AVS

COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE

(AUTONOMOUS)
Attur Main Road, Ramalingapuram, Salem - 106.
(Recognized under section 2(f) & 12(B) of UGC Act 1956 and
Accredited by NAAC with 'A' Grade)
(Co - Educational Institution | Affiliated to Periyar University, Salem
ISO 9001 : 2015 Certified Institution)
[email protected] | www.avscollege.ac.in
Ph : 98426 29322, 94427 00205.

Study Material
Paper Name : POTHU TAMIL I
Paper Code : 23UFTA01
Batch : 2024-25
Semester : ODD SEMESTER
Staff In charge : Dr. K. MUKILARASI
 ghlj;jpl;lk;
ghlNehf;fk;:
 Kjyhkhz;L gl;l tFg;G khztu;fSf;Fj; jkpo; nkhop
,yf;fpaq;fis mwpKfk; nra;jy;.
 jw;fhy ,yf;fpag; Nghf;FfisAk;> ,yf;fzq;fisAk;
khztu;fs; mwpAkhW nra;J mtu;fspd;
gilg;ghw;wiyj; J}z;Ljy;.
 jkpo; ,yf;fpak; rhu;e;j Nghl;bj; Nju;TfSf;F Vw;g>
fw;gpj;jy; eilKiwfisNkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

khztu;fs; milAk; gad;fs;:

 ghujpahu; fhye;njhl;L jw;fhyg; GJf;ftpijfs; tiu
ftpij ,yf;fpak; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;
gilg;ghw;wy; jpwd; ngWjy;.
 GJf;ftpij tuyhw;wpid mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
 ,f;fhy ,yf;fpa tifapidf; fw;gjd; %yk;
gilg;ghf;fj; jpwidg; ngWjy;.
 nkhopawpNthL rpe;jidj;jpwd; mjpfupj;jy;.
 jkpo;nkhopiag; gpioapd;wp vOjTk;> Gjpa
fiyr;nrhw;fis cUthf;fTk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
 nghUslf;fk;

thpif gf;fk;
jiyg;G
vz; vz;
myF 1 - kuGf;ftpij
1 jkpo;j;nja;t tzf;fk; - ng.Re;judhu; 1
2 rpWj;ijNa ntspapy; th - ghujpjhrd; 3
Gj;jUk; rpWtDk; - ftpkzp Njrpf
3 6
tpehafk; gps;is
4 nkhop czu;r;rp - Kbaurd; 13
Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp - Mjpke;jp Gyk;gy;
5 21
- fz;zjhrd;
6 tpdhj;jhs; - Rujh 26
7 fly; - jkpo;xsp 29
myF 2 - GJf;ftpij
tPl;Lf;nfhU kuk; tsu;g;Nghk; - mg;Jy;
1 32
uFkhd;
nrd;upA+ ftpijfs; (VNjDk; Ie;J) -
2 35
<NuhL jkpod;gd;
3 gpw;Nru;f;if - ituKj;J 45
4 thio kuj;jpd; rgjk; - K.Nkj;jh 49
5 ts;Stk; gj;J - mwpTkjp 54
Mde;jahio kPl;Lfpwha; -
6 56
eh.Kj;Jf;Fkhu;
7 rgpf;fg;gl;l Kj;jk; - Rfpu;juhzp 60
eP vOj kWf;Fk; vdJ moF -
8 62
,sk;gpiw
myF 3 - rpWfijfs;
1 tha;r;nrhw;fs; - n[afhe;jd; 64
2 fbjk; - GJikg;gpj;jd; 72
3 fU - ckhkNf];tup 77
4 Ks;Kb - jp.[hdfpuhkd; 87
5 rpjwy;fs; - tpop.gh.,jaNte;jd; 96
6 fhfpj cwT - R.rKj;jpuk; 103
7 tPl;bd; %iyapy; xU rikay; - mk;ig 110
eha;f;fhur; rPkhl;b (nkhopngau;g;Gf; fij)
8 115
- Mz;ld; nrf;fht;
 myF 4 - ,yf;fpa tuyhW
1 20Mk; E}w;whz;L ftpQu; ngUkf;fs; 124
2 ftpijapd; tifAk; tsu;r;rpAk; 129
jkpo; ciueilapd; Njhw;wKk;
3 134
tsu;r;rpAk;
jkpo;r; rpWfijapd; Njhw;wKk;
4 136
tsu;r;rpAk;
5 nkhopngau;g;Gfs; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk; 140

myF 5 - nkhopj;jpwd;
nghUs; nghjpe;Js;s nrhw;nwhlu;
1 148
mikj;jy;
2 Xu; vOj;J xU nkhop 151
3 Ntw;Wik cUGfs; 154
4 jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; 155
5 fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk;> nkhopngau;g;G 162

Fwpg;G: myF 4> 5 Mfpad Nghl;bj; Nju;T Nehf;fpy; cs;sd.

ghu;it E}y;fs;
1. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW - rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpad;.
2. Gjpa Nehf;fpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW - jkpoz;zy;.
3. tifik Nehf;fpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW - v/g;.
ghf;fpaNkup
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

myF 1
kuGf;ftpij

1.jkpo;j;nja;t tzf;fk; - ng. Re;judhu;

Mrpupah; Fwpg;G:
kNdhd;kzpak; ngUkhs; Re;judhu; 04.04.1855 Myg;Goh>
Nfushtpy; gpwe;jth;. ngw;Nwhu;: ngUkhs;> khlj;jp mk;khs;.
tho;f;ifj; Jiz rptfhkp mk;khs;. (,wg;G :26.04.1897
(mfit 42) jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J (1891) jkpof murhy;
jkpo;ehl;bd; muRg;ghlyhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tho;j;Jg;ghly;.
jkpo;j;jhapd; ngUikiar; nrhy;tjhf mike;Js;sJ.
ng.Re;juk; gps;is mtu;fshy; 1891-y; kNdhd;kzpak; vd;Dk;
ehlfk; ntspte;jJ. mjpYs;s ghapuj;jpy; mike;j “ePuhLk;
flYLj;j” vdj;njhlq;Fk; ghly; gpd;dhspy; jkpof murpd;
ghlyhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;ghly; “jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J”
vdg;gLfpwJ. kNdhd;kzpak; ehlfj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy;
ghapukhf Kjypy; ,iwtzf;fkhf rptngUkhid tho;j;Jk;
“NtjrpifAk; tpupfiyAk;” vd;Dk; ghly; mike;Js;sJ.
,uz;lhtjhf “jkpo;j;nja;t tzf;fk;”; vd;Dk; ghly;
mike;Js;sJ.
 ,sikapNyNa Njthu> jpUthrfq;fisAk; rka
topghl;L E}y;fisAk; fw;wtu;. ,tUf;Fj;
jkpohrpupauhf tpsq;fpatu; ehfg;gl;bdk; ehuhazrhkp.
 ,tuplNk kiwkiyabfs; jkpo;g; gbj;jtu; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
 1876 Mk; Mz;L ,sq;fiyj; Nju;tpy; ntw;wp ngw;wtu;.
mLj;j Mz;by; rptfhkp mk;khs; vd;gtiuj; jpUkzk;
Gupe;jtu;.
 1877,y; jdJ Mrpupag; gzpia Muk;gpj;jtu;.
jpUney;Ntyp Mq;fpyj; jkpo;f; fy;tpr;rhiyapd;
jiytuhf ,uz;lhz;Lfs; gzpahw;wp> mf;fy;tpr;
rhiyNa gpd;du; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upahf cau;tjw;F
cWJizahf ,Ue;jtu;.

1
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 gpd;du; jpUtde;jGuk; muru; fy;Y}upapy; jj;Jtj;Jiw

Mrpupauhfr; Nru;e;jhu;. 1880,y; KJfiy gl;lk;
ngw;wtu;.

“ePuhUq; flYLj;j epykle;ijf; nfopnyhOFQ;

rPuhUk; tjdnkdj; jpfo;guj fz;lkpjpy;
njf;fzK kjpw;rpwe;j jpuhtplew; wpUehLk;
jf;frpW gpiwEjYe; jupj;jeWe; jpyfKNk
mj;jpyf thridNgh yidj;JyF kpd;gKw
vj;jpirAk; Gfo;kzf;f tpUe;jngUe; jkpozq;Nf.
gy;YapUk; gyTyFk; gilj;jspj;Jj; Jilf;fpDNkhu;
vy;iyaW guk;nghUs;Kd; dpUe;jgb apUg;gJNghy;
fd;dlKk; fspnjYq;Fq; ftpd;kiyahsKe;JSTk;
cd;Djuj; Jjpj;njOe;Nj nahd;Wgy thapbDk;
Mupak;Ngh Yyftof; fope;njhope;J rpijahTd;
rPupsikj; jpwk;tpae;J nray;kwe;J tho;j;JJNk.”

tpsf;fk; :
ePu; epiwe;j fly; Nghd;w Mil cLj;jpa epynkDk;
ngz;Zf;F> moF kpspUk; rpwg;Gkpf;f Kfkhf jpfo;fpd;w
,e;j ,e;jpaf; fz;lj;jpy;> njd;dhLk; mjpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa
jkpou;fspd; ey;y jpUehL nghUj;jkhd gpiw Nghd;w
new;wpahfTk; mjpy; kzk; tPRk; jpyfkhfTk; jpfo;fpwJ. me;j
new;wpj; jpyfj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUk; thrid Nghy midj;J
cyfKk; ,d;gk; ngWk; tifapy; vy;yh jpirapYk; Gfo;
kzf;fpd;w gb ,Uf;fpd;w ngUikkpf;f jkpo;g; ngz;Nz
jkpo;j; nja;tNk. gy tifahd capu;fisAk;>
cyfq;fisAk; gilj;Jf; fhj;J ,Wjpapy; vy;iyaw;w
guk;nghUshf tpsq;Ffpd;w ,iwtd; ve;j khWjYf;Fk;
cl;glhky;> Kd; ,Ue;jgbNa ,Ug;gJ Nghy; jkpo; vDk; xU
nkhopapypUe;J fd;dlk;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;> JS vd;W gy
nkhopfs; gpwe;j NghJk;> tlnkhopahd Mupa nkhopia Nghy
cyf tof;fpy; ,Ue;J mope;J rpije;J NghfhkYk;> ,d;Wk;
khwhj rPupa ,sikNahL epw;Fk; jpwj;ij> tpae;J vk; nray;
kwe;J tho;j;JfpNwhk;. jkpo; ngz;Nz cd;idr; nray; kwe;J
tho;j;JfpNwhk; vd;fpwhu; kNdhd;kzpak; Re;judhu; mtu;fs;.

2
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

vd;Wk; khwhj epiyg;NgW cila ,iwtidg; Nghy; vk;

jkpo;j;jhAk; vd;Wk; khwhj epiyg;ngW nfhz;lts; vd;W
ngUkpjk; nfhs;fpd;whu; Re;judhu;.

