Reproduction is the process by which, living organisms produce new young ones, similar to themselves.

Reproduction is helpful in Continuity of Life, Survival & Evolution of Species on Earth.

Note: Nucleus of the Cell contains, Chromosomes, Chromosomes contain DNA, DNA has Heredity
information or Ancestral information.

Modes of Reproduction: A-Sexual & Sexual

A-Sexual Reproduction is a type of Reproduction, in which, Single parent, give rise to, new
daughter organism, which are identical to its Parent.

Sexual Reproduction is a type of Reproduction, in which, two parents, give rise to, new
daughter organism, which are similar to its Parents.

Sexual Reproduction A-Sexual Reproduction

Requires both male & Female parent Requires only one Parent
Fusion of Gametes takes place to produce
No Fusion or Fertilisation
Zygote
it is a Slow process & observed in mostly it is a Rapid process & observed mostly in
higher Animals & Plants primitive organisms & some Plants
Pollination or Fertilisation are the forms of Budding / Binary Fission are some of the
Sexual Reproduction forms of A-Sexual reproduction

Note: In both the plants and animals, the Zygote is formed when the male and female gametes
(Sex Cells like sperm or Egg), Fuse together to form new individual.
Modes of A-Sexual Reproduction

[Link] Fission: It is a type of A-Sexual Reproduction in which, Single Parent organism

divide itself, into 2 identical daughter cells.

Eg – Amoeba

[Link] It is a type of A-Sexual Reproduction in which, Single Parent organism during its maturity
develops a Bud, this bud derives nutrition & gases from its parent, later it get separated to form new
identical daughter organism.

Eg: Hydra, Yeast , etc.

Human Male reproductive organ:

Testes: It is a Male Gonad, helps to produce a gamete called Sperm & Testosterone Hormone. Males
have 2 testes & are situated below abdomen. Sac like Scrotum protects Testes & also helps to reduce
the temp of testes to 2o to 3o C.

VasDeference/SpermDuct: This is a duct which transport Sperm to Prostate Gland.

Prostate Gland & Seminal Vesicle: Secretes Fluid into the sperm, moisten it to form Semen & Provides
Nutrition & Helps the sperm to move easily.

Urethra: It is also a Duct which is a Common pathway for both Semen & Urine.

Penis: Is an organ which lies outside the body and helps to discharge both Urine & Semen.
Male Sex Hormone: Testosterone is the hormone secreted by Testes, which is responsible for the
development of male sex organs and development of secondary sexual characters in males during puberty
such as deepening of voice and growth of facial and body hair.

Human Female Reproductive System:

Female reproductive system are found within the Pelvic cavity & consists of the following components.

Ovaries: It’s a Female Gonad, which produces Gamete called Egg & Sex Hormones. Ovary releases one
egg for every 28 days. Process of release of an Egg from the ovaries is called Ovulation. Ovary also helps
to secrete hormones like Estrogen & Progesterone.

Fallopian tubes: This is the site of fertilisation to form Zygote.

Uterus/Womb: It is a large muscular organ where implantation of the Blastocyst takes place, Later the
same Blastocyst mature into Foetus. If there is no Fertilisation, Endometrium discharges from this
uterus & is called menstruation.

Vagina: Vagina is the pathway for the Penis to enter the female body and deposit the sperm.

Urethra: Female urethra is shorter than males & it is helpful only in the passage of urine.

Placenta is an embedded organ that develops in the Uterus during Pregnancy. This structure provides Oxygen and
Nutrients to a growing baby. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the
wall of the uterus, and the baby's umbilical cord arises from it.
Menstruation:

If there is no formation of Zygote & implantation, unfertilized egg & ruptured cells and tissues of the
Endometrium, dislodges from the uterus in the form of Blood & mucus, through vagina of the female.

It is a 28-day cycle which occurs in every reproductively active female. Flow of blood continues for 2 to
8 days.

Stoppage of menstruation when the woman is 45-55 yrs of age is called Menopause.

Starting of menstruation, when Female attains puberty is Called Menarche.

Fertilisation:

It is process in which, both male & female Gametes, fuses together in Fallopian Tube of a
female reproductive system, to form Zygote.

Later, Zygote divides multiple times to form Blastocyst, Blastocyst implants inside Uterus &
draws nutrition from there to grow as an Embryo, Embryo later develops in to Foetus, foetus in
to baby.
Fertilization can be of two types:

Internal fertilization External fertilization

In this, the Fusion of Sperm & Egg, takes place
In this, the Fusion of Sperm & Egg, takes place
outside the Female's body, in a surrounding
inside the Female's body.
medium, Generally water.
Cows, Human beings & Hens, undergo internal Aquatic animals like Fishes & Amphibians like
fertilization frogs, undergo external fertilization.
Less number of eggs are produced by such Large number of eggs are produced by such
females, as there are high chances of the females as the chances of survival of the
survival of the young ones. offspring are very low

Internal Fertilization in Hens:

• Hens reproduce by laying eggs.

• After the formation of the zygote, it keeps on dividing itself and then travels through the
oviduct.

• In this process, different layers are formed over the egg that then turns into a hard shell or
covering of the egg.

• When this hard shell is formed the hen lays the egg.

• Then it takes almost 3 weeks for the embryo to develop into a chick.

• In this time period, the hen often sits over the egg to provide it with warmth(incubation).

External Fertilization in Frogs and Toads:

Female frogs, first lay hundreds of egg in the water, These eggs are not covered with any hard shell, instead there
is a jelly-like substance that guards them and holds them together.

Later, male frogs deposit the sperms over these eggs, this results in external fertilization.

Though the eggs are large in numbers only a few of them manage to survive.
Metamorphosis ?

Process in which the young ones, undergo drastic changes, as they develop into an adult is called Metamorphosis.

Human beings do not undergo Metamorphosis. This is because their body parts remain the same from the childhood
to adulthood.

What are Test Tube Babies ?

In some women, the oviducts are blocked and hence they are unable to hold the eggs. This means that these women
are not able to bear babies because of blocked oviducts. However, due to the process of inVitro Fertilization or
IVF, the freshly released eggs of females and the male sperms can be fertilized externally.

Zygote thus formed is allowed, to develop for a week outside the female body, in safe conditions and is then placed
in the woman's uterus.

•In this way, these women can bear babies.

•The babies that are born with the IVF process are called Test Tube Babies.

Viviparous and Oviparous Animals:

Viviparous are the organisms that give birth to their young ones directly. Eg – Human, Dog, Tiger, etc,.

Oviparous are the organisms that reproduce by laying eggs. Eg – Fish, Snake, Lizards, etc.
Cloning of Dolly:

Nucleus of an egg from a black faced sheep was removed. The nucleus from a white faced sheep was inserted into
that black faced sheep's egg.

Now, they had just one cell with the nucleus of a white faced sheep, but the rest of the cell containing items from
a black faced sheep. That cell was placed into the black faced sheep,The cell eventually grew up and made Dolly.