speed the process of decoding. Knowing
the rules for syllable division will help students read words more
accurately and fluently.

It is very important to have the ability to divide words into syllables

(syllable awareness). How you divide a word makes a big difference in
how the word would be pronounced.

It provides students with essential-fundamental knowledge in the

alphabetic system.

Knowing the six syllable types will allow the students to become a strong
reader and speller.

Phonemic awareness is more highly related to learning to read than are

tests of general intelligence, reading readiness, and listening compre-
hension. (Stanovich, 1993)

Students who have well-developed phonological skills learn to read with

more success.

Syllable Awareness makes speech easier for the brain to process.

It is useful to teach explicit, systematic phonics rules.

‘Phonics first, syllables always’

405

WORD STRESS RULES

Dictionaries are very important to teach languages. Because they show

the phonetic spelling of a word, and which syllable is stressed in a word.

In English, we don’t say each syllable with the same force or stress. We
say one syllable loudly, other syllables quietly.

One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses, but a
secondary stress in long words)

The stressed syllable is strong, big or loud. The unstressed syllables are
weak, small or quiet.

We can only stress vowel sounds, not consonant sounds.

We divide off any compound words, prefixes, suffixes, and roots which
have vowel sounds.

Word Stress is the part of spoken English. Word stress is not optional.

An apostrophe /ˈ/ is used to show which syllable is stressed.

The secondary stress (comma /ˌ/) is used in long words.

ENGLISH WORD STRESS = PRIMARY, SECONDARY and WEAK STRESS

406

SYLLABLE DIVISION

Divide off any compound words, prefixes, suffixes, and roots

1
which have vowel sounds.
When the first syllable has an obvious short sound, we divide
2 words after the consonant sound. Because they are closed
syllables and have the primary stress.
Divide the word whenever there is a short vowel followed by a
3
consonant.
4 Divide the word whenever there is a long vowel or a diphthong.
Divide the word between two consonants (middle) unless they
5
form a blend.
6 Endings help us find the correct word stress.

NATURAL ENGLISH
Syllabic Consonants /'æpl/, /'lɪsn/...
Syllabic Nasal /'drɪvn/...

SECONDARY STRESS (ACCENT)

The secondary stress is common before the primary stress in long
words with several syllables,
and after the primary stress in many compound words.
All words have a primary (main) stress.
Long words also have a secondary stress in English.

English Stress = Schwa Prediction

The schwa is the most common sound = stressed language.
407

There is usually unstress on inflectional and derivational affixes.

STRESS on a VOWEL SOUND

We can only stress vowel sounds, not consonant sounds.

United States of America /juˌnaɪtɪd ˌsteɪts əv əˈmerɪkə/

DOĞAL VURGU = /ɪ/ and /ə/

Dilin yapısı ve kelimenin anlamıyla doğrudan ilgili olan, konuşana ve
kullanışa göre değişmeyen, herkes tarafından uyulması gereken
vurgudur. Doğal vurguya uyulmadığı zaman dilin yapısı bozulur.

SPOKEN ENGLISH = SCHWA /ʃwɑː/ AWARENESS

/ə//ə//ə//ə//ə/

MIRILTI SESİ (TONU)

/ə/
DUDAKLAR ve DİLİN DURUMU = PASİF, ZAYIF, ENERJİSİZ
408

STRUCTURE WORDS = FUNCTION WORDS

ARTICLES / QUANTIFIERS

AUXILIARY (HELPING) VERBS

PREPOSITIONS / PARTICLES

PRONOUNS

EXCEPTION

because /bɪˈkəz/
cigarette /ˌsɪgəˈret/

SHORT and LONG VOWEL SOUNDS are ONE-SYLLABLE

DIPH-THONGS are ONE–SYLLABLE
TRIPH-THONGS are ONE-SYLLABLE

/ə/ MAKES ENGLISH REAL and NATURAL

/ə/ = DOĞAL ÜNLÜ = DOĞAL VURGU = DOĞAL ORTAM

Many students have some problems with /ə/ sound while learning
English. Because most syllables that are low, short, and quiet in
English have the vowel sound /ə/ or /ɪ/.

STRESS and UNSTRESS = /ə/, /ɪ/ = RHYTHM

409

In spoken English, middle /h/ is not pronounced.

He takes (h)er to the cinema.
Was (h)e going to the theatre?
We help (h)im at night.

ENGLISH MONOPH-THONGS

SHORT VOWELS LONG VOWELS

/ɪ/ /iː/
/e/ /eː/
/æ/ /ʌ/ /ɑː/
/ɒ/ /ɔː/
/ʊ/ /uː/
/ə/ /əː/ /ɜː/

ENGLISH USUAL (COMMON) DIPH-THONGS (glides)

BRITISH ENGLISH AMERICAN ENGLISH

/ɪə/ /ɪr/
/ʊə/ /ʊr/
/eə/ /er/
/eɪ/ /eɪ/ = /ey/
/ɔɪ/ /ɔɪ/ = /ɔy/
/aɪ/ /aɪ/ = /ay/
/əʊ/ /oʊ/ = /ow/
/aʊ/ /aʊ/ = /aw/

*Two vowel sounds together in one syllable.

*We make diph-thongs from two monoph-thongs.
410

ENGLISH TRIPH-THONGS

ENGLISH USUAL (COMMON) TRIPH-TONGS

BRITISH ENGLISH DIPH-THONG + SCHWA AMERICAN ENGLISH

/eɪə/ eɪ + ə /eyə/
/aɪə/ aɪ + ə /ayə/
/ɔɪə/ ɔɪ + ə /ɔyə/
/aʊə/ aʊ + ə /awə/
/əʊə/ əʊ + ə /owə/

*Three vowel sounds together in one syllable.

*We make triph-thongs from diph-thongs and the sound /ə/.

In American English, /ɒ/ is not pronounced in words.

In American English, people use /ɑ/ sound instead of /ɒ/ sound.

The letter ‘e’ at the end of words is not pronounced in English.

The letter ‘e’ is magic at the end of English words.
The letter ‘a’ at the end of words is pronounced as /ə/ in English.

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, negative words and wh - question

words are stressed.
Auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles, prepositions and conjunctions are
unstressed.
411

ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEMES

SH ORT
e æ ɪ ə ʌ ʊ ɒ
VOWELS

LONG
iː ɜː ɑː uː ɔː
VOWELS

DIPH- ɪə ʊə eə əʊ
eɪ ɔɪ aɪ aʊ
THONGS ır ʊr er oʊ

TRIPH- əʊə
eɪə ɔɪə aɪə aʊə
THONGS oʊə

BRITISH /r/

EXAMPLES /r/ PRONOUNCED /r/ SILENT

garden /ˈgɑːdn/
pretty /ˈprɪti/
car park /ˈkɑː ˌpɑːk/
dirty /ˈdɜːti/
write /raɪt/
rock /rɒk/
her English /hɜːr ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
car engine /ˈkɑːr ˌendʒɪn/
her Turkish /hɜː ˈtɜːkɪʃ/

ALVEO–PALATALS = POST–ALVEOLARS = PALATO–ALVEOLARS

If you stress every word or syllable equally,

you sound angry, impatient or you give negative feelings...
412

LINKING VOWEL to VOWEL

/ə r/ + a vowel /ˈeɪʃə r ən ˈjʊərəp/ Asia and Europe

/ɔː r/ + a vowel /wɔː r ən piːs/ war and peace
/uː w/ + a vowel /fjuː w æplz/ few apples
/uː w/ + a vowel /duː w ɪt/ do it
/aʊ w/ + a vowel /haʊ w ər/ how are
/əʊ w/ + a vowel /gəʊ w aʊt/ go out
/əʊ w/ + a vowel /gəʊ w əˈweɪ/ go away
/əʊ w/ + a vowel /nəʊ w ɪt/ know it
/eɪ y/ + a vowel /pleɪ y ɔːf/ play off
/aɪ y/ + a vowel /waɪ y ɪz/ why is
/eɪ y/ + a vowel /seɪ y ɪt/ say it
/ɔɪ y/ + a vowel /əˈnɔɪ y əs/ annoy us

SPEAKING FLUENTLY, SMOOTHLY and FASTER

Linking consonant to vowel /riːdNraɪt/ read and write
Linking vowel to vowel /pleɪYɔːf/ Play off
Blending consonant to consonant /gʊDɪnər/ good dinner

either /ˈaɪðəʳ/ /ˈiːðər/

neither /ˈnaɪðəʳ/ /ˈniːðər/

TOOTH-RIDGE = GUM RIDGE = ALVEOLAR

VERB ADJECTIVE

close /kləʊz/ /kləʊs/

413

ENGLISH TURKISH
Key to learning English Key to learning Turkish
/ə/ ‘ğ’
All the vowel letters make /ə/ ‘ğ’ makes all the vowels long
/ə/ is the heart of English /ğ/ is the heart of Turkish
/ə/ = 5 English letters /ğ/ = 8 Turkish long vowels
ENGLISH LONG VOWELS = TURKISH SHORT VOWELS

‘We were given two ears but only one mouth, because listening is
twice as hard as talking.’ (Larry Alan Nading)

Approximately % 84 of English words are PHONETICALLY regular.

(Wiley Blevins, 1998)

PHONEME CHARACTER = PERSONALITY

LETTER PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

read /red/ said /sed/ says /sez/

A DIPH-THONG counts as only ONE SOUND.

Suffixes and prefixes help us predict stress in words.

The /t/ is sounded like a quick /d/ when it is between vowel sounds.
414

SEMI-VOWELS = SEMI-CONSONANTS = GLIDES

‘w’ is a vowel when it is the middle or last letter of a syllable.
‘w’ is a consonant sound when it is the first letter of a syllable.
‘y’ is a vowel when it is the middle or last letter of a syllable.
‘y’ is a consonant sound when it is the first letter of a syllable.

‘w’ = short /ʊ/

If you keep /ʊ/ sound very short, /w/ = /ʊ/sound.

/w/ sound is close to /ʊ/ sound. They are very similar.
/wi/ = /ʊi/ /wen/ = /ʊen/ /wɒt/ = /ʊɒt/ /wɪndəʊ/ = /'ʊɪndəʊ/

Spelling Pronunciation
-bow /baʊ/
-brown /braʊn/
-cow /kaʊ/
-down /daʊn/
-how /haʊ/
-now /naʊ/
-power /'paʊər/
-row /raʊw/
-shower /'ʃaʊər/
-towel /'taʊəl/
-tower /'taʊər/
-town /taʊn/
-vow /vaʊw/
-vowel /'vaʊəl/

-blow /bləʊw/
-elbow /'elbəʊw/
-grow /grəʊw/
-know /nəʊw/
-low /ləʊw/
-own /əʊn/
415

-show /ʃəʊw/
-slow /sləʊw/
-snow /snəʊw/
-throw /θrəʊw/

Long vowel with ‘w’

-blew /bluːw/
-chew /tʃuːw/
-drew /druːw/
-few /fjuːw/
-flew /fluːw/
-grew /gruːw/
-knew /njuːw/
-new /njuːw/
-threw /θruːw/

-bawl /bɔːl/
-dawn /dɔːn/
-draw /drɔːr/
-jaw /dʒɔːr/
-paw /pɔːr/
-raw /rɔːr/
-saw /sɔːr/
-strawberry /'strɔːbəri/
416

‘y’ = short /ɪ/

If you keep /ɪ/ sound very short, /j/ = /ɪ/ sound.

/j/ sound is close to /ɪ/ sound. They are very similar.

/jes/ = /ɪes/ /jʌŋ/ = /ɪʌŋ/ /juː/ = /ɪuː/

Letters Sounds
-buy /baɪy/
-cry /kraɪy/
-deny /dɪ'naɪy/
-dry /draɪy/
-fry /fraɪy/
-guy /gaɪy/
-my /maɪy/
-rely /rɪlaɪy/
-reply /rɪ'plaɪy/
-satisfy /'sætɪsfaɪy/
-shy /ʃaɪy/
-sky /skaɪy/
-why /waɪy/
-away /ə'weɪy/
-bay /beɪy/
-day /deɪy/
-lay /leɪy/
-may /meɪy/
-monday /'mʌndiy/ /'mʌndeɪy/
-pay /peɪy/
-play /pleɪy/
-say /seɪy/
-stay /steɪy/
-way /weɪy/
-annoy /ə'nɔɪy/
417

-boy /bɔɪy/
-coy /kɔɪy/
-destroy /dɪ'strɔɪy/
-employ /ɪm'plɔɪy/
-enjoy /ɪn'dʒɔɪy/
-joy /dʒɔɪy/
-Joyce /dʒɔɪs/
-Roy /rɔɪy/
-toy /tɔɪy/

Turkish spelling and pronunciation

plaj /pi'læj/
pratik /pırɑ'tik/
trafik /tırɑ'fik/
plaket /pilæ'ket/
plastik /pilæs'tik/
prenses /piren'ses/
planlı /pilæn'lı/
program /purog'rɑm/
problem /purob'lem/
blöf /bü'löf/
flört /fü'lört/

cold-blooded /ˌkəʊld ˈblʌdɪd/

418

ACCENTED SYLLABLES & BRITISH ‘R’

-absolutely /ˈæbsəluːtli/
-abstract /ˈæbstrækt/
-accent /ˈæksent/ /ˈæksənt/
-accommodation /əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/
-according to /əˈkɔːdɪŋ tə/
-accurate /ˈækjərət/
-accusation /ˌækjʊˈzeɪʃn/
-acquisition /ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn/
-adequate /ˈædɪkwət/
-administration /ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃn/
-admiration /ˌædməˈreɪʃn/
-admirer /ədˈmaɪərəʳ/
-admittance /ədˈmɪtns/
-adopted /əˈdɒptɪd/
-advanced /ədˈvɑːnst/
-adventure /ədˈventʃəʳ/
-advertise /ˈædvətaɪz/
-advertisement /ədˈvɜːtɪsmənt/
-adviser /ədˈvaɪzəʳ/
-affected /əˈfektɪd/
-affection /əˈfekʃn/
-afraid /əˈfreɪd/
-afterwards /ˈɑːftəwədz/
-aggressive /əˈgresɪv/
-alike /əˈlaɪk/
-all ˈright /ɔːl ˈraɪt/
-allegation /ˌæləˈgeɪʃn/
-allied /ˈælaɪd/
-allomorph /ˈæləmɔːf/
-allophone /ˈæləfəʊn/
-almost /ˈɔːlməʊst/
-already /ɔːlˈredi/
-also /ˈɔːlsəʊ/
-alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/
-altogether /ˌɔːltəˈgeðəʳ/
419

-always /ˈɔːlweɪz/ /ˈɔːlwɪz/ /ˈɔːlwəz/

-amazed /əˈmeɪzd/
-analyse /ˈænəlaɪz/
-animation /ˌænɪˈmeɪʃn/
-annually /ˈænjuəli/
-any /ˈeni/
-any more /ˌeniˈmɔːʳ/
-anybody /ˈenibɒdi/
-anyone /ˈeniwʌn/
-anything /ˈeniθɪŋ/
-anyway /ˈeniweɪ/
-anywhere /ˈeniweəʳ/
-apparently /əˈpærəntli/
-appearance /əˈpɪərəns/
-application /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn/
-appropriate /əˈprəʊpriət/
-approximate /əˈprɒksɪmət/
-April /ˈeɪprəl/
-architecture /ˈɑːkɪtektʃəʳ/
-art /ɑːt/
-aspect /ˈæspekt/
-attraction /əˈtrækʃn/
-attractive /əˈtræktɪv/
-au pair /ˌəʊ ˈpeəʳ/
-audience /ˈɔːdiəns/
-aunt /ɑːnt/
-auxiliary /ɔːgˈzɪliəri/
-avalanche /ˈævəlɑːnʃ/
-award /əˈwɔːd/
-awful /ˈɔːfl/
-babysit /ˈbeɪbisɪt/
-bachelor /ˈbætʃələʳ/
-background /ˈbækgraʊnd/
-backward /ˈbækwəd/
-bacteria /bækˈtɪəriə/
-baggage /ˈbægɪdʒ/
420

-ballerina /ˌbæləˈriːnə/
-bandage /ˈbændɪdʒ/
-bankrupt /ˈbæŋkrʌpt/
-barbecue /ˈbɑːbɪkjuː/
-barber /ˈbɑːbəʳ/
-bargain /ˈbɑːgən/
-bark /bɑːk/
-basically /ˈbeɪsɪkli/
-bathroom /ˈbɑːθrʊm/
-beard /bɪəd/
-beautiful /ˈbjuːtɪfl/
-beautifully /ˈbjuːtɪfli/
-because /bɪˈkɒz/ /bɪˈkəz/
-behaviour /bɪˈheɪvjəʳ/
-belong /bɪˈlɒŋ/
-beneficial /ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl/
-besiege /bɪˈsiːdʒ/
-between /bɪˈtwiːn/
-bilabial /ˌbaɪˈleɪbiəl/
-bilingual /ˌbaɪˈlɪŋgwəl/
-birthday /ˈbɜːθdeɪ/
-biscuit /ˈbɪskɪt/
-bishop /ˈbɪʃəp/
-bitterly /ˈbɪtəli/
-blanket /ˈblæŋkɪt/
-blind /blaɪnd/
-block /blɒk/
-blood /blʌd/
-blue /bluː/
-boast /bəʊst/
-bored /bɔːd/
-bottom /ˈbɒtəm/
-bowl /bəʊl/
-breast /brest/
-brilliant /ˈbrɪliənt/
-broad /brɔːd/
421