2. rpWj;ijNa ntspapy; th - ghujpjhrd;

Mrpupah; Fwpg;G:
 ghujpjhrd; 29 Vg;uy; 1891 ghz;br;Nrupapy;
(GJr;Nrupapy;) gpwe;jth;. ,aw;ngau; fdfRg;Guj;jpdk;.
 jkpohrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa ,tu;> Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu;
kPJ nfhz;l gw;Wjyhy;> “ghujpjhrd;” vd;W jk;
ngaiu khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;. ghujpjhrd;> jk; vOr;rp
kpf;f vOj;Jfshy;> “Gul;rpf; ftpQu;” vd;Wk;
“ghNte;ju;” vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
 ,tu; Fapy; vd;Dk; (ftpij tbtpy;) khj ,jio
elj;jp te;jhu;.
 ngw;Nwhu;: fdfrig Kjypahu;> ,yf;Fkp mk;khs;
 ,tu; rpW tajpNyNa gpnuQ;R nkhopg; gs;spapy;
gapd;whu;. je;ij ngupahupd; jPtpuj; njhz;luhfTk;
tpsq;fpdhu;. NkYk; mtu; jpuhtplu; ,af;fj;jpy; kpFe;j
<LghL nfhz;lhu;. mjd; fhuzkhff; flTs; kWg;G>
rhjp kWg;G> kj vjpu;g;G Nghd;wtw;wpid jdJ
ghly;fs; %yk; gjpT nra;jhu;. gpugy vOj;jhsUk;>
jpiug;glf; fjhrpupaUk;> ngUk; ftpQUkhd ghujpjhrd;>
murpaypYk; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;.
 GJr;Nrup rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhf> 1954-Mk; Mz;L
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1946> R+iy 29,y; mwpQu;
mz;zhthy;> ftpQu; “Gul;rpf;ftp” vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;L
&.25>000/-toq;fg;gl;Lf; nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ghujpjhrd;
mtu;fs;> eifr;Rit czu;T epuk;gpatu;.
 ftpQUila gilg;ghd “gprpuhe;ijahu;” vd;w ehlf
E}Yf;F> 1969,y; rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp tpUJ fpilj;jJ.
,tUila gilg;Gfs; jkpo;ehL murpduhy; 1990,y;
nghJTilikahf;fg;gl;ld.
 ghujpjhrd; Vg;uy; 21> 1964 md;W fhykhdhu;.

3
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

gilg;Gfs;:
 rQ;rPtp gu;tjj;jpd; rhuy;
 ghz;bad; gupR
 Gul;rpj;jha;
 FwpQ;rpj;jpl;L
 jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp
 jkpopaf;fk;
 mikjp
 mofpd; rpupg;G
 ,iraKJ
 ,e;jp vjpu;g;Gg; ghly;fs;
 ,uzpad; my;yJ ,izaw;w tPud;
 ,Uz;ltPL
 ,yf;fpaf; Nfhyq;fs;
 cyFf;Nfhu; Ie;njhOf;fk;
 vjpu;ghuhj Kj;jk;
 Viofs; rpupf;fpwhu;fs;
 xU jhapd; cs;sk; kfpo;fpwJ
 FLk;g tpsf;F
 Nrujhz;ltk;

rpWj;ijNa ntspapy; th
“G+l;ba ,Ug;Gf; $l;bd; fjT
jpwf;fg; gl;lJ! rpWj;ijNa ntspapy;th!
vypvd cd;id ,fo;e;jtu; eLq;fg;
Gypvdr; nray;nra;ag; Gwg;gL ntspapy;!
ek;gpid gfypid es;spUs; vd;Nw
rpk;Gl; gwitNa rpwiftpup! vO!
rpq;f ,isQNd jpUg;GKfk;! jpwtpop!
,q;Fd; ehl;Lf; fpopfOij Ml;rpah?
iftpupj; Jte;j fatu;> ek;kpilg;
ngha;tp upj;Jek; Gyd;fs; kiwj;Jj;
jkpOf;F tpyq;fpl;Lj; jhafk; gw;wp

4
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

ekf;Fs cupik jkf;nfd; ghu;vdpy;>

toptop te;jcd; kwj;jdk; vq;Nf?
nkhopg;gw; nwq;Nf? tpopg;Gw; nwOf!
,fo;r;rp Neu;e;jhy; ,wg;Nghk; vd;Wk;
Gfo;r;rp Navk; G+zhk; vd;Wk;
itak; Mz;l tz;lkpo; kuNg
ifap Ug;igf; fhl;l vOe;jpU!
Fwpf;Fk;cd; ,isQu; $l;lk; vq;Nf?
kwpf;nfhzhf; fly;Nghy; khg;gif Nky;tpL!
ed;nkhopf;F tpLjiy ey;fpl vOe;jpU!
nghd;nkh opf;FeP GJik Vw;Wtha;!
kf;fis xd;WNru;! tho;it Aau;j;Jf!
iff;Fs jpwik fhl;l vOe;jpU!
tho;f ,isQNd> tho;f epd;$l;lk;!
tho;f jkpou; ehL!
tho;fepd; itaj;J khg;Gfo; ed;Nw!”

tpsf;fk;;:
tPuj;jha; vd;Dk; gilg;gpy; Neupa Nehf;Fk;> epkpu;e;j
Njhw;wKk; nfhz;l ftpQu; jkpou; tho;T> jkpo;nkhopapd;
tho;it xl;b mikfpd;wJ vd;gij czu;j;j vOr;rpf;
ftpijfs; gytw;iw vOjpdhu;. mtw;wpy; czu;r;rp nts;sk;
fl;Lf;flq;fhJ gha;tijf; fhzKbfpwJ. jkpopdk;
jho;j;jg;gLtij> mbikg;gLj;jg;gLtijg; nghWf;f tpayhJ.
G+l;ba ,Uk;Gf; $l;bd; fjT jpwf;fg;gl;lJ! rpWj;ijNa
ntspapy; th! vyp vd cd;id ,fo;e;jtu; eLq;fg; Gyp vdr;
nray; nra;ag; Gwg;gL ntspapy; ek;gpid gfypid es;spUs;
vd;Nw rpk;Gl; gwitNa rpwif tpup! vO! rpq;f ,isQNd
jpUg;GKfk;! jpwtpop! ,d;W eilngWk; Ml;rp ey;y Ml;rp
my;y ek; ehl;bw;F ntWk;ifNahL te;jf; fs;tu;fs; $l;lk;>
ek; midtupd; kdjpYk; ngha;ia tpijj;J ek;Kila
Gyd;fis kiwj;J tpl;lJ. ek; jha; nkhopf;F tpyq;fpl;L
ek;Kila jhafj;ij ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. ek;Kila
cupik mtUila cupikahff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mijf;
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;L ehk; mikjpahf ,Uf;fpNwhk;.
“ekf;Fs cupik jkf;nfd; ghu;vdpy;>
toptop te;jcd; kwj;jdk; vq;Nf?
nkhopg;gw; nwq;Nf? tpopg;Gw; nwOf!”

5
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

njhd;W njhl;L ek;kplk; cs;s tPuk; vq;Nf? ek;Kila

nkhop gw;W vq;Nf? tpopg;Gld; vOf. ek;ik ahuhtJ ,fo
Neu;e;jhy; ,we;J tpLNthk; vd;Wk;> Gfo;r;rp kl;LNk ekf;F
mzpfyd;fs; vdTk; ,e;j cyfj;ij Mz;l td;jkpo; kuG
ekJ kuG. cd;Dila ifapUg;ig fhl;l eP vOe;jpU.
cd;Dila ,isQu; $l;lk; vq;Nf? fly; Nghy; mtu;fis
tur; nra;f. ek;Kila nkhopf;F tpLjiy thq;fpf; nfhLf;f
vOe;jpU. kf;fs; midtiuAk; xd;W Nru;. mtu;fspd;
tho;f;ifia cau;j;J cd;Dila jpwikfis ntspg;gLj;j
vOe;jpU. tho;f ,isQNd cd;Dila $l;lk; tho;f.
ek;Kila jpuhtpl ehL tho;f. cd;Dila Gfo; ,e;j
itafj;jpy; Xq;Ff.

3. Mrpa N[hjp– Gj;jUk; Vior; rpWtDk; - ftpkzp

Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is
Mrpupah; Fwpg;G:
 rptjhZg;gps;is Mjpyl;Rkp jk;gjpau;f;F gpwe;jtu;.
tpehafk;. ,uz;L ngz;fSf;F gpd; gpwe;j Mz;
kfTf;F jhd; tzq;Fk; Njrpf tpehafupd; ngaiu
itj;jhu; rptjhZg;gps;is.
 xd;gjhtJ tajpy; jd; je;ijia ,oe;jhu;. vk;. V.
gbj;j ftpkzp gpd; Mrpupau; gapw;rp gbj;J jhd; gbj;j
gs;spapNyNa Mrpupau; Mdhu;.
 ehfu;NfhtpypYs;s Nfhl;lhu; Muk;gg;gs;sp> ehfu;Nfhtpy;
Mrpupau; gapw;rpg;gs;sp kw;Wk; jpUtde;jGuk; ngz;fs;
fy;Y}up Nghd;wtw;wpy; Mrpupauhf 36 Mz;Lfs;
gzpGupe;jhu;.

Foe;ij ,yf;fpag; gzp

jkpopy; Foe;ijfSf;fhf Kjd;Kjypy; njhlu;r;rpahfg;
ghly;fis vOjpdhu;. 1938Mk; Mz;L ntspahd mtUila
kyUk; khiyAk; njhFjpapy; 25f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Foe;ijg;
ghly;fs;>7 fijg; ghl;Lfs; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. “Njhl;lj;jpy;
NkAJ nts;isg; gR” vd;w ghly; ,d;wsTk; gpugykhf
cs;s mtuJ Foe;ijg; ghly;fspy; xd;W. vl;tpd; Mu;dhy;bd;
Light of Asiaitj; jOtpj; jkpopy; Mrpa N[hjpia vOjpdhu;.
ghurPff; ftpQu; cku; fa;ahk; ghly;fisj; jOtp jkpopy;
vOjpdhu;.

6
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Muha;r;rpahsu;
Muha;r;rpj; JiwapYk; Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is gy mupa
gzpfis Mw;wpapUf;fpwhu;. 1922,y; “kNdhd;kzpak; kWgpwg;G”
vd;w jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liuia vOjpdhu;. nrd;idg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp cUthf;fj;jpy; kjpg;gpay;
cjtpahsuhf ,Ue;jhu;. fk;guhkhazk; jpthfuk;> etePjg;
ghl;bay; Kjypa gy E}y;fspd; Vl;Lg; gpujpfisj;
njhFj;jpUf;fpwhu;. “fhe;jSu;r;rhiy” gw;wpa Ma;T E}iy
vOjpdhu;.

tpUJfs;
24 brk;gu; 1940,y; nrd;id gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}upapy;
jkpoNts; ckhkNfRtuk; gps;is ftpkzp vd;w gl;lk;
toq;fpdhu;. 1943,y; mz;zhkiy muru; Mj;jq;Fbapy;
nghd;dhil Nghu;j;jpf; nfsutpj;jhu;. ngUk; nghUs; toq;f
Kd; te;jNghJ mij thq;f kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. 1954,y;
ftpkzpf;Fj; Nj&upy; epidT epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
mf;Nlhgu; 2005,y; ,e;jpa muR mQ;ry; jiy ntspapl;Lr;
rpwg;gpj;jJ.

ftpkzpapd; gilg;Gfs;
 ehQ;rpy; ehl;L kUkf;fs;top khd;kpak;
 mofk;ik Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
 Mrpa N[hjp> (1941)
 kyUk; khiyAk;> (1938)
 kUkf;fs;top khd;kpak;> (1942)
 fju; gpwe;j fij> (1947)
 cku; fa;ahk; ghly;fs;> (1945)
 Njtpapd; fPu;j;jdq;fs;
 Foe;ijr;nry;tk;
 ftpkzpapd; ciukzpfs;
 fhe;jShu; rhiy
 Njhl;lj;jpy; NkAJ nts;isg; gR

7
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Gj;jUk; Vior; rpWtDk;

mwpKfk;:
Mrpa N[hjp E}ypy; ,Ue;J xU gFjpahf mike;Js;sJ.
muz;kidapypUe;J ntspNa nrd;w Gj;ju;> top ele;j
fisg;ghy; Nrhu;e;J fple;jhu;. mtiuf; fz;l Xu; ,ilr;
rpWtd;> jhd; jho;e;j Fyk; vd;Wk;>jd; ghj;jpuj;jpy; ghy;
fwe;J mtUf;Ff; nfhLf;fj; jaq;fpdhd;. gpwg;gpdhy; cau;T
jho;Tfs; ghuhl;lyhfhJ vd;W Gj;ju; mtDf;Fg; Nghjpj;j
tuyhW ,jDs; $wg;gLfpwJ.

jho;e;j Fyj;jpdd; Mjyhy;

