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MODEL UNITED
NATIONS 4.0

UNSC
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL

Prevention of the escalating

Middle Eastern theatre
with special emphasis on a
potential Israel-Iran war.
To All Esteemed Delegates of the United Nations Security Council,
As we stand on the precipice of change, we address each of you with a
deep sense of honor and pride.
The responsibility you bear is immense, yet the potential impact of
your work is boundless. The world looks to this council not just for
decisions, but for leadership, unity, and hope. It is in these chambers
that history is written—not just in ink, but in the lives and futures of
millions around the globe.
In times of conflict and peace, crisis and resolution, the UNSC has been
a beacon of diplomacy, dialogue, and determination. Today, as we
confront unprecedented challenges, from the scourge of global conflict
to the complex threats of climate change, economic instability, and
humanitarian crises, we are reminded of the power of collective action.
Each voice in this room carries the weight of its people’s hopes, and
together, we can shape a future where peace is not just a possibility,
but a promise.
Our shared mission is not simply to navigate the complexities of global
governance, but to rise above them—to find solutions where there
seem to be none, to foster understanding where there is division, and
to light the way for a world that too often finds itself in darkness.
You, the delegates, represent the beating heart of this council. Your
expertise, your commitment, and your courage are what will guide us
through these uncertain times. As you debate, negotiate, and deliberate,
know that every effort you make is a step toward a more just, more
peaceful world. And when the road seems long and the obstacles
insurmountable, remember that history has always favored those who
persevere with principle and purpose.
Let us forge ahead with resolve, knowing that the eyes of the world are
upon us, and that we have the unique privilege—and responsibility—to
craft the future. The decisions made here will ripple across continents
and generations. Let us ensure those ripples carry with them the
values of peace, justice, and human dignity.
With deepest respect and unwavering confidence,
Shreyas Arora Abhiniti Mittra
Chairperson Vice Chairperson
RULES OF PROCEDURE
Each of the Rules of Procedure relates to a different part of
the MUN committee session which will be explained in detail in
the upcoming sections of this RoP. We can see this in an
overview of the sequence of events in the committee which is
called the “Flow of Debate”.
ROLL CALL
Roll Call is when the Chair calls each country to determine if
they are present in the room. This is done in alphabetical
order. When you hear your country called, you should raise
your placard and answer “Present” or “Present and voting”.
“Present’' - You can abstain when voting on a draft resolution.
“Present and Voting” You have to vote either “Yes” or “No” for
every draft resolution that is voted on.
Roll Call is done at the start of every committee session to
make sure there is a quorum. Quorum refers to how many
Member States are needed for the Chair to open debate. ⅓ of
the committee members are needed to open the committee,
and a simple majority (½ +1) is needed to pass a draft
resolution.
As established in the Charter of the United Nations, each of
the five Permanent Members; China, France, Russian
Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States, shall
have the right to veto any substantive matter which comes to
a vote before the Security Council.
A "no" vote by any Permanent Member, along with nine
affirmative votes by other Council members, shall constitute a
veto and cause the motion to fail.
DEBATE
1. Formal Debate: The Security Council shall by default be in
Formal Debate unless otherwise advised by the Chair.
Delegates should refer to the Speakers’ List for the speaking
order, as described in.
The formal debate of a MUN simulation is centered around the
General Speakers List (GSL). You can only be on the GSL once
at a time. However, when you finish your speech you can get
right back on the GSL.
You can get back on the GSL by waiting for the Chair to ask if
any delegates wish to be added to the GSL. There must
always be a delegate on the GSL at any given time.
If the GSL has no one on it, it is considered that there is
nothing left to say and the committee automatically moves to
voting procedure
