Cambridge IGCSE™

*3722913434*

CHEMISTRY0620/43
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2022

 1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

IB22 11_0620_43/4RP
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
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1 
Atoms and ions are made from small particles called electrons, neutrons and protons.

(a) Complete the table.

particle relative charge relative mass

1
electron –1 1840

neutron

proton

[2]

(b) Information about atoms and ions, A, B and C, is shown in the table.

Complete the table.

atom number of number of number of

symbol
or ion electrons neutrons protons

A 18 20 20Ca
42 2+

B 18 17Cl
35

C 18 16 16

[6]

 [Total: 8]

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2 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical conductivities of six substances, D,
E, F, G, H and I.

melting point boiling point conducts electricity conducts electricity

substance
/ °C / °C when solid when liquid
D 1083 2567 yes yes
E –117 79 no no
F 3550 4827 no no
G 119 445 no no
H –210 –196 no no
I 801 1413 no yes

(a) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is:

(i) a liquid at 25 °C ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� [1]

(ii) a gas at 25 °C ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� [1]

(iii) a solid consisting of simple molecules at 25 °C. ����������������������������������������������������������� [1]

(b) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is a metal. Give a reason for your choice.

substance ...................................................................................................................................

reason .........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which has a macromolecular structure. Give two
reasons for your choice.

substance ...................................................................................................................................

reason 1 ......................................................................................................................................

reason 2 ......................................................................................................................................
[3]

(d) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is an ionic solid. Give a reason for your choice.

substance ...................................................................................................................................

reason .........................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

 [Total: 10]

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3 Aluminium is extracted from its ore by electrolysis.

(a) Name the ore of aluminium which consists mainly of aluminium oxide.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State what is meant by the term electrolysis.

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Electrolysis is carried out on aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite.

waste gases

positive electrode

negative electrode aluminium oxide dissolved

in molten cryolite

aluminium

(i) Give two reasons why the electrolysis is carried out on aluminium oxide dissolved in
molten cryolite instead of electrolysing molten aluminium oxide only.

1 ...........................................................................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction occurring at the negative electrode.

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) The positive electrodes are made of carbon.

Explain why the positive carbon electrodes are replaced regularly.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

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(d) Aluminium is more reactive than copper.

When aluminium is added to aqueous copper(II) sulfate, no immediate reaction is seen.

Explain why.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) Aluminium reacts with oxygen to form an amphoteric oxide.

(i) State what is meant by the term amphoteric.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) 
The reaction between aluminium oxide and aqueous sodium hydroxide forms a salt
containing the negative ion Al O2–. The only other product is water.

Write a chemical equation for the reaction between aluminium oxide and aqueous
sodium hydroxide.

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(f) Gallium is in the same group as aluminium and forms similar compounds.

Predict the formulae of:

gallium(III) chloride ....................................................................................................................

gallium(III) sulfate. .....................................................................................................................

[2]

 [Total: 15]

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4 This question is about compounds of phosphorus.

(a) Gaseous phosphorus(V) chloride decomposes into gaseous phosphorus(III) chloride and
gaseous chlorine.

When the three gases are present in a closed container the system reaches equilibrium.

PCl 5(g) PCl 3(g) + Cl 2(g)

(i) Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.

effect on the rate of effect on the equilibrium

the forward reaction yield (PCl 3(g) and Cl 2(g))

increasing the temperature increases

decreasing the pressure

adding a catalyst no change

[4]

(ii) The table shows that when the temperature increases, the equilibrium yields of PCl 3(g)
and Cl 2(g) increase.

State what conclusion can be made from this.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl 3. Show outer shell electrons only.

Cl P Cl

Cl

[2]

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(c) Phosphorus oxychloride has the formula POCl 3.

Phosphorus oxychloride is the only product of the reaction between phosphorus(V) chloride,
PCl 5, and phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10.

Write a chemical equation for the reaction between phosphorus(V) chloride and
phosphorus(V) oxide.

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Compound X has the following composition by mass.

H, 3.66%; P, 37.80%; O, 58.54%

Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.

 empirical formula = .............................. [2]

(e) Compound Y has the empirical formula H3PO4 and a relative molecular mass of 98.

Deduce the molecular formula of compound Y.

 molecular formula = .............................. [1]

 [Total: 12]

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5 This question is about sulfuric acid, H2SO4, and salts that can be made from sulfuric acid.

(a) Sulfuric acid is manufactured by the Contact process.

stage 1 Molten sulfur burns in air to produce sulfur dioxide.

stage 2 Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide, SO3.

stage 3 Sulfur trioxide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to form oleum, H2S2O7.

stage 4 Oleum is converted into sulfuric acid.

(i) The equation for the reaction in stage 2 is shown.

2SO2 + O2 2SO3

State the temperature and pressure used in stage 2.

Name the catalyst used in stage 2.

temperature ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� °C

pressure ........................................................................................................................ atm

catalyst ................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in stage 3.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Name the substance that reacts with oleum in stage 4.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Name the black solid that is produced when concentrated sulfuric acid is added to sugar,
C12H22O11.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(c) 
Dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous potassium hydroxide are used to make aqueous
potassium sulfate.

H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O

The method includes use of the following apparatus.

dilute sulfuric acid

conical flask

25.0 cm3 of aqueous

potassium hydroxide

(i) 
Calculate the volume of 0.0625 mol / dm3 dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4, that completely
reacts with 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol / dm3 potassium hydroxide, KOH, to produce aqueous
potassium sulfate.

Use the following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of KOH in 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol / dm3 KOH.

 = .............................. mol

● Deduce the number of moles of H2SO4 that react with KOH.

 = .............................. mol

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● Calculate the volume of H2SO4 required.

 volume = .............................. cm3

[3]

(ii) The experiment is repeated using the same volume and concentration of potassium
hydroxide and the same concentration of dilute sulfuric acid. In this second experiment,
the product is aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate, KHSO4.