Gz;zpa %u;j;jp Gj;jkh Kdptd;
cz;ikia czu;e;J,t; Tyfpdpy; vd;Wk;
mopah ,d;gk; milAk; mthtpdhy;
kd;du; tho;itAk; kWj;jt dhfpj;
je;ijia kwe;J jidaidj; Jwe;J
kq;if aNrhjiu kjpKfk; ePj;J
es;spu tjdpy; ed;dfu; ePq;fp>
cz;Zk; czTk; cwf;fKk; ,d;wp
,uTk; gfYk; ,iltplhJ vq;Fk;
ele;J nkype;J eypTw;W xUehs;
Ntdpy; ntapypy; nte;njup fhdypy;
iffhy; jsu;e;J fz;fSk; %b
%r;Rk; mlq;fp KfKk; ntspwp
capUk; clk;gpy; Cr yhl
tpQ;rpa kaf;fhy; tPo;e;J fple;jdd;.
Ntdpy; ntapypy; nte;njup fhdypy;
MLfs; Nka;j;J tUk; - xUtd;
Mau; Fyr;rpWtd;>
thbf; fple;jtidr; - nry;Yk;
topapd; kPJ fz;lhd;.
itafk; tho;e;jplNt - gpwe;j
khjtr; nry;td;Kfk;
nta;apypy; nte;jplhky; - jiofs;
ntl;b mUfpy; el;lhd;.
nja;t Fyj;jptid - vspNad;
jPz;lYk; Mfhjpdpr;
nra;tJk; ahnjdNt - rpwpJ

8
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

rpe;ij jaq;fp epd;whd;.

cs;se; njspe;JlNd - nts;shL
xd;iw mioj;Jte;J>
ts;sy; kaf;nfhopa - kLit
thapy; fwe;Jtpl;lhd;.
el;l jiofnsy;yhk; - tsu;e;J
ehw;Gw Kk;ftpe;J>
fl;ba khspifNghy; - tdj;jpy;
fhl;rp aspj;jjk;kh!
G+nthL fha;fdpAk; - jspUk;
nghype;J epuk;gpaq;Nf
NkT gykzpfs; - ,ioj;j
tpjhdKk; Mdjk;kh!
Iaid ,t;Tyfk; - fhZjw;F
mupaNthu; nja;tnkdf;
iffs; njhOJepd;whd; - rpWtd;
fsq;fkpyh Tsj;jhd;.
epyj;jpw;fple;j Iad; - nky;y
epkpu;e;J jiyJ}f;fpf;
“fyj;jpdp NynfhQ;rk; - ghiyf;
fwe;J jUtha;" vd;whd;.
'IiaNah! MfhJ>'vd;whd; - rpWtd;>
'mz;zNy! ahDk;cidf;
ifapdhy; jPz;lnthz;zh - ,ilad;Xu;
fhl;L kdpjd;> 'vd;whd;.
jPz;lnthz;zh - jPz;lj;jfhj
cyfk; Gfo;ngupNahd; - ,e;j
ciuapidf; Nfl;Lme;ehs;
myfpy; fUizapdhy; - nrhd;d
mKj nkhop,Jthk;.;
",lu; tUk;NghJk; - cs;sk;
,uq;fpLk; NghJk;
cld; gpwe;jtu;Nghy; - khe;ju;
cwT nfhs;tu;>mg;gh!
XLk; cjpuj;jpy; - tbe;J
xOFk; fz;zPupy;>
Njbg; ghu;j;jhYk; - rhjp
njupt Jz;Nlh mg;gh!

9
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

vtu; clk;gpdpYk; - rptg;Ng

,uj;j epwkg;gh!
vtu; tpopePu;f;Fk; - ctu;g;Ng
,aw;iff; Fzkg;gh!
new;wpapy; ePWk; - khu;gpy;
ePz;l G+Z}Yk;
ngw;W,t; cyFjdpy; - vtUk;
gpwe;j Jz;Nlhmg;gh!
gpwg;gpdhy; vtu;f;Fk; - cyfpy;
ngUik thuhjg;gh!
rpwg;G Ntz;Lnkdpy; - ey;y
nra;if Ntz;Lk;>mg;gh!
ed;ik nra;gtNu - cyfk;
ehLk; Nkw;Fyj;jhu;;
jpd;ik nra;gtNu - mz;bj;
jPz;l xz;zhjhu;.
epyj;Jau; Qhdp - ,it
epfo;j;jp>vd;jk;gP!
fyj;jpdpNy nfhQ;rk; - ghiyf;
fwe;J jh>vd;whd;.
Mau; rpWtDk; - fyj;jpy;
mspf;f thq;fpAz;L>
jhapDk; ,dpad; - nfhz;l
jsu;r;rp ePqf; pdNd.”

tpsf;fk;:
Gj;jupd; Nrhu;T:
Gz;zpaq;fspd; jiytdhd Gj;ju; ,e;j cyfk; KOtJk;
vd;Wk; epiyj;j ,d;gj;jpid miltjw;Fupa topKiwfs;>
cz;ikfs; vd;d vd;gij czu;e;J cyfpw;Fnrhy;y
Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mirapdhy; jd;Dila mur tho;f;ifapid
kwe;Jk;> je;ij> rNfhjuid tpl;Lk; mofpa epytpid Nghd;w
Kfj;ij cilatshd kidtp aNrhjiuAk; tpl;Ltpl;L eL
,utpdpy; jd;Dila efuj;ijNa tpl;L nrd;whu;. cz;z
czT ,y;yhkYk;> cwf;fk; ,y;yhkYk; ,uT gfyhf ele;J
nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhu;. gy ehs;fs; Mfptpl;lJ. xU ehs; ntapy;
nghOjpy; cly; Nrhu;e;j epiyapy; fhy;fs; jsu;e;J> elf;f

10
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Kbahky; fz;fs; jpwf;f Kbahj epiyapy; Kfk; KOtJk;

ntSj;J capu; Cryhbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; epiyapy; kaf;fk;
nfhz;ltuhf fPNo tpOe;J fple;jhu;.

MLNka;j;j rpWtdpd; cjtpAk; nraYk;:

MLfis Nka;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j Mau; Fyj;jpidr; Nru;e;j
rpWtd; xUtd; kaq;fpa epiyapy; fple;j Gj;jiu ghu;j;jhd;.
ntapypy; kaq;fpa Gj;jupd; Kfj;ij fz;l rpWtd;
,iyjiofis ntl;bf;nfhz;L te;J ge;jy; Nghl;L mtUf;F
epoy; jUk;gb nra;jhd;. gpd;G nja;tj;jpd; Njhw;wKila
,tiu jho;e;j vspa Fyj;jpy; gpwe;j ehd; iffshy;
njhLtJ jPik> vdNt ,dp ehd; vd;d nra;tJ vd;W jaq;fp
nfhQ;r Neuk; rpe;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; xU
njspthd Kbtpid vLj;jhd;. nts;shL xd;wpid Gj;jUf;F
mUNf mioj;J te;J epWj;jpdhd;. ts;sy; jd;ikAila
Gj;jupd; kaf;fj;ijAk; Nrhu;itAk; ePf;Fk; tpjkhf> mtUila
tha; mUfpy; Ml;bd; ghiy fwe;J tpl;lhd;.

fhl;by; xU khspif:
rpWtd; epoYf;fhf ntl;b itj;j me;j ,iy jiofs;
midj;Jk; rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; caukhf ehd;F GwKk; tsu;e;J
FilNghy rha;e;J epd;wJ. eLf;fhl;by; fl;lg;gl;l khspif
Nghy rpWtd; Nghl;l ge;jy; fhl;rp je;jJ. G+Tk; fhAk; fdpAk;
jspUk; vd;W me;j kuq;fs; epuk;gpa moFld; epd;wJ.
,j;jifa fhl;rp me;j mofhd kz;lgj;jpd; Nky; mofhd
kzpfs; myq;fupj;J Nghd;W Njhw;wk; je;jJ. ,f;fhl;rpfis
fz;l rpWtd; jpifj;J epd;whd;. ,tu; xU nja;tk; vd;gjid
czu;e;j rpWtd; vt;tpj jPa vz;zq;fSk; ,y;yhky; jd;
iffshy; mtiu tzq;fpa gb epd;whd;.

Gj;ju; rpWtDf;F $wpa mwpTiufs;:

kaq;fpa epiyapy; ,Ue;j Gj;jd; nkJthf fz;tpopj;J
vOe;J epkpu;e;J jiyJ}f;fp mku;e;jhu;. jk;gp nfhQ;rk; ghiy
cd;dplj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;w kz;ghidapy; fwe;JnfhL vd;whu;.
mjidf; Nfl;L rpWtDk; ma;aa;Nah mg;gb nra;a KbahJ
vd;whd;. Iah ehd; cq;fisf; iffshy; njhl Kbahj

11
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

,ilau; Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j xU fhl;L kdpjd; vd;whd;. cyfk;

KOtJk; Gfof;$ba ngUik cila Gj;ju; fUizAld;
rpWtdplk; mKjk; Nghd;w thu;j;ijfshy; nrhy;y Muk;gpj;jhu;.

Gj;jupd; mKjnkhopfs;
 Jd;gk; tUfpd;w NghJk; ek; kdjpy; ,uf;f czu;T
Njhd;Wfpd;w NghJk; cld; gpwe;j rNfhjuu;fs;
NghyNt kdpju;fs; cwT nfhz;L nray;gLthu;fs;
mg;gh!
 ek; clypy; XLfpd;w uj;jj;jpYk; ehk; tpLfpd;w
fz;zPupYk; vg;gb Njb ghu;j;jhYk; [hjp vd;gJ
njupfpd;wjh mg;gh!
 cq;fSila clk;gpYk; XLfpd;w uj;jkhdJ rptg;G
epwKilaNj. vy;NyhUila fz;zPUk; cg;G jd;ik
cilaJ ,J ,aw;ifapNyNa mike;Js;sJ.
 new;wpapy; jpUePwpidAk; khu;gpdpy; G+Zhy; cilatuhf
,e;j cyfj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;fs; ahUk; ,y;iyag;gh!
 gpwf;fpd;w epiyAk; ,lj;jpidAk; nfhz;L ,e;j
cyfpy; ahUk; ngUik mila KbahJ.
 ngUikfisAk; rpwg;G epiyfisAk; mila
Ntz;Lnkd;why; ey;y gof;fq;fis cilatuhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lkg;gh!
 ahu; ed;ikfis kw;wtu;fSf;F nra;J
tho;fpd;whu;fNsh mtu;fis ,e;j cyfk; Nghw;Wk;gb
cau;e;j Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;. kw;wtu;fSf;F jPik
juf;$ba midtUk; mUfpdpy; nrd;W njhlf;$lhJ
goff;$lhJ ,ope;j gpwtpNa Mthu;fs;.
,tw;iwnay;yhk; Ngrp Kbj;j gpd;G vd;Dila
jk;gpNa ,g;NghjhtJ me;j kz;ghidapy; nfhQ;rk;
ghiy fwe;J jUthahf vd;whu;. me;j Mauf;; Fyj;ij
Nru;e;j rpWtDk; mt;thNw kz;ghidapy; ghiy fwe;J
nfhLj;jhd;.
 mjid thq;fp cz;L jhia tplTk; ,dpa
gz;Gilatdhf Gj;ju; jd;Dila Nrhu;tpid
ePf;fpf;nfhz;lhu;.

