HT panel

HT Panels (High Tension Panels

HT Panels are High Voltage Electrical Panels used for managing and controlling the flow of electrical
power in high voltage systems (typically above 11 kV). They play a critical role in power distribution,
protection, and switching operations in industrial plants, substations, and utilities.
Components of HT Panels

1. Circuit Breakers
o VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker) for medium voltage (up to 36 kV).
o SF₆ Circuit Breaker for higher voltages (above 72.5 kV).
o Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) for lower voltage segments.

2. Instrument Transformers
o Current Transformers (CTs): Measure current for metering and protection.
o Potential Transformers (PTs): Measure voltage for monitoring and control.

3. Protection Relays
o Detect faults such as overcurrent, short circuits, and earth faults, and send a trip signal to
the circuit breaker.
o Includes Overcurrent, Differential, and Distance Relays.

4. Busbars
o Conductors used to distribute power within the panel, connecting breakers and other
equipment.

5. Control & Metering Unit

o Includes energy meters, voltmeters, ammeters, and multifunction meters to monitor
system parameters.

6. Switches and Isolators

o Used to disconnect circuits for maintenance and isolate sections during faults.

7. Battery Backup
o Provides auxiliary power to operate the breakers and control units in case of a power failure.

1) Short-time current Rating:-It is the maximum fault current that the circuit breaker can withstand for a short
duration (typically expressed in seconds) without tripping or sustaining damage.
2) Symmetrical Interrupting Capacity:-It represents the maximum symmetrical short-circuit current (usually
expressed in kA) that the circuit breaker can interrupt while maintaining its integrity and functionality.
3) Duty Cycle:-The duty cycle is typically expressed as a percentage and indicates the ratio of the on-time to the
total time in a specific period. For example, a duty cycle of 50% means the circuit breaker can be closed (or in
service) for half the time and should be open (or not in service) for the other half.
4) Closing Time:-Closing time is typically measured in milliseconds (ms) and indicates the time it takes from the
initiation of the closing command to the moment the contacts of the circuit breaker fully close.
5) Opening Time:-Opening time is typically measured in milliseconds (ms) and indicates the time from the
moment the tripping signal is activated until the contacts of the circuit breaker are fully open, effectively
interrupting the current flow.
6) Arcing Time:-Arcing time is the interval from the moment the contacts begin to separate until the arc is fully
extinguished. It is typically measured in milliseconds (ms).
7) Asymmetrical Fault Current:-The rated asymmetrical fault current is the maximum peak value of the fault
current that a circuit breaker can withstand during an asymmetrical fault condition without sustaining damage or
failing to operate. It is usually expressed in kiloamperes (kA).
8) One-Minute High Voltage Withstand:-The one-minute high voltage withstand test involves applying a
specified high voltage to the circuit breaker terminals for a duration of one minute. The breaker should not
exhibit any breakdown, flashover, or significant leakage current during this period.
9) Impulse voltage withstand ka matlab hai ki ek electrical equipment (jaise transformer, CT, switchgear, etc.) ek high-magnitude, short-
duration voltage spike ya impulse ko jhel sakta hai bina kisi insulation breakdown ya damage ke. Yeh testing electrical components ki
dielectric strength aur insulation reliability ko check karne ke liye hoti hai, jo unhe lightning strikes ya switching surges ke time par protect
karti hai.
10) shunt trip coil is an important component used in circuit breakers and is designed to allow remote tripping of the
circuit breaker in emergency situations or as part of an automated control system.

Impulse Voltage Withstand Test:

o Electrical equipment ko artificially generated high-voltage impulse se expose karte hain taaki yeh dekha ja sake ki
unka insulation proper hai aur lightning strikes ya switching transients ke samay kaam kar paayega.

2. Impulse Voltage Characteristics:

o 1.2/50 µs waveform:
 1.2 µs (microseconds): Time to reach peak voltage.
 50 µs: Time to decay to 50% of peak voltage.
 This is called a standard lightning impulse wave, according to IEC 60060 and other international
standards.