H2SO4 + KOH → KHSO4 + H2O

Use your answer to (c)(i) and the equation to deduce the volume of H2SO4 required.

 volume = .............................. cm3 [1]

(d) 
Aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate, KHSO4(aq), contains the ions K+(aq), H+(aq) and
SO42–(aq).

Describe the observations in the following tests.

(i) A flame test is carried out on aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Solid copper(II) carbonate is added to aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) 
An acidic solution containing aqueous barium ions, Ba2+(aq), is added to aqueous
potassium hydrogensulfate.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(e) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in (d)(iii).

Include state symbols.

............................................................................................................................................... [3]

 [Total: 17]

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6 (a) Chloroethene (CH2=CHCl ) can be manufactured from 1,2-dichloroethane (CH2Cl CH2Cl ).

The equation can be represented as shown.

Cl H Cl H

H C C Cl  C C + H Cl

H H H H

(i) Some bond energies are given.

bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol
C–C 350
C=C 610
C–Cl 340
C–H 410
H–Cl 430

Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change, in kJ / mol, of the
reaction.

Use the following steps.

● Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.

 energy = .............................. kJ

● Calculate the energy released when bonds form.

 energy = .............................. kJ

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● Calculate the energy change of the reaction.

 energy change of the reaction = .............................. kJ / mol

[3]

(ii) Deduce whether the energy change for this reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

Give a reason for your answer.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Part of a synthetic polymer is shown.

C 2H 5 H C 2H 5 H

C C C C

H H H H

(i) State the number of monomer units that are needed to make the part of the polymer
shown.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Name and draw the structure of the monomer used to make this polymer. Show all of the
atoms and all of the bonds.

name .....................................................

structure

[3]

(iii) State the empirical formula of the polymer.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

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(c) Proteins are natural polymers.

Proteins are broken down into amino acids. The process is similar to how complex
carbohydrates are broken down to give simple sugars.

(i) Name the type of reaction in which proteins are broken down into amino acids.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Name two types of substance that are used to break down proteins into amino acids.

1 ...........................................................................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Amino acids are colourless.

A sample containing a mixture of amino acids is separated. Each amino acid is detected
and identified.

● Name the process used to separate the amino acids.

..............................................................................................................................................

● Name the type of substance used to detect the amino acids.

..............................................................................................................................................

●  ive the symbol of the value used to determine the identity of each amino acid after
G
separation and detection.

..............................................................................................................................................
[3]

(d) Proteins are natural polymers. Proteins contain amide linkages.

Synthetic polyamides also contain amide linkages.

(i) Name a synthetic polyamide.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Identify the two functional groups present in the monomers used to produce synthetic
polyamides.

1 ...........................................................................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

 [Total: 18]

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BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2022 0620/43/O/N/22

 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group

© UCLES 2022
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
16

85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

0620/43/O/N/22
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).
 Cambridge IGCSE™
*0306701071*

CHEMISTRY0620/41
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2023

 1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

IB23 11_0620_41/2RP
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
 2

1 A list of gases is shown.

ammonia
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
ethene
fluorine
oxygen
sulfur dioxide
xenon

Answer the following questions using only the gases from the list.
Each gas may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Give the name of the gas that:

(a) causes acid rain

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) forms an alkaline solution when dissolved in water

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) is inert

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) is a product of photosynthesis

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) can form a polymer

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(f) is produced in the test for nitrate ions.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

 [Total: 6]

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2 Boron and aluminium are Group III elements.

(a) Boron has only two naturally occurring isotopes, 10B and 11B.

Complete Table 2.1 to show the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom of 11B.

Table 2.1

number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons

[2]

(b) The relative atomic mass of boron to one decimal place is 10.8.

(i) 
Determine the relative abundance of 10
B present in boron. Give your answer as a
percentage.

 .............................. % [1]

(ii) Use the relative atomic mass of boron to calculate the number of atoms in 0.540 g of
boron. Give your answer in standard form.

 number of atoms = .............................. [2]

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(c) Aluminium is extracted from its purified ore as shown in Fig. 2.1.

+ power –
supply
wires
anodes

+ +
cathode
electrolyte

molten aluminium

Fig. 2.1

(i) Name the ore of aluminium.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) The electrolyte contains aluminium oxide and one other substance.

Name the other substance and explain why it is used.

name ....................................................................................................................................

explanation ..........................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction at the cathode.

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iv) Explain why the anodes need frequent replacement.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(d) State two physical properties of aluminium that make it suitable for use in overhead electrical
cables.

1 ..................................................................................................................................................

2 ..................................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(e) Explain the apparent unreactivity of aluminium.

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

(f) Aluminium reacts with fluorine to form aluminium fluoride, Al F3, an ionic compound.

(i) Write the symbol equation for this reaction.

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii)
 omplete Fig. 2.2 to show the electronic configuration of one aluminium ion and one
C
fluoride ion.
Show the charges on the ions.

..... .....

Al F

Fig. 2.2
[3]

 [Total: 21]

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3 Order of reactivity can be determined by displacement reactions.

(a) A student investigates the reactivities of four metals by carrying out a series of experiments.

Each of the metals lead, manganese, silver and zinc are added separately to aqueous metal
nitrates of the other metals.

(i) Table 3.1 shows some of the results.

Table 3.1

lead manganese silver zinc

aqueous solution
Pb Mn Ag Zn

lead(II) nitrate ✓

manganese(II) nitrate

silver nitrate ✓ ✓ ✓

zinc nitrate ✗ ✗

key
✓ = displacement reaction occurs
✗ = displacement reaction does not occur

Complete Table 3.1 and place the four metals in their order of reactivity with the most
reactive first.

1 ......................................... most reactive

2 .........................................

3 .........................................

4 .........................................
[3]

(ii) Suggest why the metal nitrates and not the metal sulfates of these four metals are used
as the aqueous solutions.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Write the symbol equation for the reaction between zinc and silver nitrate.

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

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(b) The reactivity of Group VII elements can be investigated experimentally.