12
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

4. nkhop czu;r;rp - Kbaurd;

Mrpupah; Fwpg;G:
tPWftpauru; Kbaurd; ,aw;ngau;: JiuuhR> gpwg;G:
mf;Nlhgu; 7> 1920. jkpo;ehl;bd; %j;j jiyKiwf;
ftpQu;fSs; xUtu;. Njdp khtl;lk;> ngupaFsj;jpy; Rg;guhaY
– rPjhyl;Rkp MfpNahUf;F> gpwe;jtu;. ghujpjhrNdhL kpf
neUq;fpg; gofp mtUila Kw;Nghf;F vz;zq;fis Vw;Wg;
ghbatu;. ghujpjhrdhuhy; “vd; %j;j topj;Njhd;wy;> vdf;Fg;
gpd; ftpQd;” vd;W ghuhl;lg;ngw;wtu;. je;ij ngupahu;> NguwpQu;
mz;zh MfpNahupd; ngUkjpg;igg; ngw;w jpuhtpl ,af;fj;jpd;
Kd;Ndhbf;ftpQu;. jk; ftpijapd;gbNa tho;e;Jfhl;ba
ftpQu;f;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L ,tu;.
 jhd; rhjp kWg;Gj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lNjhL jk;
gps;isfs; MWNgUf;Fk; rhjp kWg;Gj; jpUkzk;
nra;tpj;jtu;.
 vdNtjhd; jtj;jpU. Fd;wf;Fb mbfshu; “rhjp
xopaNtz;Lk; vdf; ftpijapYk;> NkilapYk; Koq;fpa
ftpQu;fSs; mtw;iwj; jd; tho;tpy; filg;gpbj;jtu;
ftpauR Kbaurdhu; jtpu NtW ahuhtJ
,Uf;fpwhu;fsh? vdj; njupatpy;iy” vd;W Nghw;wpdhu;.
rhjp-rka> rhj;jpur; rlq;Ffis ntWj;jtu;. ,tuJ
kiwtpd; nghOJk; vr;rlq;FfSk; Ntz;lhk; vd;W
typAWj;jp mt;thNw epiwNtwr; nra;jtu;.
 nrd;id> Kj;jpahYg;Ngl;il cau;epiyg;gs;spapYk;>
fhiuf;Fb kP. R. cau;epiyg;gs;spapYk; jkpohrpupauhfg;
gzpGupe;jtu;.

rpwg;Gfs;
 ,tuJ ftpijfisr; rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp ,e;jpa
nkhopfspYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; nkhopngau;j;J
ntspapl;Ls;sJ.
 mofpd; rpupg;G ftpij Kjy; gupR - ghNte;ju;
ghujpjhrd;> Kj;jkpo; khehL> Nfhitapy; ngw;wth;.
 “jpuhtpl ehl;bd; thdk;ghb” gl;lk; - NguwpQu;
mz;zhthy; Ngw;wg;gl;lhh;.
 gwk;G kiyapy; ele;j tpohtpy; Fd;wf;Fb mbfshuhy;
“ftpauR” vd;w gl;lk; ngw;wth;.

13
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 Kbaurd; ftpijfs; E}Yf;Fj; jkpo;ehL muR gupR

 tPufhtpak; E}Yf;Fj; jkpo;ehL muR gupR
toq;fpAs;sJ.

nkhop czu;r;rp
“,iynghWf;Fk; ehAld;jd; jpwik fhl;b
vr;rpYZk; kdpjndDk; cUtq; fz;Lk;>
FiyeLq;fg; ngz;zpdj;ij mbik ahf;Fk;
nfhLikapidf; fz;%bg; gof;fe; jd;id
epiyepWj;jg; ghLgLk; epiyik fz;Lk;>
Neu;ikgFj; JzuwpT fy;tp ,y;yh
epiyapUf;ff; fz;bUe;Jk; czu;r;rp fhzh
neQ;rj;jhu; kpf;F tUk; ehspy; ,q;F1
nkhopazu;r;rp ghLnfd;wuP ;!czu;r;rp $u;e;J
nkhopAq;fhy; gpio nghWj;Jr; rpe;jpj; jha;e;jhy;
gopAzu;r;rp Njhd;whJ tUNthd; nry;Nthd;
gopf;fpd;whd; ek;nkhopiar; nrtpk Lj;Jk;
vOKzu;r;rp fz;Nlhkh ? tlf;F Nte;jd;
,opj;Jiwj;jhd; jkpouir vDQ;nrhw; Nfl;L
KO%r;rha; vjpu;j;jhNd mtd;F yj;J
Kisj;J tUk; fhisfs;ehk; ntl;fk; ntl;fk;2
Mq;fpyNkh gpw nkhopNah gapd;W tpl;lhy;
md;idnkhop NgRjw;F ehZ fpd;w
jPq;Fila kdg;Nghf;fu; thOk; ehl;by;
njd;gLNkh nkhopAzu;r;rp? Ml;rp kd;wpy;
ghq;Fld;tPw; wpUf;Fk;nkhop jkpNo vd;W
gfu;ehspy; nkhopAzu;r;rp jhNd Njhd;Wk;;
<q;fjw;fh vd;nra;ag; Nghfpd; wPu;ePu;?
,isQupdp tpopj;njOe;jhy; tpbT Njhd;Wk;3
Me;jpuKk; fd;dlKk;nrd;W te;Njd;
mq;nfy;yhk; nkhopAzu;r;rp tpsq;ff; fz;Nld;
khe;jnudj; jpupfpd;Nwhk; czu;r;rp aw;W
te;jtu;f;Fk; NghdtUf;Fk; gy;iyf; fhl;br;
rhe;JizAk; fhf;ifgpbj; jiye;J nrd;W
rhg;ghNl Fwpf;Nfhsha; nkhopiaj; jho;j;jp
tho;e;jpUf;f epidf;fpd;Nwhk; gilna Lj;J
te;jnkhop thotop nra;J je;Njhk;4

14
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

gpwnkhopia ntWf;fpd;Nwd; vd;W nrhy;ypg;

gpioahff; fUjhjPu;!jkpio apq;F
kWtwed; Fzu;e;jw;gpd; gapy;f vd;Ngd;
kidtpiakw; nwhUtd;ghy; mlF itj;Jj;
JwtwNkw; nfhsyhNkh?jha;j tj;Jj;
Jbj;jpUf;f mwQ;nra;a Kidjy; ed;Nwh?
fwitaplk; ghy;fwe;J fd;Wf; fpd;wpf;
fjwptpof; flTnsd;W rpe;jy; ed;Nwh?5

kWkyu;r;rp vDk;Nguhy; jkpopd; gz;ig

kha;f;fpd;Nwhk;;: nkhopapUf;fg; „ghi\‟ vd;Nghk;.
ngWkfpo;r;rp „re;Njhrk;‟ MFk;. Ntl;b
„Nt\;b‟ vdg; ngau;khWk;; gjw;wk; vd;Ndhk;
kWnkhopNghy; gj\;lnkdf; Fjpg;Nghk;; jz;zPu;
[ykhFk;; kiwf;fhL „Ntjh uz;ag;‟
gpwnkhopaha; khwptpLk;; nkhopA zu;r;rp
gpioj;jpUf;f ,lKz;Nlh? Gijj;J tpl;Nlhk;6

tzf;fnkdr; nrhy;gtiuf; fl;rp rhu;j;jp

thl;LfpNwhk;; “jha;nkhopiag; Gijj;J tpl;Lg;
gpzf;fy;ypy; tuNtw;G ey;fy; Ntz;Nld;
gpwnkhopapd; mbikfNs”vd;W nrhd;d
Fzf;Fd;whk; ek;fhe;jp ve;jf; fl;rp?
Fwpf;Nfhsha; tq;fnkhop tsu;g;ghd; Ntz;bg;
gpzf;fpd;wpg; gyE}y;fs; je;j jh$u;
NgzpdNu nkhopazu;r;rp ve;jf; fl;rp?7

jkpo;nkhopia cau;jdpr;nrk; nkhopahk; vd;W

jFKiwapy; Muha;e;J KbT nrhd;d
jkpo;kfdhu; gupjpkhw; fiyQd; vd;W
jkpo;nkhopapw; ngau;nfhz;lhu; ve;jf; fl;rp?
“mKjnkdj; jha;nkhopiag; Nghw;Wk; ehL
tPo;e;jjpy;iy> mijj;J}w;wp tho;e;j ehLk;
jkjwptpw; fz;ljpy;iy” vd;W iuj;j
jkpohrhd; Kj;Jrptd; ve;jf; fl;rp? 8

kztpidapy; jkpOz;lh? gapd;whu; jk;Ks;

tha;g;Ngr;rpy; jkpOz;lh? khz;l gpd;du;

15
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

gpztpidapy; jkpOz;lh?Mt zj;jpy;

gpioNahL jkpOz;;L Nfhtpy; nrd;why;
fzfzntd; nwypAz;L jkpiof; Nfl;ff;
flTsUk; $rpLtu;; me;Njh! me;Njh!
mZtsTk; nkhopAzu;r;rp ,y;yh ehl;by;
Mj;jpfNu ,iwAzu;r;rp tsu;t njq;Nf? 9

cLf;fpd;whu; cz;fpd;whu; cau;Tq; nfhs;thu;

xg;gw;w jkpo;nkhopahy;;ed;wp ,d;wpf;
nfLf;fpd;whu; mjd;tsu;r;rp Neuha;r; rpy;Nyhu;;
Nfd;iknfhz;L tsu;e;jpLNthk;vd; Wrpy;Nyhu;
nfhLf;fpd;whu; eQ;Rjidf; $rh jpe;jf;
nfhLikfis ePf;fplNt Mtp jhDk;
tpLf;fpd;Nwhk; jha;nkhopf;Nf vd;W nrhy;yp
tPWw;W epkpu;e;njOtPu; jkpo;ehl; BNu!10

jkpo;fhf;fg; Nghu;nra;a czu;T Ntz;Lk;

jkpo;nfhd;W tho;fpd;w faik Ntz;lhk;
jkpo;fhf;fg; Nghu; nra;ag; Gypfs; Ntz;Lk;
jLkhwp XbtpLk; vypfs; Ntz;lhk;
jkpo;fhf;fg; Nghu; nra;ar; rpq;fk; Ntz;Lk;
jhskpLk; XykpLk; eupfs; Ntz;lhk;
jkpo;fhf;f Nghu; nra;a khdk; Ntz;Lk;
jhyKj;J eluhrd; JzpT Ntz;Lk;11”

tpsf;fk;:
ehd; nrhy;Ytij Nahrpj;Jg; ghUq;fs; ehd; nrhy;Ytij
nfhQ;rk; gpio ,Ue;jhYk; nghWj;J rpe;jpj;J Muha;e;J
ghUq;fs;. epr;rakhf gopAzu;r;rp Vw;glhJ. tUfpd;wtd;
Nghfpd;wtd; ek;Kila nkhopia gopr;Rg; NgRfpwhh;fs;. ek;
ehl;bw;F te;jtu;fSk; Nghfpwth;fSk; mijf; fhJ nfhLj;J
Nfl;Lk; czu;r;rp ,y;yhky; mkh;e;J ,Uf;fpNwhk;. xU
tlehl;by; xU Nte;jd; ek;Kila jkpo;ehl;L muir ,opthf
Ngrpdhd;. mij Nfl;Ll;L ,q;F KO %r;rha; xU jkpod;
vjpu;j;J Nfl;lhd;. mg;gbg;gl;l jkpod; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;Jk;
me;j fhis Nghy tPuKs;s tPuu;fs; Mfpa ehk; mikjpahf
,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,J ntl;fg;glf;$ba epiy vd;W
,isQu;fsplk; $Wfpwhu; ftpQu;.

