Design of End Diaphgram

Summary of forces for End Cross-Girder

Flange part is ignored in design

0.25

1.85
1.6

0.4
All the Girders are supported on bearing and the reaction is transferred to it directly. Hence, End Diaphragm is critical in Jacking up condition.
The reactions below the each girder due to SIDL & DL has been calculated for Equal Jacking condition.
Jack Up Condition :
Hogging Moment (Tm ) Sagging Moment (Tm ) Shear Force ( T )
Force due to (At Beam. 91 2nd Load Factor (At Beam. 92 2
nd
Load Factor (At Beam. 91 2
nd
Load Factor
node) ULS SLS R SLS Q node) ULS SLS R SLS Q node) ULS SLS R SLS Q
DL 111.0 1.35 1 1 -12.89 1.35 1 1 60.47 1.35 1 1
SIDL 37.5 1.35 1 1 -4.05 1 1 1 3.61 1.35 1 1
Surfacing 3.6 1.75 1 1 -1.74 1.75 1 1 0.95 1.75 1 1

Service Condition :
Hogging Moment (Tm ) Sagging Moment (Tm ) Shear Force ( T )
Force due to (At Beam. 91 2nd Load Factor (At Beam. 92 2
nd
Load Factor (At Beam. 91 2
nd
Load Factor
node) ULS SLS R SLS Q node) ULS SLS R SLS Q node) ULS SLS R SLS Q
DL 13.6 1.35 1 1 -10.63 1.35 1 1 9.26 1.35 1 1
SIDL 9.2 1.35 1 1 -3.14 1 1 1 3.61 1.35 1 1
Surfacing 0.7 1.75 1.2 1.2 -1.64 1.75 1.2 1.2 0.95 1.75 1.2 1.2
Live Load 21.5 1.50 1 0 -23.92 1.50 1 0 19.70 1.5 1 0

Design Bending Moment

Hogging Sagging Shear Force
Load Combination Tm Tm Tonne
ULS 206.89 56.23 88.16
SLS Rare 152.18 39.65 65.03
SLS Quasi Permanent 152.18 18.68 65.03

MATERIAL PROPERTIES : PERMISSIBLE STRESSES

Grade of concrete = M 45 MPa 1) Permissble concrete compressive stresses
Grade of Reinforcement = Fe 500 MPa Load Combi Permissble Stress
σ st = 434.783 MPa SLS Rare 0.48 fck = 21.6 Mpa
Clear cover = 40 mm SLS QP 0.36 fcm = 19.8 Mpa
Modulus of Elasticity steel Es = 200000 Mpa
For short Term loading Ecm = 34000 Mpa
Creep factor  = 1.84 */ Refer appendix A2 2) Permissible Tensile stress in steel (Rare) = 400 Mpa
For long Term loading Ecm' = 11969 Mpa Permissible Tensile stress in steel (Quasi) = 400 Mpa
fcteff Mean tensile strength = fctm = 3.28 Mpa 3) Permissible crack width wk
fcd = 20.10 Mpa SLS QP Load combination = 0.300 mm
The design is done as per IS 456:2000 CL. 29.1 to 29.3
A) ULS Design
Positive Reinforcement Calculation
Effective Span (L) = 2.800 m
Overall Depth (D) = 1.85 m
L/D Ratio = 1.51 <= 2.5 Design as deep beam
Lever Arm (Z) = 0.2 ( L + 1.5D)
= 1.115 m
Max +ve ULS Moment = 56 Tm
M
Tension at mid Span = = 50.4309 t
Z
T 50.4309
+ve Reinforcement Required = = x 1000 x 9.81 = 1137.87 mm2
σ st 434.783
Arrangement of Positive Reinforcement (CL 29.3.1 of IS 456:2000)
a) Reinforcement should extend without curtailment between supports
b) Be embedded beyond the face of each support so that the face of the support shall have a development lenghth not less than 0.8 Ld
Φ σ st 25 x 434.78
Ld = = = 1430.21 mm
4 ζbd 4 x 1.9
0.8Ld = 1144.16 mm
c) Be Placed within a zone of depth to 0.25D - 0.05L adjacent to tension face of beam where D is the Overall depth and L is the effective span
0.25 D - 0.05 L = ( 0.25 x 1.85 - 0.05 2.8 ) x 1000 = 322.5 mm
Let us provide At bottom
2
Layer-1 25  3 Nos. @ 147.5 mm c/c Ast,provided = 1473 mm OK
Layer-2  3 Nos. @ 160 mm c/c
Negative Reinforcement Calculation
Max -ve ULS Moment = 207 Tm
M
Tension at mid Span = = 295.559 t
Z
T 295.559
+ve Reinforcement Required = = x 1000 x 9.81 = 6668.69 mm2
σ st 434.783

