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Business intelligence readiness factors for higher education institution

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 Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
XXst Month 2016. Vol. xx [Link]
© 2005 - 2016 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 [Link] E-ISSN: 1817-3195

BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE READINESS FACTORS FOR

HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION
NOORADILLA ABU HASAN, SURAYA MISKON, NORASNITA AHMAD, NAZMONA MAT
ALI, HASLINA HASHIM, NORRIS SYED ABDULLAH, ROSE ALINDA ALIAS, MOHD AIZAINI
MAAROF
Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
E-mail: dillallid@[Link]

ABSTRACT

Higher Education Institution (HEI) have embarked on the new style of decision-making with the aim to
enhance the speed and reliability of decision-making capabilities. One of the hardest challenges in
implementing Business Intelligence (BI) is the organization’s readiness towards adopting and implementing
BI systems. Currently, few published studies have examined BI readiness in HEI environment. Seeing this
challenge, this study aims to contribute in determining the BI readiness factors in HEI specifically in the
deployment strategies. Through inductive attention to BI in HEI environment, three broad factors have been
identified: a) Organizational – that concerning on business strategies, process and structure, b) Technology
– involves the BI system and knowledge for managing including the sources and c) Social – the culture
within organization that may influence decision-making and its processes. This paper also makes
recommendations for future research.
Keywords: Business Intelligence Readiness, Technology Readiness, Business Intelligence in University,
Readiness Factors

1. INTRODUCTION Potential values of BI for the universities have

been extensively discussed in the previous studies
Business Intelligences (BI) is a new business [8-10]. A successful implementation of BI project
technology that is defined as “a collection of tools enables university’s top management make and
and technologies that involves the data analysis take better decisions. However not all BI projects
and query to produces rich reports presentations have been implemented successfully [11, 12]. The
given a high accuracy in decision-making” [1]. The ability to implement BI project really depends on
use of BI in the organization can gives huge readiness of organization. Hence, evaluation of BI
impacts not only to the enterprise organizations that readiness is vital because it able to identify gaps
contain clear intentions on Return on Investment before the organization proceed with the BI project.
(ROI) [2, 3] but to the academic institutions as Anecdotal evidence suggests that universities are
well. The Higher Education Institution (HEI) good candidates for implementing BI project [13]
considers the capabilities of BI are able to support and have much potential to further exploits the
the HEI management’s with their business process values of BI. Environmental drivers contributing to
in making decision [4]. Therefore, the level of increased interest in BI within the HEI sector
readiness has become an important element of HEI include continuing growth in student numbers and
for implementing BI. Therefore for this study, the staffs, increasing competition between institutions,
terms readiness can be defined as “level government pressure to improve operational
assessments of projects with no error by the efficiency, and the diverse and shifting expectations
organizations” [5] which links to the organization’s of stakeholders to support future excellence of HEI
objectives and goals. There are few studies [14]. This has been stated by Sujitparapitaya, et al.
discussed the readiness of an organization to adopt [15] where “one important reason why
BI from the perspective of various technologies organizations (HEI) adopts innovative
such as E-Learning [6, 7] and Enterprise Resource technologies, models, and business practices is to
Planning (ERP) [5]. This proves that the study of support in accomplishing organizational objectives
BI readiness is crucial for an organization before at strategic, tactical, and operational levels”.
they decided to adopt BI. Furthermore, thorough understandings of readiness