2. Informal Debate: During formal debate a motion can be put
forth by any delegate for a Moderated Caucus or an
Unmoderated Caucus, both of which constitute informal
debate.
Informal debate can only occur on substantive issues.
To enter an informal debate, a Delegate proposing a Motion
for a Moderated Caucus must indicate a total duration of the
caucus, speaking time for each individual speaker and
purpose of the Motion.
A Delegate proposing a Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus
must indicate a total duration and purpose for the Caucus.
Once the Motion passes, the Security Council will start an
informal discussion on the topic specified in the Motion,
without leaving the conference room.
MOTIONS
1. Motions are proposed by the Delegates in order to
facilitate the debate or the overall procedure, by raising their
placards and waiting to be recognised.
2. Motion to open debate - To begin discussion at the
beginning of the first session.
3. Motion to suspend debate - To break for lunch, coffee
break, end of committee session at the end of the day but not
the conference as a whole.
4. Motion to adjourn the debate - To close the committee as
a whole.
5. Motion to change speakers time - This motion changes the
default time on the GSL.
6. Motion to set the agenda - To set one topic before the
other at the agenda-setting stage.
7. Motion for moderated caucus - “The delegate of Vanuatu
motions for a moderated caucus of 8 minutes, individual
speaking time 45 seconds, to discuss issue/outcome of the
previous caucus / working paper/draft resolution 1,2,3, etc.”
8. Motion for unmoderated caucus - “Egypt motions for an
unmoderated caucus of 12 minutes.” You do not need to give a
reason for an unmoderated caucus.
9. Motion to close the debate/move to the voting procedure
- “The delegate of Canada moves to close debate /move into
voting procedure.”
10. Motion to introduce working paper/draft
resolution/amendment - “The delegate of Spain motions to
introduce Draft Resolution 1.2.
POINTS
· Point of Personal Privilege: A delegate may rise to a Point
of Personal Privilege if a matter impairs the delegate's
participation in council activities. The Chairpersons shall try to
effectively address the source of impairment. A Point of
Personal Privilege can interrupt the speaker in any case.
However, this motion should be used with the utmost
discretion.
· Point of Order: A Delegate: may rise to a Point of Order if a
Delegate or the Chairpersons are not properly following the
Rules of Procedure/factual inaccuracies in speeches. The
Chair will rule on the validity of the point immediately.
A Delegate rising to a Point of Order may not comment on the
topic of the discussion. A Point of Order ruled dilatory by the
Chair may not be appealed. This point may not interrupt a
speaker.
· Point of Parliamentary Inquiry: A Delegate may rise to a
Point of Parliamentary Inquiry requesting an explanation from
the Chair on the Rules of Procedure. This point may not
interrupt a speaker.
· Point of information: Asking another delegate a question
about their speech after their speech concludes. POI’s can
only be asked after a speech of the delegate who finished
speaking.
· Right of Reply: A Delegate whose personal or national
integrity has been impugned by another Delegate’s comments
may rise to a Right of Reply. Disagreement with the content of
a Delegate's speech does not constitute sufficient justification
for a Right of Reply
YIELDS
during formal debate, a Delegate may yield any remaining time
at the end of his/her speech in one of the following manners:
· To Questions: The Chair will use the remaining time to
entertain questions for the Speaker from the Security Council.
Delegates wishing to ask questions shall raise their placards
and wait to be recognised by the Chair. Only the Speaker's
answer shall be subtracted from the remaining speaking time.
· To Another Delegate: A Speaker wishing to give the
remaining time allotted to his/her speech to another Delegate
can do so. That Delegate has to immediately take the floor.
· To the Board: A Delegate can yield any remaining time back
to the Board. If a specific yield has not been established by
the Speaker, the floor will automatically be given back to the
Chair. During Moderated Caucus the floor will also be
automatically given to the Chair
RESOLUTIONS AND AMENDMENTS
1. Working Paper: A Working Paper is an informal document
used by Delegates to work on building a Draft Resolution. A
Working Paper will be distributed at the Chair's discretion if