-broadcast /ˈbrɔːdkɑːst/
-browse /braʊz/
-brutal /ˈbruːtl/
-Bulgaria /bʌlˈgeəriə/
-bullet /ˈbʊlɪt/
-calculate /ˈkælkjuleɪt/
-campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/
-cancel /ˈkænsl/
-candidate /ˈkændɪdət/
-capital /ˈkæpɪtl/
-captain /ˈkæptɪn/
-capture /ˈkæptʃəʳ/
-careless /ˈkeələs/
-careful /ˈkeəfl/
-carnival /ˈkɑːnɪvl/
-carpet /ˈkɑːpɪt/
-carton /ˈkɑːtn/
-castle /ˈkɑːsl/
-caution /ˈkɔːʃn/
-cause /kɔːz/
-century /ˈsentʃəri/
-certain /ˈsɜːtn/
-certificate /səˈtɪfɪkət/
-chairman /ˈtʃeəmən/
-chalk /tʃɔːk/
-challenge /ˈtʃæləndʒ/
-chamber /ˈtʃeɪmbəʳ/
-characteristic /ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk/
-charge /tʃɑːdʒ/
-cheerful /ˈtʃɪəfl/
-cheetah /ˈtʃiːtə/
-chemist /ˈkemɪst/
-cheque /tʃek/
-chicken /ˈtʃɪkɪn/
-chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/
-Christian /ˈkrɪstʃən/
422

-Christmas /ˈkrɪsməs/
-CIA /ˌsiː aɪ ˈeɪ/
-cinema /ˈsɪnəmə/
-civilization /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/
-clearly /ˈklɪəli/
-closed /kləʊzd/
-clothes /kləʊz/
-clown /klaʊn/
-clue /kluː/
-clumsy /ˈklʌmzi/
-CNN /ˌsiː en ˈen/
-coffee /ˈkɒfi/
-coherent /kəʊˈhɪərənt/
-cohesion /kəʊˈhiːʒn/
-coincide /ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd/
-coincidence /kəʊˈɪnsɪdəns/
-collaborate /kəˈlæbəreɪt/
-collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn/
-coloured /ˈkʌləd/
-colourful /ˈkʌləfl/
-comfortable /ˈkʌmftəbl/
-comment /ˈkɒment/
-commitment /kəˈmɪtmənt/
-commonly /ˈkɒmənli/
-communication /kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃn/
-companion /kəmˈpæniən/
-comparative /kəmˈpærətɪv/
-comparison /kəmˈpærɪsn/
-compass /ˈkʌmpəs/
-compatible /kəmˈpætəbl/
-compensate /ˈkɒmpenseɪt/
-compensation /ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃn/
-competition /ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn/
-compromise /ˈkɒmprəmaɪz/
-concerned /kənˈsɜːnd/
-concession /kənˈseʃn/
423

-concise /kənˈsaɪs/
-conclusion /kənˈkluːʒn/
-concrete /ˈkɒŋkriːt/
-confusion /kənˈfjuːʒn/
-conquer /ˈkɒŋkəʳ/
-conscious /ˈkɒnʃəs/
-consequence /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/
-conservative /kənˈsɜːvətɪv/
-consideration /kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn/
-consistent /kənˈsɪstənt/
-console /kənˈsəʊl/
-consultant /kənˈsʌltənt/
-consumer /kənˈsjuːməʳ/
-contemporary /kənˈtemprəri/
-continuous /kənˈtɪnjuəs/
-contrary /ˈkɒntrəri/
-contribution /ˌkɒntrɪˈbjuːʃn/
-convenient /kənˈviːniənt/
-conventional /kənˈvenʃənl/
-conversation /ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn/
-conversion /kənˈvɜːʃn/
-conviction /kənˈvɪkʃn/
-cooperation /kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/
-cooperative /kəʊˈɒpərətɪv/
-correspond /ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd/
-correspondence /ˌkɒrəˈspɒndəns/
-corruption /kəˈrʌpʃn/
-cosy /ˈkəʊzi/
-couple /ˈkʌpl/
-courage /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-courageous /kəˈreɪdʒəs/
-courtesy /ˈkɜːtəsi/
-cousin /ˈkʌzn/
-create /kriˈeɪt/
-creative /kriˈeɪtɪv/
-creature /ˈkriːtʃəʳ/
424

-Croatia /krəʊˈeɪʃə/
-crowded /ˈkraʊdɪd/
-crucial /ˈkruːʃl/
-cruel /kruːəl/
-culture /ˈkʌltʃəʳ/
-cupboard /ˈkʌbəd/
-curious /ˈkjʊəriəs/
-current /ˈkʌrənt/
-currently /ˈkʌrəntli/
-cushion /ˈkʊʃn/
-damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/
-dance /dɑːns/
-danger /ˈdeɪndʒəʳ/
-dangerous /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/
-Danish /ˈdeɪnɪʃ/
-darling /ˈdɑːlɪŋ/
-daughter /ˈdɔːtəʳ/
-declaration /ˌdekləˈreɪʃn/
-decorate /ˈdekəreɪt/
-decoration /ˌdekəˈreɪʃn/
-dedicate /ˈdedɪkeɪt/
-dedication /ˌdedɪˈkeɪʃn/
-definitely /ˈdefɪnətli/
-definition /ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn/
-deliberate /dɪˈlɪbərət/
-deliberately /dɪˈlɪbərətli/
-delighted /dɪˈlaɪtɪd/
-demonstrate /ˈdemənstreɪt/
-demonstration /ˌdemənˈstreɪʃn/
-departure /dɪˈpɑːtʃəʳ/
-depressed /dɪˈprest/
-depression /dɪˈpreʃn/
-derby /ˈdɑːbi/
-describe /dɪˈskraɪb/
-description /dɪˈskrɪpʃn/
-desperate /ˈdespərət/
425

-despite /dɪˈspaɪt/
-determined /dɪˈtɜːmɪnd/
-development /dɪˈveləpmənt/
-devoted /dɪˈvəʊtɪd/
-dictionary /ˈdɪkʃənri/
-difference /ˈdɪfrəns/
-different /ˈdɪfrənt/
-difficult /ˈdɪfɪkəlt/
-dimension /daɪˈmenʃn/ /dɪˈmenʃn/
-direct /dəˈrekt/ /dɪˈrekt/ /daɪˈrekt/
-direction /dəˈrekʃn/ /dɪˈrekʃn/ /daɪˈrekʃn/
-directly /dəˈrektli/ /dɪˈrektli/ /daɪˈrektli/
-director /dəˈrektəʳ/ /dɪˈrektəʳ/ /daɪˈrektəʳ/
-directory /dəˈrektəri/ /dɪˈrektəri/ /daɪˈrektəri/
-disagree /ˌdɪsəˈgriː/
-disappear /ˌdɪsəˈpɪəʳ/
-disappointed /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd/
-discussion /dɪˈskʌʃn/
-display /dɪˈspleɪ/
-division /dɪˈvɪʒn/
-divorced /dɪˈvɔːst/
-dominate /ˈdɒmɪneɪt/
-donate /dəʊˈneɪt/
-donation /dəʊˈneɪʃn/
-double /ˈdʌbl/
-down stairs /ˌdaʊn ˈsteəz/
-down town /ˌdaʊn ˈtaʊn/
-dozen /ˈdʌzn/
-Dracula /ˈdrækjələ/
-dramatic /drəˈmætɪk/
-drawer /drɔːʳ/
-dreadful /ˈdredfl/
-dressed /drest/
-drink /drɪŋk/
-driven /ˈdrɪvn/
-drought /draʊt/
426

-drown /draʊn/
-dual /ˈdjuːəl/
-dubious /ˈdjuːbiəs/
-due /djuː/
-durable /ˈdjʊərəbl/
-during /ˈdjʊərɪŋ/
-duty /ˈdjuːti/
-dye /daɪ/
-dynamic /daɪˈnæmɪk/
-eager /ˈiːgəʳ/
-early /ˈɜːli/
-earn /ɜːn/
-earnings /ˈɜːnɪŋz/
-earring /ˈɪərɪŋ/
-earth /ɜːθ/
-earth /ɜːθ/
-easily /ˈiːzəli/
-eastern /ˈiːstən/
-economical /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkl/
-edge /edʒ/
-edition /ɪˈdɪʃn/
-educated /ˈedʒukeɪtɪd/
-efficient /ɪˈfɪʃnt/
-effort /ˈefət/
-either /ˈaɪðəʳ/ /ˈiːðəʳ/
-elaborate /ɪˈlæbəreɪt/
-elbow /ˈelbəʊ/
-elderly /ˈeldəli/
-election /ɪˈlekʃn/
-electronic /ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪk/
-elegant /ˈelɪgənt/
-elementary /ˌelɪˈmentri/
-elevate /ˈelɪveɪt/
-embarrassing /ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ/
-emphasis /ˈemfəsɪs/
-emphasize /ˈemfəsaɪz/
427

-enchant /ɪnˈtʃɑːnt/
-encourage /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-endanger /ɪnˈdeɪndʒəʳ/
-endure /ɪnˈdjʊəʳ/
-enemy /ˈenəmi/
-energy /ˈenədʒi/
-engaged /ɪnˈgeɪdʒd/
-engine /ˈendʒɪn/
-engineer /ˌendʒɪˈnɪəʳ/
-ensure /ɪnˈʃɔːʳ/ /ɪnˈʃʊəʳ/
-entertain /ˌentəˈteɪn/
-enthusiasm /ɪnˈθjuːziæzəm/
-enthusiastic /ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk/
-entirely /ɪnˈtaɪəli/
-envelope /ˈenvələʊp/
-envious /ˈenviəs/
-environmental /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl/
-equally /ˈiːkwəli/
-error /ˈerəʳ/
-escape /ɪˈskeɪp/
-especially /ɪˈspeʃəli/
-essay /ˈeseɪ/
-essence /ˈesns/
-essentially /ɪˈsenʃəli/
-establish /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/
-esteem /ɪˈstiːm/
-estimate (n) /ˈestɪmət/
-estimate /ˈestɪmeɪt/
-euro /ˈjʊərəʊ/
-Europe /ˈjʊərəp/
-European /ˌjʊərəˈpiːən/
-even /ˈiːvn/
-eventually /ɪˈventʃuəli/
-everybody /ˈevribɒdi/
-everything /ˈevriθɪŋ/
-everywhere /ˈevriweəʳ/
428

-evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃn/
-exactly /ɪgˈzæktli/
-exaggerate /ɪgˈzædʒəreɪt/
-examination /ɪgˌzæmɪˈneɪʃn/
-example /ɪgˈzɑːmpl/
-excited /ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/
-exclusive /ɪkˈskluːsɪv/
-excuse (n) /ɪkˈskjuːs/
-excuse (v) /ɪkˈskjuːz/
-executive /ɪgˈzekjətɪv/
-exercise /ˈeksəsaɪz/
-exhibit /ɪgˈzɪbɪt/
-exhibition /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/
-exist /ɪgˈzɪst/
-exit /ˈeksɪt/ /ˈegzɪt/
-expect /ɪkˈspekt/
-expectation /ˌekspekˈteɪʃn/
-experienced /ɪkˈspɪəriənst/
-experiment /ɪkˈsperɪmənt/
-expert /ˈekspɜːt/
-expire /ɪkˈspaɪəʳ/
-explain /ɪkˈspleɪn/
-explanation /ˌekspləˈneɪʃn/
-expression /ɪkˈspreʃn/
-extraordinary /ɪkˈstrɔːdnri/
-extremely /ɪkˈstriːmli/
-fabricate /ˈfæbrɪkeɪt/
-fabulous /ˈfæbjələs/
-facial /ˈfeɪʃl/
-facility /fəˈsɪləti/
-factory /ˈfæktri/
-failure /ˈfeɪljəʳ/
-fairly /ˈfeəli/
-faithful /ˈfeɪθfl/
-faithfully /ˈfeɪθfəli/
-familiar /fəˈmɪliəʳ/
429

-fanatic /fəˈnætɪk/
-fantastic /fænˈtæstɪk/
-farm /fɑːm/
-farther /ˈfɑːðəʳ/
-farthest /ˈfɑːðɪst/
-fashionable /ˈfæʃnəbl/
-fast /fɑːst/
-fasten /ˈfɑːsn/
-fatal /ˈfeɪtl/
-fault /fɔːlt/
-favourite /ˈfeɪvərɪt/
-feather /ˈfeðəʳ/
-feature /ˈfiːtʃəʳ/
-fellow /ˈfeləʊ/
-female /ˈfiːmeɪl/
-fertilize /ˈfɜːtəlaɪz/
-festival /ˈfestɪvl/
-fetch /fetʃ/
-fever /ˈfiːvəʳ/
-figure /ˈfɪgəʳ/
-financial /faɪˈnænʃl/ /fəˈnænʃl/
-finished /ˈfɪnɪʃt/
-fire /faɪəʳ/
-first /fɜːst/
-flavour /ˈfleɪvəʳ/
-flirt /flɜːt/
-flood /flʌd/
-flower /ˈflɑʊəʳ/
-fluctuate /ˈflʌktʃueɪt/
-fluency /ˈfluːənsi/
-fluent /ˈfluːənt/
-follow /ˈfɒləʊ/
-following /ˈfɒləʊɪŋ/
-forecast /ˈfɔːkɑːst/
-foreign /ˈfɒrən/
-foreigner /ˈfɒrənəʳ/
430

-forest /ˈfɒrɪst/
-foretell /fɔːˈtel/
-forever /fərˈevəʳ/
-forgetful /fəˈgetfl/
-form /fɔːm/
-formerly /ˈfɔːməli/
-fortunately /ˈfɔːtʃənətli/
-fortune /ˈfɔːtʃuːn/
-forward /ˈfɔːwəd/
-foundation /faʊnˈdeɪʃn/
-fourth /fɔːθ/
-fragile /ˈfrædʒaɪl/
-frequently /ˈfriːkwəntli/
-frightened /ˈfraɪtnd/
-front /frʌnt/
-frozen /ˈfrəʊzn/
-frustrate /frʌˈstreɪt/
-fuel /ˈfjuːəl/
-function /ˈfʌŋkʃn/
-fundamental /ˌfʌndəˈmentl/
-funeral /ˈfjuːnərəl/
-furious /ˈfjʊəriəs/
-furniture /ˈfɜːnɪtʃəʳ/
-further /ˈfɜːðəʳ/
-futile /ˈfjuːtaɪl/
-future /ˈfjuːtʃəʳ/
-garage /ˈgærɑːʒ/ /ˈgærɪdʒ/
-garden /ˈgɑːdn/
-garlic /ˈgɑːlɪk/
-gasp /gɑːsp/
-gather /ˈgæðəʳ/
-gear /gɪəʳ/
-general /ˈdʒenrəl/
-generally /ˈdʒenrəli/
-generate /ˈdʒenəreɪt/
-generation /ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/
431

-generous /ˈdʒenərəs/
-genius /ˈdʒiːniəs/
-gentleman /ˈdʒentlmən/
-genuine /ˈdʒenjuɪn/
-gesture /ˈdʒestʃəʳ/
-ghost /gəʊst/
-giant /ˈdʒaɪənt/
-giggle /ˈgɪgl/
-girl /gɜːl/
-given /ˈgɪvn/
-glance /glɑːns/
-glass /glɑːs/
-global /ˈgləʊbl/
-glossary /ˈglɒsəri/
-glottal /ˈglɒtl/
-glove /glʌv/
-glue /gluː/
-go /gəʊ/
-gone /gɒn/
-goodbye /ˌgʊdˈbaɪ/
-goods /gʊdz/
-google /ˈguːgl/
-gorgeous /ˈgɔːdʒəs/
-gossip /ˈgɒsɪp/
-gotta /ˈgɒtə/
-government /ˈgʌvənmənt/
-grammar /ˈgræməʳ/
-grandfather /ˈgrænfɑːðəʳ/
-grandmother /ˈgrænmʌðəʳ/
-grandson /ˈgrænsʌn/
-grass /grɑːs/
-grateful /ˈgreɪtfl/
-groan /grəʊn/
-grocery /ˈgrəʊsəri/
-growth /grəʊθ/
-guess /ges/
432