A student bubbles chlorine gas into a test-tube containing aqueous potassium bromide.

(i) Describe the colour change seen in the test-tube.

from .............................................................. to ............................................................ [2]

(ii) Complete the ionic equation for this reaction.

Include state symbols.

............ + ....Br –(aq) → .................... + .................... [3]

(iii) The reactivity trend seen in Cl, Br and I applies to all the elements in Group VII.

Use the Periodic Table to identify the Group VII element which cannot displace any other
Group VII elements.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

 [Total: 12]

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4 Aqueous hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, slowly forms water and oxygen at room temperature and
pressure, r.t.p. This reaction is catalysed by manganese(IV) oxide.

The equation is shown.

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

(a) State the test for oxygen gas.

test ..............................................................................................................................................

observations ...............................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) A student investigates the rate of formation of oxygen gas when manganese(IV) oxide is
added to aqueous hydrogen peroxide.

The volume of oxygen gas formed is measured at regular time intervals at r.t.p. The results are
plotted onto the graph in Fig. 4.1.

volume of
oxygen gas

0
0 t1 t2
time

Fig. 4.1

(i) State how the graph in Fig. 4.1 shows the rate of reaction at time t2, is lower than at
time t1.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Explain, using collision theory, why the rate of reaction at time t2 is lower than at time t1.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) On Fig. 4.1, sketch the graph obtained when the experiment is repeated using aqueous
hydrogen peroxide at a higher temperature. All other conditions remain the same. [2]

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 9

(c) Manganese(IV) oxide is added to 20 cm3 of aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The total volume of
oxygen gas produced is 72 cm3 at r.t.p.

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

Calculate the concentration of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide in g / dm3 using the following
steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of oxygen gas produced.

 .............................. mol

● Determine the number of moles of hydrogen peroxide which reacts.

 .............................. mol

● Calculate the concentration of aqueous hydrogen peroxide in mol / dm3.

 .............................. mol / dm3

● Calculate the concentration of aqueous hydrogen peroxide in g / dm3.

 .............................. g / dm3
[5]

(d) Suggest the identity of one other metal oxide which also catalyses this reaction.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

 [Total: 12]

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5 Methane reacts with steam to produce hydrogen gas.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) ∆H = +200 kJ / mol

The reaction takes place at 1000 °C and 100 kPa pressure.

(a) The reaction is reversible and reaches an equilibrium in a closed system.

State two features of an equilibrium.

1 ..................................................................................................................................................

2 ..................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) State and explain, in terms of equilibrium, what happens to the concentration of hydrogen
when:

(i) the pressure is increased

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) the temperature is increased

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) a catalyst is used.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Methane is a greenhouse gas which contributes to global warming.

(i) Name a greenhouse gas found in clean, dry air.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Explain, in terms of thermal energy, how greenhouse gases cause global warming.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [3]

 [Total: 12]

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6 Ethanol is manufactured by two methods:

method 1 fermentation of aqueous glucose

method 2 catalytic addition of steam to an alkene.

(a) Method 1 takes place at room temperature and pressure.

State two other conditions needed in method 1.

1 ..................................................................................................................................................

2 ..................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) (i) State the typical temperature and pressure used in method 2.

temperature ............................... °C

pressure ..................................... kPa

[2]

(ii) Name the alkene used in method 2.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) State why the reaction in method 2 is referred to as an addition reaction.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) The catalyst in method 2 is phosphoric acid, H3PO4. Dilute phosphoric acid is a weak acid
which contains phosphate ions, PO43–.

(i) State what is meant by the term acid.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State the meaning of weak in the term weak acid.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Determine the oxidation number of phosphorus in the PO43– ion.

Show your working.

 oxidation number = .............................. [2]

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(d) Give one advantage of each method of production of ethanol.

method 1 .....................................................................................................................................

method 2 .....................................................................................................................................
[2]

(e) Ethanol can be converted to ethanoic acid by reacting it with an acidified oxidising agent.

(i) Name the acidified oxidising agent.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State, in terms of redox, what type of reagent ethanol is in this reaction.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(f) Ethanoic acid reacts with calcium to form a salt and one other product.

(i) Name the salt.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Write the formula of the salt.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Identify the other product.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

 [Total: 17]

© UCLES 2023 0620/41/O/N/23

 13

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2023 0620/41/O/N/23

 14

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2023 0620/41/O/N/23

 15

BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2023 0620/41/O/N/23

 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group

© UCLES 2023
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
16

85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

0620/41/O/N/23
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).
 Cambridge IGCSE™
*7065534560*

CHEMISTRY0620/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2023

 1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

IB23 11_0620_42/2RP
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
 2

1 Table 1.1 gives the electronic configurations of some atoms and ions, A to G.

Table 1.1

electronic configuration
A 2,5
B 2,8
C 2,8,2
D 2,8,4
E 2,8,5
F 2,8,6
G 2,8,18,7

 nswer the following questions about A to G.

A
Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.

State which of the atoms or ions, A to G, could be:

(a) a noble gas atom

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) an atom of an element in Group VI

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) an atom with an atomic number of 14

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) atoms from the same group

.................................................................... and ................................................................... [1]

(e) a halogen atom

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(f) an atom of an element which is a good conductor of electricity

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(g) a stable ion of a Group V element

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(h) an atom that forms an ion with a 2– charge.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

 [Total: 8]

© UCLES 2023 0620/42/O/N/23

 3

2 Cobalt and copper are transition elements.

(a) C
 opper has two naturally occurring isotopes, 63
Cu and 65
Cu. Cobalt has only one naturally
occurring isotope, 59Co.

(i)  omplete Table 2.1 to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the
C 59
Co
atom and the 65Cu2+ ion.

Table 2.1

59
Co 65
Cu2+

protons

neutrons

electrons

 [3]

(ii) Table 2.2 shows the relative abundance of the two naturally occurring isotopes of copper.