requested by a Delegate. A Working Paper can be presented
by the Delegate either when it is the Delegate’s turn to speak
according to the Speakers’ list or when a motion for informal
debate passes, with the purpose of discussing the working
paper.
2. Draft Resolutions: Draft resolutions are formal documents
which contain your policy ideas, and those of other delegates,
written according to United Nations formatting rules.
The draft resolutions which are approved by the chair are the
documents the committee will vote on after the closure of the
debate.
a) Sponsors – Delegates who wrote the resolution or played a
key roll in the resolution
b) Signatories – Delegates who support the draft resolution, or
at least want to see the ideas discussed.
Amendments: An Amendment may add, strike out or revise a
part of the Draft Resolution.
[Link]
IINTRODUCTION TO THE AGENDA
The Middle East is one of the most geopolitically sensitive
regions, where unresolved conflicts, religious tensions, and
power rivalries converge, affecting global peace and security.
One of the most dangerous potential flashpoints in the region
is the tension between Israel and Iran.
Both nations have pursued antagonistic policies for decades,
and the possibility of a direct military conflict, especially
considering the prospect of nuclear proliferation, is a matter
of grave concern for the international community.
The stakes are high: a full-scale war between Israel and Iran
would not only destabilize the Middle East but also have global
ramifications, affecting international trade, energy supplies,
and strategic alliances.
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) must address this
issue with urgency, seeking to de-escalate tensions and
promote diplomatic engagement to prevent a war that could
spiral into a regional or even global crisis.
This extended guide offers a comprehensive understanding of
the Israel-Iran conflict, the geopolitical dynamics at play, and
the possible courses of action the UNSC might pursue to
prevent an all-out war.
I. HISTORICAL CONTEXT
1. Pre-1979 Relations:
Before the Iranian Revolution, Iran and Israel maintained a
working relationship, as both were aligned with Western
powers during the Cold War. The Shah of Iran recognized
Israel, and both countries shared strategic interests,
particularly regarding opposition to Arab nationalist
movements and Soviet influence. Iran provided oil to Israel,
while Israel supported Iran’s military modernization.
2. Post-1979 Deterioration:
After the 1979 revolution, Iran’s new theocratic regime under
Ayatollah Khomeini drastically shifted its foreign policy. The
Islamic Republic adopted a staunchly anti-Israel stance,
declaring support for Palestinian liberation and advocating for
the end of the "Zionist regime." This rhetoric was matched by
Iran's support for Palestinian and Lebanese militias, especially
Hezbollah, which Israel views as a major threat to its security.
3. Iran’s Nuclear Ambitions:
One of the core issues in the Israel-Iran rivalry is Iran’s
pursuit of nuclear capabilities. While Iran insists that its
nuclear program is for civilian energy purposes, Israel and
much of the international community believe that Tehran
seeks the capability to develop nuclear weapons. Israel has
consistently declared that a nuclear-armed Iran poses an
existential threat, and has taken covert and overt actions—
such as cyberattacks, sabotage, and targeted assassinations
of nuclear scientists—to delay Iran’s progress.
4. Proxy Warfare and Regional Expansion:
Iran’s strategy of expanding its influence through proxy
groups has exacerbated tensions with Israel. Through its
support for Hezbollah in Lebanon, militias in Iraq, and the
Assad regime in Syria, Iran has established a regional network
that directly challenges Israeli interests. Israel has responded
by conducting airstrikes in Syria and Lebanon, targeting
Iranian military assets and infrastructure, with the objective of
preventing Tehran from establishing a permanent military
presence near its borders.
5. Sanctions and Diplomatic Isolation:
Iran has faced international isolation due to its nuclear
program and regional activities. The imposition of crippling
sanctions, particularly after the U.S. withdrew from the JCPOA
in 2018, has weakened Iran’s economy, but it has not halted its
regional ambitions.
Israel, on the other hand, has sought to deepen its diplomatic
and military alliances, particularly with Arab states, through
agreements such as the Abraham Accords, further isolating
Iran.