-guilty /ˈgɪlti/
-guitar /gɪˈtɑːʳ/
-gulf /gʌlf/
-gym /dʒɪm/
-habitual /həˈbɪtʃuəl/
-hairdresser /ˈheədresəʳ/
-hairless /ˈheələs/
-half /hɑːf/
-handsome /ˈhænsəm/
-happily /ˈhæpɪli/
-hardly /ˈhɑːdli/
-harem /ˈhɑːrim/ /ˈhɑːrəm/
-harm /hɑːm/
-harmful /ˈhɑːmfl/
-harmless /ˈhɑːmləs/
-harvest /ˈhɑːvɪst/
-headache /ˈhedeɪk/
-hearing /ˈhɪərɪŋ/
-heart /hɑːt/
-heavily /ˈhevɪli/
-hello /həˈləʊ/
-helpful /ˈhelpfl/
-hero /ˈhɪərəʊ/
-herself /həˈself/ /hɜːˈself/
-hesitate /ˈhezɪteɪt/
-himself /hɪmˈself/
-history /ˈhɪstri/
-holiday /ˈhɒlədeɪ/ /ˈhɒlədi/
-homework /ˈhəʊmwɜːk/
-honest /ˈɒnɪst/
-honour /ˈɒnəʳ/
-hoover /ˈhuːvəʳ/
-hopeful /ˈhəʊpfl/
-hopefully /ˈhəʊpfəli/
-horrible /ˈhɒrəbl/
-horror /ˈhɒrəʳ/
433

-horse /hɔːs/
-hospital /ˈhɒspɪtl/
-hour /ˈaʊəʳ/
-hourly /ˈaʊəli/
-houses /ˈhaʊzɪz/
-however /haʊˈevəʳ/
-huge /hjuːdʒ/
-human /ˈhjuːmən/
-humour /ˈhjuːməʳ/
-hurricane /ˈhʌrɪkən/
-hurried /ˈhʌrid/
-hurry /ˈhʌri/
-hurt /hɜːt/
-Internet /ˈɪntənet/
-IQ /ˌaɪ ˈkjuː/
-ideal /aɪˈdiːəl/
-identity /aɪˈdentəti/
-idiom /ˈɪdiəm/
-idle /ˈaɪdl/
-ignorant /ˈɪgnərənt/
-illegal /ɪˈliːgl/
-illiterate /ɪˈlɪtərət/
-illuminate /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/
-illustrate /ˈɪləstreɪt/
-illustration /ˌɪləˈstreɪʃn/
-image /ˈɪmɪdʒ/
-imagination /ɪˌmædʒɪˈneɪʃn/
-imagine /ɪˈmædʒɪn/
-imitate /ˈɪmɪteɪt/
-imitation /ˌɪmɪˈteɪʃn/
-immediate /ɪˈmiːdiət/
-immoral /ɪˈmɒrəl/
-impatient /ɪmˈpeɪʃnt/
-imperative /ɪmˈperətɪv/
-imperil /ɪmˈperəl/
-imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/
434

-important /ɪmˈpɔːtnt/
-impossible /ɪmˈpɒsəbl/
-income /ˈɪnkʌm/ /ɪnkəm/
-incompatible /ˌɪnkəmˈpætəbl/
-inconsistent /ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənt/
-incredible /ɪnˈkredəbl/
-independence /ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/
-indicate /ˈɪndɪkeɪt/
-indirect /ˌɪndəˈrekt/ /ˌɪndaɪˈrekt/
-individual /ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl/
-industrial /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/
-industry /ˈɪndəstri/
-inevitable /ɪnˈevɪtəbl/
-inflation /ɪnˈfleɪʃn/
-influence /ˈɪnfluəns/
-information /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/
-ingredient /ɪnˈgriːdiənt/
-initial /ɪˈnɪʃl/
-initially /ɪˈnɪʃəli/
-initiative /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/
-injured /ˈɪndʒəd/
-injury /ˈɪndʒəri/
-innocent /ˈɪnəsnt/
-innovate /ˈɪnəveɪt/
-innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/
-insensitive /ɪnˈsensətɪv/
-instead /ɪnˈsted/
-institution /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃn/
-instrument /ˈɪnstrəmənt/
-insurance /ɪnˈʃɔːrəns/ /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/
-integrate /ˈɪntɪgreɪt/
-intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl/
-intelligent /ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt/
-interest /ˈɪntrəst/ /ˈɪntrest/
-interested /ˈɪntrəstɪd/ /ˈɪntrestɪd/
-international /ˌɪntəˈnæʃnəl/
435

-interpret /ɪnˈtɜːprit/
-interrupt /ˌɪntəˈrʌpt/
-interval /ˈɪntəvl/
-interview /ˈɪntəvjuː/
-intonation /ˌɪntəˈneɪʃn/
-introduce /ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs/
-invasion /ɪnˈveɪʒn/
-investigate /ɪnˈvestɪgeɪt/
-involved /ɪnˈvɒlvd/
-iron /ˈaɪən/
-ironic /aɪˈrɒnɪk/
-irrational /ɪˈræʃənl/
-irregular /ɪˈregjələʳ/
-irresponsible /ˌɪrɪˈspɒnsəbl/
-irrigate /ˈɪrɪgeɪt/
-irritate /ˈɪrɪteɪt/
-isolate /ˈaɪsəleɪt/
-issue /ˈɪʃuː/ /ˈɪsjuː/
-itself /ɪtˈself/
-jacket /ˈdʒækɪt/
-jail /dʒeɪl/
-january /ˈdʒænjuəri/
-jealous /ˈdʒeləs/
-jewel /ˈdʒuːəl/
-jewellery /ˈdʒuːəlri/
-job /dʒɒb/
-jobless /ˈdʒɒbləs/
-joke /dʒəʊk/
-journalist /ˈdʒɜːnəlɪst/
-journey /ˈdʒɜːni/
-judge /dʒʌdʒ/
-juice /dʒuːs/
-July /dʒuˈlaɪ/
-June /dʒuːn/
-junior /ˈdʒuːniəʳ/
-jury /ˈdʒʊəri/
436

-justice /ˈdʒʌstɪs/
-justify /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/
-kettle /ˈketl/
-key /kiː/
-keyboard /ˈkiːbɔːd/
-kidnap /ˈkɪdnæp/
-kimono /kɪˈməʊnəʊ/
-kindness /ˈkaɪndnəs/
-kitchen /ˈkɪtʃɪn/
-knee /niː/
-knit /nɪt/
-knock /nɒk/
-know /nəʊ/
-knowledge /ˈnɒlɪdʒ/
-knowledgeable /ˈnɒlɪdʒəbl/
-Kwanzaa /ˈkwænzɑː/
-label /ˈleɪbl/
-labial /ˈleɪbiəl/
-[Link] /ˌleɪbiəʊˈdentl/
-[Link] /ˌleɪbiəʊˈviːləʳ/
-laboratory /ləˈbɒrətri/
-labour /ˈleɪbəʳ/
-ladder /ˈlædəʳ/
-lambada /læmˈbɑːdə/
-landscape /ˈlændskeɪp/
-language /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
-large /lɑːdʒ/
-last /lɑːst/
-latest /ˈleɪtɪst/
-laugh /lɑːf/
-launch /lɔːntʃ/
-laundry /ˈlɔːndri/
-lavish /ˈlævɪʃ/
-law /lɔː/
-lawyer /ˈlɔːjəʳ/
-layer /ˈleɪəʳ/
437

-leader /ˈliːdəʳ/
-league /liːg/
-lean /liːn/
-learn /lɜːn/
-learned /ˈlɜːnɪd/
-least /liːst/
-leather /ˈleðəʳ/
-leaves /liːvz/
-lecture /ˈlektʃəʳ/
-[Link] /ˌleft ˈhændɪd/
-legal /ˈliːgl/
-legend /ˈledʒənd/
-legitimate /lɪˈdʒɪtɪmət/
-leisure /ˈleʒəʳ/
-length /leŋθ/
-leopard /ˈlepəd/
-lesson /ˈlesn/
-level /ˈlevl/
-liable /ˈlaɪəbl/
-liaison /liˈeɪzn/
-liberal /ˈlɪbərəl/
-library /ˈlaɪbri/ /ˈlaɪbrəri/
-licence /ˈlaɪsns/
-licensed /ˈlaɪsnst/
-lighten /ˈlaɪtn/
-likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/
-limited /ˈlɪmɪtɪd/
-linguist /ˈlɪŋgwɪst/
-linguistics /lɪŋˈgwɪstɪks/
-link /lɪŋk/
-lion /ˈlaɪən/
-liquid /ˈlɪkwɪd/
-lira /ˈlɪərə/
-listen /ˈlɪsn/
-literature /ˈlɪtrətʃəʳ/
-litre /ˈliːtəʳ/
438

-litter /ˈlɪtəʳ/
-little /ˈlɪtl/
-[Link] /ˌlɪtl ˈfɪŋgəʳ/
-live /laɪv/
-loaded /ˈləʊdɪd/
-loaf /ləʊf/
-loan /ləʊn/
-loathe /ləʊð/
-loaves /ləʊvz/
-local /ˈləʊkl/
-locate /ləʊˈkeɪt/
-lock /lɒk/
-logical /ˈlɒdʒɪkl/
-lonely /ˈləʊnli/
-lonesome /ˈləʊnsəm/
-long /lɒŋ/
-longing /ˈlɒŋɪŋ/
-look /lʊk/
-loose /luːs/
-loser /ˈluːzəʳ/
-lottery /ˈlɒtəri/
-low /ləʊ/
-lower /ˈləʊəʳ/
-loyal /ˈlɔɪəl/
-luggage /ˈlʌgɪdʒ/
-lull /lʌl/
-luxurious /lʌgˈʒʊəriəs/
-luxury /ˈlʌkʃəri/
-machine /məˈʃiːn/
-machinery /məˈʃiːnəri/
-magazine /ˌmægəˈziːn/
-maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/
-major /ˈmeɪdʒəʳ/
-majority /məˈdʒɒrəti/
-manage /ˈmænɪdʒ/
-many /ˈmeni/
439

-march /mɑːtʃ/
-market /ˈmɑːkɪt/
-marriage /ˈmærɪdʒ/
-married /ˈmærid/
-mature /məˈtʃʊəʳ/ /məˈtjʊəʳ/
-mayor /meəʳ/
-meaning /ˈmiːnɪŋ/
-meaningful /ˈmiːnɪŋfl/
-meanwhile /ˈmiːnwaɪl/
-measurement /ˈmeʒəmənt/
-mechanic /məˈkænɪk/
-medicine /ˈmedsn/ /ˈmedɪsn/
-merchant /ˈmɜːtʃənt/
-message /ˈmesɪdʒ/
-metre /ˈmiːtəʳ/
-mineral /ˈmɪnərəl/
-minority /maɪˈnɒrəti/
-minute /ˈmɪnɪt/
-miserable /ˈmɪzrəbl/
-mission /ˈmɪʃn/
-misunderstand /ˌmɪsʌndəˈstænd/
-mixture /ˈmɪkstʃəʳ/
-Monday /ˈmʌndi/ /ˈmʌndeɪ/
-month /mʌnθ/
-more /mɔːʳ/
-morning /ˈmɔːnɪŋ/
-motorbike /ˈməʊtəbaɪk/
-mountain /ˈmaʊntən/
-movie /ˈmuːvi/
-murder /ˈmɜːdəʳ/
-muscle /ˈmʌsl/
-museum /mjuˈziːəm/
-musician /mjuˈzɪʃn/
-mustang /ˈmʌstæŋ/
-mysterious /mɪˈstɪəriəs/
-mystery /ˈmɪstri/
440

-naive /naɪˈiːv/
-naked /ˈneɪkɪd/
-narrative /ˈnærətɪv/
-narrator /nəˈreɪtəʳ/
-narrow /ˈnærəʊ/
-nasal /ˈneɪzl/
-nasty /ˈnɑːsti/
-national /ˈnæʃnəl/
-nationality /ˌnæʃəˈnæləti/
-natural /ˈnætʃrəl/
-naturally /ˈnætʃrəli/
-nearby /ˌnɪəˈbaɪ/
-nearly /ˈnɪəli/
-necessarily /ˈnesəsərəli/ /ˌnesəˈserəli/
-necessary /ˈnesəsəri/
-necessity /nəˈsesəti/
-needs /niːdz/
-negative /ˈnegətɪv/
-neglect /nɪˈglekt/
-negotiate /nɪˈgəʊʃieɪt/
-neighbour /ˈneɪbəʳ/
-neighbourhood /ˈneɪbəhʊd/
-neither /ˈnaɪðəʳ/ /ˈniːðəʳ/
-nephew /ˈnefjuː/ /ˈnevjuː/
-nervous /ˈnɜːvəs/
-nevertheless /ˌnevəðəˈles/
-new /njuː/
-newly /ˈnjuːli/
-news /njuːz/
-nightmare /ˈnaɪtmeəʳ/
-nightwear /ˈnaɪtweəʳ/
-ninth /naɪnθ/
-no /nəʊ/
-nobody /ˈnəʊbədi/
-nominate /ˈnɒmɪneɪt/
-none /nʌn/
441

-nonsense /ˈnɒnsns/
-norm /nɔːm/
-normal /ˈnɔːml/
-normally /ˈnɔːməli/
-north /nɔːθ/
-North America /ˌnɔːθ əˈmerɪkə/
-northern /ˈnɔːðən/
-nothing /ˈnʌθɪŋ/
-notice /ˈnəʊtɪs/
-noticeable /ˈnəʊtɪsəbl/
-notify /ˈnəʊtɪfaɪ/
-nourish /ˈnʌrɪʃ/
-nourishment /ˈnʌrɪʃmənt/
-novel /ˈnɒvl/
-November /nəʊˈvembəʳ/
-nowhere /ˈnəʊweəʳ/
-nude /njuːd/
-nurse /nɜːs/
-nursery /ˈnɜːsəri/
-nylon /ˈnaɪlɒn/
-obedient /əˈbiːdiənt/
-object /ˈɒbdʒɪk/
-object /əbˈdʒekt/
-objective /əbˈdʒektɪv/
-obligation /ˌɒblɪˈgeɪʃn/
-obligatory /əˈblɪgətri/
-obscure /əbˈskjʊəʳ/
-observation /ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃn/
-observe /əbˈzɜːv/
-obsession /əbˈseʃn/
-obstacle /ˈɒbstəkl/
-obstinate /ˈɒbstɪnət/
-obstruct /əbˈstrʌkt/
-obstruction /əbˈstrʌkʃn/
-obvious /ˈɒbviəs/
-occasion /əˈkeɪʒn/
442

-occasionally /əˈkeɪʒnəli/
-occupation /ˌɒkjuˈpeɪʃn/
-occupy /ˈɒkjupaɪ/
-ocean /ˈəʊʃn/
-October /ɒkˈtəʊbəʳ/
-of /əv/
-offensive /əˈfensɪv/
-offer /ˈɒfəʳ/
-official /əˈfɪʃl/
-officially /əˈfɪʃəli/
-often /ˈɒfn/ /ˈɒftən/
-oh /əʊ/
-okay /əʊˈkeɪ/
-omission /əˈmɪʃn/
-opening /ˈəʊpnɪŋ/
-opera /ˈɒprə/
-operate /ˈɒpəreɪt/
-operation /ˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/
-opinion /əˈpɪnjən/
-opponent /əˈpəʊnənt/
-opportunity /ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti/
-opposed /əˈpəʊzd/
-opposite /ˈɒpəzɪt/
-opposition /ˌɒpəˈzɪʃn/
-optician /ɒpˈtɪʃn/
-optimistic /ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/
-option /ˈɒpʃn/
-oral /ɔːrəl/
-orange /ˈɒrɪndʒ/
-order /ˈɔːdəʳ/
-orderly /ˈɔːdəli/
-ordinarily /ˈɔːdnrəli/
-ordinary /ˈɔːdnri/
-organ /ˈɔːgən/
-organization /ˌɔːgənaɪˈzeɪʃn/
-organize /ˈɔːgənaɪz/
443

-origin /ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/
-original /əˈrɪdʒənl/
-originally /əˈrɪdʒənəli/
-other /ˈʌðəʳ/
-otherwise /ˈʌðəwaɪz/
-ought to /ˈɔːt tə/ /ˈɔːt tu/
-our /ɑːʳ/ /ˈaʊəʳ/
-ours /ɑːz/ /ˈaʊəz/
-ourselves /ɑː ˈselvz/ /ˌaʊəˈselvz/
-outdoors /ˌaʊtˈdɔːz/
-outgoing /ˈaʊtgəʊɪŋ/
-output /ˈaʊtpʊt/
-outside /ˌaʊtˈsaɪd/
-Oval Office /ˌəʊvl ˈɒfɪs/
-oven /ˈʌvn/
-overall /ˌəʊvərˈɔːl/
-overcome /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/
-overcrowded /ˌəʊvəˈkraʊdɪd/
-overdo /ˌəʊvəˈduː/
-overdressed /ˌəʊvəˈdrest/
-oversleep /ˌəʊvəˈsliːp/
-overtake /ˌəʊvəˈteɪk/
-overwork /ˌəʊvəˈwɜːk/
-owe /əʊ/
-own /əʊn/
-package /ˈpækɪdʒ/
-packed /pækt/
-packet /ˈpækɪt/
-painful /ˈpeɪnfl/
-painfully /ˈpeɪnfəli/
-palace /ˈpæləs/
-palatal /ˈpælətl/
-palm /pɑːm/
-panel /ˈpænl/
-paperless /ˈpeɪpələs/
-parachute /ˈpærəʃuːt/
444