Arrangement of Negative Reinforcement (CL 29.3.2 of IS 456:2000)

Effective Span (L) = 1.400 m

Overall Depth (D) = 1.85 m
L/D Ratio = 0.76 <= 2.5 Design as deep beam
Lever Arm (Z) = 0.5 L
= 0.7 m
a) Termination of reinforcement
1) It shall be permissible to terminate not more than half of the reinforcement at a distance of 0.5 D from the face of support
0.5 D = 925 mm
2) The remainder shall extend over the full support
b) Distribution of reinforcement
1) When ratio of clear span / overall depthis in the range 1.0 to 2.5 tensile reinforcement over support os a deep beam shall be placed in two zone.
Clear span / Overall depth = 1.4 / 1.85 = 0.75676 < 1 Provide Reinforcement in one Zone
Zone 1 : Depth 0.2 D = 370 mm adjacent to tension Face , Which shall contain proportion of the tension steel given by

𝐿1
0.5 0.5 = 0
𝐷
Reinforcemnt Required in Zone 1 = 0 x 6668.69 = 0 mm2
2
Reinforcement Providing = 25  5 Nos. @ 73.75 mm c/c Ast,provided = 2454 mm OK
0  0 Nos. @ - mm c/c
Zone 1 : Depth 0.3 D = 555 mm on either side of the mid depth of the beam, which shall contain the remainder of the tension steel evenly distributed
Reinforcemnt Required in Zone 2 = 0 mm2
2
Reinforcement Providing = 20  14 Nos. @ 23.0769 mm c/c Ast,provided = 4398 mm OK
0  0 Nos. @ - mm c/c

2) When ratio of clear span / overall < 1 , the steel shall be evenly distributed over a depth of 0.8 D = 1480 mm measured form tension face

Therefore, 6668.6913 mm2 is evenly distributed over a depth of 0.8 D= 1480 mm from top
2
Reinforcement Providing = 25  5 Nos. @ 73.75 mm c/c Ast,provided = 6853 mm OK
20  14 Nos. @ 23.0769 mm c/c
25  4
Side Face Reinforcement calculation (CL 29.3.4 of IS 456:2000, CL 32.5 of IS 456:2000) 25  0

Thickness of Diaphram = 400 0

Horizontal Reinforcement : Minimum Reuirement = 0.2 & of Cross Section Area
= 0.2 / 100 x 1850 x 400
2
= 1480 mm
Reinforcemnt on either side = 740 mm2
2
Reinforcement Providing on each side = 32  3 Nos. @ 144 mm c/c Ast,provided = 2413 mm
Vertical Reinforcement : Minimum Reuirement = 0.12 & of Cross Section Area
= 0.12 / 100 x 1850 x 400
2
= 888 mm
2
Reinforcemnt on either side = 444 mm
2
Reinforcement Providing = 12  @ 150 mm c/c Ast,provided = 754 mm OK
CHECK FOR SHEAR : ( IRC 112 / clause 10.3.2 (2) )
Check of Shear Reinforcement Requirement
(min +0.15cp ) bw
1 = Min [ Asl/bw d