Table 2.2

isotope 63
Cu 65
Cu
relative abundance 70% 30%

Calculate the relative atomic mass of copper to one decimal place.

 relative atomic mass = .............................. [2]

(b) O
 ne physical property of transition elements such as copper and cobalt is that they are hard.
Other metals such as lithium are softer.

State two other physical properties of copper and cobalt which are significantly different from
lithium.

1 ..................................................................................................................................................

2 ..................................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2023 0620/42/O/N/23 [Turn over

 4

(c) B
 oth copper and cobalt can form coloured compounds. Some of these compounds contain
water of crystallisation.

(i) Define the term water of crystallisation.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) State the colour and formula of hydrated cobalt(II) chloride crystals.

colour ...................................................................................................................................

formula .................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) State the colour change seen when a few drops of water are added to anhydrous
copper(II) sulfate.

from ............................................................. to ������������������������������������������������������������ [2]

(iv) State how this colour change can be reversed.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

 [Total: 14]

© UCLES 2023 0620/42/O/N/23

 5

3 Iron is manufactured in a blast furnace.

(a) Three of the starting materials added to the blast furnace are coke, iron ore and limestone.

Name the other starting material added to the blast furnace.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The source of iron in the blast furnace is Fe2O3. Fe2O3 is found in iron ore.

(i) Name the main ore of iron which contains Fe2O3.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) The iron in Fe2O3 is reduced by reaction with carbon monoxide. The unbalanced symbol
equation is shown.

Complete the equation.

Fe2O3 + .....CO → .....CO2 + .....Fe [1]

(iii) State the change in oxidation number of iron in the reaction in (ii).

from ............................................................. to ������������������������������������������������������������ [2]

(iv) Explain how the change of oxidation number shows that iron has been reduced.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

 he major impurity in iron ore is silicon(IV) oxide. Limestone is added to the blast furnace to
(c) T
remove this impurity.

 rite two symbol equations to show how silicon(IV) oxide is removed. For each equation,
W
state the type of chemical reaction that takes place.

equation 1 ...................................................................................................................................

type of chemical reaction ............................................................................................................

equation 2 ...................................................................................................................................

type of chemical reaction ............................................................................................................

 [4]

© UCLES 2023 0620/42/O/N/23 [Turn over

 6

(d) Iron is converted to steel by mixing it with carbon and other elements.

(i) State the term given to a substance which is a mixture of a metal and other elements.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Name one element, other than carbon, mixed with iron in the making of stainless steel.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(e) Preventing the rusting of steel is important.

State the chemical name of rust.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(f) S
 teel can be coated with zinc to prevent rusting. This provides both a barrier method and
sacrificial protection.

(i) State the term used for coating steel with zinc.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Describe another barrier method for preventing rusting.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Explain how zinc provides sacrificial protection.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

 [Total: 17]

© UCLES 2023 0620/42/O/N/23

 7

4 This question is about lead(II) chloride, PbCl 2.

 student prepares a sample of insoluble lead(II) chloride, PbCl 2, by mixing aqueous solutions
(a) A
of two salts in a beaker.

(i) Identify two soluble salts suitable for making lead(II) chloride when mixed together.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Write the ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) chloride by mixing aqueous solutions.

Include state symbols.

........................................................................................................................................ [3]

(iii)  ist the steps the student should take in preparing a pure sample of lead(II) chloride from
L
the mixture in the beaker.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [3]

© UCLES 2023 0620/42/O/N/23 [Turn over

 8

 he student carries out an electrolysis experiment on molten lead(II) chloride using the
(b) T
apparatus shown in Fig. 4.1. Chlorine gas forms at the anode and escapes from the apparatus.

power
supply

molten lead(II) chloride

Fig. 4.1

(i) Explain why lead(II) chloride needs to be molten before it will conduct electricity.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction occurring at the anode.

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) State the test for chlorine gas.

test .......................................................................................................................................

observations ........................................................................................................................
[2]

(iv) Describe what is observed at the cathode.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

 [Total: 14]

© UCLES 2023 0620/42/O/N/23

 9

5 Chemical reactions can involve transfer of thermal energy.

(a) State the term used for the transfer of thermal energy during a reaction.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Tetrachloromethane gas, CCl 4(g), reacts with steam as shown.

CCl 4(g) + 2H2O(g) CO2(g) + 4HCl (g)

The reaction is reversible. The forward reaction is exothermic.

(i)  tate what happens, if anything, to the rate of the forward reaction if the concentration of
S
CCl 4 is increased.
Explain your answer in terms of collision theory.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [3]

(ii)  tate what happens to the position of equilibrium, if anything, when the pressure is
S
increased.
Explain your answer.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

© UCLES 2023 0620/42/O/N/23 [Turn over

 10

(iii) Fig. 5.1 shows an incomplete reaction pathway diagram for the forward reaction.

CCl 4(g) + 2H2O(g) CO2(g) + 4HCl (g)

energy

progress of reaction

Fig. 5.1

On Fig. 5.1:

● insert the formulae of the reactants and products

● draw an arrow, labelled Ea, to show the activation energy
● draw an arrow, labelled ∆H, to show the transfer of energy in the reaction.
 [3]

(iv) Define the term activation energy.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(v) State one way in which the activation energy of a reaction can be changed.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

© UCLES 2023 0620/42/O/N/23

 11

(c) T
 he equation for the reaction between tetrachloromethane gas and steam can be represented
as shown in Fig. 5.2.

Cl
H Cl
H O H H Cl
Cl C Cl +  O C O + H = –130 kJ / mol
H O H H Cl
H Cl
Cl

Fig. 5.2

Table 5.1 shows some bond energies.

Table 5.1

bond C–Cl H–O C=O

bond energy in kJ / mol 340 460 805

 se the bond energies in Table 5.1 and the ∆H value for the reaction to calculate the H–Cl
U
bond energy using the following steps.

● Calculate the energy needed to break the bonds in the reactants.

 .............................. kJ

● Calculate the energy released when the bonds in carbon dioxide form.

 .............................. kJ

● Calculate the H–Cl bond energy.

