UNIT 1: BASIC CONCEPTS TO UNDERSTAND PLANTS The Effect Humans have on the Environment
• Human population will exceed 7.8 billion in 2025, yet the
Pharmacokinetics – what does the body does to a drug
size of earth remains constant.
Pharmacodynamics – the action of drug to the body • We have had major impacts on the environment:
a) Drained wetlands
Importance of Plants b) Cleared natural vegetation
• Why do we need plants in order to survive? c) Dumped wastes and pollution
d) Used pesticides and herbicides
1. Photosynthesis sustains life on Earth
2. Plants are our fundamental source of food • We must reduce our environmental impact:
3. Many medicines come from plants a) Change agricultural practices
4. Plants provide fuel, shelter, and paper products b) Render pollutants harmless
5. Others c) Recycle
d) Replace pesticides with biological pest controls
Human and Animal Dependence on Plants e) Conserve water and energy
f) Preserve habitats and species
• Plants convert the sun’s energy into energy that is usable to plants and
to animals. Botany as a Science
• In the process, plants produce oxygen and remove carbon dioxide in
Botany – the scientific study of plants. also called plant biology,
the air we breathe.
plant science and phytology. It encompasses the origin,
• Plants are the sources of multiple products of human society:
diversity, structure and internal processes of plants as well as
a) Food
their relationships with other organisms and with the nonliving
b) Perfumes
physical environment.
c) Dyes
d) Beverages • At first, interest in plants was practical. It was centered
e) Lumber around the production of food, fibers, fuel, and medicine.
f) Paper
Eventually, an intellectual interest arose, led to plant study
g) Clothing
becoming a science.
h) Medicines
i) Coal and Oil
j) Alternate Energy Sources
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Science - involves the observation, recording, organization, and classification Branches of Botany
of information.
Scientific Method - describes the procedures of developing and testing
hypotheses.
PLANT
Hypotheses/sis - tentative, unproven explanation of an observation MORPHOLOGY
Experiment – test to determine if a hypothesis is correct (must be
PLANT PLANT
repeatable)
ANATOMY TAXONOMY
Variables - Aspects of the experiment that can be changed or held
constant. Good experiments consist of two parts: Variable changed &
Variable held constant = Control
Data - results from the experiment
Principle - useful generalization derived from experimental data
Theory - grouping of related principles PLANT PLANT
PATHOLOGY CYTOLOGY
Diversification of Plant Study/Botanical Disciplines BOTANY
1. Plant Anatomy – internal structure of plants
2. Plant Physiology – plant function
3. Plant Taxonomy – describing, naming, and classifying plants
4. Plant Systematics – developing methods for classifying and naming plants
PLANT PLANT
5. Plant Geography – plant distributions
PHYSIOLOGY GENETICS
6. Plant Ecology – interaction between plants and their environments
7. Plant Morphology – form and structure of plants
8. Genetics – the science of heredity; potential development of better
agricultural, medicinal, and other useful plants PLANT PLANT
9. Cell Biology – cell structure and function ECOLOGY GEOGRAPHY
10. Economic Botany and Ethnobotany – practical uses of plants and plant
products; still vast amounts of botanical information yet to be discovered
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Levels of Biological Organization Characteristics of Living Things
1. Organization – plants and other organisms are highly organized with
cells as their basic building blocks
2. Energy - plants and other organisms take in and use energy
3. Photosynthesis - biological process that includes capture of light
energy and its transformation into chemical energy of organic
molecules that are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water. It is
the process by which plants and certain other organisms use solar
energy to make their own food by transforming carbon dioxide and
water into sugars that store chemical energy. (Water+Carbon
dioxide+Sunlight), By-product- (Sugars + Oxygen) For example, sunlight
filters through a tree, plants absorb radiant energy for photosynthesis
4. Cellular Respiration - cellular process in which energy of organic
molecules is released for biological work
5. Interaction with environment – plants respond to stimuli in their
environment, and they undergo growth and development
6. Reproduction – plants form new individuals by asexual or sexual
reproduction
7. Heredity – DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid – a nucleic acid present in a
cell’s chromosomes that contains genetic information) molecules
transmit genetic information from one generation to the next in plants
and other organisms
8. Evolution - plants and other organisms evolve and populations change
or adapt to survive in changing environments
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Root Growth and Gravity Germination – the process of causing the seed to sprout or develop.
a. Is placed on its side A northern red oak (Quercus rubra) acorn has germinated, and the emerging
root is growing into the forest soil.