VRdc =Max [ ( 0.12

k (80 1 fck )0.33 +
min = 0.031 k3/2

0.15 cp ) bw d ,
k= Min [ 1 +
200/d , 2 ]

Check
, 0.02 ]

fck1/2

VED  VED cp

d]

Load comb. d bw Asl

T T mm mm mm2 Mpa Tonne

ULS 88.16 1 88.16 1771 400 1.336 6853 0.0097 0.321 0 36.65 Provide shear
reinf.
Check for Maximum Shear Capacity :

2*VNS / (cw *
 = 0.5 sin-1 [

bw * z * v1 *
Vrdmax = cw

1 * fcd /2

 adopted
* bw * z *

fcd) ]
Load comb. VED bw d z =0.9d cw 1 Check
T mm mm mm Tonne deg deg

ULS 88.16 400 1771 1594 1 0.51 328.65 OK 7.78 33.69

FINDING DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENT

Fd = 0.5 VED

w,min =( 0.072

w,min*s *bw
√ fck ) / fyk
Asw/s = VED / z Provide Asw

provide
Asw/s
Load comb. VED bw z design

Asw,min =
fywd cot

cot
Legs dia spacing
2 2 2
T m m deg mm /mm mm /m nos mm mm mm /m Check T

ULS 88.16 0 2 33.69 0.848 0.00097 0.039 2 12 150 1.508 OK 66.12

Fd = Additional Tensile force, to be accounted in longitudinal reinforcement

B) SLS STRESS CHECK
Rare Load Combination Formula used for calculation of stress
Ec,eq = Ecm*(MQP+MST) dc (depth of neutral axis) = -m*As +  ( m2 * As2 + 2* m*As*b* d )
MST +(1+)* MQP b
MST = MRARE -MQP INA (Transformed) = b *dc3/3 + m* As *(d-dc)2
m = Es/ Ec,eq
Compressive stress in concrete c = MRARE* dc / INA
Quasi Permanent Load Combination Tensile stress in steel s = m* MRARE* (d - dc ) / INA
m = Es / Ecm'
Stress Check for SLS Load Combinations

N.A.
M Ast, modular depth Comp Tensile
Max C. Check Max T Check
Load comb. b d Provided
ratio (dc) INA stress Stress stress Stress
2
(tm/m) mm mm mm mm mm4 Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa

Check for Hogging Moment

SLS (R Comb.) 152 400 1771 6853 17 761 2E+11 6.47 21.6 OK 144 400 OK

SLS (QP Comb.) 152 400 1771 6853 17 761 2E+11 6.47 19.8 OK 144 400 OK

Check for Sagging Moment

SLS (R Comb.) 40 400 1786 1473 11 342 4E+10 3.40 21.6 OK 158 400 OK

SLS (QP Comb.) 19 400 1786 1473 17 411 6E+10 1.35 19.8 OK 75 400 OK

C) SLS CRACK WIDTH CHECK (QUASI PERMANENT LOAD COMBINATION)

1) CHECK Ast,min for crack control
b h d Act =bh/2 s = fyk k kc As,min =kc k fct,eff h k
Load comb. mm mm mm mm2 Mpa Act / s As,provided check 0 1
0.3 1
Check for Hogging Moment 0.8 0.65
SLS QP 400 1850 1771 370000 500.00 0.65 0.4 630 6853 OK 3 0.65

Check for Sagging Moment

SLS QP 400 1850 1786 370000 500.00 0.65 0.4 630 1473 OK

2) CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH

sm - cm =Max 
smax =3.4c +
0.17Peff

hc,eff =Min [ 2.5 ( h -

Aceff = peff = x =neutral e = sc - kt fct,eff ( 1+ e
Asprovided sc wk


Load comb. d ) , ( h - x/3 ) , axis depth kt check

hc,eff *b As/Ac,eff Es/Ecm' P,eff ) / P,eff ] /Es
h/2]
, 0.6sc/Es ]
mm mm2 mm2 mm Mpa mm