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XXst Month 2016. Vol. xx [Link]
© 2005 - 2016 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 [Link] E-ISSN: 1817-3195

factors are vital for the preparation before up to the year 2000. 25 further papers were
progressing with the BI project [16]. identified through this effort. Thus, the authors
Therefore, this study aims to review previous commenced the analysis phase with a sample paper
studies that reported readiness factors in pool of 60 papers.
implementing BI for HEI. Since BI is fresh know- Third stage is the actual coding (including the
how technology in HEI, the authors chose the analysis) which took place in multiple rounds. In
technology readiness as one of the main readiness Round 1, any direct or indirect mentions of
factors. The technology readiness is defined as ‘readiness’, were identified. In Round 2 the authors
“people’s propensity to embrace and use new focused on distilling core themes observed across
technologies for accomplishing goals in home life the Round 1 results (based on technology readiness
and at work” [17]. Three main readiness factors definition identified from this round); a master list
were derives from the definition of technology of themes was extracted, which pointed to elements
readiness as presented earlier. The three factors are such as the organizational, technology and social.
Organizational, Technology and Social [5-7] that In Round 3, the articles was revisited searching for
suitable with HEI and decision-making further evidence of the master list of themes
environments. identified in Round 2; the purpose of this round is
The remainder of this paper proceeds as follows. to capture maximal relevant data pertaining to each
First, the research method is described. Next, theme identified in Round 2. In Round 4, the master
findings from the literature review are discussed. list of themes and related supporting data were re-
The paper concludes with a summary and assessed, in search of a parsimonious set of factors
suggestions for future research. (based on themes distilled from the early phases)
that could best differentiate the readiness factors. In
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY this phase, relevant literature from the generic BI,
Business and IT domains were reviewed to further
BI readiness factors are the main concern for the understand the themes as synthesized, to derive a
authors to searching the literature that has reported more parsimonious list of meta-themes (factors), to
from previous studies. In line to get the point, this better rationalize the observations made through
manuscript has adopted the qualitative approach triangulation, and to provide content validity to the
referring to the principles of the systematic review resulting dimensions. This resulted in the
as recommended by Bandara, et al. [18]. Therefore, identification of three main factors (meta-themes)
the principle of conducting systematic literature namely; organizational, technology and social.
reviews consists of four stages where the first stage These three main factors are clarifies in details at
is an identification and extraction of articles. The the next section.
second stage is the preparing the analysis and the For the final stages is the write-up of the result.
third stage is actual coding of the reviews. The last The authors presented the result in a manner of an
stage is the analysis and write-up the findings. objective of the literature. From the Introduction
This paper is specifically devoted to searching section, paper issues and objectives are clarified.
and reviewing the literature on readiness factors for Besides that, the definition on the preferred subject
implementing BI project reported by previous (BI readiness factor) is explained for reader to get
studies. The first stage involved identifying the pre-idea for this paper. In Analysis and Finding
articles to be included in this review. In identifying section, using tables helps the authors to describe
the articles to be included in this review, several the effect of reviews on the results. The justification
online databases such as Ebscohost, Science Direct, on each finding has written for the reader to get
Elsevier, Springer-Link, IEEE, Sage Journal, clear view on the readiness factor of BI for HEI.
ProQuest and Taylor Francis Online were Finally, this paper ends with conclusion and
considered as the searching sources. The extraction recommendation of outlook contributions
of relevant papers was focus readiness factors in
implementing BI in the HEI sector. For the second 3. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
stage, the searching search strategies use “Business
Intelligence Readiness” AND “Higher Education” The aim on BI readiness is to determine which
OR “Academic Organization” were searched for in degree of an organization changes fully becomes
the title, abstract and keywords of the sampling familiar for the business value. Through
frame described above. This has yielded only 35 assessments of BI readiness factors also, it helps
papers. As this yielded only 35 papers, the authors organization to examine any risk, strength, executes
extended the search to a second step, this time the BI planning to improve the readiness, develop
authors broadened the published year of literature competencies to drive BI into centre of process and