16
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

czh;T vq;Nf?
Mq;fpyNkh gpwnkhopNah gapd;Wtpl;lhy; md;id nkhop
NgRtjw;F ehLfpd;w jPq;Fila kdg;Nghf;fu; thOk; ehl;by;
njd;gLNkh xspAzu;r;rp vd;W Nfl;fpwhu.; Mq;fpy nkhopAk;
my;yJ NtW nkhopNah gbj;J ek;Kila jha; nkhopia Ngr
jaq;Ffpd;wdu;. mg;gb NgRtjw;Fk;tpl;lhy; ntl;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
,g;gbg;gl;ltu;fis jPq;Fila kdg;Nghf;fu; vd;W $Wfpwhu;
ftpQu;. nfl;l kdk; gilj;jtu;fs; NgRfpd;w gpw nkhopia
fw;Wf; nfhz;L jha;nkhopia Ngr ntl;fg;gLfpd;wth;fs;thOk;
ehl;by; njd;gLkh nkhop tsu;r;rp. ,g;gbg;gl;l Fzk;
gilj;jtu;fs; ,Uf;ff;$ba ehl;by; nkhop czu;r;rp vq;fhtJ
vw;gLkh vd;W Nfl;fpwhu;.

nkhopg;gw;W:
Me;jpuh nrd;W ghu;j;Njd; njYq;F nkhopapy;
Ngrf;$batu;fs; nkhop czu;r;rp kpf;ftu;fshf ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.
fu;ehlfh nrd;Nwd; fd;dlk; NgRk; kf;fsplj;jpYk; nkhop
czu;r;rp ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; jkpo;ehl;by; ,Uf;fpd;wtu;fs;
kdpjd; vd;W czu;r;rp ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. te;jtd;
Nghdtd; ,lk; vy;yhk; ek; ehl;bw;F te;J Nghdtdplk;
gy;iyf;fhl;bf; nfhz;L mtd;$l Nru;e;Jnfhz;L mtd;>
mtDila fhy; ifiag; gpbj;J VNjh rhg;ghL fpilj;jhy;
NghJk; rhg;gpLwijNa Fwpf;Nfhshf itj;Jf; nfhz;L
ek;Kila nkhopia jho;j;jpf;nfhz;L ehk; tho;fpNwhk;. ,J
vt;tsT ngupa ,opT? ek; ehl;bw;F gilnaLj;J te;jtd;
mtDila nkhop tho;tjw;Fk; top nra;J nfhLj;Njhk;. ek;
nkhopia tsu tplhky; nra;Js;Nshk;. rhg;ghL kl;LNk
rhg;gplwJd;D ,y;iy ek;Kila czu;it mlf;fp tpl;LNlhk;
nkhop czu;r;rp ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ.

jha;nkhopNa:
gpw nkhopia ntWf;fpd;Nwd; vd;W jtwhf vLj;Jf;
nfhs;shjPu;> jkpiof; Fw;wkpy;yhky; KOikahf ehk; gbj;j
gpwFk; mLj;j nkhopiaf; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mJ jtW
vd;W nrhy;ytpy;iy> mjw;F ey;y cjhuzk; ePqf ; s; jhyp
fl;ba kidtpia mLj;jtu; ,lj;jpy; nfhz;L nrd;W mlF
itj;J ghu;j;Jf;Nfh vd;W nrhy;yptpl;L> ePq;fs; Jwtpahf
nrd;Wtpl;l cd;Dila kidtpapd; epiy vd;dthFk;.

17
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

mJNghyj;jhd; jd; nkhopia mlF itj;J nrd;W tpl;Nlhk;

vd;W $Wfpwhu.; jk;Kila nkhopia my;yJ jhiar;
nrhy;fpwhu;. jd; jha; rhg;ghL ,y;yhky; jtpf;fpwhs;> ghJfhf;f
Ms; ,y;yhky; jtpf;fpwhs;> ek;Kila jha; Jbj;Jf;nfhz;L
,Uf;fpwhs;. me;j Neuj;jpy; mwk;>ju;kk; nra;Ntd; vd;W
Nghdhy; rupahf ,Uf;Fkh? Kjypy; ngw;w mk;khitf;
fhg;ghw;wNtz;Lk;. mjd;gpwF Gz;zpak; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
fwit khl;blk; ghy; fwf;fpd;Nwhk;. Kjypy; fd;WFl;bf;F
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. fd;Wf;F nfhLf;fhky; fd;W mOJ
mg;ghiy flTSf;F Cj;jp vd;d gad;?

vJkupahij:
kWkyu;r;rp vDk; ngauhy; jkpo; nkhopf;F ehk; kPz;Lk; xU
tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;JfpNwd; vd;W jkpio nfhd;Wnfhz;L
,Uf;fpNwhk;. vg;gb vd;W ghUq;fs; „nkhop‟ ,Uf;f „ghi\‟
vd;Wk; ek;kplk; nkhopapd; mofhd jkpo;r;nrhy; cs;sJ.
mij tpLj;J ghi\ vd;fpw tlnkhop nrhy;iyg;
gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. „ngUkfpo;r;rp‟ nrhy;iy tpl;Ltpl;L
„re;Njhrk;‟ tlnkhop nrhy;iy gad;gLj;JfpNwhk.; Ntl;b
vd;gjid Nt\;b vd;w ngauhYk;> gjw;wk; vd;w nrhy;iy
tpl;Ltpl;L gyu; gj\;lnkd $WfpNwhk;. jz;zuP ; vd;fpw
thu;j;ijia kwe;J [yk; vd;Wk;> kiwf;fhL vd;w ey;yj;
jkpo; thu;j;ij tpl;Ltpl;L Ntjhuz;ak; vd;W gpw
nkhopnrhy;iy gad;gLj;jp tUfpNwhk; ,g;gbg;gl;l ehl;by;
vg;gb nkhop czu;r;rp ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ek;Kila
jkpo; nkhopia nfhy;tJ NtW ahUkpy;iy> jkpou;fshfpa
ehk; jhd;. ek;Kila jkpo; nkhopapy; ,Uf;ff;$ba ey;y
ey;y thu;j;ijfis tpl;Ltpl;L tlnkhop thu;j;ijfisg;
NgRtij nfsutkhf epidj;Jf;nfhz;L ehk; Ngrpnfhz;L
,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;.

mbikfsh?
tzf;fk; vd;W nrhd;dhy; VNjh fl;rp rhu;e;jtd; ,td;
me;j murpay; fl;rp rhu;e;jtd; me;j khjpup nrhy;yp
mtu;fisj; jpl;Lfpd;Nwhk;. ey;y Fzk; gilj;jtuhd
ek;Kila Njrj;je;ij fhe;jpabfs; gw;wp xUtd;
jha;nkhopiaf; nfhz;L Ngha; Gijj;Jtpl;L mJf;F Nky;
fy;yiw fl;b mq;F Ngha; jha;nkhopia tuNtw;fpNwd; vd;W

18
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

nrhd;dhy; mg;gbg;gl;l gpwnkhopNahL mbikfis ehd; te;J

Vw;Wf;nfhs;s khl;Nld; vd;W $Wfpwhu;. mg;NghJ nkhop
czu;r;rp ,y;yhky; nkhopiag; Gijj;Jtpl;L mJf;F fy;yiw
fl;b me;j ,lj;jpy; gilay; Nghl;L topgLtjdhy; ve;j xU
gaDk; fpilahJ. mg;gbg;gl;ltu;fisg; gpwnkhopapd;
mbikfs; vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhe;jp.

jkpo;g;ngah;fs;:
jkpo; nkhopia cau;jdpr; nrk;nkhop vd;W jFe;j
Kiwapy; Muha;e;J KbT nrhd;d jkpo; kfdhu; fp.gupjpkhw;
fiyQd; jd;Dila mg;gh mk;kh itj;j ngau; R+upa
ehuhaz rh];jpup vd;w ngaiu gupjpkhw; fiyQu; vd
khw;wpdhh;. jkpo; gbj;J ek;Kila jkpo; nkhopahdJ cau;jdp
nkhop ve;j fl;rpiar; rhu;e;jtu; vd;W Nfl;fpwkhjpup tho;e;jth;.
mNjNghy Kj;J rptd; vd;W nrhy;yf;$ba xUtiu
jkpohrhd; vd;W $Wfpd;wdu;. mtUk; ek;Kila jkpo; nkhop
rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fpl Nghuhbdhu;. mtUk; ve;j fl;rpiar;
Nru;e;jtu; mtu; ve;j fl;rp rhu;e;jtUk; my;y vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
nkhopia tsu;f;f ekf;F fl;rp Njitapy;iy vd;w fUj;ij
,jpy; ftpQu; gjpT nra;J ,Uf;fpwhu;.

nkhopAzu;r;rp:
kzKiwapy; jkpo; ,y;iy. jkpo; NgRtJ ,y;iy. ,we;j
Nghd gpd;G ,we;jtu;fSf;F rlq;F nra;j gpd;G mtu;fSf;F
ehk; rpy rlq;Ffis itj;jpUg;Nghk;. nrhj;J Mtzq;fs;>
,J khjpup mjpYk; gpioNahL jkpo; vOjp itj;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;.
NfhapYf;F nrd;why; fzfzntd;W xyp cz;L. jkpopy;
Nfl;f flTsUk; G+rpLthu; NfhapYf;F Nghdhy; VNjh ke;jpuk;
$Wfpwhd;. tlnkhopapy; me;j xyp kl;Lk;jhd; fdfzntd;W
Nfl;fpwJ. mZ msT $l nkhop czu;r;rp ,y;yhj ehl;by;
,iw czu;r;rp kl;Lk; vg;gb? me;j flTs; Nky; ek;gpf;if
nfhz;ltu;fs; ,JNghy vq;NfANk ,y;iy.jkpo; ,y;iy.
jpUkz tPl;by; ,y;iy. ,we;J Nghd tPl;by; ,y;iy.
Nfhapypy; ,y;iy. ,g;gb nkhop czu;r;rp ,y;yhj tPl;by;
tsu Ntz;Lkh vd;W Nfl;fpwhu;.
ek;Kila jkpo; nkhopapd; xg;gw;w jkpo; nkhop ,e;j
cyfj;jpy; Ntw ve;j nkhopf;Fk; mJ <lhf ,Uf;f KbahJ.
mg;gb xg;gw;w ek;Kila jkpo; nkhopapdhy; jhd; epiwa Ngu;

19
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

ey;y Jzp mzpe;J ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ey;y czT

rhg;gpLfpd;wdu; cau;thd epiyapy; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. me;j ed;wp
,y;yhky; ed;wpapd;wp ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. mjd; tsu;r;rpia
Neuhbahf rpyNgu; me;j jkpiof; nfLf;fpwhu;fs;. rpy Ngu;
,e;j nfhLikfis ePf;fpl me;j ,e;j khjpupahd
nfhLikfis vy;yhk; ePf;fpl ehk; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
jha;nkhopf;F vd;W nrhy;yp ek; capiuf; nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
capiuNaf; nfhLf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;ypl Ntz;Lk;.

vk; jha;nkhopNa! jkpNo!

czu;r;rp nfhz;L ePqf
; s; vOe;J epw;fNtz;Lk;.
mg;nghOJjhd; ek; jkpo;ehL tsu;r;rp milAk; vd;W
$Wfpwhu;. mg;NghJjhd;jkpo; nkhopahy; jhd; cil mzpe;J
,Uf;fpwhd;> jkpo; nkhopahy; jhd; rhg;gpLfpwhd;> jkpo;
nkhopahy; jhd; cau;tilfpwhd;. mijnay;yhk; tpl;Ltpl;L
me;j ed;wp rpwpjsT$l ,y;yhky; rpyu; NeubahfNt jkpopd;
tsu;r;rpiaf; nfLf;fpd;wdu;. rpyu; mLj;j nkhopAld; el;G
itj;Jf;nfhz;L> jkpo; nkhopapy; gpwnkhopiaf; fye;J
tpLfpd;wdh;. ,e;j nfhLikfis vy;yhk; ePf;f ehk; capiuf;
nfhLf;fTk; jahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf ,isQu;fs;
Mfpa ePq;fs; vy;yhUk; jkpo;ehl;Lf;fhuu;fs; Mfpa vy;yhUk;
mg;gbNa czu;r;rp nfhz;L epkpu;e;J vOe;J> mjw;fhf Nghuhl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W ftpQu; $Wfpwhu;.