Check for Hogging Moment

SLS QP 197.353 78941.261 6853 0.087 25.000 184.96 143.56 760.60 0.5 16.71 0.00049 0.090 OK

Check for Sagging Moment

SLS QP 161.25 64500 1473 0.023 21.543 296.409 75.50 411.20 0.5 16.71 0.00023 0.067 OK
Design of Intermediate Diaphgram
Summary of forces for Intermediate Cross-Girder

Flange part is ignored in design

0.25

1.85
1.6

0.4
Service Condition :
Hogging Moment (Tm ) Sagging Moment (Tm ) Shear Force ( T )
Force due to (At Beam. 91 2nd Load Factor (At Beam. 92 2
nd
Load Factor (At Beam. 91 2
nd
Load Factor
node) ULS SLS R SLS Q node) ULS SLS R SLS Q node) ULS SLS R SLS Q
DL 14.3 1.35 1 1 -3.11 1.35 1 1 5.94 1.35 1 1
SIDL 21.3 1.35 1 1 -0.01 1 1 1 4.48 1.35 1 1
Surfacing 0.5 1.75 1.2 1.2 -3.24 1.75 1.2 1.2 1.23 1.75 1.2 1.2
Live Load 21.8 1.50 1 0 -48.99 1.50 1 0 7.90 1.5 1 0

Design Bending Moment

Hogging Sagging Shear Force
Load Combination Tm Tm Tonne
ULS 82 83 28
SLS Rare 58 56 20
SLS Quasi Permanent 36 7 12

MATERIAL PROPERTIES : PERMISSIBLE STRESSES

Grade of concrete = M 45 MPa 1) Permissble concrete compressive stresses
Grade of Reinforcement = Fe 500 MPa Load Combi Permissble Stress
σ st = 434.783 MPa SLS Rare 0.48 fck = 21.6 Mpa
Clear cover = 40 mm SLS QP 0.36 fcm = 19.8 Mpa
Modulus of Elasticity steel Es = 200000 Mpa
For short Term loading Ecm = 34000 Mpa
Creep factor  = 1.84061 */ Refer appendix A2 2) Permissible Tensile stress in steel (Rare) = 400 Mpa
For long Term loading Ecm' = 11969 Mpa Permissible Tensile stress in steel (Quasi) = 400 Mpa
fcteff Mean tensile strength = fctm = 3.28 Mpa
fcd = 20.10 Mpa 3) Permissible crack width wk
SLS QP Load combination = 0.300 mm
The design is done as per IS 456:2000 CL. 29.1 to 29.3
End Cross girder span c/c of brg. = 2.80 m
Clear Span (L1) = 2.30
Effective Span (L) = 2.645 m
Overall Depth (D) = 1.85 m
L/D Ratio = 1.43 <= 2.5 Design as deep beam
Lever Arm (Z) = 0.2 ( L + 1.5D)
= 1.084 m
A) ULS Design
Positive Reinforcement Calculation

Max +ve ULS Moment = 83 Tm

M
Tension at mid Span = = 76.8924 t
Z
T 76.8924 2
+ve Reinforcement Required = = x 1000 x 9.81 = 1734.92 mm
σ st 434.783
Arrangement of Positive Reinforcement (CL 29.3.1 of IS 456:2000)
a) Reinforcement should extend without curtailment between supports
b) Be embedded beyond the face of each support so that the face of the support shall have a development lenghth not less than 0.8 Ld
Φ σ st 32 x 434.78
Ld = = = 1830.66 mm
4 ζbd 4 x 1.9
0.8Ld = 1464.53 mm
c) Be Placed within a zone of depth to 0.25D - 0.05L adjacent to tension face of beam where D is the Overall depth and L is the effective span
0.25 D - 0.05 L = ( 0.25 x 1.85 - 0.05 2.645 ) x 1000 = 330.25 mm
Let us provide At bottom
2
Layer-1 25  3 Nos. @ 147.5 mm c/c Ast,provided = 3081 mm OK
Layer-2 32  2 Nos. @ 288 mm c/c
Negative Reinforcement Calculation