-paragraph /ˈpærəgrɑːf/
-paranoid /ˈpærənɔɪd/
-parcel /ˈpɑːsl/
-pardon /ˈpɑːdn/
-parent /ˈpeərənt/
-park /pɑːk/
-parliament /ˈpɑːləmənt/
-parsley /ˈpɑːsli/
-part /pɑːt/
-partial /ˈpɑːʃl/
-partially /ˈpɑːʃəli/
-participant /pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt/
-participate /pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt/
-participation /pɑːˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/
-particular /pəˈtɪkjələʳ/
-particularly /pəˈtɪkjələli/
-partly /ˈpɑːtli/
-partner /ˈpɑːtnəʳ/
-partnership /ˈpɑːtnəʃɪp/
-party /ˈpɑːti/
-pass /pɑːs/
-passage /ˈpæsɪdʒ/
-passion /ˈpæʃn/
-passionate /ˈpæʃənət/
-passport /ˈpɑːspɔːt/
-password /ˈpɑːswɜːd/
-past /pɑːst/
-path /pɑːθ/
-patient /ˈpeɪʃnt/
-pattern /ˈpætn/
-pause /pɔːz/
-PE /ˌpiːˈiː/
-peaceful /ˈpiːsfl/
-peculiar /pɪˈkjuːliəʳ/
-peculiarly /pɪˈkjuːliəli/
-pedestrian /pəˈdestriən/
445

-pencil /ˈpensl/
-pension /ˈpenʃn/
-people /ˈpiːpl/
-per /pəʳ/ /pɜːʳ/
-per cent /pəˈsent/
-perceive /pəˈsiːv/
-percentage /pəˈsentɪdʒ/
-perception /pəˈsepʃn/
-perfect /ˈpɜːfɪkt/
-perfection /pəˈfekʃn/
-perfectly /ˈpɜːfɪktli/
-perform /pəˈfɔːm/
-performance /pəˈfɔːməns/
-performer /pəˈfɔːməʳ/
-perfume /ˈpɜːfjuːm/
-perhaps /præps/ /pəˈhæps/
-period /ˈpɪəriəd/
-periodic /ˌpɪəriˈɒdɪk/
-peripheral /pəˈrɪfərəl/
-permanent /ˈpɜːmənənt/
-permission /pəˈmɪʃn/
-permit /pəˈmɪt/
-perpetual /pəˈpetʃuəl/
-persevere /ˌpɜːsɪˈvɪəʳ/
-persistent /pəˈsɪstənt/
-person /ˈpɜːsn/
-personal /ˈpɜːsənl/
-personality /ˌpɜːsəˈnæləti/
-personally /ˈpɜːsənəli/
-persuade /pəˈsweɪd/
-persuasion /pəˈsweɪʒn/
-pessimistic /ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk/
-petrol /ˈpetrəl/
-pharmacist /ˈfɑːməsɪst/
-physically /ˈfɪzɪkli/
-piano /piˈænəʊ/
446

-picture /ˈpɪktʃəʳ/
-piercing /ˈpɪəsɪŋ/
-pigeon /ˈpɪdʒɪn/
-pilgrim /ˈpɪlgrɪm/
-pilgrimage /ˈpɪlgrɪmɪdʒ/
-pilot /ˈpaɪlət/
-plague /pleɪg/
-plan /plæn/
-planet /ˈplænɪt/
-plant /plɑːnt/
-pleasant /ˈpleznt/
-pleased /pliːzd/
-pleasure /ˈpleʒəʳ/
-plentiful /ˈplentɪfl/
-plural /ˈplʊərəl/
-pocket /ˈpɒkɪt/
-poem /ˈpəʊɪm/
-poet /ˈpəʊɪt/
-poetry /ˈpəʊətri/
-pointed /ˈpɔɪntɪd/
-poison /ˈpɔɪzn/
-poisonous /ˈpɔɪzənəs/
-polemic /pəˈlemɪk/
-police /pəˈliːs/
-political /pəˈlɪtɪkl/
-pollution /pəˈluːʃn/
-poor /pɔːʳ/ /pʊəʳ/
-poorly /ˈpɔːli/ /ˈpʊəli/
-popular /ˈpɒpjələʳ/
-population /ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn/
-position /pəˈzɪʃn/
-positive /ˈpɒzətɪv/
-possession /pəˈzeʃn/
-possibility /ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti/
-possible /ˈpɒsəbl/
-possibly /ˈpɒsəbli/
447

-posture /ˈpɒstʃəʳ/
-potato /pəˈteɪtəʊ/
-potential /pəˈtenʃl/
-pour /pɔːʳ/
-power /ˈpaʊəʳ/
-powerful /ˈpaʊəfl/
-practically /ˈpræktɪkli/
-precaution /prɪˈkɔːʃn/
-precious /ˈpreʃəs/
-precisely /prɪˈsaɪsli/
-predict /prɪˈdɪkt/
-prejudice /ˈpredʒudɪs/
-premature /ˈpremətʃəʳ/
-preparation /ˌprepəˈreɪʃn/
-prepared /prɪˈpeəd/
-presentation /ˌpreznˈteɪʃn/
-pressure /ˈpreʃəʳ/
-presume /prɪˈzjuːm/
-pretext /ˈpriːtekst/
-pretty /ˈprɪti/
-previous /ˈpriːviəs/
-priest /priːst/
-primarily /praɪˈmerəli/
-priority /praɪˈɒrəti/
-probable /ˈprɒbəbl/
-product /ˈprɒdʌkt/
-production /prəˈdʌkʃn/
-professional /prəˈfeʃənl/
-professor /prəˈfesəʳ/
-pronoun /ˈprəʊnaʊn/
-pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn/
-properly /ˈprɒpəli/
-property /ˈprɒpəti/
-proposal /prəˈpəʊzl/
-provided /prəˈvaɪdɪd/
-purchase /ˈpɜːtʃəs/
448

-purely /ˈpjʊəli/
-purple /ˈpɜːpl/
-purpose /ˈpɜːpəs/
-purse /pɜːs/
-pursue /pəˈsjuː/
-pussycat /ˈpʊsikæt/
-puzzle /ˈpʌzl/
-qualification /ˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/
-qualified /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/
-quality /ˈkwɒləti/
-quantity /ˈkwɒntəti/
-quarrel /ˈkwɒrəl/
-quarter /ˈkwɔːtəʳ/
-queen /kwiːn/
-question /ˈkwestʃən/
-questionnaire /ˌkwestʃəˈneəʳ/
-queue /kjuː/
-quick /kwɪk/
-quickly /ˈkwɪkli/
-quiet /ˈkwaɪət/
-quit /kwɪt/
-quite /kwaɪt/
-quiz /kwɪz/
-rabbit /ˈræbɪt/
-rabies /ˈreɪbiːz/
-racial /ˈreɪʃl/
-racism /ˈreɪsɪzəm/
-racket /ˈrækɪt/
-rarely /ˈreəli/
-rather /ˈrɑːðəʳ/
-ratio /ˈreɪʃiəʊ/
-rational /ˈræʃnəl/
-react /riˈækt/
-read /red/
-reality /riˈæləti/
-reason /ˈriːzn/
449

-reasonable /ˈriːznəbl/
-rebellion /rɪˈbeljən/
-receipt /rɪˈsiːt/
-recently /ˈriːsntli/
-recharge /ˌriːˈtʃɑːdʒ/
-reciprocal /rɪˈsɪprəkl/
-recognition /ˌrekəgˈnɪʃn/
-recognize /ˈrekəgnaɪz/
-recommend /ˌrekəˈmend/
-reconcile /ˈrekənsaɪl/
-record /ˈrekɔːd/
-recover /rɪˈkʌvəʳ/
-recreation /ˌrekriˈeɪʃn/
-recruit /rɪˈkruːt/
-reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/
-referee /ˌrefəˈriː/
-reference /ˈrefrəns/
-reform /rɪˈfɔːm/
-refrigerator /rɪˈfrɪdʒəreɪtəʳ/
-refugee /ˌrefjuˈdʒi/
-refusal /rɪˈfjuːzl/
-regard /rɪˈgɑːd/
-region /ˈriːdʒən/
-regretful /rɪˈgretfl/
-regular /ˈregjələʳ/
-regularly /ˈregjələli/
-regulate /ˈregjuleɪt/
-reinforce /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs/
-relative /ˈrelətɪv/
-relaxed /rɪˈlækst/
-reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/
-religion /rɪˈlɪdʒən/
-remark /rɪˈmɑːk/
-repair /rɪˈpeəʳ/
-repeated /rɪˈpiːtɪd/
-report /rɪˈpɔːt/
450

-represent /ˌreprɪˈzent/
-reputation /ˌrepjuˈteɪʃn/
-request /rɪˈkwest/
-require /rɪˈkwaɪəʳ/
-requirement /rɪˈkwaɪəmənt/
-rescue /ˈreskjuː/
-research /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/
-resemble /rɪˈzembl/
-reservation /ˌrezəˈveɪʃn/
-reserve /rɪˈzɜːv/
-resistant /rɪˈzɪstənt/
-resort /rɪˈzɔːt/
-resource /rɪˈsɔːs/
-restaurant /ˈrestrɒnt/
-retired /rɪˈtaɪəd/
-retirement /rɪˈtaɪəmənt/
-return /rɪˈtɜːn/
-reunion /riːˈjuːniən/
-reverse /rɪˈvɜːs/
-review /rɪˈvjuː/
-revision /rɪˈvɪʒn/
-revolution /ˌrevəˈluːʃn/
-reward /rɪˈwɔːd/
-rewrite /ˌriːˈraɪt/
-rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/
-ridiculous /rɪˈdɪkjələs/
-rigid /ˈrɪdʒɪd/
-ring /rɪŋ/
-riot /ˈrɑɪət/
-rival /ˈraɪvl/
-river /ˈrɪvəʳ/
-roam /rəʊm/
-roar /rɔːʳ/
-rob /rɒb/
-rock /rɒk/
-rocket /ˈrɒkɪt/
451

-romantic /rəʊˈmæntɪk/
-room /rʊm/ /ruːm/
-roughly /ˈrʌfli/
-routine /ruːˈtiːn/
-royal /ˈrɔɪəl/
-rubber /ˈrʌbəʳ/
-rudimentary /ˌruːdɪˈmentri/
-ruin /ˈruːɪn/
-rumour /ˈruːməʳ/
-runner /ˈrʌnəʳ/
-running /ˈrʌnɪŋ/
-rural /ˈrʊərəl/
-sabotage /ˈsæbətɑːʒ/
-sacrifice /ˈsækrɪfaɪs/
-sadness /ˈsædnəs/
-said /sed/
-salty /ˈsɒlti/ /ˈsɔːlti/
-sample /ˈsɑːmpl/
-sandwich /ˈsænwɪtʃ/ /ˈsænwɪdʒ/
-sanitary /ˈsænətri/
-satisfactory /ˌsætɪsˈfæktəri/
-Saturday /ˈsætədi/ /ˈsætədeɪ/
-sauce /sɔːs/
-sauna /ˈsɔːnə/
-savage /ˈsævɪdʒ/
-saxophone /ˈsæksəfəʊn/
-says /sez/
-scald /skɔːld/
-scandal /ˈskændl/
-scare /skeəʳ/
-scared /skeəd/
-scene /siːn/
-scenery /ˈsiːnəri/
-scenic /ˈsiːnɪk/
-schedule /ˈʃedjuːl/
-scheme /skiːm/
452

-science /ˈsaɪəns/
-scientific /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/
-scientist /ˈsaɪəntɪst/
-scissors /ˈsɪzəz/
-scold /skəʊld/
-score /skɔːʳ/
-scream /skriːm/
-screen /skriːn/
-screw /skruː/
-scrutinize /ˈskruːtənaɪz/
-sculpture /ˈskʌlptʃəʳ/
-sculptured /ˈskʌlptʃəd/
-search /sɜːtʃ/
-season /ˈsiːzn/
-secondary /ˈsekəndri/
-secret /ˈsiːkrət/
-secretary /ˈsekrətri/
-secure /sɪˈkjʊəʳ/
-security /sɪˈkjʊərəti/
-seemingly /ˈsiːmɪŋli/
-senate /ˈsenət/
-senior /ˈsiːniəʳ/
-sensible /ˈsensəbl/
-sensitive /ˈsensətɪv/
-separate /ˈseprət/
-September /sepˈtembəʳ/
-sequence /ˈsiːkwəns/
-series /ˈsɪəriːz/
-serious /ˈsɪəriəs/
-servant /ˈsɜːvənt/
-serve /sɜːv/
-service /ˈsɜːvɪs/
-sesame /ˈsesəmi/
-session /ˈseʃn/
-settle /ˈsetl/
-seven /ˈsevn/
453

-several /ˈsevrəl/
-severe /sɪˈvɪəʳ/
-sew /səʊ/
-sexual /ˈsekʃuəl/
-shadow /ˈʃædəʊ/
-shaped /ʃeɪpt/
-shared /ʃeəd/
-sharp /ʃɑːp/
-sheet /ʃiːt/
-Sherlock /ˈʃɜːlɒk/
-shirt /ʃɜːt/
-shock /ʃɒk/
-shoe /ʃuː/
-shoot /ʃuːt/
-short /ʃɔːt/
-shortage /ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/
-shorten /ˈʃɔːtn/
-shoulder /ˈʃəʊldəʳ/
-show /ʃəʊ/
-shower /ˈʃaʊəʳ/
-showman /ˈʃəʊmən/
-sickness /ˈsɪknəs/
-sightseeing /ˈsaɪtsiːɪŋ/
-signal /ˈsɪgnəl/
-signature /ˈsɪgnətʃəʳ/
-significant /sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt/
-similar /ˈsɪmələʳ/
-similarly /ˈsɪmələli/
-simply /ˈsɪmpli/
-simultaneous /ˌsɪmlˈteɪniəs/
-sincerely /sɪnˈsɪəli/
-singular /ˈsɪŋgjələʳ/
-sister /ˈsɪstəʳ/
-situated /ˈsɪtʃueɪtɪd/
-skiing /ˈskiːɪŋ/
-skilful /ˈskɪlfl/
454

-skilled /skɪld/
-skirt /skɜːt/
-slave /sleɪv/
-slowly /sləʊli/
-smart /smɑːt/
-smoothly /ˈsmuːðli/
-smuggler /ˈsmʌgləʳ/
-sneak /sniːk/
-soaked /səʊkt/
-sociable /ˈsəʊʃəbl/
-socialize /ˈsəʊʃəlaɪz/
-society /səˈsaɪəti/
-sociology /ˌsəʊsiˈɒlədʒi/
-sock /sɒk/
-soda /ˈsəʊdə/
-software /ˈsɒftweəʳ/
-solemn /ˈsɒləm/
-solicitor /səˈlɪsɪtəʳ/
-solitary /ˈsɒlətri/
-solution /səˈluːʃn/
-somebody /ˈsʌmbədi/
-something /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/
-sometimes /ˈsʌmtaɪmz/
-somewhat /ˈsʌmwɒt/
-song /sɒŋ/
-soothe /suːð/
-sophisticated /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/
-sore /sɔːʳ/
-sorrow /ˈsɒrəʊ/
-sorrowful /ˈsɒrəʊfl/
-sorry /ˈsɒri/
-sort /sɔːt/
-soul /səʊl/
-soup /suːp/
-sour /ˈsaʊəʳ/
-source /sɔːs/
455

-south /saʊθ/
-southern /ˈsʌðən/
-spare /speəʳ/
-sparkle /ˈspɑːkl/
-special /ˈspeʃl/
-specialist /ˈspeʃəlɪst/
-specially /ˈspeʃəli/
-specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/
-specifically /spəˈsɪfɪkli/
-spectacular /spekˈtækjələʳ/
-speculate /ˈspekjuleɪt/
-speculation /ˌspekjuˈleɪʃn/
-speechless /ˈspiːtʃləs/
-spelling /ˈspelɪŋ/
-splendid /ˈsplendɪd/
-sponsor /ˈspɒnsəʳ/
-spontaneous /spɒnˈteɪniəs/
-sport /spɔːt/
-sportsman /ˈspɔːtsmən/
-spring /sprɪŋ/
-square /skweəʳ/
-squared /skweəd/
-squash /skwɒʃ/
-squeak /skwiːk/
-squeal /skwiːl/
-squeeze /skwiːz/
-squirrel /ˈskwɪrəl/
-stability /stəˈbɪləti/
-stabilize /ˈsteɪbəlaɪz/
-stable /ˈsteɪbl/
-staff /stɑːf/
-stair /steəʳ/
-standard /ˈstændəd/
-standing /ˈstændɪŋ/
-star /stɑːʳ/
-stare /steəʳ/
456

-start /stɑːt/
-starter /ˈstɑːtəʳ/
-startle /ˈstɑːtl/
-starvation /stɑːˈveɪʃn/
-starve /stɑːv/
-station /ˈsteɪʃn/
-stationary /ˈsteɪʃənri/
-statue /ˈstætʃuː/
-steady /ˈstedi/
-steam /stiːm/
-steer /stɪəʳ/
-stimulate /ˈstɪmjuleɪt/
-stimulus /ˈstɪmjələs/
-sting /stɪŋ/
-stir /stɜːʳ/
-stomach /ˈstʌmək/
-store /stɔːʳ/
-storm /stɔːm/
-story /ˈstɔːri/
-stove /stəʊv/
-straight /streɪt/
-strange /streɪndʒ/
-stream /striːm/
-strength /streŋθ/
-strengthen /ˈstreŋθn/
-stressed /strest/
-striped /straɪpt/
-strong /strɒŋ/
-structure /ˈstrʌktʃəʳ/
-struggle /ˈstrʌgl/
-student /ˈstjuːdnt/
-studio /ˈstjuːdiəʊ/
-stuntman /ˈstʌntmæn/
-stupid /ˈstjuːpɪd/
-stupidity /stjuːˈpɪdəti/
-sturdy /ˈstɜːdi/
457