Nghuhl;l czh;T:
ek;Kila jkpo; nkhopiaf; fhf;fNtz;Lk; vd;why; Nghuhl
Ntz;Lk;. tlnkhop Mjpf;fk; ,e;jp Mjpf;fk; ,njy;yhk;
mjpfkhf te;Js;sJ. mg;NghJjhd; mijnay;yhk; vjpu;j;J
epd;W NghuhLfpw czu;T ekf;Fs; tUk;. jkpiof;
nfhd;Wtpl;L ehk; kl;Lk; tho;fpd;w tho;T mJ ekf;F
Ntz;lNt Ntz;lhk;. jkpio fhg;gjw;F Nghu; nra;tjw;F
Gypfs; khjpup ,isQu;fs; NtZk;. jLkhwp gae;Jnfhz;L
tUfpw vypfs; khjpup ,Uf;fpwtq;f vy;yhk; Ntz;lhk;. jkpo;
fhf;f Nghu; nra;a rpq;fk; khjpupahd Ml;fs; Ntz;Lk;.
jhsk; tpl;Ltpl;L Cisapl;L XykpLfpd;w eupfs; ekf;F
Ntz;lNt Ntz;lhk;. jkpof;; fhf;f Nghu; nra;a khdk;
Ntz;Lk;. jkpofj;jpw;F Nghu; nra;tjw;fhf ekf;F khdk;
Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbg;gl;l ,isQu;fNs! thUq;fs;! jhsKj;J

20
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

eluh[d; Jiz Ntz;Lk;. jhsKj;J eluh[d; ,e;jp vjpu;g;Gg;

Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;L ek;Kila jkpo; nkhopia fhf;fZk;
vd;gjw;fhf Nghuhb capu; tpl;ltu;fs;. ,g;NghJ ,J Nghd;w
,isQu;fs; ek;Kila ehl;Lf;F Njit. ,g;gb ,Ue;jhy;
kl;Lk;jhd; ek;Kila jha;nkhopia tsu;f;f KbAk;. Mf
,g;gbg;gl;l nkhop tsu;r;rp ek;kplj;jpy; Ntz;Lk; vd ftpQu;
rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; vLj;Jiuj;Js;shu;.

5. Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp - Mjpke;jp Gyk;gy; - fz;zjhrd;

ftpauR fz;zjhrd; tho;f;iff; Fwpg;G:
,aw;ngau; - Kj;ijah
Cu; -,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk; rpW$ly;gl;b
ngw;Nwhu; - rhj;jg;gd;> tprhyhl;rp
fhyk; - 1927-1981

fz;zjhrd; Gidg; ngau;

 fhiu Kj;Jg; Gytu;
 tzq;fhKb
 fkfg;gpupah
 ghu;tjpehjd;
 Jg;ghf;fp
 MNuhf;fparhkp

fz;zjhrd; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs;

 ftpauR
 ftpr;rf;utu;j;jp
 Foe;ij kdk; nfhz;l ftpQu;

fz;zjhrd; gilg;Gfs;
 khq;fdp
 Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp
 ftpjhQ;ryp
 nghd;kiy
 mk;gpfh
 moF juprdk;
 gftj; fPij tpsf;fTiu

21
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 mu;j;jKs;s ,e;Jkjk;
 ghupkiyf; nfhb
 re;jpj;Njd; rpe;jpj;Njd;
 mdhu;fyp
 nja;t juprdk;
 ,NaR fhtpak;(,Wjpahf vOjpa fhg;gpak;)
 Ngdh ehl;bak;

fz;zjhrd; elj;jpa ,jo;fs;

 njd;wy;
 fz;zjhrd;
 rz;lkhUjk;
 Ky;iy
 njd;wy;
 jpiu
 fbjk;
 jpUkfs;
 jpiuxsp
 Nkjhtp

fz;zjhrd; Fwpg;G
 jpiug;glj; Jiwapy; Vwj;jho 35 Mz;Lfs; ghly;fs;
vOjpAs;shu;.
 ,tu; filrpahf vOjpa ghly; VRjh]; Fuypy;
mike;j „fz;Nz fiykhNd‟ ghlyhFk;.
 Nryk; khtl;lk; ryfz;lhGuk; (ryq;if) gh.fz;zd;
vd;w ehlf Mrpupaupd; jhrd;.
 1949Mk; Mz;L “fyq;fhjpU kdNk” vd;w ghliy
vOjp> jpiug;glg; ghlyhrpupauhdhu;.
 jpiuAyfpYk; ,yf;fpa cyfpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatu;
fz;zjhrd;.
 ,tu; rpwe;j ftpauq;ff; ftpQuhfTk; Ngr;rhsuhfTk;
jpfo;e;jtu;.
 jd; jpiug;glg; ghly;fs; topahf vspa Kiwapy;
nka;apaiy kf;fspilNa nfhz;L Nru;j;jtu;.

22
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 “Nrukhd; fhjyp” vd;Dk; Gjpdj;jpw;fhf rhfpj;jpa

mfhnjkp tpUJ ngw;wtu;.
,tu; jkpof murpd; muritf; ftpQuhfTk;
rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhu;. fhjy; fdpurk; nrhl;Lk; ftpijfisAk;>
ghly;fisAk; gilj;j ftpauR fz;zjhrd;> fhtpaj; jhapd;
,isa kfdhfTk; fhjw; ngz;fspd; ngUe;jiytdhfTk;
tho;e;jpUf;fpd;whu; vd;why; kpifapy;iy. ftpijfisAk;
ghly;fisAk; jtpu> ,uz;L fhjy; fhtpaq;fisAk; ekf;Fg;
gilj;Jj; je;jpUf;fpwhu;. gok;ghly;fisg; GJf;ftpijahfj;
je;j mtu;> mfehD}w;wpYk; FWe;njhifapYk; Nghw;wpg;
Gfog;gLk; rq;f ,yf;fpa fhjyu;fshd Ml;ldj;jp> Mjpke;jp
MfpNahupd; fhjiyf; fhtpakhfj; je;jpUf;fpwhu;. fz;zjhrd;
mtu;fs; jd; fhtpaq;fspYk; rup> ghly;fspYk; rup fhjw;
jiytpapd; czh;it> vz;zj;ij ftpapd;gk; nrhl;lr;
nrhy;Yk; tpjk; nghpaJ. jiytp jd; epiyiaj; Njhopaplk;
nrhy;yp Mw;Wg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; tpjk; neQ;irg; gpopAk; gb
cs;sJ. mtuJ ftpij E}iyg; gbj;jhy;> jiytpapd;
Nrhfj;ij thu;j;ijfshy; thu;j;jpUf;Fk; tpjk; gbkkhf
epoyhLk;gb mike;Js;sJ.

fhtpup Kd; xU fz;zfp

“fhtpupj; jhiaf; Nfl;Ngd;;”
fz;fspd; ePiuf; fhl;b
Mtpiaj; jUtha; vd;Ngd;!
md;gid ,Oj;Jr; nrd;w
Njtpiaj; njhlu;e;Nj nrd;W
NjLNtd;!fliy kd;dd;
Nktpdd; vd;why; ahDk;
NkTNtd;!" vd;whs; nrd;whs;.
NrhoDk; kfspd; gpd;Nd
njhlu;e;jdd;! tPuu; jhKk;
Nrhoidj; njhlu;e;jhu;! kq;if
JaupNy miye;J tPo;e;j
jhopLk; $e;jy; fhw;wpy;
rJupl ele;jhs;! nghd;dp
Mopia Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk;
mbapidj; njhlu;e;Nj nrd;whs;!
(NtW)

23
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

“nghd;dpg; ngUe;jhNa> Gfo;tsu;j;j fhtpupNa

njd;dtidf; nfhz;L Nru;e;j ,lk; $whNah?
vq;fs; Fykfd;ghy; vOe;Jtpl;l Mirapdhy;
fz;fspNy xd;iwf; ftu;e;J kiwe;jhNah?
ngha;NahL te;j Gd;ikg; GOf;$l;lk;
ifA+l;Lj; je;J ftu;e;Jnryr; nra;jJNth?
tQ;rj;jpy; Mu;e;J trkpoe;j jPkdj;ju;
neQ;rk; mikjpAw NeaideP nfhz;lhNah?

Mjpf;F tha;j;j mofd;ghw; fhjypdhy;

Nkhjpg; ngUfp %o;fitj;Jf; nfhz;lhNah?
Cuhu; mwpahj Xuplj;ijj; Nju;e;njLj;Jr;
rPuhUk; ehafidj; jpUb kiwj;jhNah?
njhl;Lj; jOtpj; NjhNshL Njhs;Nruf;
fl;br; RUl;bf; fiukhw;wpf; nfhz;lhNah?
tQ;rpj;Njd; thl;lKw tQ;rpj;Nj dhs;gtid
tQ;rpj;Njd; eP kiwe;jha;! toq;fptpL vd;jhNa!”
(NtW)
$tpNa ele;j kq;if
nfhjpg;GWk; neQ;ir Mw;w
Nktpa khu;gpd; kPNj
nts;nshspf; iffs; itj;Nj
Mtpiag; gpbg;ghs; Nghd;Nw
mLj;jb njhlu;e;jhs;; fhy;fs;
Nftplj; jto;e;jhs;; Rw;wk;
fpsu;e;jts; gpd;dhy; nry;Yk;.
fPo;j;jpir thdpy; nts;sp
fpsk;gpLk;; fjpNuhd; ehl;il

tho;j;jpl tUthd;; thd

tuk;gpil Mu;thd;; kPz;Lk;
Nkw;wpir gLg;ghd;; me;jp
Nkdpiaf; fhl;Lk;; ghij
Njhw;wpl xspia ey;fj;
Njhd;Wths; epyTg; ngz;Zk;.

,g;gb ,Uehs; nry;y

,d;Kf tbtk; khwf;
ifg;gpb kyuhs; Nkdp

24
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

fdypilr; rUfha;j; jPa

ikg;gpbfz;fs; ntz;ik
khwpl ,jak; kl;Lk;
vg;gb NaDk; ehjd;
,lj;ijahd; fhz;Ng ndd;Dk;!”

Mjpke;jpapd; Gyk;gy;:
fhtpupj; jhaplk; Nfl;Ngd; vd; fztid tpl;L gpupe;J ehd;
mOJ fz;zPu; tpl;l fz;fisf; fhl;b Nfl;Ngd;. vdf;F
Mtpahfpa capuhfpa vd; fztidj; jpUg;gpj; jUkhW
fhtpupj; jhaplk; Nfl;lhs;. vd; fztid ,Oj;Jr; nrd;w
Njtpahfpa fhtpupj; jhia ehd; gpd;njhlu;e;Nj nry;Ntd;.
fhtpupj;jha; flypy; fye;jhYk; ehDk; flypy; nrd;W
NjLNtd; vd;W nrd;whs;.

NrhoDk; kfis gpd;njhlu;jy;:

fupfhyr; NrhoDk; jd; kfisg; gpd; njhlu;e;Nj nry;fpwhu;.
kd;didj; njhlu;e;J mtuJ gilfSk; mtu; gpd;Nd
nry;fpd;wd. Mjpke;jp jiytup Nfhyj;Jld; Ntfkhf ele;J
nry;fpwhs;. mtsJ $e;jy; fhw;wpy; miygha;e;J jpupfpwJ.
nghd;dp ejpahfpa fhtpup flypy; fyf;Fk; topiag;
gpd;njhlu;e;J nry;fpwhs;.

fhtpupj;jhaplk; Nfl;ly;:
nghd;dpj;jhNa Nrho ehl;il tskhf;Fk; fhtpupj;jhNa!
vd;dtidf; nfhz;L nrd;w ,lj;ij $WthNah? vq;fs;
Fyj;jpw;F cupa Ml;ldj;jpapd; kPJ Mir nfhz;L vd;
fz;fspy; xd;iw eP vLj;J kiwj;Jf; nfhz;lhah? ngha;
NgRk; fPohdtu;fs; cdf;F ifA+l;L nfhLj;J vd; fztid
vLj;Jr; nry;y nrhd;dhu;fsh? mtu;fs; neQ;rk; mikjp ngw
eP vd; fztid vLj;Jr; nrd;whNah? Ml;ldj;jpapd; moiff;
fz;L kaq;fp mtd; kPJ Nkhjp mtidj; jOtpf;
nfhz;lhNah? Cu; kf;fs; ahtUk; fhzhj ,lj;jpy; mtid
vLj;Jr; nrd;W kWf;fiuapy; itj;J tpl;lhNah? gQ;rhfpa vd;
kdij tQ;rid nra;ahky; vd; fztidj; jpUg;gpj;
jUthahf vd; jhNa!