Max -ve ULS Moment = 82 Tm

M
Tension at mid Span = = 75.2454 t
Z
T 75.2454
+ve Reinforcement Required = = x 1000 x 9.81 = 1697.76 mm2
σ st 434.783

Arrangement of Negative Reinforcement (CL 29.3.2 of IS 456:2000)

a) Termination of reinforcement
1) It shall be permissible to terminate not more than half of the reinforcement at a distance of 0.5 D from the face of support
0.5 D = 925 mm
2) The remainder shall extend over the full support
b) Distribution of reinforcement
1) When ratio of clear span / overall depthis in the range 1.0 to 2.5 tensile reinforcement over support os a deep beam shall be placed in two zone.
Clear span / Overall depth = 2.3 / 1.85 = 1.24324 > 1 Provide Reinforcement in Two Zone

Zone 1 : Depth 0.2 D = 370 mm adjacent to tension Face , Which shall contain proportion of the tension steel given by

𝐿1
0.5 0.5 = 0.371622
𝐷
Reinforcemnt Required in Zone 1 = 0.37162 x 1697.76 = 630.925 mm2
2
Reinforcement Providing = 20  3 Nos. @ 150 mm c/c Ast,provided = 942 mm OK
0  0 Nos. @ - mm c/c
Zone 1 : Depth 0.3 D = 555 mm on either side of the mid depth of the beam, which shall contain the remainder of the tension steel evenly distributed
Reinforcemnt Requir 0 1066.84 mm2
2
Reinforcement Providing = 12  14 Nos. @ 23.6923 mm c/c Ast,provided = 1583 mm OK
0  0 Nos. @ - mm c/c

2) When ratio of clear span / overall < 1 , the steel shall be evenly distributed over a depth of 0.8 D = 1480 mm measured form tension face

Therefore, 0 mm2 is evenly distributed over a depth of 0.8 D= 1480 mm from top
2
Reinforcement Providing = 16  3 Nos. @ 152 mm c/c Ast,provided = 1546 mm OK
10  12 Nos. @ 28.1818 mm c/c
25  4
Side Face Reinforcement calculation (CL 29.3.4 of IS 456:2000, CL 32.5 of IS 456:2000) 25  0

Thickness of Diaphram = 400 mm

Horizontal Reinforcement : Minimum Reuirement = 0.2 & of Cross Section Area

= 0.2 / 100 x 1850 x 400
= 1480 mm2
Reinforcemnt on either side = 740 mm2
2
Reinforcement Providing on each side = 32  3 Nos. @ 144 mm c/c Ast,provided = 2413 mm OK

Vertical Reinforcement : Minimum Reuirement = 0.12 & of Cross Section Area

= 0.12 / 100 x 1850 x 400
= 888 mm2
Reinforcemnt on either side = 444 mm2
2
Reinforcement Providing = 12  @ 150 mm c/c Ast,provided = 754 mm OK

CHECK FOR SHEAR : ( IRC 112 / clause 10.3.2 (2) )

Check of Shear Reinforcement Requirement
1 = Min [ Asl/bw d

(min +0.15cp ) bw
VRdc =Max [ ( 0.12
+
3/2

0.15 cp ) bw d ,
0.33
min = 0.031 k

k (80 1 fck )
k= Min [ 1 +
200/d , 2 ]

Check
, 0.02 ]

1/2

VED cp
fck

VED 
d]