-style /staɪl/
-subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ /ˈsʌbdʒekt/
-subjective /səbˈdʒektɪv/
-submissive /səbˈmɪsɪv/
-subordinate /səˈbɔːdɪnət/
-subscribe /səbˈskraɪb/
-substantially /səbˈstænʃəli/
-substitute /ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt/
-successful /səkˈsesfl/
-succession /səkˈseʃn/
-sudden /ˈsʌdn/
-sufficient /səˈfɪʃnt/
-sugar /ˈʃʊgəʳ/
-suggestion /səˈdʒestʃən/
-suicide /ˈsuːɪsaɪd/
-suit /suːt/ /sjuːt/
-suitable /ˈsuːtəbl/ /ˈsjuːtəbl/
-suitcase /ˈsuːtkeɪs/ /ˈsjuːtkeɪs/
-suited /ˈsuːtɪd/ /ˈsjuːtɪd/
-sultan /ˈsʌltən/
-summary /ˈsʌməri/
-summer /ˈsʌməʳ/
-Sunday /ˈsʌndi/ /ˈsʌndeɪ/
-sunless /ˈsʌnləs/
-sunrise /ˈsʌnraɪz/
-sunset /ˈsʌnset/
-sunshine /ˈsʌnʃaɪn/
-sunstroke /ˈsʌnstrəʊk/
-super /ˈsuːpəʳ/ /ˈsjuːpəʳ/
-superb /suːˈpɜːb/ /sjuːˈpɜːb/
-supermarket /ˈsuːpəmɑːkɪt/ /ˈsjuːpəmɑːkɪt/
-supernatural /ˌsuːpəˈnætʃrəl/ /ˌsjuːpəˈnætʃrəl/
-superstition /ˌsuːpəˈstɪʃn/ /ˌsjuːpəˈstɪʃn/
-supervise /ˈsuːpəvaɪz/ /ˈsjuːpəvaɪz/
-supervisor /ˈsuːpəvaɪzəʳ/ /ˈsjuːpəvaɪzəʳ/
-supper /ˈsʌpəʳ/
458

-support /səˈpɔːt/
-supposed /səˈpəʊzd/
-sure /ʃɔːʳ/ /ʃʊəʳ/
-surface /ˈsɜːfɪs/
-surfing /ˈsɜːfɪŋ/
-surgeon /ˈsɜːdʒən/
-surname /ˈsɜːneɪm/
-surplus /ˈsɜːpləs/
-surprise /səˈpraɪz/
-surrender /səˈrendəʳ/
-surroundings /səˈraʊndɪŋz/
-survey /ˈsɜːveɪ/
-survivor /səˈvaɪvəʳ/
-suspension /səˈspenʃn/
-suspicious /səˈspɪʃəs/
-swallow /ˈswɒləʊ/
-swear /sweəʳ/
-sweet /swiːt/
-swim /swɪm/
-sympathetic /ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk/
-system /ˈsɪstəm/
-systematic /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/
-table /ˈteɪbl/
-tablet /ˈtæblət/
-tackle /ˈtækl/
-tactful /ˈtæktfl/
-tactless /ˈtæktləs/
-tailor /ˈteɪləʳ/
-talented /ˈtæləntɪd/
-talk /tɔːk/
-talkative /ˈtɔːkətɪv/
-talker /ˈtɔːkəʳ/
-tangible /ˈtændʒəbl/
-target /ˈtɑːgɪt/
-task /tɑːsk/
-taste /teɪst/
459

-taught /tɔːt/
-teacher /ˈtiːtʃəʳ/
-teaching /ˈtiːtʃɪŋ/
-tear /teəʳ/
-tear /tɪəʳ/
-technically /ˈteknɪkli/
-technique /tekˈniːk/
-technology /tekˈnɒlədʒi/
-tedious /ˈtiːdiəs/
-television /ˈtelɪvɪʒn/
-telling /ˈtelɪŋ/
-temperature /ˈtemprətʃəʳ/
-temptation /tempˈteɪʃn/
-tendency /ˈtendənsi/
-tense /tens/
-tension /ˈtenʃn/
-tentative /ˈtentətɪv/
-term /tɜːm/
-termly /ˈtɜːmli/
-terrible /ˈterəbl/
-territory /ˈterətri/
-theatre /ˈθɪətəʳ/
-themselves /ðəmˈselvz/
-theory /ˈθɪəri/
-there /ðeəʳ/
-therefore /ˈðeəfɔːʳ/
-there's /ðeəz/
-thing /θɪŋ/
-think /θɪŋk/
-thinking /ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/
-third /θɜːd/
-thirsty /θɜːsti/
-thirteen /ˌθɜːˈtiːn/
-thirty /ˈθɜːti/
-thoroughly /ˈθʌrəli/
-thought /θɔːt/
460

-thoughtful /ˈθɔːːfl/
-thousandth /ˈθaʊznθ/
-threaten /ˈθretn/
-thrilled /θrɪld/
-throat /θrəʊt/
-through /θruː/
-throw /θrəʊ/
-thumb /θʌm/
-thunder /ˈθʌndəʳ/
-Thursday /ˈθɜːzdi/ /ˈθɜːzdeɪ/
-ticket /ˈtɪkɪt/
-tidy /ˈtaɪdi/
-timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/
-tire /ˈtaɪəʳ/
-tired /ˈtaɪəd/
-tireless /ˈtaɪələs/
-tiring /ˈtaɪərɪŋ/
-title /ˈtaɪtl/
-tobacco /təˈbækəʊ/
-today /təˈdeɪ/
-toe /təʊ/
-together /təˈgeðəʳ/
-toilet /ˈtɔɪlət/
-tolerance /ˈtɒlərəns/
-tolerate /ˈtɒləreɪt/
-tomato /təˈmɑːtəʊ/
-tomorrow /təˈmɒrəʊ/
-tongue /tʌŋ/
-tonight /təˈnaɪt/
-tooth /tuːθ/
-torch /tɔːtʃ/
-torn /tɔːn/
-tortured /ˈtɔːtʃəd/
-total /ˈtəʊtl/
-totally /ˈtəʊtəli/
-touch /tʌtʃ/
461

-tough /tʌf/
-tour /tɔːʳ/ /tʊəʳ/
-tourism /ˈtɔːrɪzəm/ /ˈtʊərɪzəm/
-tourist /ˈtɔːrɪst/ /ˈtʊərɪst/
-tournament /ˈtɔːnəmənt/ /ˈtʊənəmənt/
-tow /təʊ/
-toward /təˈwɔːd/
-towards /təˈwɔːdz/
-towel /ˈtaʊəl/
-tower /ˈtaʊəʳ/
-tradition /trəˈdɪʃn/
-traditional /trəˈdɪʃənl/
-traffic /ˈtræfɪk/
-tragedy /ˈtrædʒədi/
-tragic /ˈtrædʒɪk/
-transfer /trænsˈfɜːʳ/
-translation /trænzˈleɪʃn/ /trænsˈleɪʃn/
-transparent /trænsˈpærənt/
-travel /ˈtrævl/
-traveller /ˈtrævələʳ/
-treasure /ˈtreʒəʳ/
-tremble /ˈtrembl/
-tremendous /trəˈmendəs/
-trial /ˈtraɪəl/
-triangle /ˈtraɪæŋgl/
-triumph /ˈtraɪʌmf/
-trivial /ˈtrɪviəl/
-trouble /ˈtrʌbl/
-trousers /ˈtraʊzəz/
-truly /ˈtruːli/
-trumpet /ˈtrʌmpɪt/
-trustworthy /ˈtrʌstwɜːði/
-truth /truːθ/
-tube /tjuːb/
-Tuesday /ˈtjuːzdi/ /ˈtjuːzdeɪ/
-tune /tjuːn/
462

-tunnel /ˈtʌnl/
-turn /tɜːn/
-typically /ˈtɪpɪkli/
-tyre /ˈtaɪəʳ/
-UEFA /juˈeɪfə/
-UFO /ˌjuː ef ˈəʊ/ /ˈjuːfəʊ/
-ultimate /ˈʌltɪmət/
-umbrella /ʌmˈbrelə/
-umpire /ˈʌmpaɪəʳ/
-unable /ʌnˈeɪbl/
-unacceptable /ˌʌnəkˈseptəbl/
-unaccustomed /ˌʌnəˈkʌstəmd/
-unanimous /juˈnænɪməs/
-unashamed /ˌʌnəˈʃeɪmd/
-unattractive /ˌʌnəˈtræktɪv/
-unbelievable /ˌʌnbɪˈliːvəbl/
-uncertain /ʌnˈsɜːtn/
-uncle /ˈʌŋkl/
-uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌmftəbl/ /ʌnˈkʌmfətəbl/
-unconscious /ʌnˈkɒnʃəs/
-under /ˈʌndəʳ/
-underdog /ˈʌndədɒg/
-underdone /ˌʌndəˈdʌn/
-underestimate /ˌʌndərˈestɪmeɪt/
-undergo /ˌʌndəˈgəʊ/
-undergraduate /ˌʌndəˈgrædʒuət/
-underground / ˈʌndəgraʊnd/
-underline /ˌʌndəˈlaɪn/
-undermine /ˌʌndəˈmaɪn/
-underneath /ˌʌndəˈniːθ/
-underpants /ˈʌndəpænts/
-underrate /ˌʌndəˈreɪt/
-undershirt /ˈʌndəʃɜːt/
-understand /ˌʌndəˈstænd/
-undertake /ˌʌndəˈteɪk/
-undressed /ʌnˈdrest/
463

-uneasy /ʌnˈiːzi/
-unemployed /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪd/
-unequal /ʌnˈiːkwəl/
-unfair /ˌʌnˈfeəʳ/
-unfortunately /ʌnˈfɔːtʃənətli/
-unhappy /ʌnˈhæpi/
-UNICEF /ˈjuːnɪsef/
-uniform /ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/
-union /ˈjuːniən/
-unique /juˈniːk/
-unit /ˈjuːnɪt/
-united /juˈnaɪtɪd/
-universal /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsl/
-university /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/
-unknown /ˌʌnˈnəʊn/
-unless /ənˈles/
-unnecessary /ʌnˈnesəsəri/
-unprepared /ˌʌnprɪˈpeəd/
-unqualified /ˌʌnˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/
-unsuccessful /ˌʌnsəkˈsesfl/
-until /ənˈtɪl/
-unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒəl/ /ʌnˈjuːʒuəl/
-unusually /ʌnˈjuːʒəli/ /ʌnˈjuːʒuəli/
-upon /əˈpɒn/
-upset /ʌpˈset/
-upstairs /ˌʌpˈsteəz/
-upward /ˈʌpwəd/
-upwards /ˈʌpwədz/
-urban /ˈɜːbən/
-use /juːz/
-used to /ˈjuːst tə/
-useful /ˈjuːsfl/
-useless /ˈjuːsləs/
-user /ˈjuːzəʳ/
-usually /ˈjuːʒəli/ /ˈjuːʒuəli/
-utility /juːˈtɪləti/
464

-vacation /vəˈkeɪʃn/ /veɪˈkeɪʃn/

-vacationer /vəˈkeɪʃnəʳ/ /veɪˈkeɪʃnəʳ/
-vacuum /ˈvækjuəm/
-valid /ˈvælɪd/
-valley /ˈvæli/
-valuable /ˈvæljuəbl/
-value /ˈvæljuː/
-vanilla /vəˈnɪlə/
-variable /ˈveəriəbl/
-variation /ˌveəriˈeɪʃn/
-varied /ˈveərid/
-variety /vəˈraɪəti/
-various /ˈveəriəs/
-vary /ˈveəri/
-vast /vɑːst/
-vegetable /ˈvedʒtəbl/
-vehicle /ˈviːəkl/
-venture /ˈventʃəʳ/
-Venus /ˈviːnəs/
-verb /vɜːb/
-verbal /ˈvɜːbl/
-verbalize /ˈvɜːbəlaɪz/
-verdict /ˈvɜːdɪkt/
-verify /ˈverɪfaɪ/
-version /ˈvɜːʃn/ /ˈvɜːʒn/
-versus /ˈvɜːsəs/
-vertical /ˈvɜːtɪkl/
-veto /ˈviːtəʊ/
-via /ˈvaɪə/ /ˈviːə/
-vice versa /ˌvaɪs ˈvɜːsə/
-vicious /ˈvɪʃəs/
-victory /ˈvɪktəri/
-video /ˈvɪdiəʊ/
-view /vjuː/
-viewer /ˈvjuːəʳ/
-vigorous /ˈvɪgərəs/
465

-villa /ˈvɪlə/
-village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/
-violent /ˈvaɪələnt/
-virtual /ˈvɜːtʃuəl/
-virus /ˈvaɪrəs/
-visa /ˈviːzə/
-visible /ˈvɪzəbl/
-vision /ˈvɪʒn/
-visit /ˈvɪzɪt/
-visitor /ˈvɪzɪtəʳ/
-visual /ˈvɪʒuəl/
-visualize /ˈvɪʒuəlaɪz/
-vital /ˈvaɪtl/
-vitamin /ˈvɪtəmɪn/
-vocabulary /vəˈkæbjələri/
-vocation /vəʊˈkeɪʃn/
-voiced /vɔɪst/
-volleyball /ˈvɒlibɔːl/
-volume /ˈvɒljuːm/
-voluntarily /ˈvɒləntrəli/
-voluntary /ˈvɒləntri/
-volunteer /ˌvɒlənˈtɪəʳ/
-vomit /ˈvɒmɪt/
-vowel /ˈvaʊəl/
-voyage /ˈvɔɪɪdʒ/
-vulgar /ˈvʌlgəʳ/
-vulnerable /ˈvʌlnərəbl/
-wage /weɪdʒ/
-waist /weɪst/
-wait /weɪt/
-waiter /ˈweɪtəʳ/
-wake /weɪk/
-walk /wɔːk/
-walking /ˈwɔːkɪŋ/
-wall /wɔːl/
-wallet /ˈwɒlɪt/
466

-wander /ˈwɒndəʳ/
-wanna /ˈwɒnə/
-want /wɒnt/
-wanted /ˈwɒntɪd/
-war /wɔːʳ/
-warm /wɔːm/
-warn /wɔːn/
-warning /ˈwɔːnɪŋ/
-warrant /ˈwɒrənt/
-warrior /ˈwɒriəʳ/
-was /wəz/ /wɒz/
-wash /wɒʃ/
-washing-up /ˌwɒʃɪŋ ˈʌp/
-wasn't /ˈwɒznt/
-waste /weɪst/
-watch /wɒtʃ/
-watchful /ˈwɒtʃfl/
-water /ˈwɔːtəʳ/
-wave /weɪv/
-way /weɪ/
-weak /wiːk/
-weakness /wiːknəs/
-wealth /welθ/
-weapon /ˈwepən/
-wear /weəʳ/
-weary /ˈwɪəri/
-weather /ˈweðəʳ/
-weatherman /ˈweðəmæn/
-web /web/
-website /ˈwebsaɪt/
-wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/
-Wednesday /ˈwenzdi/ /ˈwenzdeɪ/
-week /wiːk/
-weekend /ˌwiːkˈend/
-weep /wiːp/
-weigh /weɪ/
467

-weight /weɪt/
-welcome /ˈwelkəm/
-welfare /ˈwelfeəʳ/
-well /wel/
-[Link] /ˌwel ˈnəʊn/
-were /wəʳ/ /wɜːʳ/
-weren't /wɜːnt/
-west /west/
-western /ˈwestən/
-wet /wet/
-[Link] /ˌdʌbljuː ˈeɪtʃ kwestʃən/
-whale /weɪl/
-what /wɒt/
-whatever /wɒtˈevəʳ/
-wheel /wiːl/
-when /wen/
-where /weəʳ/
-wherever /weərˈevəʳ/
-whether /ˈweðəʳ/
-which /wɪtʃ/
-while /waɪl/
-whisky /ˈwɪski/
-whisper /ˈwɪspəʳ/
-whistle /ˈwɪsl/
-white /waɪt/
-white meat /ˌwaɪt ˈmiːt/
-who /huː/
-whoever /huːˈevəʳ/
-whole /həʊl/
-whom /huːm/
-whomever /ˌhuːmˈevəʳ/
-whose /huːz/
-why /waɪ/
-wicked /ˈwɪkɪd/
-wide /waɪd/
-width /wɪdθ/ /wɪtθ/
468