25
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Gyk;gpf; nfhz;Nl nry;Yjy;:

Gyk;gpf;nfhz;Nl jd; neQ;rpd; kPJ ifia
itj;Jf;nfhz;L vd; fztid ehd; fz;Lgpbg;Ngd; vd
MWjy; gLj;jpf; nfhz;Nl nry;fpwhs;. ,t;thwhf ele;J
nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwhs;. fhy;fs; jLkhwpa epiyapy; nry;fpwhs;.
mtisg; gpd;njhlu;e;J Nrho kd;dDk; mtuJ gilfSk;
nry;fpd;wd. nts;sp kiwe;J R+upad; cyif tho;j;jpl
tUfpwhd;. mtDk; kiwe;J epyT ngz;Zk;> Mjpke;jpw;F
topfhl;bahf tUfpwhs;. ,t;thwhf ,U ehs;fs; nry;y>
Mjpke;jpapd; Kfk; thba rUF Nghy; Mfptpl;lJ. mtspd;
ikg; G+rpa fz;fs; mOJ Gyk;gpajpy; ntz;ik epwk;
Mfptpl;lJ. Mdhy; mtspd; ,jak; kl;Lk; vg;gb MdhYk;
ehjd; Mfpa fztd; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ij fhz;Ngd; vd;gJ
Mjpke;jpapd; Gyk;gy;fshf mikfpwd.

6. Rujh - JiwKfk; tpdhj;jhs;

tho;f;iff;Fwpg;G:
,aw;ngau; - ,uhrNfhghyd;
Cu; - jQ;ir khtl;lk; gioaD}u;
ngw;Nwhu; - jpUNtq;flk;> rz;gfk; mk;ikahu;
gpwe;j ehs; - 23.11.1921

,yf;fzk; fw;wJ - rPu;fhop mUzhry Njrpfu;

Rujhtpd; rpwg;G ngau;fs;
 ctikf; ftpQu; (n[frpw;gpad;)
 ftpQu; jpyfk; (Nryk; ftpQu; kd;wk;)
 jd;khdf; ftpQu; (%Nte;ju; Kj;jkpo; kd;wk;)
 fiykhkzp (jkpof ,aypir ehlf kd;wk;)
 ftpkd;du; (fiyQu; fUzhepjp)

Rujh vOjpa E}y;fs;:

 Njd;kio (ftpijj; njhFjp> jkpo; tsu;r;rp fofg;
gupR)
 JiwKfk; (ghly; njhFg;G> 1976)
 rpupg;gpd; epoy; (Kjy; ftpij)
 rpf;fdk;
 RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk; (ghly; njhFg;G> 1974)

26
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 mKJk; NjDk; 1983

 ghujpjhrd; guk;giu
 tpdhf;fSk; Rujhtpd; tpilfSk;
 nea;jy; ePu;
 cjl;by; cjL
 vr;rpy; ,uT
 vg;NghJk; ,Ug;gtu;fs;
 fiyQiug; gw;wp ctikf; ftpQu;
 rhtpd; Kj;jk; (Kjy; E}y;)
 rpwe;j nrhw;nghopTfs;

Rujhtpd; ftpijfs;:
 RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk;
 nrhd;dhu;fs;
 jkpo;r; nrhy;yhf;fk;
 njhlhj thypgk;
 neQ;rpy; epWj;Jq;fs;
 gl;lj;jurp
 ghNte;jupd; fhsNkfk;
 Gfo;khiy
 kq;ifau;f;furp
 Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;
 thu;j;ij thry;
 ntl;l ntspr;rk;
 JiwKfk;

fl;Liu
 Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;

,jo;
 fhtpak; (Kjy; ftpij ,jo;> thu ,jo;)
 ,yf;fpak; (khj ,jo;)
 Cu;tyk; (khj ,jo;)
 Rujh (khj ,jo;)
 tpz;kPd; (khj ,jo;)

27
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Fwpg;G
ghujpjhrDf;F jhrdhf tpsq;fpajhy; “Rg;Guj;jpdjhrd;”
vd;gij “Rujh” vd khw;wpf;nfhz;lhu;.

rpwg;G
 jkpof murpd; Kjy; ghNte;ju; epidTg; gupR ngw;wtu;
 t.uh (t.uhkrhkp) kw;nwhU ghujp gpwe;J tpl;lhd;
vd;whh;.

tpdhj;jhs;
“nts;isj; jhnsy;yhk; ntWk;jhs;! ehNdh>
Mj;jhs; ,d;wpNa gpwe;j tpdhj;jhs;!

fhyhz;Lf; nfhUKiw> miuahz;Lf;F nfhUKiw>

Mz;bd; ,Wjpahk; mg;Ngh njhUKiw>
khztu; jk;ikjhd; re;jpf;f tUNtd;.

thntd; wiog;gjhy; gs;spf;F tUfpNwd;>

Nfnsd;W nrhy;tjhy; Nfs;tp Nfl;fpNwd;.

ghlj;ij xOq;fha;g; gbf;fhj khztd;

vd;idf; fz;lJk; vupr;r yilfpwhd;.
vd;idf; fpopj;Nj vupaTk; epidf;fpwhd;.

vd;id ntWg;gjhy; vdf;nfd;d el;lk;!

fpopj;njd;id vwptjhy; fpilf;FNkh gl;lk;!

cz;b nfhLj;Jk; ciwtplk; je;Jk;>

,ytrf; fy;tpf; Nfw;ghL nra;Jk;>
gbAq;fs; vd;Wehk; gyKiw nrhy;fpNwhk;.

mbAq;fs; vd;why; mbf;fpd; whu;fNs>

gbAq;fs; vd;why; gbf;fpd; whu;fsh?

ntz;nza;f; fl;bAk;> rPdpAk; Cl;lyhk;.

tpOq;fh jpUe;jhy; ehnkd;d nra;ayhk;.
,g;gb ,Ue;jhy; ,dptUk; cyfk;
vg;gb kjpf;Fk; ,tu;fis? xUtd;
gOjpyhf; fy;tpg; gapw;rp ngwhtpby;
vOtha; gadpiy vd;W nrhy;YNk!”

28
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

tpsf;fk;:
tpdhj;jhNs> tpilNaJ vdf;F:
nts;isf; fhfpjq;fs; midj;Jk; vJTk; vOjg;glhj
ntw;Wf; fhfpjq;fNs. tpdhj;jhs; Mfpa ehNdh jha; je;ijau;
,y;yhky; gpwe;Njd;. fhyhz;Lj; Nju;Tf;F xUKiw>
miuahz;Lj; Nju;Tf;F xU Kiw> Mz;bd; ,Wjpapy; xU
Kiw vd khztiu re;jpf;f ehd; tUfpNwd;. gs;spapy;
cs;stu;fs; vd;id th vd;W miog;gjhy; ehd; gs;spf;Fk;
tUfpNwd;. Nfs;vd;W nrhy;tjhy; ehd; Nfs;tpahff;
Nfl;fpNwd;. fhyj;ijr; rupahfg; gad;gLj;jp ghlj;ij
Kiwahfg; gbf;fhj khztd; vd;idf; fz;lJk; vupr;ry;
milfpwhd;. me;jf; Nfhgj;jpy; vd;idf; fpopj;J vwpaTk;
epidf;fpwhd;. mg;gb me;j khztd; vd;id ntWg;gjhy;
vdf;F vd;d e\;lk;? mtd; vd;idf; fpopj;J vwpe;jhy;
mtDf;F gl;lk; fpilf;Fkh? czT nfhLj;Jk;> ,Uf;f ,lk;
nfhLj;Jk;> ,ytrkhf fy;tpf;F Vw;ghL nra;Jk;
khztu;fisg; gbAq;fs; vd;W ehk; gyKiw nrhy;fpNwhk;.
“gOjpyhf; fy;tpg; gapw;rp ngwhtpby;
vOtha; gadpiy vd;W nrhy;YNk!”
mbAq;fs; vd;why; mbf;fpd;whu;fNs! mJNt me;j
khztu;fis ehk; gbAq;fs; vd;W nrhd;dhy; Vd; gbf;f
khl;Nld; vd;fpwhu;fs;? ntz;iziaAk; ru;f;fiuiaAk;
Cl;lyhk;. Mdhy; mtu;fs; tpOq;fhj ,Ue;jhy; ehk; vd;d
nra;a KbAk;. ,g;gb nghWg;gw;w epiyapy; ,Ue;jhy; tUk;
fhyj;jpy; cs;s rKjhak; ,e;j khztu;fis vg;gb kjpf;Fk?;
mtd; Kiwahf fy;tp fw;ftpy;iy vdpy; mtDila
tho;f;ifAk; gad; ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpLk; vd;gij czu
Ntz;Lk; vd tpdhj;jhs; vLj;Jiug;gjhf mike;Js;sJ.

7. jkpo; xsp - fly;

Mrpupah; Fwpg;G:
 jkpo;xsp ,aw;ngau;: tp[auq;fk;> gpwg;G: 21 nrg;lk;gu;
1924> ,wg;G 29 khu;r;R 1965) Ch;: GJitapy; gpwe;j
jkpo;f; ftpQu; Mthu;.
 ghujpahupd; topj; Njhd;wyhfTk; ghujpjhrdpd;
khztuhfTk; tpsq;fp ftpijfisg; gilj;jtu;.

29
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 ftpijfs; kl;Lky;yhJ fijfs;> fl;Liufs;>

,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tfs;> Nkil ehlfq;fs;> Foe;ijg;
ghly;fs; vdg; gy ,aw;wpatu;.
 jpuhtplu; fofj; njhz;luhf ,Ue;J gpw;fhyj;jpy;
nghJTilikj; Njhouhf tsu;e;jtu;.

Gidg; ngau;fSk; ,jo;fSk;:

jkpo; xsp> tp[auq;fk;> tp[ad;> rp.tp.u vd;gd mtUila
Gidg; ngau;fs; MFk;. Kd;dzp> GJik ,yf;fpak;> rhl;il
Nghd;w ,jo;fspy; gzpahw;wpdhu;. rdAfk; vd;Dk; jpq;fs;
,jioj; jk; nrhe;j Kaw;rpapy; elj;jp khu;f;fpaf;
fUj;Jfisg; gug;gpdhu;. khztg; gUtj;jpy; jpuhtpl ehL>
FbauR> GJtho;T Mfpa jpuhtpl ,jo;fspYk; ftpijfis
vOjpdhu;.

vOjpa fhtpaq;fSk; E}y;fSk;:

 ftpQdpd; fhjy;
 epiy ngw;w rpiy
 tPuhap
 Nk jpd Nuhrh
 tpjpNah tPizNah
 fz;zg;gd; fpspfs;
 Gj;ju; gpwe;jhu; (Kw;Wg; ngwhj fhtpak;)
 Nfhryf; Fkhup
 khjtpf; fhtpak;
 rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhtpakh ehlfkh
 jpUf;FwSk; flTSk;
 jkpou; rKjhak;

kPdf
; s; (fly;)
“thd;fly; Njhd;wpLk; Kj;Jf;fNsh-Vio
thOk; Fbirapd; nghj;jy;fNsh?
khepy kPjpy; ciog;g tu;fs;-cly;
tha;e;j jOk;Gf Nshmitfs;?

nre;jkpo; ehl;bdu; fz;fnsy;yhk;-mq;Fr;

Nru;e;J Jbj;Jf; fple;jdNth?