Load comb. d bw Asl

T T mm mm mm2 Mpa Tonne

ULS 28.05 1 28.05 1782 400 1.335 2526 0.0035 0.321 0 26.46 Provide shear
reinf.
Check for Maximum Shear Capacity :
bw * z * v1 * fcd)
2*VNS / (cw *
 = 0.5 sin [
Vrdmax = cw

-1
1 * fcd /2

 adopted
* bw * z *

Load comb. VED bw d z =0.9d cw 1 Check

]

T mm mm mm Tonne deg deg

ULS 28.05 400 1782 1604 1 0.51 330.70 OK 2.43 33.69

FINDING DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENT

w,min =( 0.072 √

Fd = 0.5 VED

w,min*s *bw

Asw/s = VED / z Provide Asw

provide

design
fck ) / fyk

Asw/s

Load comb. VED bw z

Asw,min =

fywd cot
cot

Legs dia spacing

 T m m deg
2
mm /mm mm2/m nos mm mm mm2/m Check T

ULS 28.05 0 2 33.69 0.268 0.00097 0.039 2 10 150 1.047 OK 21.04 474.722

Fd = Additional Tensile force, to be accounted in longitudinal reinforcement

B) SLS STRESS CHECK

Rare Load Combination Formula used for calculation of stress
2 2
Ec,eq = Ecm*(MQP+MST) dc (depth of neutral axis) = -m*As +  ( m * As + 2* m*As*b* d )
MST +(1+)* MQP b
3 2
MST = MRARE -MQP INA (Transformed) = b *dc /3 + m* As *(d-dc)
m = Es/ Ec,eq
Compressive stress in concrete c = MRARE* dc / INA
Quasi Permanent Load Combination Tensile stress in steel s = m* MRARE* (d - dc ) / INA
m = Es / Ecm'

Stress Check for SLS Load Combinations

N.A.
M modular depth Comp Max C. Check Tensile Max T Check
Load comb. b d Ast, Provided ratio (dc) INA stress Stress stress Stress
2
(tm/m) mm mm mm mm mm4 Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa

Check for Hogging Moment

SLS (R Comb.) 58 400 1782 2526 13 459 7E+10 3.80 21.6 OK 138 400 OK

SLS (QP Comb.) 36 400 1782 2526 17 517 9E+10 2.13 19.8 OK 87 400 OK

Check for Sagging Moment

SLS (R Comb.) 56 400 1771 3081 7 392 5E+10 4.27 21.6 OK 109 400 OK

SLS (QP Comb.) 7 400 1771 3081 17 559 1E+11 0.39 19.8 OK 14 400 OK

C) SLS CRACK WIDTH CHECK (QUASI PERMANENT LOAD COMBINATION)

1) CHECK Ast,min for crack control
b h d Act =bh/2 s = fyk k kc As,min =kc k fct,eff h k
Load comb. mm mm mm mm2 Mpa Act / s As,provided check 0 1
0.3 1
Check for Hogging Moment 0.8 0.65
SLS QP 400 1850 1782 370000 500.00 0.65 0.4 630 2526 OK 3 0.65

Check for Sagging Moment

SLS QP 400 1850 1771 370000 500.00 0.65 0.4 630 3081 OK

2) CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH

sm - cm =Max 
smax =3.4c +
0.17Peff

hc,eff =Min [ 2.5 ( h -

Aceff = peff = x =neutral e = sc - kt fct,eff ( 1+ e
Asprovided sc wk


Load comb. d ) , ( h - x/3 ) , axis depth

kt check
hc,eff *b As/Ac,eff Es/Ecm' P,eff ) / P,eff ] /Es
h/2]
, 0.6sc/Es ]
mm mm2 mm2 mm Mpa mm

Check for Hogging Moment

SLS QP 169.817 67926.8 2526 0.037 28.223 265.029 87.20 516.74 0.5 16.71 0.00026 0.069 OK

Check for Sagging Moment

SLS QP 198.446 79378.4 3081 0.039 14.105 197.777 14.06 558.57 0.5 16.71 4.2E-05 0.008 OK