Asexual Reproduction - only parents participates, no fusion of gametes occurs
& the genetic make-up of parent & offsprings is virtually identical.
The mother-in-law plant (Kalanchoe pinnata) produces young plants asexually
along the margins of the leaves.
b. Making the roots horizontal, the root tips change the direction of
their growth so that they are again growing downward Sexual Reproduction - plants involves the union of gametes that may or may
not come from two separate individuals.
Adaptation – an evolutionary modification that improves an organism’s
c. The roots other than the tips do not change their direction, because
chances of survival and reproductive success.
they are no longer growing; the root tips are the only parts that
increase in length. The cactus possesses adaptations that help it survive in dry climates. The stem
of cactus functions both photosynthesis and water storage. The leaves of cacti
are modified into spines for protection.
Response to Stimuli
Characteristics of a Typical Plant
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OVERVIEW OF THE CELL Prokaryotic Cell - a cell that lacks nuclei and other membrane-bound
organelles (archaea and bacteria). Prokaryote (Latin, “before the nucleus”) an
Cell – defined as the “structural and functional” unit of life. organism whose cells do not have an enclosed nucleus, such as bacteria.
THE DISCOVERY OF CELL PLANT CELL
Robert Hooke (1635-1703) - He was the first person to view a cell. In 1665, he a) Plasma Membrane – the living surface membrane of a cell, that acts as
observed plant cells in a slice of bark from an oak tree, using a multi-lens a selective barrier to passage of materials into and out of the cell.
(compound) microscope he designed. The word cell itself comes from the Latin b) Nucleus – a cellular organelle that contains DNA and serves as control
cella, meaning “small room”. center of the cell.
Light Microscope – focuses a beam of light through a sample c) Plastid – a group of membrane-bound organelles occurring in
photosynthetic eukaryotic cells (e.g chloroplasts, leucoplasts, and
Transmission Electron Microscope – (TEM) directs a beam of electrons chromoplasts).
through the sample. Lenses in the electron microscope are actually magnets
TYPES OF PLASTIDS
that bend the beam of electrons.
Amyloplasts Store starch; considered to be
Scanning Electron Microscope – (SEM) is used to provide a clear view of leucoplasts
surface features. Chloroplasts Carry out photosynthesis (sites of
photosynthesis)
CELL THEORY - theory that the cell is the basic unit of life, of which all living Chromoplasts Carry out photosynthesis
things are composed, and that all cells are derived from preexisting cells. Leucoplasts Colorless plastids; synthesize lipids and
others
The Cell Theory can be summarized as three conclusions:
Proplastids Small, undifferentiated plastids
1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells. Etioplasts A specific stage in the transformation of
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure of all organisms. proplastids to chloroplasts; occur when
3. All cells arise only from existing cells. tissues are grown without light
d) Mitochondrion - an intracellular organelle associated with cellular
Eukaryotic Cell - A cell that possess a nucleus and other membrane-bound respiration (in which chemical energy in fuel molecules is transferred
organelles. Eukaryote (Latin, “true nucleus”) an organism whose cells have to ATP).
nuclei, such as plants, animals, fungi and algae. e) Ribosome – a cellular organelle; site of protein synthesis.