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XXst Month 2016. Vol. xx [Link]
© 2005 - 2016 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 [Link] E-ISSN: 1817-3195

managing BI that will cause the productivity of BI infrastructure that al. [7],
success [2]. involves the Ahmadi, et
According to Keramati, et al. [7], the three organizational al. [5],
readiness factors aforementioned appears from structure and goals, the Darab and
organizational Montazer [6].
their empirical studies that identify the role of
business process
readiness factor for E-learning outcomes. They including the business
mentioned, the Organizational readiness includes value and its sub-units
the experts, organizational rules, organizational such as finance,
culture and management permanence. For the human resource, and
technology readiness consider hardware, software, others as well as
content, internet access, bandwidth and school’s organizational rules. A
space while in social factors, includes the society’s part from that,
conception of E-Learning, governmental rules and supportive from
external and internal
administrative instructions. This readiness factors
stakeholders and IT
plays moderates roles for HEI to measuring the E- partnership that
Learning system outcomes. However, the study includes the
finds out, these readiness factors have strengthened Government
the system factor and system outcome. Similar requirements
readiness factors has been categorized by Darab Known as the hard
and Montazer [6] for E-Learning system where infrastructures holds
these readiness factor helps the readiness with the technical
assessment more completes to ensure the readiness, technical
implementation of new system or technology is in knowledge and skills
in handling the
ready modes. Meanwhile, Ahmadi, et al. [5] technical
mention, the readiness should happen in pre- Technology specifications and
implementation stage, meaning the organization requirements. The
requires to recognize the activities involved for facilities in technical
further implementations. In order to achieve the (hardware) and
readiness, the organization needs to know which software aspects, as
indirect or direct activities that should performed well as the networks
later as well as the current state of the organization. infrastructures, need to
Moreover, the practices and social elements are consider.
Known as supportive
required as it relates to those activities. The
infrastructure can be
activities, practices and social elements are describe as decision-
categorized into three factors that consist few sub- making environment
elements as to support it. that holds the
The three readiness factors recognized above readiness factors.
hold few sub-elements to sustain the factors Social
Besides that, the
accordingly. However, the previous researcher has supervision and
found this readiness in the different system, such as coordination among
E-Leaning and ERP. Here, it is clearly shows that employees consist of
the culture readiness
the readiness factor involves the type of system, the
and communications
system function, the system capabilities and the activities are included
surrounding components for completing them as in this factor.
factors for readiness assessment. As for that, in this
study, the author using BI as the technology and Table-1 describes the three general factors had
correlating with other two factors by identifying given wide knowledge of readiness factor for HEI.
and interpreting the sub-elements towards BI. In Organizational factor, the readiness is
Table-1 classifies the three general readiness factors concentrate on organization strategies and
discussed from previous literature in order to help organization structures that comprise the
HEI consider the readiness sub-elements management level and business process activities.
surrounding them for BI implementation. Meanwhile for Technology factor, the readiness
was focus on organization’s technology with
Table-1. Broad Readiness Factors and Its Descriptions. technical knowledge and technology capabilities.
Factor Descriptions Authors Apart from that, the Social factor focuses readiness
Organizational Known as the soft Keramati, et

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XXst Month 2016. Vol. xx [Link]
© 2005 - 2016 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 [Link] E-ISSN: 1817-3195