 .............................. kJ / mol
 [4]

 [Total: 16]

© UCLES 2023 0620/42/O/N/23 [Turn over

 12

6  homologous series is a family of organic compounds whose members have similar chemical
A
properties.

(a) Give two characteristics that are the same for all members of a homologous series.

1 ..................................................................................................................................................

2 ..................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) In terms of structure, state how one member of a homologous series differs from the next
member of that homologous series.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) 
A, B and C are organic compounds.

A has the molecular formula C12H24.



B has the name tetradecane.



C has three carbon atoms and is in the homologous series with the general formula

CnH2n+1COOH.

(i) Name the homologous series each organic compound belongs to.

A ..........................................................................................................................................

B ..........................................................................................................................................

C ..........................................................................................................................................
 [3]

(ii) Name C and draw its displayed formula.

name ....................................................................................................................................

displayed formula

[2]

© UCLES 2023 0620/42/O/N/23

 13

(d) A
 mino acids are a homologous series where each member has the general structure shown in
Fig. 6.1.

The R side chain contains carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

H R O
N C C

H H O H

Fig. 6.1

(i) An amino acid has a relative molecular mass of 103.

Deduce the formula of the R side chain in this amino acid.

Show your working.

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) State the name given to the natural polyamides formed from amino acid monomers.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

 [Total: 11]

© UCLES 2023 0620/42/O/N/23 [Turn over

 14

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2023 0620/42/O/N/23

 15

BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2023 0620/42/O/N/23

 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group

© UCLES 2023
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
16

85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

0620/42/O/N/23
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).
 Cambridge IGCSE™
*5023388906*

CHEMISTRY0620/43
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2023

 1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

IB23 11_0620_43/3RP
© UCLES 2023 [Turn over
 2

1 A list of substances is shown.

barium nitrate
carbon monoxide
hydrated cobalt(II) chloride
copper(II) oxide
anhydrous copper(II) sulfate
ethane
potassium iodide
propene
sodium bromide
sulfur dioxide
zinc oxide

Answer the following questions using only the substances from the list.
Each substance may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Give the name of the substance that:

(a) gives a lilac colour in a flame test

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) forms a cream precipitate when its aqueous solution reacts with acidified aqueous silver nitrate

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) is an acidic oxide

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) is a product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(f) is used to test for the presence of water.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

 [Total: 6]

© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23

 3

2 Table 2.1 gives information about particles A, B, C, D, E and F.

Table 2.1

number of number of number of

particle
electrons neutrons protons
A 5 6 5
B 10 11 10
C 10 14 13
D 18 17 16
E 18 17 17
F 15 16 15

(a) Give the letters of all the particles which are:

(i) atoms

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) ions with a charge of 2–

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) cations.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) State the atomic number of A.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Determine the number of nucleons in D.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) State the electronic configuration of D.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) State the group number of F.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(f) State the period number of B.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

 [Total: 8]

© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23 [Turn over

 4

3 This question is about nitrogen and some of its compounds.

(a) Nitrogen is converted into ammonia, NH3, in the Haber process.

(i) Nitrogen is obtained from air.

State the percentage of nitrogen in clean, dry air.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State the source of hydrogen for the Haber process.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram in Fig. 3.1 for a molecule of ammonia.

Show the outer shell electrons only.

H N H

Fig. 3.1
[2]

(iv) Write a chemical equation for the reaction occurring in the Haber process and give the
typical reaction conditions. Include units where appropriate.

chemical equation ................................................................................................................

reaction conditions:

temperature .........................................................................................................................

pressure ...............................................................................................................................

catalyst ................................................................................................................................
[5]

© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23

 5

(b) Ammonia is converted into nitric acid.

 he first stage of this conversion uses a catalyst and occurs at a temperature of 900 °C and a
T
pressure of 5 atmospheres.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

The forward reaction is exothermic.

(i) Suggest which of the following elements is most likely to be used as a catalyst.
Draw a circle around your answer.

calcium lead platinum sodium sulfur[1]

(ii) State the oxidation number of nitrogen in:

NH3 ......................................................................................................................................

NO .......................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to explain whether the nitrogen in ammonia undergoes oxidation
or reduction.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) Complete Table 3.1 using the words increases, decreases or no change.

Table 3.1

effect on the equilibrium effect on the rate of

yield of NO(g) the forward reaction

decreasing the pressure

decreasing the temperature decreases

removing the catalyst decreases

[4]

(v) Decreasing the temperature causes the rate of the forward reaction to decrease.

Explain, using collision theory, why the rate of the reaction is slower at the decreased
temperature.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [3]

© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23 [Turn over

 6

(c) In the second stage, nitric acid is produced.

Balance the symbol equation for this reaction.

.....NO + .....O2 + .....H2O → .....HNO3[1]

 [Total: 21]

© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23

 7

4 This question is about sulfuric acid and salts that are made from sulfuric acid.

(a) Zinc reacts with dilute sulfuric acid. Aqueous zinc sulfate is one of the products.

Powdered zinc is added to dilute sulfuric acid. The mixture is stirred. More zinc is added, with
stirring, until the zinc is in excess.

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

The mixture is then filtered.

(i) Name the limiting reactant.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State two observations that indicate the zinc is in excess.

1 ...........................................................................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Name the filtrate.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) Name two compounds which both react with dilute sulfuric acid to produce aqueous
zinc sulfate.

1 ...........................................................................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Zinc sulfate crystals are produced by heating aqueous zinc sulfate until a saturated solution is
formed. When the saturated solution cools down, crystals of zinc sulfate start to form.

(i) State what is meant by the term saturated solution.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Explain why crystals form when the saturated solution cools down.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23 [Turn over

 8

(c) Nickel(II) sulfate crystals contain water of crystallisation.

When nickel(II) sulfate crystals, NiSO4•xH2O, are heated, they give off water.