3. How it is Tested:
o Equipment par ek impulse generator se high voltage spike apply kiya jata hai.
o Voltage ka magnitude lightning-type conditions ko simulate karta hai (jaise 40 kV, 75 kV ya higher, depending on
equipment rating).
o Yeh test insulation ke weak points ko identify karta hai.

4. Why Impulse Testing is Important:

o Protects against lightning strikes aur switching surges.
o Ensures that equipment failure na ho under extreme conditions.
o It validates the quality and design of the insulation system.

Use Cases of Impulse Withstand Voltage:

 Transformers: Lightning surges se insulation breakdown ko prevent karne ke liye.

 Current Transformers (CTs) and Potential Transformers (PTs): Accurate operation even during voltage spikes.
 Switchgear and Circuit Breakers: Surges during switching operations ko safely handle karna.

The VAJH-13 is a type of high-speed master trip relay (commonly used in electrical protection systems) manufactured by
companies like Alstom. These relays are designed to ensure rapid disconnection of electrical systems during faults to prevent
equipment damage or system instability. Below is an overview of the relay’s functionality, applications, and key features.

Function and Role:

1. Trip Relay: It receives signals from protection relays (e.g., distance, differential, or overcurrent relays) and
initiates the tripping of circuit breakers.
2. High-Speed Operation: Operates in milliseconds to ensure that faults are cleared almost instantaneously.
3. Master Relay Role: Acts as the main relay, ensuring coordinated operation of multiple protective devices in a
substation or power network.

Key Features of VAJH-13:

1. High-speed operation: Typical tripping time of 8 to 15 milliseconds.

2. Multi-contact Outputs: Provides multiple contacts (usually 4-6 NO/NC contacts) for controlling multiple devices
(like circuit breakers or alarms).
3. Self-Reset or Latch Function: It can be configured to automatically reset or remain latched until manually reset.
4. Auxiliary Supply Voltage: Operates on common auxiliary DC supply voltages such as 24, 48, 110, or 220 V DC.
5. Compact Design: Designed for use in control panels with ease of installation and integration with other relays.
*Applications:

 Power Stations: Protecting generators and auxiliary systems.

 Substations: Master trip relay for switchgear and circuit breaker control.
  Transmission Networks: Ensuring the quick isolation of faulted sections.
 Industries: Protecting large motors and industrial feeders.

Wiring and Integration:

 Input Contacts: Receives signals from various protective devices.

 Output Contacts: Triggers the trip coil of the circuit breakers or activates alarms.
 Auxiliary Supply: Requires a stable DC supply for operation.

Wiring Note: Ensure correct polarity and coordination with upstream relays to avoid relay malfunctions.

The VAA-11 is an auxiliary relay, commonly used in protection, control, and automation systems of power networks. Auxiliary relays like
the VAA-11 perform interfacing, contact multiplication, or logical functions between protection relays and control devices such as
circuit breakers, alarms, or indicators.

Function and Role:

1. Contact Multiplication: Expands the number of contacts from a primary relay to operate multiple devices simultaneously.
2. Signal Conversion or Boosting: Helps adapt weak signals to drive larger loads or actuate control circuits.
3. Logic Control and Latching: Can implement logical functions (like AND/OR logic) or hold/reset states for signal sequences.
4. Status Indication: Provides a visual or mechanical indicator of its status (e.g., relay energized or not).

Key Features of VAA-11:

1. Multi-Contact Operation: Typically provides several normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC) contacts to allow flexible
control.
2. Fast Response: Operates with minimal delay to ensure efficient coordination with protective relays.
3. Self or Manual Reset: May have options for automatic reset or require manual resetting after operation.
4. Auxiliary Supply Voltage: Operates on standard control voltages such as 24, 48, 110, or 220 V DC.
5. Electromagnetic Relay: Uses an electromagnetic coil to switch contacts, ensuring robust and reliable operation.
6. Compact and Panel Mountable: Suitable for installation in relay control panels.