-wife /waɪf/
-wild /waɪld/
-will /wɪl/
-willing /ˈwɪlɪŋ/
-win /wɪn/
-wind /wɪnd/
-window /ˈwɪndəʊ/
-windy /ˈwɪndi/
-wine /waɪn/
-wing /wɪŋ/
-wink /wɪŋk/
-winner /ˈwɪnəʳ/
-winning /ˈwɪnɪŋ/
-winter /ˈwɪntəʳ/
-wipe /waɪp/
-wire /ˈwaɪəʳ/
-wireless /ˈwaɪələs/
-wisdom /ˈwɪzdəm/
-wise /waɪz/
-wish /wɪʃ/
-witch /wɪtʃ/
-with /wɪð/ /wɪθ/
-withdraw /wɪðˈdrɔː/ /wɪθˈdrɔː/
-within /wɪˈðɪn/
-without /wɪˈðaʊt/
-witness /ˈwɪtnəs/
-wives /waɪvz/
-wolf /wʊlf/
-woman /ˈwʊmən/
-women /ˈwɪmɪn/
-wonder /ˈwʌndəʳ/
-wonderful /ˈwʌndəfl/
-wood /wʊd/
-wooden /ˈwʊdn/
-wool /wʊl/
-word /wɜːd/
469

-work /wɜːk/
-workbook /ˈwɜːkbʊk/
-world /wɜːld/
-worried /ˈwʌrid/
-worry /ˈwʌri/
-worse /wɜːs/
-worst /wɜːst/
-worth /wɜːθ/
-worthwhile /ˌwɜːθˈwaɪl/
-worthy /wɜːði/
-would /wəd/ /wʊd/
-wound /wuːnd/
-write /raɪt/
-wrong /rɒŋ/
-yaar /jɑː/
-yacht /jɒt/
-yah /jɑː/
-yahoo /ˈjɑːhuː/ /jəˈhuː/
-yard /jɑːd/
-yawn /jɔːn/
-yeah /jeə/
-year /jɪəʳ/ /jɜːʳ/
-yellow /ˈjeləʊ/
-yesterday /ˈjestədi/ /ˈjestədeɪ/
-yield /jiːld/
-yoga /ˈjəʊgə/
-yogurt /ˈjɒgət/
-young /jʌŋ/
-your /jəʳ/ /jɔːʳ/
-yours /jɔːz/
-yourself /jɔːˈself/
-youth /juːθ/
-youthful /ˈjuːθfl/
-zero /ˈzɪərəʊ/
-zone /zəʊn/
-zoo /zuː/
470

-zoology /zəʊˈɒlədʒi/ /zuˈɒlədʒi/

-Africa /ˈæfrɪkə/
-America /əˈmerɪkə/
-Antarctica /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/
-Argentina /ˌɑːdʒənˈtiːnə/
-Armenia /ɑːˈmiːniə/
-Asia /ˈeɪʃə/ /ˈeɪʒə/
-Atlantic Ocean /ətˌlæntɪk ˈəʊʃn/
-Australia /ɒˈstreɪliə/
-Austria /ˈɒstriə/
-Azerbaijan /ˌæzəbaɪˈdʒɑːn/
-Bahamas /bəˈhɑːməz/
-Bangladesh /ˌbæŋgləˈdeʃ/
-Belarus /ˌbeləˈruːs/
-Belgium /ˈbeldʒəm/
-Canada /ˈkænədə/
-Chile /ˈtʃɪli/
-China /ˈtʃaɪnə/
-Colombia /kəˈlɒmbiə/
-Croatia /krəʊˈeɪʃə/
-Cuba /ˈkjuːbə/
-Cyprus /ˈsaɪprəs/
-Denmark /ˈdenmɑːk/
-Ecuador /ˈekwədɔːʳ/
-Egypt /ˈiːdʒɪpt/
-Estonia /eˈstəʊniə/
-Europe /ˈjʊərəp/
-Finland /ˈfɪnlənd/
-Germany /ˈdʒɜːməni/
-Hungary /ˈhʌŋgəri/
-India /ˈɪndiə/
-Israel /ˈɪzreɪl/
-Italy /ˈɪtəli/
-Jamaica /dʒəˈmeɪkə/
-Japan /dʒəˈpæn/
-Kenya /ˈkenjə/
471

-Korea /kəˈriə/
-Latvia /ˈlætviə/
-Libya /ˈlɪbiə/
-Lithuania /ˌlɪθjuˈeɪniə/
-Luxembourg /ˈlʌksəmbɜːg/
-Malaysia /məˈleɪʒə/
-Maldives /ˈmɔːldiːvz/
-Malta /ˈmɔːltə/
-Peru /pəˈruː/
-Poland /ˈpəʊlənd/
-Portugal /ˈpɔːtʃʊgl/
-Romania /ruˈmeɪniə/
-Serbia /ˈsɜːbiə/
-Singapore /ˌsɪŋəˈpɔːʳ/
-Slovakia /sləˈvækiə/
-Slovenia /sləˈviːniə/
-Somalia /səˈmɑːliə/
-Sweden /ˈswiːdn/
-Switzerland /ˈswɪtsələnd/
-Turkey /ˈtɜːki/
-Ukraine /juːˈkreɪn/
-Uruguay /ˈjʊərəgwaɪ/
-London /ˈlʌndən/
-Liverpool /ˈlɪvəpuːl/
-Oxford /ˈɒksfəd/
-Washington /ˈwɒʃɪŋtən/
-Leicester /ˈlestəʳ/
-Birmingham /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/
-Cardiff /ˈkɑːdɪf/
-Alaska /əˈlæskə/
-California /ˌkæləˈfɔːniə/
-New York /ˌnjuː ˈjɔːk/
-Portsmouth /ˈpɔːtsməθ/
-Norwich /ˈnɒrɪdʒ/
-Nottingham /ˈnɒtɪŋəm/
-Reading /ˈredɪŋ/
472

COMPOUND WORDS and STRESS

-American football /əˌmerɪkən ˈfʊtbɔːl/

-animal rights /ˌænɪml ˈraɪts/
-apple pie /ˌæpl ˈpaɪ/
-asking price /ˈɑːskɪŋ praɪs/
-babysitter /ˈbeɪbisɪtəʳ/
-backbone /ˈbækbəʊn/
-background /ˈbækgrɑʊnd/
-bad language /ˌbæd ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
-bad tempered /ˌbæd ˈtempəd/
-bank card /ˈbæŋk kɑːd/
-banknote /ˈbæŋknəʊt/
-bathroom /ˈbɑːθruːm/ /ˈbɑːθrʊm/
-bedroom /ˈbedruːm/ /ˈbedrʊm/
-birthday /ˈbɜːθdeɪ/
-blackboard /ˈblækbɔːd/
-blood pressure /ˈblʌd preʃəʳ/
-boarding school /ˈbɔːdɪŋ skuːl/
-bodyguard /ˈbɒdigɑːd/
-boyfriend /ˈbɔɪfrend/
-brainstorming /ˈbreɪnstɔːmɪŋ/
-broadcast /ˈbrɔːdkɑːst/
-brotherhood /ˈbrʌðəhʊd/
-bulldog /ˈbʊldɒg/
-businessman /ˈbɪznəsmæn/ /ˈbɪznəsmən/
-butterfly /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/
-bypass /ˈbaɪpɑːs/
-cable television /ˌkeɪbl ˈtelɪvɪʒn/
-cameraman /ˈkæmrəmæn/
-campfire /ˈkæmpfaɪəʳ/
-campsite /ˈkæmpsaɪt/
-central heating /ˌsentrəl ˈhiːtɪŋ/
-chairman /ˈtʃeəmən/
-chairwoman /ˈtʃeəwʊmən/
-child seat /ˈtʃaɪld siːt/
473

-civil servant /ˌsɪvl ˈsɜːvənt/

-civil war /ˌsɪvl ˈwɔːʳ/
-classmate /ˈklɑːsmeɪt/
-classroom /ˈklɑːsruːm/ /ˈklɑːsrʊm/
-coffee table /ˈkɒfi teɪbl/
-cold blooded /ˌkəʊld ˈblʌdɪd/
-cold war /ˌkəʊld ˈwɔːʳ/
-cost price /ˌkɒst ˈpraɪs/
-costume party /ˈkɒstjuːm pɑːti/
-countryside /ˈkʌntrisaɪd/
-coursebook /ˈkɔːsbʊk/
-credit card /ˈkredɪt kɑːd/
-cupboard /ˈkʌbəd/
-daylight /ˈdeɪlaɪt/
-daytime /ˈdeɪtaɪm/
-diamond wedding (60) /ˌdaɪəmənd ˈwedɪŋ/
-doorbell /ˈdɔːbel/
-doorman /ˈdɔːmən/
-doormat /ˈdɔːmæt/
-double room /ˌdʌbl ˈruːm/
-downstairs /ˌdaʊnˈsteəz/
-driving licence /ˈdraɪvɪŋ laɪsns/
-earthquake /ˈɜːθkweɪk/
-firework /ˈfaɪəwɜːk/
-first aid /ˌfɜːst ˈeɪd/
-first name /ˈfɜːst neɪm/
-football /ˈfʊtbɔːl/
-footprint /ˈfʊtprɪnt/
-fortune teller /ˈfɔːtʃuːn teləʳ/
-fruit salad /ˌfruːt ˈsæləd/
-garden party /ˈgɑːdn pɑːti/
-girlfriend /ˈgɜːlfrend/
-gold medal /ˌgəʊld ˈmedl/
-golden goal /ˌgəʊldən ˈgəʊl/
-golden wedding (50) /ˌgəʊldən ˈwedɪŋ/
-good afternoon /ˌgʊd ɑːftəˈnuːn/
474

-good evening /ˌgʊd ˈiːvnɪŋ/

-good morning /ˌgʊd ˈmɔːnɪŋ/
-goodbye /ˌgʊdˈbaɪ/
-good hearted /ˌgʊd ˈhɑːtɪd/
-good looking /ˌgʊdˈlʊkɪŋ/
-goodnight /ˌgʊdˈnaɪt/
-grandchild /ˈgræntʃaɪld/
-granddaughter /ˈgrændɔːtəʳ/
-grandfather /ˈgrænfɑːðəʳ/
-grandmother /ˈgrænmʌðəʳ/
-grandparent /ˈgrænpeərənt/
-grandson /ˈgrænsʌn/
-green card /ˌgriːn ˈkɑːd/
-green pepper /ˌgriːn ˈpepəʳ/
-green tea /ˌgriːn ˈtiː/
-greengrocer /ˈgriːngrəʊsəʳ/
-guidebook /ˈgaɪdbʊk/
-haircut /ˈheəkʌt/
-hairdresser /ˈheədresəʳ/
-hairdryer /ˈheədraɪəʳ/
-handbag /ˈhændbæg/
-handball /ˈhændbɔːl/
-handbrake /ˈhændbreɪk/
-handmade (adj) /ˌhændˈmeɪd/
-handwriting /ˈhændraɪtɪŋ/
-hardware /ˈhɑːdweəʳ/
-hardworking /ˌhɑːdˈwɜːkɪŋ/
-harvest festival /ˌhɑːvɪst ˈfestɪvl/
-head teacher /ˌhed ˈtiːtʃəʳ/
-headache /ˈhedeɪk/
-headline /ˈhedlaɪn/
-headmaster /ˌhedˈmɑːstəʳ/
-heart attack /ˈhɑːt ətæk/
-hide and seek /ˌhaɪd n ˈsiːk/
-highway /ˈhaɪweɪ/
-hitchhike /ˈhɪtʃhaɪk/
475

-homework /ˈhəʊmwɜːk/
-honeymoon /ˈhʌnimuːn/
-horror film /ˈhɒrə fɪlm/
-horse race /hɔːs reɪs/
-horse riding /ˈhɔːs raɪdɪŋ/
-house arrest /ˈhaʊs ərest/
-house husband /ˈhaʊs hʌzbənd/
-household /ˈhaʊshəʊld/
-housemaid /ˈhaʊsmeɪd/
-housewife /ˈhaʊswaɪf/
-housework /ˈhaʊswɜːk/
-human right /ˌhjuːmən ˈraɪt/
-ice cream /ˌaɪs ˈkriːm/
-ice skating /ˈaɪs skeɪtɪŋ/
-ill considered /ˌɪl kənˈsɪdəd/
-keyboard /ˈkiːbɔːd/
-keyword /ˈkiːwɜːd/
-kilogram /ˈkɪləgræm/
-kilometre /ˈkɪkəmiːtəʳ/
-landlady /ˈlændleɪdi/
-landmark /ˈlændmɑːk/
-landscape /ˈlændskeɪp/
-left handed /ˌleft ˈhændɪd/
-lifestyle /ˈlaɪfstaɪl/
-little finger /ˌlɪtl ˈfɪŋgəʳ/
-living room /ˈlɪvɪŋ ruːm/
-long term /ˌlɒŋ ˈtɜːm/
-low level /ˌləʊ ˈlevl/
-low paid /ˌləʊ ˈpeɪd/
-lunchtime /ˈlʌntʃtaɪm/
-mailbox /ˈmeɪlbɒks/
-main verb /ˌmeɪn ˈvɜːb/
-man made /ˌmæn ˈmeɪd/
-master plan /ˈmɑːstə plæn/
-mid term /ˌmɪd ˈtɜːm/
-midday /ˌmɪdˈdeɪ/
476

-middle aged /ˌmɪdl ˈeɪdʒd/

-midnight /ˈmɪdnaɪt/
-mobile phone /ˌməʊbaɪl ˈfəʊn/
-modern English /ˌmɒdn ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-modern language /ˌmɒdn ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
-more information /ˌmɔːr ɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/
-motorbike /ˈməʊtəbaɪk/
-national service /ˌnæʃnəl ˈsɜːvɪs/
-native speaker /ˌneɪtɪv ˈspiːkəʳ/
-network /ˈnetwɜːk/
-newspaper /ˈnjuːzpeɪpəʳ/
-nickname /ˈnɪkneɪm/
-notebook /ˈnəʊtbʊk/
-nursery school /ˈnɜːsəri skuːl/
-old fashioned /ˌəʊld ˈfæʃnd/
-only child /ˌəʊnli ˈtʃaɪld/
-open ended /ˌəʊpən ˈendɪd/
-outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/
-outdated /ˌaʊtˈdeɪtɪd/
-outgoing /ˈaʊtgəʊɪŋ/
-output /ˈaʊtpʊt/
-outstanding /aʊtˈstændɪŋ/
-overall /ˈəʊvərɔːl/
-overcome /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/
-oversleep /ˌəʊvəˈsliːp/
-overtake /ˌəʊvəˈteɪk/
-overwork /ˌəʊvəˈwɜːk/
-ownership /ˈəʊnəʃɪp/
-part time /ˌpɑːt ˈtaɪm/
-passport /ˈpɑːspɔːt/
-past perfect /ˌpɑːst ˈpɜːfɪkt/
-peacetime /ˈpiːstaɪm/
-petrol station /ˈpetrəl steɪʃn/
-photocopy /ˈfəʊtəʊkɒpi/
-physical education /ˌfɪzɪkl edʒuˈkeɪʃn/
-platform /ˈplætfɔːm/
477

-playground /ˈpleɪgraʊnd/
-pocket money /ˈpɒkɪt mʌni/
-point of view /ˌpɔɪnt ə ˈvjuː/
-police dog /pəˈliːs dɒg/
-police force /pəˈliːs fɔːs/
-post office /ˈpəʊst ɒfɪs/
-postmodern /ˌpəʊstˈmɒdn/
-present participle /ˌpreznt ˈpɑːtɪsɪpl/
-private detective /ˌpraɪvət dɪˈtektɪv/
-private enterprise /ˌpraɪvət ˈentəpraɪz/
-proper noun (name) /ˌprɒpə ˈnaʊn/
-public transport /ˌpʌblɪk ˈtrænspɔːt/
-pussycat /ˈpʊsikæt/
-quality control /ˈkwɒləti kəntrəʊl/
-railroad /ˈreɪlrəʊd/
-railway /ˈreɪlweɪ/
-rainbow /ˈreɪnbəʊ/
-raincoat /ˈreɪnkəʊt/
-rainfall /ˈreɪnfɔːl/
-rainforest /ˈreɪnfɒrɪst/
-raw material /ˌrɔː məˈtɪəriəl/
-remote control /rɪˌməʊt kənˈtrəʊl/
-rice pudding /ˌraɪs ˈpʊdɪŋ/
-ring finger /ˈrɪŋ fɪŋgəʳ/
-rock and roll /ˌrɒk n ˈrəʊl/
-roundabout /ˈraʊndəbaʊt/
-ruby wedding (40) /ˌruːbi ˈwedɪŋ/
-Russian salad /ˌrʌʃn ˈsæləd/
-sacrifice festival /ˌsækrɪfaɪs ˈfestɪvl/
-safety belt /ˈseɪfti belt/
-salesman /ˈseɪlzmən/
-school age /ˈskuːl eɪdʒ/
-sea air /ˌsiː ˈeəʳ/
-sea breeze /ˌsiː ˈbriːz/
-sea fish /ˈsiː fɪʃ/
-sea level /ˈsiː levl/
478