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f) Endoplasmic Reticulum - an organelle composed of an interconnected helps it maintain its This allows animal cells
network of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells. It is the site of shape. to adopt different
enzymatic activity, and synthesizes membranes such as nuclear shapes.
envelope. Its two types; Rough ER is associated with ribosomes;
Chloroplasts PRESENT.
smooth ER lacks ribosomes. Chlorophyll is the
g) Golgi Body - an organelle composed of a stack of flattened pigment that traps
membranous sacs which modifies, packages, and sorts proteins that sun's energy which is ABSENT.
will be secreted or sent to the plasma membrane or other organelles. utilized by plants to As animals lack this
make food through the pigment, they cannot
h) Vacuole - a large, fluid-filled, membrane-bound sac within the
process of make their own food.
cytoplasm that contains a solution of salts, ions, pigments, and waste photosynthesis.
materials. This pigment is present
i) Cytoskeleton – composed of microtubules and microfilaments, maintains the in the chloroplasts.
cell’s shape, and is involved in cellular movement. Cell Division Cell division takes place Animal cells divide with
j) Cell Wall - comparatively rigid supporting wall exterior to the plasma by the formation of cell the formation of a
membrane in plants, fungi, prokaryotes, certain protists. plate in the center of cleavage furrow.
the dividing cell. This is formed as the
ANIMAL CELL VS PLANT CELL This becomes the cell chromosomes move to
wall between the two the ends of the
Characteristics Plant Cell Animal Cell daughter cells. microtubule spindle
Cell Size Large Smaller than plant cells formed by the
Cell Shape Rectangular Circular centrioles.
Vacuoles A single centrally If any, there are a Centrioles PRESENT ONLY IN PRESENT.
located vacuole. number of small LOWER FORMS. Centrioles help in
It takes up almost 90% vacuoles spread Plants instead have division of animal cells
of the cell volume. throughout the microtubule organizing by creating microtubule
The vacuole stores cytoplasm that store centers (MTOC) that spindles that pull the
water and maintains water, ions and waste produce the chromosomes to
turgidity of the cell. materials. microtubules. opposite ends for cell
division to occur.
Cell Wall A rigid cell wall (made Cell wall is ABSENT. Centrosomes ABSENT PRESENT
of cellulose) is PRESENT
around a plant cell that
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Instead, two small clear FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
areas called polar caps
are present. -current model for the structure of the plasma membrane (explains
Lysosomes ABSENT PRESENT.
its structure) and other cell membranes in which protein molecules
Lysosomes are vesicles
that contain enzymes “float” in a fluid phospholipid bilayer (in which varying proteins are
that destroy dead cell embedded).
organelles and other
cells debris. Phospholipid Bilayer
Golgi Bodies In place of Golgi bodies, Complex Golgi bodies Nonpolar, hydrophobic fatty acid chains of phospholipids project into interior
its sub units known as are present close to the of the double-layered membrane; Polar, hydrophobic heads located on two
dictyosomes are nucleus. surfaces of the double-layered membrane.
present.
Plasma Membrane PRESENT PRESENT IMPORTANT PROCESSES TO THE CELL
Mitochondria PRESENT PRESENT
PRESENT PRESENT 1. Diffusion - net movement of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) along
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic PRESENT PRESENT a concentration gradient from an area of higher concentration to an
Reticulum area of lower concentration.
Cytoskeleton PRESENT PRESENT 2. Osmosis - net movement of water (principal solvent in biological Commented [JM1]:
systems) by diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane.
SOLUTE SOLUTE TONICITY DIRECTION
CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION OF NET
IN SOLUTION A IN SOLUTION B MOVEMENT
OF WATER
Greater Less A B TO A
hypertonic
to B; B
hypotonic
A
Less Greater B A to B
hypertonic
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to A; A
hypotonic
to B
Equal Equal A and B are NO NET
isotonic to MOVEMENT
each other
3. Facilitated Diffusion – a carrier protein helps move a material across a
membrane in the direction of the concentration gradient, from high to
low concentration.
4. Active Transport - energy is expended to move a material against the
concentration gradient, from low to high concentration.
5. Passive Transport - energy is NOT expended to move a material against
the concentration gradient, from low to high concentration.
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