on organization’s staff motivation, which involves Engineering
the cultural readiness and level of communications Culture
among employees. 2. Culture Williams and Williams [2],
BI is implicating further than the technical and Around Use Barneveld, et al. [20], Hooi, et al.
analytical skills. It entailed the responsible person of [32], Anjariny and Zeki [16]
Information
to appreciate the business desires, construe the and
analysis performed on big data and provide Analytics
leadership for decision-making in an organization. 3. Continuous Williams and Williams [2],
In academic organization, there are some Process Guster and Brown [24]
familiarities and abilities that are needed to Improveme
deliberate which are analytical skills, Information nt Culture
Technology (IT) knowledge and skills as well as
business knowledge and communication skills [19]. Table-2 summarizes the sub-elements
Those familiarities and abilities are important identified from the literature. The sub-elements
features that follow accordingly to the three cover the area of BI awareness, BI benefits and
readiness factors previously mentioned. They need performances, and implementation strategies.
a deeper review in supporting the correlation with Details on each sub-element are describes as
readiness factors of BI. follows:
The readiness factor and its details have
3.1 Organizational
established in the education sector since the HEI
There are four sub-elements of readiness factors in
becomes an organization that facing the technology
organizational categories identified in this review.
challenge of deployment and changes. Referring the
Each factor identified in Table-2 are discussing as
Table-2, there are sub-elements categorized within
follows:-
the three main BI readiness factors from previous
researchers. These sub-elements rationalize the
3.1.1 Strategic Alignment: In BI strategic
readiness approach for HEI to put BI into practice.
alignment, there are three fundamentals should
Table-2. Sub-Elements for Each Main Readiness Factors
have to avoid the risk and ensuring the BI initiative
For HEI provides a business value for an organization. The
Sub-Elements Sources fundamentals are: a) the consistency and
Factor 1 : Organizational reinforcing of business strategies and business
Williams and Williams [2], process, b) improving the management and
1. Strategic business processes that boost up the productivity
Barneveld, et al. [20], Kashorda,
Alignment
et al. [21], Anjariny and Zeki [16] and services (public sector), c) BI initiatives that
Williams and Williams [2], supported by IT infrastructure and IT organization
2. IT Barneveld, et al. [20], Mutula and [2]. A part from that, the analytics in HEI also helps
Partnership van Brakel [22], Anjariny and to establishing the financial or the operation
Zeki [16]
efficiency, measure the local and global impacts
Kleesuwan, et al. [23], Guster
3. Education and fulfils the industry demand that affect the
and Brown [24], Mutula and van
Requiremen changing economic world [20]. This also agreed by
Brakel [22], Komarraju, et al.
ts and Kashorda, et al. [21] in their study for improving
[25], Sujitparapitaya, et al. [15],
Policies the education quality of Kenya. Meanwhile,
Nordin [26]
Powers [27], Guster and Brown Anjariny and Zeki [16] claimed that it is an
4. Managemen
[24], Barneveld, et al. [20], organization action to analyzing the business value
t &
Nordin [26], Anjariny and Zeki through BI initiatives.
Leadership
[3], Chang, et al. [28]
Factor 2 : Technology 3.1.2 IT Partnership: Business and IT are required
Williams and Williams [2], to create the business value [2]. Reliance’s on these
1. Technical Xuemei Tian, et al. [29], Anjariny
two elements creates the broad collaboration among
Readiness and Zeki [16] Kashorda and
Waema [30], the partnerships. Market share and endorsement
2. Data Source Powers [27], Guster, et al. [31], activities are important for creating wealth in
/ Mutula and van Brakel [22], business value. External environments that involve
Information Anjariny and Zeki [16] the partnerships activities connects the
Factor 3 : Social organizational management is vital [22]. The
1. Decision Williams and Williams [2] strong and commitments of sponsorship criteria
Process such as an effectiveness of information and

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XXst Month 2016. Vol. xx [Link]
© 2005 - 2016 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 [Link] E-ISSN: 1817-3195