-sea water /ˈsiː wɔːtəʳ/

-seafood /ˈsiːfuːd/
-seat belt /ˈsiːt belt/
-second class /ˌsekənd ˈklɑːs/
-second hand /ˌsekənd ˈhænd/
-secret service /ˌsiːkrət ˈsɜːvɪs/
-security gard /sɪˈkjʊərəti gɑːd/
-self control /ˌself kənˈtrəʊl/
-self service /ˌself ˈsɜːvɪs/
-selling price /ˈselɪŋ praɪs/
-semi colon /ˌsemiˈkəʊlən/
-semi final /ˌsemi ˈfaɪnl/
-shish kebab /ˈʃɪʃ kɪbæb/
-shoplifting /ˈʃɒplɪftɪŋ/
-short story /ˌʃɔːt ˈstɔːri/
-short term /ˌʃɔːt ˈtɜːm/
-showman /ˈʃəʊmən/
-sick leave /ˈsɪk liːv/
-sightseeing /ˈsaɪtsiːɪŋ/
-silver medal /ˌsɪlvə ˈmedl/
-silver wedding (25) /ˌsɪlvəˈwedɪŋ/
-sixth sense /ˌsɪksθ ˈsens/
-sleeping pill /ˈsliːpɪŋ pɪl/
-small minded /ˌsmɔːl ˈmaɪndɪd/
-snowball /ˈsnəʊbɔːl/
-snowboarding /ˈsnəʊbɔːdɪŋ/
-snowfall /ˈsnəʊfɔːl/
-snowman /ˈsnəʊmæn/
-software /ˈsɒftweəʳ/
-soya bean /ˈsɔɪ biːn/
-spacecraft /ˈspeɪskrɑːft/
-spaceman /ˈspeɪsmæn/
-spokesman /ˈspəʊksmən/
-stamp collecting /ˈstæmp kəlektɪŋ/
-stepbrother /ˈstepbrʌðəʳ/
-stepdaughter /ˈstepdɔːtəʳ/
479

-stepfather /ˈstepfɑːðəʳ/
-stepmother /ˈstepmʌðəʳ/
-stepsister /ˈstepsɪstəʳ/
-stomach ache /ˈstʌmək eɪk/
-street light /ˈstriːt laɪt/
-suitcase /ˈsuːtkeɪs/ /ˈsjuːtkeɪs/
-sunrise /ˈsʌnraɪz/
-sunset /ˈsʌnset/
-sunshine /ˈsʌnʃaɪn/
-swimming pool /ˈswɪmɪŋ puːl/
-table tennis /ˈteɪbl tenɪs/
-tablecloth /ˈteɪblklɒθ/
-teacher training /ˌtiːtʃə ˈtreɪnɪŋ/
-thank you /ˈθæŋk jə/
-timetable /ˈtaɪmteɪbl/
-toothache /ˈtuːθeɪk/
-town centre /ˌtaʊn ˈsentəʳ/
-traffic jam /ˈtræfɪk dʒæm/
-Turkish bath /ˌtɜːkɪʃ ˈbæθ/
-Turkish coffee /ˌtɜːkɪʃ ˈkɒfi/
-Turkish delight /ˌtɜːkɪʃ dɪˈlaɪt/
-underground /ˈʌndəgraʊnd/
-vacuum cleaner /ˈvækjuəm kliːnəʳ/
-watermill /ˈwɔːtəmɪl/
-website /ˈwebsaɪt/
-wedding dress /ˈwedɪŋ dres/
-well built /ˌwel ˈbɪlt/
-well dressed /ˌwel ˈdrest/
-well known /ˌwel ˈnəʊn/
-well off /ˌwel ˈɒf/
-wheelchair /ˈwiːltʃeəʳ/
-white bread /ˌwaɪt ˈbred/
-windmill /ˈwɪndmɪl/
-windsurfing /ˈwɪndsɜːfɪŋ/
-winter sports /ˌwɪntə ˈspɔːts/
-wooden spoon /ˌwʊdn ˈspuːn/
480

-workbook /ˈwɜːkbʊk/
-worksheet /ˈwɜːkʃiːt/
-yellow card /ˌjeləʊ ˈkɑːd/
-yes no question /ˌjes ˈnəʊ kwestʃən/
-young person /ˌjʌŋ ˈpɜːsn/
481

‘-ize’ = ‘-ise’ (unstress)

-advertise /ˈædvətaɪz/
-analyse /ˈænəlaɪz/
-apologize /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/
-civilize /ˈsɪvəlaɪz/
-criticize /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/
-demoralize /dɪˈmɒrəlaɪz/
-emphasize /ˈemfəsaɪz/
-enterprise /ˈentəpraɪz/
-exercise /ˈeksəsaɪz/
-fertilize /ˈfɜːtəlaɪz/
-harmonize /ˈhɑːmənaɪz/
-minimize /ˈmɪnɪmaɪz/
-mobilize /ˈməʊbəlaɪz/
-modernize /ˈmɒdənaɪz/
-organize /ˈɔːgənaɪz/
-realize /ˈriːəlaɪz/ /ˈrɪəlaɪz/
-recognize /ˈrekəgnaɪz/
-scrutinize /ˈskruːtənaɪz/
-socialize /ˈsəʊʃəlaɪz/
-specialize /ˈspeʃəlaɪz/
-sterilize /ˈsterəlaɪz/
-subsidize /ˈsʌbsɪdaɪz/
-summarize /ˈsʌməraɪz/
-sympathize /ˈsɪmpəθaɪz/
-systematize /ˈsɪstəmətaɪz/
-terrorize /ˈterəraɪz/
-utilize /ˈjuːtəlaɪz/
482

‘-ate’ (unstress)

-accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/
-accommodate /əˈkɒmədeɪt/
-accurate /ˈækjərət/
-activate /ˈæktɪveɪt/
-adequate /ˈædɪkwət/
-aggravate /ˈægrəveɪt/
-agitate /ˈædʒɪteɪt/
-alleviate /əˈliːvieɪt/
-alternate (adj) /ɔːlˈtɜːnət/
-alternate (v) /ˈɔːltəneɪt/
-animate /ˈænɪmeɪt/
-anticipate /ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt/
-appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪt/
-appropriate /əˈprəʊpriət/
-approximate /əˈprɒksɪmət/
-articulate /ɑːˈtɪkjuleɪt/
-assassinate /əˈsæsɪneɪt/
-associate /əˈsəʊʃieɪt/ /əˈsəʊsieɪt/
-calculate /ˈkælkjuleɪt/
-candidate /ˈkændɪdət/ /ˈkændɪdeɪt/
-captivate /ˈkæptɪveɪt/
-celebrate /ˈselɪbreɪt/
-certificate (n) /səˈtɪfɪkət/
-certificate (v) /səˈtɪfɪkeɪt/
-chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/
-circulate /ˈsɜːkjəleɪt/
-climate /ˈklaɪmət/
-collaborate /kəˈlæbəreɪt/
-collocate /ˈkɒləkeɪt/
-communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/
-complicate /ˈkɒmplɪkeɪt/
-concentrate /ˈkɒnsntreɪt/
-congratulate /kənˈgrætʃuleɪt/
-considerate /kənˈsɪdərət/
483

-consolidate /kənˈsɒlɪdeɪt/
-cooperate /kəʊˈɒpəreɪt/
-coordinate /kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪt/
-corporate /ˈkɔːpərət/
-correlate /ˈkɒrəleɪt/
-corroborate /kəˈrɒbəreɪt/
-create /kriˈeɪt/
-cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/
-debate /dɪˈbeɪt/
-decorate /ˈdekəreɪt/
-dedicate /ˈdedɪkeɪt/
-definite /ˈdefɪnət/
-delegate (n) /ˈdelɪgət/
-delegate (v) /ˈdelɪgeɪt/
-delete /dɪˈliːt/
-deliberate /dɪˈlɪbərət/
-delicate /ˈdelɪkət/
-demonstrate /ˈdemənstreɪt/
-denigrate /ˈdenɪgreɪt/
-desperate /ˈdespərət/
-devastate /ˈdevəsteɪt/
-dictate /dɪkˈteɪt/
-differentiate /ˌdɪfəˈrenʃieɪt/
-discriminate /dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt/
-domesticate /dəˈmestɪkeɪt/
-dominate /ˈdɒmɪneɪt/
-donate /dəʊˈneɪt/
-elevate /ˈelɪveɪt/
-eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/
-emigrate /ˈemɪgreɪt/
-estimate (n) /ˈestɪmət/
-estimate (v) /ˈestɪmeɪt/
-evacuate /ɪˈvækjueɪt/
-exaggerate /ɪgˈzædʒəreɪt/
-excavate /ˈekskəveɪt/
-fabricate /ˈfæbrɪkeɪt/
484

-fascinate /ˈfæsɪneɪt/
-favourite /ˈfeɪvərɪt/
-frustrate /frʌˈstreɪt/
-generate /ˈdʒenəreɪt/
-graduate (n) /ˈgrædʒuət/
-graduate (v) /ˈgrædʒueɪt/
-gravitate /ˈgrævɪteɪt/
-hallucinate /həˈluːsɪneɪt/
-hesitate /ˈhezɪteɪt/
-humiliate /hjuːˈmɪlieɪt/
-illegitimate (adj) /ˌɪləˈdʒɪtəmət/
-illuminate /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/
-illustrate /ˈɪləstreɪt/
-imitate /ˈɪmɪteɪt/
-immaculate /ɪˈmækjələt/
-immediate /ɪˈmiːdiət/
-immigrate /ˈɪmɪgreɪt/
-implicate /ˈɪmplɪkeɪt/
-inappropriate /ˌɪnəˈprəʊpriət/
-indicate /ˈɪndɪkeɪt/
-integrate /ˈɪntɪgreɪt/
-intermediate /ˌɪntəˈmiːdiət/
-intimate /ˈɪntɪmeɪt/
-intimate /ˈɪntɪmət/
-investigate /ɪnˈvestɪgeɪt/
-irritate /ˈɪrɪteɪt/
-isolate /ˈaɪsəleɪt/
-legitimate /lɪˈdʒɪtɪmət/
-locate /ləʊˈkeɪt/
-manipulate /məˈnɪpjuleɪt/
-masturbate /ˈmæstəbeɪt/
-meditate /ˈmedɪteɪt/
-migrate /maɪˈgreɪt/
-miscalculate /ˌmɪsˈkælkjueɪt/
-moderate /ˈmɒdərət/
-moderate (v) /ˈmɒdəreɪt/
485

-motivate /ˈməʊtɪveɪt/
-necessitate /nəˈsesɪteɪt/
-negotiate /nɪˈgəʊʃieɪt/
-nominate /ˈnɒmɪneɪt/
-operate /ˈɒpəreɪt/
-penetrate /ˈpenɪtreɪt/
-regulate /ˈregjuleɪt/
-rehabilitate /ˌriːəˈbɪlɪteɪt/
-separate /ˈseprət/
-separate (v) /ˈsepəreɪt/
-simulate /ˈsɪmjuleɪt/
-sophisticated /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/
-speculate /ˈspekjuleɪt/
-stimulate /ˈstɪmjuleɪt/
-subordinate /səˈbɔːdɪnət/
-subordinate (v) /səˈbɔːdɪneɪt/
-terminate /ˈtɜːmɪneɪt/
-tolerate /ˈtɒləreɪt/
-translate /trænsˈleɪt/ /trænzˈleɪt/
-ultimate /ˈʌltɪmət/
-underestimate /ˌʌndərˈestɪmeɪt/
-underestimate (n) /ˌʌndərˈestɪmət/
-validate /ˈvælɪdeɪt/

-absolute /ˈæbsəluːt/
-institute /ˈɪnstɪtjuːt/
-gratitude /ˈgrætɪtjuːd/
-constitute /ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt/
-contribute /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ /ˈkɒntrɪbjuːt/
-attribute /əˈtrɪbjuːt/
-distribute /dɪˈstrɪbjuːt/
486

‘-age’ (unstress)

-advantage /ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/
-average /ˈævərɪdʒ/
-baggage /ˈbægɪdʒ/
-cabbage /ˈkæbɪdʒ/
-carriage /ˈkærɪdʒ/
-college /ˈkɒlɪdʒ/
-cottage /ˈkɒtɪdʒ/
-courage /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/
-disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/
-encourage /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/
-garage /ˈgærɑːʒ/ /ˈgærɪdʒ/
-garbage /ˈgɑːbɪdʒ/
-heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/
-image /ˈɪmɪdʒ/
-imagine /ɪˈmædʒɪn/
-knowledge /ˈnɒlɪdʒ/
-language /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/
-luggage /ˈlʌgɪdʒ/
-manage /ˈmænɪdʒ/
-marriage /ˈmærɪdʒ/
-massage /ˈmæsɑːʒ/
-message /ˈmesɪdʒ/
-mortgage /ˈmɔːgɪdʒ/
-orange /ˈɒrɪndʒ/
-package /ˈpækɪdʒ/
-passage /ˈpæsɪdʒ/
-percentage /pəˈsentɪdʒ/
-pilgrimage /ˈpɪlgrɪmɪdʒ/
-privilege /ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ/
-sabotage /ˈsæbətɑːʒ/
-sausage /ˈsɒsɪdʒ/
-savage /ˈsævɪdʒ/
-village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/
487

/ɪ/

-biscuit /ˈbɪskɪt/
-chicken /ˈtʃɪkɪn/
-gossip /ˈgɒsɪp/
-habit /ˈhæbɪt/
-jacket /ˈdʒækɪt/
-kitchen /ˈkɪtʃɪn/
-limit /ˈlɪmɪt/
-magic /ˈmædʒɪk/
-market /ˈmɑːkɪt/
-married /ˈmærid/
-minute /ˈmɪnɪt/
-notice /ˈnəʊtɪs/
-origin /ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/
-packet /ˈpækɪt/
-planet /ˈplænɪt/
-pocket /ˈpɒkɪt/
-poem /ˈpəʊɪm/
-poet /ˈpəʊɪt/
-rabbit /ˈræbɪt/
-racket /ˈrækɪt/
-rapid /ˈræpɪd/
-rocket /ˈrɒkɪt/
-solid /ˈsɒlɪd/
-spirit /ˈspɪrɪt/
-splendid /ˈsplendɪd/
-surface /ˈsɜːfɪs/
-target /ˈtɑːgɪt/
-terrific /təˈrɪfɪk/
-ticket /ˈtɪkɪt/
-traffic /ˈtræfɪk/
-tragic /ˈtrædʒɪk/
-trumpet /ˈtrʌmpɪt/
-visit /ˈvɪzɪt/
-vitamin /ˈvɪtəmɪn/
488

/l, r/ + ə

-challenge /ˈtʃæləndʒ/
-favourite /ˈfeɪvrət/
-interest /ˈɪntrəst/
-palace /ˈpæləs/
-reference /ˈrefrəns/
-secret /ˈsiːkrət/
-separate /ˈseprət/
-several /ˈsevrəl/
-tablet /ˈtæblət/
-terrible /ˈterəbl/
-toilet /ˈtɔɪlət/
489

‘-ic’ (unsress)

-artistic /ɑːˈtɪstɪk/
-domestic /dəˈmestɪk/
-economic /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ /ˌekəˈnɒmɪk/
-electronic /ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪk/
-enthusiastic /ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk/
-fantastic /fænˈtæstɪk/
-graphic /ˈgræfɪk/
-gymnastics /dʒɪmˈnæstɪks/
-historic /hɪˈstɒrɪk/
-linguistics /lɪŋˈgwɪstɪks/
-majestic /məˈdʒestɪk/
-optimistic /ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/
-pessimistic /ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk/
-politics /ˈpɒlətɪks/
-realistic /ˌriːəˈlɪstɪk/ /ˌrɪəˈlɪstɪk/
-romantic /rəʊˈmæntɪk/
-scholastic /skəˈlæstɪk/
-scientific /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/
-specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/
-statistic /stəˈtɪstɪk/
-sympathetic /ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk/
-synthetic /sɪnˈθetɪk/
-systematic /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/

‘-ical’ (unsress)

-historical /hɪˈstɒrɪkl/
-identical /aɪˈdentɪkl/
-logical /ˈlɒdʒɪkl/
-medical /ˈmedɪkl/
-political /pəˈlɪtɪkl/
-practical /ˈpræktɪkl/
-reciprocal /rɪˈsɪprəkl/
490

‘-ship’ (unsress)

-citizenship /ˈsɪtɪzənʃɪp/
-membership /ˈmembəʃɪp/
-ownership /ˈəʊnəʃɪp/
-partnership /ˈpɑːtnəʃɪp/
-relationship /rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp/
-scholarship /ˈskɒləʃɪp/
-sponsorship /ˈspɒnsəʃɪp/
-sportsmanship /ˈspɔːtsmənʃɪp/

‘-ify’ (unsress)

-clarify /ˈklærəfaɪ/
-classify /ˈklæsɪfaɪ/
-identify /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/
-intensify /ɪnˈtensɪfaɪ/
-justify /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/
-multiply /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/
-occupy /ˈɒkjupaɪ/
-qualify /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/
-satisfy /ˈsætɪsfaɪ/
-simplify /ˈsɪmplɪfaɪ/
-terrify /ˈterɪfaɪ/

‘-al’ (unsress)

-environmental /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl/
-fundamental /ˌfʌndəˈmentl/
-horizontal /ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntl/
-individual /ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl/
-professional /prəˈfeʃənl/
-proposal /prəˈpəʊzl/
491

‘-ity’ (unsress)