NiSO4•xH2O(s) → NiSO4(s) + xH2O(g)

A student carries out an experiment to determine the value of x in NiSO4•xH2O.

step 1 Nickel(II) sulfate crystals are weighed.

step 2 Nickel(II) sulfate crystals are heated.

step 3 The remaining solid is allowed to cool and is then weighed.

step 4 The remaining solid is heated again, allowed to cool and is then weighed.

step 5 Step 4 is repeated until there is no change in mass.

(i) State the term used to describe crystals that contain water of crystallisation.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State why step 4 is repeated until there is no change in mass.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) In an experiment, 0.454 g of nickel(II) sulfate crystals, NiSO4•xH2O, is used. The mass of
anhydrous nickel(II) sulfate, NiSO4, remaining is 0.310 g.

[Mr: NiSO4, 155; H2O, 18]

Determine the value of x in NiSO4•xH2O.

Use the following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of NiSO4 remaining.

 moles of NiSO4 = ..............................

● Calculate the mass of H2O given off.

 mass of H2O = .............................. g

● Calculate the number of moles of H2O given off.

 moles of H2O = ..............................

© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23

 9

● Calculate the value of x.

x = ..............................
[4]

 [Total: 15]

© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23 [Turn over

 10

5 This question is about iron.

(a) (i) Describe the bonding in a metallic element such as iron.

You may include a labelled diagram as part of your answer.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [3]

(ii) Explain why iron conducts electricity when it is solid.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23

 11

(b) Iron is extracted from hematite in the blast furnace as shown in Fig. 5.1.

waste gases

coke,
hematite,
limestone

air air
slag
molten iron

Fig. 5.1

(i) Give two reasons why coke is added to the blast furnace.

1 ...........................................................................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Explain how limestone removes the impurities in the hematite.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) Hematite contains iron(III) oxide.

Write a symbol equation for the conversion of iron(III) oxide to iron in the blast furnace.

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iv) Suggest why the iron produced in the blast furnace is molten.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23 [Turn over

 12

(c) Most iron is converted into steel. Steel is an alloy.

Steel is more useful than pure iron because it is harder and stronger.

Explain why the structure of alloys causes them to be harder and stronger than pure metals.

You may include a diagram as part of your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Iron forms rust.

Rusting is prevented by coating iron with zinc.

(i) Name the substances that react with iron to form rust.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Name the process in which zinc is used to coat iron to prevent rusting.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Explain how the coating of zinc prevents rusting if the zinc is not scratched.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) When zinc is scratched the iron becomes exposed.

Explain how the zinc continues to prevent rusting.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

 [Total: 18]

© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23

 13

6 (a) Esters are members of a homologous series of organic compounds.

Give two characteristics that are the same for all members of a homologous series.

1 ..................................................................................................................................................

2 ..................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Ester X has the structure shown in Fig. 6.1.

H H O

H C C C H H

H H O C C H

H H

Fig. 6.1

Name ester X.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) (i) Ester Y has the structural formula HCOOCH2CH2CH3.

Name the alcohol and the carboxylic acid used to make ester Y.

alcohol .................................................................................................................................

carboxylic acid .....................................................................................................................

[2]

(ii) State the molecular formula of ester Y.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(d) Ester Z has the molecular formula C4H8O2.

State the empirical formula of ester Z.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23 [Turn over

 14

(e) Polymers containing ester linkages are known as polyesters.

Polyamides are another type of polymer. Nylon is a polyamide.

The structure of nylon is shown in Fig. 6.2.

O O

C C N N

H H

Fig. 6.2

(i) State the term used to describe the type of polymerisation used to produce polyesters and
polyamides.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Complete Fig. 6.3 to show the structures of the monomers used to produce nylon. Show
all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

Fig. 6.3
[2]

(f) Naturally occurring polyamides are found in food.

(i) State the name given to naturally occurring polyamides.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Name the type of monomer which forms naturally occurring polyamides.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

 [Total: 12]

© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23

 15

BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2023 0620/43/O/N/23

 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group

© UCLES 2023
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
16

85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

0620/43/O/N/23
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).
 Cambridge IGCSE™
*5656332582*

CHEMISTRY0620/41
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2022

 1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

IB22 11_0620_41/2RP
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
 2

1 The names of the elements of Period 2 of the Periodic Table are shown.

lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon

Answer the following questions about these elements.

Each element may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Identify the element which:

(a) is a product of photosynthesis

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) has an oxide found in clean, dry air

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) forms a basic oxide with the formula X2O

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) is a main component of fertilisers used to improve crop growth

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) has the highest rate of diffusion at room temperature

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(f) produces a red flame in a flame test

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(g) has only 5 electrons in each of its atoms

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(h) has an oxide responsible for acid rain.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

 [Total: 8]

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22

 3

2 Potassium is a Group I element.

(a) Name and describe the bonding in potassium.

name ...........................................................................................................................................

description ..................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) Potassium combines with sulfur to form an ionic compound, potassium sulfide, K2S.

(i) Give two physical properties of ionic compounds.

1 ...........................................................................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of
the ions in potassium sulfide.

....... .......

K S

.......

[3]

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 4

(c) When potassium is added to water, it reacts vigorously and a coloured flame is seen.
The equation for the reaction is shown.

2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

(i) State the colour of the flame seen.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) The solution formed is potassium hydroxide, a strong alkali.

State the formula of the ion responsible for alkalinity in a solution.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) State the colour of litmus in a strong alkali.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) Calculate the volume, in cm3, of hydrogen gas formed when 2.34 g of potassium is added
to excess water at room temperature and pressure.

Use the following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of potassium added.

 = .............................. mol

● Determine the number of moles of hydrogen gas formed.

 = .............................. mol

● Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas formed.

 volume = .............................. cm3

[3]

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22

 5

(d) Aqueous potassium hydroxide reacts with a dilute acid to produce aqueous potassium chloride,
KCl (aq), which is a salt.

(i) Name the dilute acid used.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State the type of reaction taking place.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Name the experimental technique used when salts are made by reacting a dilute acid with
an aqueous alkali.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(e) When aqueous silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq), is added to aqueous potassium chloride, a precipitate
is formed.