technology partnerships would make the system real time and easily in accessing to ensure the
deployment is possible within the organization [16]. efficiency in managing the outputs [27]. Mutula
This readiness factor supports the BI readiness and van Brakel [22] have pointed out that, the
deployed in organizations. richness of information from relevant sources were
fulfil the needs of a user that satisfying according to
3.1.3 Education Requirements and Policy: In the the requirements.
contexts of HEI, the government requires the
3.3 Social
continuity and ongoing reports that charter for
funding and accreditation level for HEI [15]. The
For Social factors, there are three sub-elements
strategy of BI at all level of operations in academic
identified in Table 2. The details are as follows:
is reliance to managing the analytics data contained
in HEI. This helps the teaching and learning
3.3.1 Decision Process Engineering Culture:
activities as well as the programs more effective
Through BI application the organization able to
and efficient. Besides, it is important for top
answering the questions in a decision process that
management of HEI, prepares and provides the
appears structurally. The questions such are, a)
policies toward the changing adoption of
Who is notified of unfavourable variance? b) What
technologies or new systems [22-26]. Even though
needs to be analysed and by whom, and using what
the process of creating policies is hard but it is
tools? c) How will decision turn into action? d)
better approach for HEI to be ready in deploying
What decisions needs to be made and by whom? e)
BI. Through these policies, it may help HEI to
What is the decision time frame? and f) Who is
sustain the business value and its authentication
responsible for monitoring decision impacts? [2].
data as well as producing better results.
Thus, it helps the organization to embed the BI
application in core business process. As been
3.1.4 Management Support and Leadership:
claimed by Williams and Williams [2] the decision
The top level management roles are very important
process may involve “ the use of information,
to ensure the readiness of BI deployment [3, 20, 24,
analytical applications, and/or quantitative
26, 27]. The leader's’ responsibility has recognized
methods as appropriate for the type of decision to
at all level of management. Thus, the top
be made”.
management should identify the motivational
aspects for the manager at all level in order
3.3.2 Culture Around User of Information and
influenced them for making reports through BI
Analytics: In this sub-elements, Williams and
[28]. As a result, this helps for each leader from
Williams [2] clarify the culture readiness factor as
each department to be very clear in the intensity of
“the culture around the use of information and
BI deployment.
analytical applications”. Meanwhile, Anjariny and
Zeki [16] use this culture readiness factor in his
3.2 Technology
study as to support with the BI success factor by
According to the analysis for Technology
recognizing the readiness for successful of BI
factor, there are two sub-elements identified.
system. In addition Barneveld, et al. [20] also
agree, where he mention the analytics culture only
3.2.1 Technical Readiness: In order to reduce the
happens to the organization and it is surroundings
risk, it is critical to know how the BI in technical
that dedicated for increasing their productivity,
factor. As state by Williams and Williams [2] “an
innovation and performance through BI. In
effective BI readiness assessment should be
direction to achieve this analytics action, HEI must
assessed from BI and DW (Data Warehouse)
focus on leads and navigates the significant changes
technical readiness”. Technical acceptances may
of organizational cultures and behaviours rather
influence the management to produce better
than technology. Moreover, the state of “readiness”
decision-making that will affect external and
among participants is important as to ensure the
internal organization [29]. A knowledge in solid
new system implementations are able to accepted
technical infrastructure becomes as BI readiness
[32].
factor toward the BI success in deployment
strategies [16].
3.3.3 Continuous Process Improvement Culture:
It is important for an organization to improve the
3.2.2 Data Source and Information: The data
business process however; the changing is quite
warehouse for HEI is getting bigger and nowadays
tricky to happen in short time. BI readiness, helps
known as “Big Data” [31]. Thus, it needs data in
the organization to search out the change

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© 2005 - 2016 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 [Link] E-ISSN: 1817-3195