Applications:

 Power Substations: As an interface between primary relays and breaker trip coils.
 Signal Isolation: Isolates signals between different control circuits.
 Alarm and Status Monitoring: Controls indicators, alarms, or annunciators based on system conditions.
 Logical Control: Implements logic-based control, such as sequential tripping or interlocking schemes.
 Circuit Breaker Control: Used to maintain and coordinate control over multiple circuit breakers.

Wiring and Integration:

1. Coil Input: Connect to the control signal or trigger point.

2. Contact Outputs: Use NO or NC contacts to control external devices (e.g., breaker trip coils or alarm circuits).
3. Auxiliary Power: Ensure proper connection of the required auxiliary DC voltage to energize the relay.

 VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker) Vs OCB (Oil Circuit Breaker)

VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker):

o Uses vacuum as the arc-quenching medium.

o When the circuit opens, the contacts separate in a vacuum chamber, and the arc is extinguished quickly since the
vacuum has very low ionization.

 OCB (Oil Circuit Breaker):

o Uses insulating oil to quench the arc.
o The arc is extinguished as the oil vaporizes, creating hydrogen gas, which helps cool the arc and isolate the contacts.

2. Operating Mechanism

 VCB:
 o Interruption occurs within a sealed vacuum bottle.
o Suitable for high-voltage, medium-voltage, and indoor applications.

 OCB:
o Arc occurs inside a tank filled with oil. The oil acts as both an arc extinguishing medium and insulation.
o Commonly used in outdoor high-voltage applications in earlier designs.

3. Maintenance Requirements

 VCB:
o Requires less maintenance since there is no contamination or decomposition of the vacuum medium.
o Contact erosion is minimal, resulting in a longer lifespan.

 OCB:
o Requires frequent maintenance due to oil degradation and carbon deposits caused by repeated arcing.
o Oil must be periodically replaced or filtered to maintain proper functioning.

4. Environmental Impact and Safety

 VCB:
o Environmentally friendly, as it doesn’t produce harmful gases.
o No risk of fire since there is no oil.

 OCB:
o Risk of fire or explosion due to the presence of oil.
o Handling of toxic or contaminated oil can pose environmental hazards.

5. Applications

 VCB:
o Typically used in medium-voltage systems (3.3 to 33 kV).
o Ideal for indoor substations and industries due to compact size and minimal maintenance.

 OCB:
o More suitable for outdoor applications at higher voltages (up to 220 kV).
o Used in older substations but being phased out in favor of SF6 and vacuum breakers.

6. Interruption Capability and Speed

 VCB:
o Faster switching time with arc extinguishing in a few milliseconds.
o Handles high-frequency current interruptions effectively, making it suitable for modern systems.

 OCB:
o Slower interruption as oil takes time to vaporize.
o Can struggle with high-speed fault clearing, especially under severe fault conditions.

7. Lifespan and Cost

VCB:

o Higher initial cost, but longer lifespan with minimal maintenance.

 OCB:
o Lower initial cost, but higher long-term maintenance costs and shorter lifespan due to oil handling and wear.
कॉन्क्टैक्ट रेसिस्टेंस के आदर्श मान

 VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker): 10 से 50 माइक्रोओम (µΩ) के बीच।

 ACB (Air Circuit Breaker): 50 से 200 माइक्रोओम (µΩ) के बीच।
 OCB (Oil Circuit Breaker): 200 से 300 µΩ तक।

No volte coil

1. Power Supply: The no volt coil is connected in parallel with the power supply. It requires a certain voltage to remain energized.
2. Voltage Detection: If the voltage supply drops below a specific threshold (due to a power outage, tripping, or other electrical
faults), the no volt coil de-energizes.
3. Tripping Action: Upon de-energization, the coil releases the latch mechanism of the contactor or relay, opening the contacts
and stopping the motor.
4. Resetting: When power is restored, the no volt coil remains de-energized until manually reset. This prevents the motor from
automatically restarting, which could lead to potential hazards.