(i) State the colour of the precipitate formed.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Name the precipitate formed.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction. Include state symbols.

........................................................................................................................................ [3]

 [Total: 23]

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 6

3 Ammonia is made in an industrial process starting with nitrogen. The equation for the reaction is
shown.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

(a) Name the industrial process used to make ammonia.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State the raw material from which nitrogen is obtained.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) State what is meant by the symbol .

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) State the temperature and pressure used in this industrial process.

 temperature = .............................. °C

 pressure = .............................. atm

[2]

(e) Name the catalyst used in this industrial process.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(f) The forward reaction is exothermic.

State the effect, if any, on the position of the equilibrium when the following changes are made.
Explain your answers.

temperature is reduced

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

pressure is reduced

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22

 7

(g) Explain, in terms of particles, what happens to the rate of reaction when the temperature is
reduced.

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [3]

(h) Give the formula of the compound formed when sulfuric acid reacts with ammonia.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

 [Total: 14]

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 8

4 A student prepares calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2, by adding calcium carbonate to dilute nitric acid.

(a) Write the chemical equation for this reaction.

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Describe two observations during this reaction.

1 ..................................................................................................................................................

2 ..................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) The student continues to add calcium carbonate until it is in excess. The student then removes
the excess calcium carbonate by filtration and collects the aqueous calcium nitrate.

State the general term given to a solution collected from filtration.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) The student gently heats the aqueous calcium nitrate until the solution is saturated.

(i) Suggest what is meant by the term saturated solution.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Describe how crystals are produced from a hot saturated solution.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22

 9

(e) Calcium nitrate crystals are hydrated and have the formula Ca(NO3)2•xH2O where x is a whole
number of molecules of water.

The student heats the crystals to remove the molecules of water.

Ca(NO3)2•xH2O(s) → Ca(NO3)2(s) + xH2O(g)

(i) State the term used to describe the calcium nitrate after the molecules of water have been
removed.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) The student heats a sample of Ca(NO3)2•xH2O and forms 2.46 g of Ca(NO3)2 and
0.0600 moles of H2O.

Determine the value of x. Use the following steps.

● Calculate the Mr of Ca(NO3)2.

 Mr = ..............................

● Determine the number of moles of Ca(NO3)2 formed.

 moles of Ca(NO3)2 formed = ..............................

● Determine the value of x in Ca(NO3)2•xH2O.

 x = ..............................
[3]

(f) Nitrates decompose on heating.

Write the chemical equation for the reaction when solid sodium nitrate is heated.

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

 [Total: 14]

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 10

5 Ethene is an alkene which reacts with bromine as shown in the equation.

C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2

(a) Write the general formula of alkenes.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Describe the colour change seen when ethene is bubbled through aqueous bromine.

from ................................................................ to ................................................................. [1]

(c) In this reaction only one product is formed from two reactants.

Name this type of organic reaction.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Part of the energy profile diagram of this reaction is shown.

C2H4 + Br2
energy

progress of reaction

(i) The reaction is exothermic.

Complete the energy profile diagram for this reaction.

Include:

● the position of the products

● an arrow to show the activation energy, labelled as A

● an arrow to show the energy change for the reaction.

[3]

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22

 11

(ii) The chemical equation for the reaction can be represented as shown.

H H H H

C C + Br Br  Br C C Br

H H H H

Some bond energies are given.

bond energy
bond
/ kJ mol
C–H 410
C=C 610
Br–Br 190
C–C 350
C–Br 290

Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change in this reaction.

Use the following steps.

● Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.

 energy = .............................. kJ

● Calculate the energy released in making bonds.

 energy = .............................. kJ

● Determine the energy change in this reaction.

 energy change in this reaction = .............................. kJ / mol

[3]

 [Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 12

6 Ester Y has the structure shown.

O H

H C O C H

(a) (i) Name ester Y.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Deduce the empirical formula of ester Y.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of
ester Y.

O
H

H C O C H

[3]

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22

 13

(c) Ester Y can be made by reacting two organic compounds together.

Name the compounds and draw their structures.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

name ..............................................................

structure

name ..............................................................

structure

[4]

(d) (i) Describe what is meant by the term structural isomer.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Name a carboxylic acid which is a structural isomer of ester Y.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

 [Total: 12]

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 14

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22

 15

BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2022 0620/41/O/N/22

 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group

© UCLES 2022
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
16

85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

0620/41/O/N/22
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).
 Cambridge IGCSE™
*4909270147*

CHEMISTRY0620/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2022

 1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

IB22 11_0620_42/3RP
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
 2

1 Diamond and graphite are different solid forms of carbon. The carbon atoms in diamond and
graphite are arranged in different ways.

(a) State the number of covalent bonds each carbon atom has in diamond.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) State the term used to describe the structure of diamond.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Name an oxide that has a similar structure to diamond.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Describe the arrangement of atoms in graphite.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) Explain how graphite conducts electricity.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(f) Buckminsterfullerene is a simple molecular form of carbon.

The relative molecular mass of Buckminsterfullerene is 720.

Determine the number of carbon atoms in one molecule of Buckminsterfullerene.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(g) All forms of carbon burn to produce carbon dioxide.

Name the substance used to test for carbon dioxide.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

 [Total: 8]

© UCLES 2022 0620/42/O/N/22

 3

2 Sodium is a reactive metal.

(a) Suggest why sodium is stored under oil.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Sodium burns in air to form sodium oxide, Na2O.

(i) State the term given to a reaction in which a substance burns.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the colour of the flame seen when sodium burns.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii)  rite a chemical equation for the reaction which takes place when sodium burns in air to
W
form sodium oxide.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iv) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of
the ions in sodium oxide.

....... .......

Na O

.......

Na

[3]

© UCLES 2022 0620/42/O/N/22 [Turn over

 4

(c) S
 odium reacts vigorously with water to form aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH, which is a
strong base.