management and continues to improve the education sector. The issue that HEI should
challenges [2]. Guster and Brown [24] mention “the consider in reporting is the quality of data inside the
multiple layers of bureaucracy clouded who was report more important rather than a number of
responsible for making the important decisions reports produced.
relates to supporting a BI system and creates a risk Knowledge on technical aspects of BI system is
adverse culture whereby no one was willing to something that HEI must be concerned on too. The
make such decisions”. Thus, the communication is technical factor not only focuses on the technical
a vital strategy for an organization for continuing side of BI but the way data is collected and the
the improvement culture. arrangements of data become the main discussion
that need to be the focus. According to Aruldoss, et
In summary, the study suggested three main factors al. [34], there are two approaches in data collections
with their sub-elements of readiness for BI in HEI. of BI. The traditional way is comprehensive data
Table-1 and Table-2 present supporting evidence collections that cause the time-consuming and very
for these factors from the literature data and the list expensive. The driven data collections become the
of sub-elements that form the main factors. Figure- second approach that developed based on the
1 provides the summary results for this analysis. competitive pressure faced by an organization. As a
result, the strategies in collecting data for BI should
well organize and aligning with the resources and
timeframe for deploying BI.
In social factor, the connection between
superior and operational level are important to
ensure the BI strategy is successful. For instance,
the advantages and desirable of BI usage for an
organization help the superior to influence their
workers to use BI in their practice. This creates the
social influence that develops the willingness to
adopt BI system [1].
Understanding these factors is critical for the
progression of the implementation of BI in both
academia and practice. Though there are numerous
publications on BI, there is a limited study about BI
Figure-1. BI Readiness Model For HEI readiness factors for HEI. This study addresses this
gap by investigating the readiness factors and
4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK deriving a BI readiness factors model based on a
detailed deductive and inductive analysis of
With the increasing amount of data being collected previous literature of BI within the HEI sectors.
from internal and external sources, HEI sectors are Three major readiness factor identified above
constantly seeking new technical approaches to must turn out to be the core elements and supported
making better use of data and information by their sub-elements for HEI to ensure the
available. Therefore, BI as a tool has significant deployment of BI will meet the institution’s
potential in transforming data from distributed and objective. This model can be use as input to
heterogeneous sources into useful information for construct operationalization for a global survey
supporting organisational decision-making, intended to validate the BI readiness factors model
management and strategic planning. This paper and this will yield insights on the relative
attempts to report on the readiness factors of BI importance of the readiness factors
from the systematic literature review. Within the
context of the currently available academic
literature, the authors identified three major factors, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
which are Organizational, Technology and Social.
The top management commitments and the strong The authors would like to thank the Ministry of
sponsorships [33] especially in BI project are Higher Education (MOHE) and the Universiti
known as the strong factor in Organizational. The Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for the Research
readiness in this factor may lead the acceptance of University Grant Scheme (GUP) (vote number:
deployment of BI. A part from that, HEI is 02G97) that had supported this research.
attaching with the government policies that pursue
them to present the improvement of academic and

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XXst Month 2016. Vol. xx [Link]
© 2005 - 2016 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 [Link] E-ISSN: 1817-3195

[12] V. Farrokhi and L. Pokoradi, "The necessities
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© 2005 - 2016 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 [Link] E-ISSN: 1817-3195