-majority /məˈdʒɒrəti/
-minority /maɪˈnɒrəti/
-opportunity /ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti/
-personality /ˌpɜːsəˈnæləti/
-popularity /ˌpɒpjuˈlærəti/
-possibility /ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti/
-priority /praɪˈɒrəti/
-probability /ˌprɒbəˈbɪləti/
-property /ˈprɒpəti/
-publicity /pʌbˈlɪsəti/
-quality /ˈkwɒləti/
-quantity /ˈkwɒntəti/
-reality /riˈæləti/
-responsibility /rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/
-security /sɪˈkjʊərəti/
-similarity /ˌsɪməˈlærəti/
-society /səˈsaɪəti/
-speciality /ˌspeʃiˈæləti/
-stupidity /stjuːˈpɪdəti/
-totality /təʊˈtæləti/
-university /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/
-utility /juːˈtɪləti/
-validity /vəˈlɪdəti/
-variety /vəˈraɪəti/
492

‘-ion’ (unsress)

-addition /əˈdɪʃn/
-admission /ədˈmɪʃn/
-attention /əˈtenʃn/
-celebration /ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn/
-collision /kəˈlɪʒn/
-comprehension /ˌkɒmprɪˈhenʃn/
-consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn/
-conversation /ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn/
-decision /dɪˈsɪʒn/
-decoration /ˌdekəˈreɪʃn/
-dictation /dɪkˈteɪʃn/
-direction /dəˈrekʃn/ /dɪˈrekʃn/ /daɪˈrekʃn/
-discussion /dɪˈskʌʃn/
-education /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn/ /ˌedjʊˈkeɪʃn/
-elision /ɪˈlɪʒn/
-emotion /ɪˈməʊʃn/
-exception /ɪkˈsepʃn/
-expression /ɪkˈspreʃn/
-generation /ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/
-imagination /ɪˌmædʒɪˈneɪʃn/
-information /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/
-invasion /ɪnˈveɪʒn/
-invention /ɪnˈvenʃn/
-invitation /ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃn/
-mission /ˈmɪʃn/
-nation /ˈneɪʃn/
-objection /əbˈdʒekʃn/
-obsession /əbˈseʃn/
-occasion /əˈkeɪʒn/
-omission /əˈmɪʃn/
-permission /pəˈmɪʃn/
-persuasion /pəˈsweɪʒn/
-pollution /pəˈluːʃn/
-population /ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn/ /ˌpɒpjəˈleɪʃn/
493

-position /pəˈzɪʃn/
-possession /pəˈzeʃn/
-promotion /prəˈməʊʃn/
-reaction /riˈækʃn/
-reception /rɪˈsepʃn/
-reduction /rɪˈdʌkʃn/
-relation /rɪˈleɪʃn/
-revision /rıˈvıʒn/
-session /ˈseʃn/
-vision /ˈvɪʒn/
494

PHONEMIC AWARENESS

-ability /əˈbɪləti/
-academic /ˌækəˈdemɪk/
-accidental /ˌæksɪˈdentl/
-acknowledge /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/
-acrobatic /ˌækrəˈbætɪk/
-activity /ækˈtɪvəti/
-actual /ˈæktʃuəl/
-advanced level /ədˈvɑːnst levl/
-advocate /ˈædvəkeɪt/
-aesthetic /iːsˈθetɪk/
-afternoon /ˌɑːftəˈnuːn/
-alcoholic /ˌælkəˈhɒlɪk/
-all right /ɔːl ˈraɪt/
-alphabetical /ˌælfəˈbetɪkl/
-already /ɔːlˈredi/
-alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/
-American English /əˌmerɪkən ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-annual /ˈænjuəl/
-any more /eni ˈmɔːʳ/
-apolitical /ˌeɪpəˈlɪtɪkl/
-apparent /əˈpærənt/
-arithmetic /əˈrɪθmətɪk/
-arm wrestling /ˈɑːm reslɪŋ/
-artificial respiration /ˌɑːtɪfɪʃl respəˈreɪʃn/
-assembly room /əˈsembli ruːm/
-athletic /æθˈletɪk/
-Australian English /ɒˌstreɪliən ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-authority /ɔːˈθɒrəti/
-automatic /ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk/
-banana republic /bəˌnɑːnə rɪˈpʌblɪk/
-Basic English /ˌbeɪsɪk ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-basketball /ˈbɑːskɪtbɔːl/
-battery /ˈbætri/ /ˈbætəri/
-beach volleyball /ˌbiːtʃ ˈvɒlibɔːl/
-benefit /ˈbenɪfɪt/
495

-booking office /ˈbʊkɪŋ ɒfɪs/

-bookshop /ˈbʊkʃɒp/
-botanical garden /bəˌtænɪkl ˈgɑːdn/
-boycott /ˈbɔɪkɒt/
-bridegroom /ˈbraɪdgruːm/
-brilliant /ˈbrɪliənt/
-British English /ˌbrɪtɪʃ ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
-brotherhood /ˈbrʌðəhʊd/
-bus station /ˈbʌs steɪʃn/
-bus stop /ˈbʌs stɒp/
-champion /ˈtʃæmpiən/
-classmate /ˈklɑːsmeɪt/
-common /ˈkɒmən/
-coward /ˈkaʊəd/
-definite /ˈdefɪnət/
-determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/
-dilemma /dɪˈlemə/ /daɪˈlemə/
-domain /dəˈmeɪn/ /dəʊˈmeɪn/
-entertain /ˌentəˈteɪn/
-faithful /ˈfeɪθfl/
-favourite /ˈfeɪvərɪt/
-giraffe /dʒəˈrɑːf/
-grateful /ˈgreɪtfl/
-guarantee /ˌgærənˈtiː/
-habitual /həˈbɪtʃuəl/
-handicap /ˈhændikæp/
-handicraft /ˈhændikrɑːft/
-hide and seek /ˌhaɪd n ˈsiːk/
-hospital /ˈhɒspɪtl/
-maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/
-maintenance /ˈmeɪntənəns/
-more information /ˌmɔːr ɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/
-mountain /ˈmaʊntən/
-obscure /əbˈskjʊəʳ/
-occasionally /əˈkeɪʒnəli/
-orphan /ˈɔːfn/
496

-passport /ˈpɑːspɔːt/
-pattern /ˈpætn/
-peripheral /pəˈrɪfərəl/
-publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/
-punish /ˈpʌnɪʃ/
-recommend /ˌrekəˈmend/
-regularly /ˈregjələli/
-represent /ˌreprɪˈzent/
-rock and roll /ˌrɒk n ˈrəʊl/
-roundabout /ˈraʊndəbaʊt/
-sandwich /ˈsænwɪtʃ/ /ˈsænwɪdʒ/
-severe /sɪˈvɪəʳ/
-shepherd /ˈʃepəd/
-similar /ˈsɪmələʳ/
-similarly /ˈsɪmələli/
-sisterhood /ˈsɪstəhʊd/
-tattoo /təˈtuː/
-thank you /ˈθæŋk ju/
-translate /trænsˈleɪt/ /trænzˈleɪt/

-pillow /ˈpɪləʊ/
-shadow /ˈʃædəʊ/
-shallow /ˈʃæləʊ/
497

STRESS the SYLLABLE before THESE SUFFIXES

energetic /ˌenəˈdʒetɪk/
-ic fantastic /fænˈtæstɪk/
pessimistic /ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk/
decision /dɪˈsɪʒn/
-ion definition /ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn/
revision /rɪˈvɪʒn/
ability /əˈbɪləti/
-ity possibility /ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti/
university /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/
classify /ˈklæsɪfaɪ/
-ify terrify /ˈterɪfaɪ/
identify /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/
essential /ɪˈsenʃl/
-ial financial /faɪˈnænʃl/
official /əˈfɪʃl/
politician /ˌpɒləˈtɪʃn/
-ian vegetarian /ˌvedʒəˈteəriən/
musician /mjuˈzɪʃn/
impossible /ɪmˈpɒsəbl/
-ible incredible /ɪnˈkredəbl/
terrible /ˈterəbl/
ancient /ˈeɪnʃənt/
-ient efficient /ɪˈfɪʃnt/
patient /ˈpeɪʃnt/
ambitious /æmˈbɪʃəs/
-ious suspicious /səˈspɪʃəs/
delicious /dɪˈlɪʃəs/
historical /hɪˈstɒrɪkl/
-ical political /pəˈlɪtɪkl/
identical /aɪˈdentɪkl/

Stress the syllable immediately before these suffixes that begin with ‘i’.
498

STRESS SHIFT

/ˈmeɪdʒəʳ/ /məˈdʒɒrəti/
/ˈmaɪnəʳ/ /mɑɪˈnɒrəti/
-ity /ˈpɜːsənl/ /ˌpɜːsəˈnæləti/
/ˈpɒsəbl/ /ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti/
/ˈprɒbəbl/ /ˌprɒbəˈbɪləti/
/ɪˈkɒnəmi/ /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/
/ˈælkəhɒl/ /ˌælkəˈhɒlɪk/
-ic /ˈælədʒi/ /əˈlɜːdʒɪk/
/ˈhɪstri/ /hɪˈstɒrɪk/
/ˈɒptɪmɪst/ /ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/
/ˈhɪstri/ /hɪˈstɒrɪkl/
/ɪˈkɒnəmi/ /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkl/
-ical /ˈpɒlətɪk/ /pəˈlɪtɪkl/
/tekˈniːk/ /ˈteknɪkl/
/fɪˈzɪʃn/ /ˈfɪzɪkl/
/ˈhɪstri/ /hɪˈstɔːriən/
/ˈɒptɪk/ /ɒpˈtɪʃn/
-ian /ˈmjuːzɪk/ /mjuˈzɪʃn/
/ɪˈlektrɪk/ /ɪˌlekˈtrɪʃn/
/ˈpɒlətɪks/ /ˌpɒləˈtɪʃn/
/ˈselɪbreɪt/ /ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn/
/ˈdefɪnət/ /ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn/
-tion /ˈgrædʒueɪt/ /ˌgrædʒuˈeɪʃn/
/ˈməʊtɪveɪt/ /ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃn/
/ˈseprət/ /ˌsepəˈreɪʃn/
/ˈesns/ /ɪˈsenʃl/
/ˈfaɪnæns/ /faɪˈnænʃl/
-ial /ˈmeməri/ /məˈmɔːriəl/
/ˈɒfɪs/ /əˈfɪʃl/
/ˈbenɪfɪt/ /ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl/

Nearly 70 per cent of English suffixes do not shift (change) stress.

499

STRESS SHIFT

/ˈsəʊʃl/ /ˌsəʊsiˈɒlədʒi/
/ˈzuːkiːpəʳ/ /zəʊˈɒlədʒi/ /zuˈɒlədʒi/
/ˈfəʊniːm/ /fəˈnɒlədʒi/
/ˈfəʊtəgrɑːf/ /fəˈtɒgrəfəʳ/
/ˈsəʊʃl/ /səˈsaɪəti/
/fəˈtɒgrəfi/ /ˌfəʊtəʊˈdʒenɪk/
/ˈsaɪkəpæθ/ /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/
/ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/
/ˈkʌrɪdʒ/ /kəˈreɪdʒəs/
/ˈɪndəstri/ /ɪnˈdʌstriəs/
/saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/ /ˌsaɪkiˈætrɪk/
/ˈsaɪkəpæθ/ /saɪˈkaɪətri/
/iˈkɒlədʒi/ /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/
/ˈteknɪkl/ /tekˈnɒlədʒi/
/ˈfɑːməsi/ /ˌfɑːməˈkɒlədʒi/
/dʒiˈɒmətri/ /ˌdʒiəˈmetrɪk/

simultaneous /ˌsɪmlˈteɪniəs/
spontaneous /spɒnˈteɪniəs/
500

STRESSED /ɒ/

- /ˌaɪdiˈɒlədʒi/
- /baɪˈɒgrəfi/
- /baɪˈɒlədʒi/
- /ˌbɪbliˈɒgrəfi/
- /ˌɔːtəbaɪˈɒgrəfi/
- /dʒiˈɒgrəfi/
- /dʒiˈɒlədʒi/
- /dʒiˈɒmətri/
- /ˌfɑːməˈkɒlədʒi/
- /fəˈnɒlədʒi/
- /fəˈtɒgrəfəʳ/
- /fəˈtɒgrəfi/
- /fɪˈlɒlədʒi/
- /fɪˈlɒsəfi/
- /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/
- /iˈkɒlədʒi/
- /ˌreɪdiˈɒlədʒi/
- /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/
- /saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst/
- /ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/
- /ˌsəʊsiˈɒlədʒi/
- /tekˈnɒlədʒi/
- /zəʊˈɒlədʒi/ /zuˈɒlədʒi/
501

/iə/ = ‘ia’, ‘io’

-Adrian /ˈeɪdriən/
-Armenia /ɑːˈmiːniə/
-Armenian /ɑːˈmiːniən/
-Australia /ɒˈstreɪliə/
-Australian /ɒˈstreɪliən/
-Austria /ˈɒstriə/
-Austrian /ˈɒstriən/
-barrier /ˈbæriəʳ/
-Bolivia /bəˈlɪviə/
-Bolivian /bəˈlɪviən/
-Bosnia Herzegovina /ˌbɒzniə ˌhɜːtsəgəˈviːnə/
-Bosnian /ˈbɒzniən/
-Brazilian /brəˈzɪliən/
-Bulgaria /bʌlˈgeəriə/
-Bulgarian /bʌlˈgeəriən/
-Canadian /kəˈneɪdiən/
-Claudia /ˈklɔːdiə/
-Colombia /kəˈlɒmbiə/
-Colombian /kəˈlɒmbiən/
-comedian /kəˈmiːdiən/
-companion /kəmˈpæniən/
-Cypriot /ˈsɪpriət/
-Estonia /eˈstəʊniə/
-Estonian /eˈstəʊniən/
-Ethiopia /ˌiːθiˈəʊpiə/
-Ethiopian /ˌiːθiˈəʊpiən/
-India /ˈɪndiə/
-Indian /ˈɪndiən/
-Indonesia /ˌɪndəˈniːziə/
-Indonesian /ˌɪndəˈniːziən/
-Iranian /ɪˈreɪniən/
-Italian /ɪˈtæliən/
-idiom /ˈɪdiəm/
-idiot /ˈɪdiət/
502

-immediate /ɪˈmiːdiət/
-industrial /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/
-Korea /kəˈriə/
-Korean /kəˈriən/
-Latvia /ˈlætviə/
-Latvian /ˈlætviən/
-Liberia /laɪˈbɪəriə/
-Liberian /laɪˈbɪəriən/
-Lithuania /ˌlɪθjuˈeɪniə/
-Lithuanian /ˌlɪθjuˈeɪniən/
-Malaysia /məˈleɪziə/
-Malaysian /məˈleɪziən/
-Marian /ˈmæriən/
-Nigeria /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/
-Nigerian /naɪˈdʒɪəriən/
-peculiar /pɪˈkjuːliəʳ/
-radio /ˈreɪdiəʊ/
-Sebastian /səˈbæstiən/
-Serbia /ˈsɜːbiə/
-Serbian /ˈsɜːbiən/
-Silvia /ˈsɪlviə/
-Slovakia /sləˈvækiə/
-Slovenia /sləˈviːniə/
-Slovenian /sləˈviːniən/
-Somalia /səˈmɑːliə/
-Syria /ˈsɪriə/
-Syrian /ˈsɪriən/
-Tunisia /tjuˈnɪziə/
-Tunisian /tjuˈnɪziən/
-union /ˈjuːniən/
-Victoria /vɪkˈtɔːriə/
-video /ˈvɪdiəʊ/
-Zambia /ˈzæmbiə/
-Zambian /ˈzæmbiən/
-simultaneous /ˌsɪmlˈteɪniəs/
-spontaneous /spɒnˈteɪniəs/
503

The stressed syllable (vowel) = the accented syllable (vowel).

The reduced = unstressed syllable usually takes the schwa sound.
West Indian English is a syllable-timed language. (French, Turkish...)
Sentence stress is an important factor in fluency.
Many unstressed vowel sounds tend to become the schwa.
Turkish students have problems with the /θ/, /ð/, /w/ sounds.
Turkish words are often stressed on the final or penultimate syllable.
Elision is the omission of sounds or syllables in speech.
Accent = pronunciation, intonation, liaison, assimilation...
Most words in English take suffixes that do not shift stress.( %70 )
About 70 per cent of English suffixes do not change syllable stress.

The British Isles /ðə ˌbrɪtɪʃ ˈaɪlz/

United Kingdom /juˌnaɪtɪd ˈkɪŋdəm/
Great Britain /ˌgreɪt ˈbrɪtn/
Scotland /ˈskɒtlənd/
Wales /weɪlz/
Northern Ireland /ˌnɔːðən ˈaɪələnd/
Republic of Ireland /rɪˌpʌblɪk əv ˈaɪələnd/

BRITISH Received Pronunciation (RP) /rɪˌsiːvd prənʌnsiˈeɪʃn/

AMERICAN Global Pronunciation (GP) /ˌgləʊbl prənʌnsiˈeɪʃn/

THOUGHT GROUPS = RHYTHM GROUPS

Assimilation changing sounds
Elision losing sounds
Linking adding or joining sounds
504

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