II. Current Developments and Flashpoints

1. Nuclear Negotiations and JCPOA Breakdown:
The 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) was
designed to limit Iran’s nuclear capabilities in exchange for
sanctions relief. However, the U.S. withdrawal from the deal in
2018 and Iran’s subsequent breaches of the agreement have
reignited fears of a nuclear arms race.
Iran has ramped up its uranium enrichment program, and
international efforts to bring Iran back into compliance with
the JCPOA have been fraught with challenges. Israel continues
to oppose the JCPOA, arguing that it is insufficient to prevent
Iran from developing a nuclear weapon.
2. Israeli Military Strategy:
Israel’s approach to the Iran threat is shaped by its doctrine
of preemptive self-defense, which includes covert operations
and military strikes on Iranian targets in Syria, Lebanon, and
potentially Iran itself.
The Israeli government has repeatedly stated that it will not
allow Iran to develop a nuclear weapon, and it is widely
believed that Israel has contingency plans for airstrikes on
Iranian nuclear facilities if diplomacy fails.
3. Iran’s Regional Strategy:
Iran, for its part, continues to strengthen its military
presence in Syria and Lebanon, while supporting proxy militias
across the region.
Iran’s goal is to deter Israel by creating multiple fronts of
conflict, stretching Israeli military capabilities.
Iran’s development of missile and drone technology further
complicates the security environment, as these weapons can
reach deep into Israeli territory, potentially targeting critical
infrastructure and civilian areas.
4. Increasing Proxy Tensions:
Iran’s support for non-state actors, such as Hezbollah and
pro-Iranian militias in Iraq, has created a volatile security
environment. Hezbollah, with its vast arsenal of rockets, poses
a significant threat to northern Israel.
In the event of a war, Hezbollah could open a northern front,
while Palestinian groups in Gaza could attack from the south.
Israel’s strategy has been to prevent these groups from
acquiring advanced weaponry, but the smuggling of arms and
technology through Syria and other channels remains a
persistent challenge.
III. Regional and International Stakeholders
1. Israel’s Security Concerns:
For Israel, Iran represents the most significant strategic
threat in the Middle East. Israeli policymakers, both right- and
left-wing, are united in their view that a nuclear-armed Iran is
unacceptable. Israel’s “red line” is clear: it will take military
action if Iran crosses certain thresholds in its nuclear
development. At the same time, Israel must navigate its
relations with the United States and other Western powers,
which may prioritize diplomacy over military action.
2. Iran’s Ideological and Strategic Goals:
Iran’s leadership sees itself as the vanguard of resistance
against Western imperialism and Zionism, with the Palestinian
cause serving as a central pillar of its foreign policy. Iran seeks
to project power in the Middle East by building a “Shia
Crescent” that stretches from Tehran through Baghdad,
Damascus, and Beirut. This geopolitical ambition brings it into
direct conflict with Israel, which sees Iranian influence as
destabilizing and a direct threat to its security.
3. U.S. Role and Policy Shifts:
The United States has played a central role in shaping the
dynamics of the Israel-Iran rivalry. Washington’s withdrawal
from the JCPOA and the imposition of sanctions on Iran have
been key factors in increasing tensions. The Biden
administration’s attempt to re-engage with Iran and revive the
nuclear deal faces stiff opposition from Israel and some Gulf
states. The U.S. also remains Israel’s main security guarantor,
providing military aid and diplomatic support.
4. Arab Gulf States:
The Arab Gulf states, particularly Saudi Arabia and the UAE,
view Iran as a threat to regional stability. In recent years, these
states have grown closer to Israel, forming an informal alliance
against Iran. The Abraham Accords, which normalized relations
between Israel and several Arab countries, reflect this shifting
dynamic. While Saudi Arabia has not officially normalized
relations with Israel, it shares Israel’s concerns about Iran’s
growing influence and nuclear ambitions.
5. Russia’s and China’s Involvement:
Russia plays a dual role in the Israel-Iran dynamic, as it has
maintained close relations with both countries. Russia’s
military presence in Syria has complicated Israel’s operations
against Iranian targets, but Moscow has allowed Israel a
degree of freedom in carrying out airstrikes as long as they do
not interfere with Russian interests.
China, on the other hand, has maintained economic ties with
Iran, viewing the country as an important partner in its Belt
and Road Initiative, though it has stayed relatively neutral in
the Israeli-Iranian conflict.