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[24] D. Guster and C. G. Brown, "The Application Venkatesan, "A survey on recent research in
Of Business Intelligence to Higher Education: business intelligence," Journal of Enterprise
Technical and Managerial Perspective," Information Management, vol. 27, pp. 831-
Journal of Information Technology 866, 19 Jan 2014.
Management, vol. XXIII, 2012.
[25] M. Komarraju, A. Ramsey, and V. Rinella,
"Cognitive and non-cognitive predictors of AUTHOR PROFILES:
college readiness and performance: Role of
academic discipline," Learning and Individual Nooradilla Abu Hasan received the degree in
Differences, vol. 24, pp. 103-109, 2013. Information Technology (E-Commerce) from
[26] N. Nordin, "The Influence Of Emotional Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia. She also has
Intelligence, Leadership Behaviour And a Diploma in Information Technology from Kolej
Organizational Commitment On Poly-Tech MARA Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
Organizational Readiness For Change In Currently, she has finished her Master degree in IT-
Higher Learning Institution," in International Management in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Conference on Education and Educational
Psychology (ICEEPSY 2011), 2011, pp. 129- Dr. Suraya Miskon is a Senior Lecturer in the
138. Information Systems Department at Faculty of
[27] V. Powers. (2011, 3/03/15). Business Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. She
Intelligence Gets Smarter. Available: received her PhD from Queensland University of
[Link] Technology. She has published her work at
[28] Y. W. Chang, P. Y. Hsu, and Z. Y. Wu, numerous international outlets such as Electronic
"Exploring managers' intention to use business Markets, Communications of the Association for
intelligence: the role of motivations," Information Systems (CAIS), and European
Behaviour & Information Technology, vol. 34, Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Her
pp. 273-285, Mar 4 2015. research interests include ICT shared services,
[29] D. R. C. P. D. Xuemei Tian, R. Harrison, A. research methods, business intelligence, and
Parker, G. Brosas, R. Chiong, and X. Tian, information systems planning.
"The role of technology in the management
and exploitation of internal business Dr. Norasnita Ahmad received the Bachelor
intelligence," Journal of Systems and degree in Computer Science and Master degree in
Information Technology, vol. 17, pp. 247-262, IT-Management from Universiti Teknologi
2015. Malaysia in Malaysia. She received the Ph.D.
[30] M. Kashorda and T. M. Waema, "ICT degree from University of Birmingham, UK.
Indicators in Higher Education: Towards an Currently she is a Senior Lecturer at Faculty of
E-readiness Assessment Model," Proceedings Computing in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Her
and reports of the 4th UbuntuNet Alliance research interests include Open Leaner Models,
annual conference, pp. pp 57-76, 2011. Interactive Learning Environment, Trust in E-
[31] D. Guster, D. Robinson, C. G. Brown, and E. Service, Social Computing Systems, and
P. Rice, "Advanced Application Of Business Information System Development.
Intelligence in Higher Edcuaction : Predictive
Modeling," Journal of Information Dr. Nazmona Mat Ali is a Lecturer in the
Technology Management, vol. XXV, 2014. Information Systems Department at Faculty of
[32] K. K. Hooi, F. Hassan, and M. C. Mat, "An Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. She
Exploratory Study of Readiness and received her PhD from University of Reading,
Development of Green University Framework United Kingdom. Her research interests include
in Malaysia," in ASEAN Conference on knowledge management, organisational semiotics
and social media for teaching and learning.

8
 Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology
XXst Month 2016. Vol. xx [Link]
© 2005 - 2016 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.

ISSN: 1992-8645 [Link] E-ISSN: 1817-3195

Dr. Haslina Hashim is a tutor in the Information
Systems Department at Faculty of Computing,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. She received her
PhD from University of Manchester. Her research
interests include business intelligence and data
mining.

Dr. Norris Syed Abdullah is a Senior Lecturer in

Information Systems at Faculty of Computing,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. He received his
PhD in Information Systems from the University of
Queensland. His research interests include
governance risk and compliance, ontology
engineering, business intelligence, and information
systems planning. He has published his works on
reputable Information Systems conferences such as
Australasian Conference on Information Systems
(ACIS), European Conference on Information
Systems (ECIS), Pacific Asia Conference on
Information Systems (PACIS), and Conference on
Advanced Information Systems Engineering
(CAiSE).

Prof. Dr. Rose Alinda Alias is a Professor and

appointed as the UTM Deputy Vice-Chancellor
(Academic & International) at Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia. She received her Bachelor of Science
([Link]), University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida,
USA, 10th May 1985, Master of Science
([Link]), University of Miami, Coral Gables,
Florida, USA, 18th December 1986, Master of
Business Administration (MBA), University of
Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA10thAugust
1986 and her Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D)
from University of Salford, United Kingdom, 18th.
January, 1998. Her research area of expertise is in
Knowledge Management, Information Systems
Strategy & Planning, and Information Systems
Quality

Prof. Dr. Mohd Aizaini Maarof is a Professor at

Department of Computer Science, Faculty of
Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai
Johor. He received his [Link] in Computer Sciences
from Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo
USA in 1986, [Link] in Computer Science from
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant USA
in 1988, and Ph.D degree in Computer Science
from Aston University, Birmingham, United
Kingdom in 2000. His current research interests
include Cyber Security, Cyber Threat Intelligence,
Data Analytic and Visualization, and IoT Security

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