(i) Explain in terms of proton transfer what is meant by a base.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State a pH number that indicates the presence of a strong alkali.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State the colour of methyl orange in aqueous sodium hydroxide.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) The equation for the reaction is shown.

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

 alculate the concentration of NaOH(aq) formed, in g / dm3, when 0.345 g of sodium is

C
added to 50.0 cm3 of distilled water. Assume there is no change in volume.

Use the following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of Na added.

 = .............................. mol

● Determine the number of moles of NaOH formed.

 = .............................. mol

● Calculate the concentration of NaOH in mol / dm3.

 concentration of NaOH = .............................. mol / dm3

● Determine the Mr of NaOH and calculate the concentration of NaOH in g / dm3.

 concentration of NaOH = .............................. g / dm3

 [5]

© UCLES 2022 0620/42/O/N/22

 5

(d) When NaOH(aq) is added to aqueous iron(III) chloride, FeCl 3(aq), a solid product is formed.

(i) Name the type of reaction where a solid is formed from two solutions.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the colour of this solid product.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Name this solid product.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Write the ionic equation for the reaction. Include state symbols.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [3]

 [Total: 22]

© UCLES 2022 0620/42/O/N/22 [Turn over

 6

3  ulfuric acid is manufactured by an industrial process. Sulfur is obtained from sulfur-containing

S
metal ores.
The sulfur in the metal ore is converted to sulfur dioxide which is then oxidised to sulfur trioxide as
shown.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

(a) Name a metal ore which contains sulfur.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Describe the process which converts metal ores to sulfur dioxide.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Name the industrial process used to manufacture sulfuric acid.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) The reaction that produces sulfur trioxide is an equilibrium. The forward reaction is exothermic.

(i) State the temperature and pressure used to make sulfur trioxide.

 temperature = .............................. °C

 pressure = .............................. atm

[2]

(ii) Name the catalyst used.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Describe two features of an equilibrium.

1 . .........................................................................................................................................

2 . .........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iv) State the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium when the following changes are
made.

Explain your answers.

temperature is increased .....................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................

pressure is increased ..........................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................
 [4]

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(v)  xplain, in terms of particles, what happens to the rate of reaction when the temperature
E
is increased.

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(e) Name the compound formed when sulfuric acid reacts with ammonia.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

 [Total: 16]

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 8

4 A student prepares magnesium sulfate crystals, MgSO4, by adding excess magnesium to dilute
sulfuric acid.

(a) Write the chemical equation for this reaction.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Describe two observations which show the reaction has finished.

1 .................................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) The excess magnesium is removed by filtration.

State the general name given to a solid separated from a solution by filtration.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) The aqueous magnesium sulfate is heated until crystals begin to appear.

(i) Suggest the name for a solution in which no more solute can dissolve.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest why more crystals of magnesium sulfate appear on cooling.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) M
 agnesium sulfate crystals have the formula, MgSO4•xH2O, where x is a whole number of
molecules of water.

The student heats the crystals to remove the molecules of water.

MgSO4•xH2O(s) → MgSO4(s) + xH2O(g)

(i) Name the term given to crystals containing molecules of water.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

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 9

(ii) The student heats a sample of MgSO4•xH2O and finds it has lost 0.140 moles of H2O and
has 2.40 g of MgSO4 remaining.

Determine the value of x. Use the following steps.

● Calculate the Mr of MgSO4.

 Mr = ..............................

● Determine the number of moles of MgSO4 formed.

 moles of MgSO4 formed = ..............................

● Determine the value of x in MgSO4•xH2O.

 x = ..............................
[3]

(f) If the student uses dilute nitric acid instead of dilute sulfuric acid, the salt formed is
magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2.

Write the chemical equation for the reaction when solid magnesium nitrate is heated.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

 [Total: 12]

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 10

5 Ethane is an alkane which undergoes a photochemical reaction with chlorine as shown.

C2H6(g) + Cl 2(g) → C2H5Cl (l) + HCl (g)

(a) Write the general formula of alkanes.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) State why this reaction is described as a photochemical reaction.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) In this reaction, an atom of hydrogen is replaced with a chlorine atom.

State the name of this type of organic reaction.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) In this reaction, one of the products is chloroethane.

Name the other product.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) The energy profile diagram of this reaction is shown.

A
C2H6 + Cl 2
energy
B
C2H5Cl + HCl

progress of reaction

(i) Name the energy change labelled A.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the energy change labelled B.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State how the energy profile diagram shows this is an exothermic reaction.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(f) The equation for the reaction can be represented as shown.

H H H H

H C C H + Cl Cl  H C C Cl + H Cl

H H H H

Some bond energies are given.

bond energy
bond
/ kJ mol
C–H 410
C–C 350
Cl –Cl 240
C–Cl 340
H–Cl 430

Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change in this reaction.

Use the following steps.

● Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.

 energy = .............................. kJ
● Calculate the energy released in making bonds.

 energy = .............................. kJ

● Determine the energy change in this reaction.

 energy change in this reaction = .............................. kJ / mol

[3]

 [Total: 10]

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 12

6 A carboxylic acid Y has the structure shown.

H C O H

(a) State the general formula of carboxylic acids.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Name carboxylic acid Y.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Write the molecular formula of carboxylic acid Y.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) C
 omplete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of
carboxylic acid Y.

H C O H

[3]

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 13

(e) Carboxylic acid Y will react with propan-1-ol, C3H7OH, to form ester Z and one other product.

(i) Name and draw the structure of ester Z.

Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

name ..........................................................

structure

[3]

(ii) Name the other product formed when carboxylic acid Y reacts with propan-1-ol.

. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Name:

● an ester which is a structural isomer of ester Z

. ............................................................................................................................................

● a carboxylic acid which is a structural isomer of ester Z.

. ............................................................................................................................................
[2]

 [Total: 12]

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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2022 0620/42/O/N/22

 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group

© UCLES 2022
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
16

85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

0620/42/O/N/22
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).