IV. Challenges to Peace and De-Escalation

1. Nuclear Proliferation and Regional Arms Race:
One of the most significant challenges in preventing
escalation is the potential for nuclear proliferation. If Iran were
to acquire a nuclear weapon, it could trigger an arms race in
the Middle East, with other countries, such as Saudi Arabia,
seeking to develop their own nuclear deterrent.
A nuclear-armed Iran would also fundamentally alter the
regional security balance, increasing the risk of miscalculation
and conflict.
2. Lack of Direct Communication:
Israel and Iran have no direct diplomatic relations, which
increases the risk of miscommunication and escalation.
Without channels for dialogue, even small incidents, such as
skirmishes between proxy forces or cyberattacks, could spiral
into a larger conflict.
Establishing indirect or backchannel communication could be
a key step in preventing accidental war.
3. Proxy Conflicts and Spillover Effects:
The use of proxy forces by Iran, particularly Hezbollah,
presents a major challenge to de-escalation. Hezbollah’s vast
arsenal of rockets and its integration into Lebanon’s political
and military apparatus make it a formidable force.
A conflict between Israel and Hezbollah could draw in Iran,
Syria, and other regional actors, creating a broader regional
war.
Moreover, the proliferation of militias in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen
further complicates efforts to isolate and manage the Israel-
Iran rivalry.
4. Economic Pressures and Domestic Politics:
Economic sanctions have weakened Iran’s economy, leading
to internal unrest. However, this economic pressure has also
made Iran more reliant on its regional network of militias and
proxy forces to project power.
Meanwhile, Israel’sdomestic politics, particularly the influence
of hardline parties, complicates efforts to pursue diplomacy.
Both countries face internal pressures that could push their
leaders toward more aggressive policies.
V. Possible UNSC Actions to Prevent Escalation
1. Enhanced Diplomacy and Multilateral Negotiations:
The UNSC can play a pivotal role in facilitating renewed
diplomatic efforts. One potential pathway is to support the
restoration of the JCPOA while addressing Israel’s security
concerns. A broader regional framework that includes Gulf states,
Iran, and Israel could help de-escalate tensions and create a
roadmap for future security arrangements.
2. Strengthening Arms Control Mechanisms:
The UNSC could work to strengthen existing arms control
frameworks in the region. This includes not only nuclear arms
control but also conventional arms limitations. Encouraging
transparency measures, such as inspections of military facilities or
limits on missile deployments, could help reduce the risk of
conflict.
3. Supporting Conflict Prevention Initiatives:
The UNSC could promote confidence-building measures
between Israel and Iran, even if indirect, to reduce the likelihood of
unintended escalation. These could include deconfliction
agreements in Syria, maritime security agreements to prevent
clashes in the Persian Gulf, or even humanitarian initiatives that
bring both sides together in non-military contexts.
4. Addressing Proxy Conflicts:
The UNSC should also focus on reducing the influence of proxy
groups that exacerbate the Israel-Iran conflict. This could involve
applying pressure on external actors providing arms and support
to Hezbollah and other militias, as well as bolstering the
capabilities of the Lebanese government to manage its own
security without reliance on Hezbollah.
5. Sanctions and Accountability:
The UNSC could consider targeted sanctions on individuals and
entities that are fueling the conflict, particularly those involved in
the illegal transfer of weapons and military technology.
Additionally, strengthening existing sanctions on Iran’s missile
program and monitoring compliance with international arms
embargoes could limit Iran’s ability to project power through
military means.
CONCLUSION
The UNSC has a crucial role to play in preventing a full-scale
war between Israel and Iran, a conflict that could have
catastrophic consequences for the Middle East and beyond.
By promoting diplomatic engagement, supporting arms
control, and addressing the root causes of the Israel-Iran
rivalry, the UNSC can help create a pathway toward de-
escalation and long-term regional stability. In a region where
conflict has become all too common, the prevention of a new
war must be a top priority for the international community.

LINKS TO REFER:
1. [Link]
war-enters-new-stage-middle-east-north-africa-
defense-intelligence-can-kasapoglu
2. [Link]
escalation-as-a-confident-iran-and-insecure-israel-
square-off/
3. [Link]

BEST OF LUCK DELEGATES!!!