30
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

nrhe;j cupik ,oe;jpUf;Fk;-ngz;fs;

Nrhf czu;r;rpr; rpjwy;fNsh?
,untDk; tWikapd; fe;jy;cil-jdpy;
vz;zw;w fz;fNsh tpz;kPdf ; s;?
mUe;jf;$ opd;wpNa thLgtu;-fz;zPu;
mUtpj; JspfNsh thd;Fd;wpNy?
fhyk; vOJk; vOj;Jf;fNsh-gpr;irf;
fhuu; ,jaj;jpd; tpk;ky;fNsh?
ePyf; fz;zhbapd; Nfhl;ilapNy-kpd;dy;
nespit ,iwj;jpl;l mw;GjNkh?
nta;apy; murhq;fk; thl;bbDk;-,Us;
Ntypfl;b apq;F itj;jpbDk;
ngha;apy; njhopyhsu; vz;znkyhk;-mq;Fg;
nghq;fpf; FKwp ,iwj;jdNth? ”

tpsf;fk; :
thdk; vd;Dk; flypy; Njhd;wpLk; Kj;Jf;fNsh? Viofs;
thOk; Fbirapd; Xl;ilfNsh? ,e;j khepyj;jpy; ciof;Fk;
kf;fspd; jOk;GfNsh? nre;jkpo; ehl;by; thOk; kf;fs;
midtUf;Fk; Nru;e;Jj; Jbf;Fk; fz;fNsh? nrhj;Jupik
,oe;J epw;Fk; ngz;fs; midtUf;Fk; Nrhfkhfj; Jbf;Fk;
rpjwy;fNsh? ,uT vd;Dk; tWikapd; fhuzkhf fe;jy; cil
fpope;j cilfspy; fhzg;gLk; vz;zw;w fz;fs; tpz;kPd;
fz;fNsh? vd kPdf ; Sld; xg;gpLfp;whu;. NkYk; tUe;jp mOk;
fz;fspy; mUikahf ngUf;nfLf;Fk; JspfNsh? thdj;jpy;
fhyk; vOJk; vOj;Jf;fNsh? gpr;irf;fhuu;fspd; ,jaj;jpy;
vJTk; fpilf;ftpy;iyNa vd;w Vf;fj;jpd; kyu;fNsh?
ePyf;fz;zhbahf cs;s fly; vd;Dk; khngUk; Nfhl;ilapy;
kpd;dy;fshf nespe;jpLk; mw;GjNkh? vd;d vd;d…
“nta;apy; murhq;fk; thl;bbDk;-,Us;
Ntypfl;b apq;F itj;jpbDk;
ngha;apy; njhopyhsu; vz;znkyhk;-mq;Fg;
nghq;fpf; FKwp ,iwj;jdNth? ”
murhq;fj;jpd; nray;ghLfshy; jPtpu ntapypy; ghbdhYk;>
,Us; vd;Dk; Ntyp fl;b itj;jpUe;jhYk;> kPidg; gw;wpa
njhopyhsu;fspd; vz;zk; vy;yhk; rpjwpg; Nghtijg; Nghy;
kPdf
; s; rpjwpf; fplf;fpd;wd vd;fpwhu;.

31
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

myF - 2
GJf;ftpij

1. tPl;Lf;nfhU kuk; tsu;g;Nghk; - mg;Jy; uFkhd;

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:
Mrphpah; : mg;Jy; uFkhd;
gpwg;G : etk;gu; 9> 1937
,wg;G : #d; 2> 2017)>
Ch; : jkpo;ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jth;
gzp : ftpQUk;> jkpo;g;NguhrpupaUk; Mthu;.
rpwg;gngah; : ftpf;Nfh
gpwg;G : mg;Jy; uFkhd; kJiuapy; itif Mw;wpd;
njd;fiuapy; 1937 etk;gu; 2Mk; ehs; cUJf; ftpQu; k`p
vd;Dk; iraj; m`kj; ][dj; Ngfk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;.
 “thdk;ghb” ,af;ff; ftpQu;fNshL ,ize;jpaq;fpatu;.
 mtu; ghy;tPjp vd;w ftpijj; njhFjp %yk; jk;ik
xU Nrhjidg; gilg;ghspahf ,dq;fhl;bf; nfhz;lhu;.
 mj;njhFjp ntspte;jNghJ ftpijia Neubahfj;
juhky; ctikfs;> cUtfq;fs;> gbkq;fs;> FwpaPLfs;
Mfpatw;wpd; top ntspaPl;L Kiwia
mikj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;.
 jkpopy; ftpijf; FwpaPLfs; Fwpj;J Muha;e;J Kidtu;
gl;lk; ngw;wtu;.
 jkpopy; i`f;$> f[y; Mfpa gpwnkhop ,yf;fpaq;fis
Kide;jjpYk; gug;gpajpYk; ,tu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;
Mthu;.
 1960f;F gpd; ftpij cyFf;F te;j ,tu; ftpauq;ff;
ftpijfshYk; rpwg;gile;Js;shu;.
 thzpak;ghb ,];yhkpaf; fy;Y}upapy; jkpo;g;
Nguhrpupauhfg; gzp Gupe;jtu;.
 mwpTkjp cs;spl;l ,se;jiyKiw ftpQu;fSf;F
Mrhdhf tpsq;fpdhu;.
 Myhgid ftpijj; njhFg;Gf;fhf rhfpj;jp;a mfhlkp
tpUJ ngw;wtu;.

32
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

ftpijfs; :
 ghy;tPjp
 nrhe;jr; rpiwfs;
 Myhgid
 gpj;jd;
 tpijNghy; tpOe;jtd;
 Kj;jkpopd; Kfthp
 ghiy epyh
 gwitapd; ghij

fl;Liufs; :
 Neah; tpUg;gk;
 mtSf;F epyh vd;W ngah;
 Kl;ilthrpfs;
 kuzk; Kw;Wg; Gs;sp my;y
 tpyq;Ffs; ,y;yhj ftpij
 vk;nkhop nrk;nkhop
 G+f;fhyk;
 ,J rpwFfspd; Neuk;

tpUJfs;:
 1989 – jkpod;id tpUJ – jQ;irj; jkpo;g;
gy;fiyf;fofk;
 1989 – ghujpjhrd; tUJ – jkpof muR
 1999 – Myhgid – rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp tpUJ
 2007 – fk;gh; tpUJ – fk;gd; fofk;

tPl;Lf;nfhU kuk;
“tsu;f;f Ntz;banjy;yhk; tsu;j;jhfptpl;lJ
kuk; jhd; ghf;fp
kuk; tsUq;f!
fhl;by; tsu;e;jijnay;yhk;
mtu;fs; rhg;gpl;Ltpl;lhu;fs;
vdNt ,dp tPl;by; tsUq;f!
tPNl ,y;iyNa vd;fpwPu;fsh?

33
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

mg;gbnad;why; mtrpak; kuk; tsUq;f!

mjdbapNyNa FbapUf;fyhk;!
gps;isfis tsu;j;jhy; NrhW Nfl;ghu;fs;> Ntiy Nfl;ghu;fs;
vdNt kuNk tsUq;f!
tPl;Lf;nfhU Mz;kfd; tsu;e;jhy; Nghuhl tUthd;
,J mfpk;ir ehL
vdNt kuk; tsUq;f!
tpau;it rpe;jp> ,uj;jk; rpe;jp mtu;fis tsu;j;jPq;f
mtu;fs; fhl;by; kio nga;fpwJ!.
ePqf
; s; fha;e;J NghdPu;fs;!
mtu;fSf;F thq;Fk; fuq;fs;!
kuq;fs; nfhLf;Fk; fuq;fs;!
mtu;fs; ntapiyj; jUgtu;fs;|
kuq;fs; epoiyf; nfhLg;git|
vdNt ,dpahtJ kuq;fis tsUq;f!
vd;iwf;fhtJ xUehs; cq;fSf;Fr; #Lnrhuiz te;jhy;
jbfs; nra;ayhk;!
mjdhy;jhd; nrhy;fpNwd; kuq;fis tsUq;f!”
- ftpf;Nfh mg;Jy; uFkhd;

tpsf;fk; :
kdpju;fshfpa ehk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; tsu;f;fpNwhk;. Mdhy;
ehk; tsu;f;fhky; tpl;Ltpl;lJ kuk; kl;Lk;jhd;. ,dp mij ehk;
tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu; ftpQu; mg;Jy; uFkhd;. kuk;
fhl;by; tsuf;$baJ. fhl;by; tsu;e;j kuj;ijnay;yhk;
kdpju;fs; mopj;Jtpl;lhu;fs;. mjdhy; ehk; ,dp kuq;fis
tPl;by; tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu; ftpQu;. kuq;fis tPl;by;
tsu;f;fyhk;jhd;. Mdhy;> ,q;Fg; gyUf;F tPNl ,y;iy..
mg;gbnadpy; kuq;fis vq;F tsu;g;gJ? tPNl ,y;yhjtufs;
kuq;fis tsu;j;J> mjd; mbapy; FbapUf;fyhk; vd;whu;
ftpQu;.
,y;iyNa vd;fpu{fsh?
mg;gbnad;why; mtrpak; kuk; tsUq;f!
mjdbapNyNa FbapUf;fyhk;!
kdpju;fNs! ePq;fs; gps;isfis tsu;j;jhy; mtu;fs;
cq;fsplk; NrhWk;> NtiyAk; Nfl;ghu;fs;. mjdhy; ePq;fs;
kuk; tsUq;fs;. kuk; tsu;j;jhy; mjd; topahfNt
cq;fSf;Fr; NrhWk; NtiyAk; fpilj;JtpLk;. gps;isfshy;

34
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

cq;fSf;F vd;d fpilj;Jtplg; NghfpwJ? tPl;Lf;F

Mz;kfid tsu;j;jhy; mtd; Nghuhl tUthd;. Mdhy;>
,e;jpahNth mfpk;ir ehL. mjdhy; ,q;Fg; Nghuhl;lf;fhuu;fs;
Njitapy;iy. mjdhy; kuq;fis tsu;f;fyhk; vd;fpwhu;
ftpQu;.
mtu;fSf;F thq;Fk; fuq;fs;!
kuq;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; fuq;fs;!
tpau;itAk; ,uj;jKk; rpe;jp gps;isfis tsu;j;J ePqf
; s;
mtu;fshy; vd;d ed;ikiaj;jhd; mile;jPu;fs;? gps;isfs;
vijAk; thq;Fthu;fs;. kuq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; nfhLf;Fk;.
gps;isfs; cq;fSf;F ntk;ikiaAk; nta;apiyAk;
jUthu;fs;. kuq;fs; cq;fSf;Ff; FSikiaAk; epoiyAk;
jUk;. ,t;thW ftpQu; gps;isfisAk; kuq;fisAk; xg;gpl;Lk;
NtWgLj;jpAk; $wpAs;shu;. ,e;jf; ftpijapd; topahf
kuq;fis tsu;g;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ciuj;Js;shu;.

2.nrd;hpA+ ftpijfs; - <NuhL jkpod;gd;

Mrphpah;: <NuhL jkpod;gd;
gpwg;G : nrg;lk;gh; 28.1993
Ch; : <NuhL khtl;lk; nrd;dpkiy
ngw;Nwhh;fs; : nr.,uh.eluhrd; - ts;spak;khs;>
tpUJfs; : “tzf;fk; ts;St” vd;Dk; ftpijj;
njhFg;gpw;fhf rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp tpUij 2004Mk; Mz;by;
ngw;whh;.
rpwg;Gfs; : Mrphpah;> kuGf; ftpQh;> ftpauq;ff; ftpQh;>
GJf;ftpijf; ftpQh;> rpWfij Mrphpah;> Gjpd Mrphpah;> ehlf
Mrphpah;> rpwhh; ,yf;fpa gilg;ghsp> tho;f;if tuyhw;whrphpah;>
jpwdha;thsh;> fl;Liuahsh;> Xtpah;> nrhw;nghopthsh;> jpiug;gl
,af;Feh;> jpiug;gl ghlyhrphpah; vdg; gd;Kfj;jd;ik
nfhz;lth;.
 nrd;idj; njhiyf;fhl;rp epiyaj;jpy; nra;jp
thrpg;ghsuhf gzpahw;wpath;.
 jkpo;ehL murpd; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlf kd;wj;jpd;
eph;thff; FO cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhh;.
 jkpo;ehL murpd; jkpo; kd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpduhfTk;
gzpahw;wp cs;shh;.

35
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

ftpij E}y;fs;:
 Njhzp tUfpwJ
 tpbay; tpOJfs;
 jPTfs; fiuNaWfpd;wd
 epyh tUk; Neuk;
 fz;Zf;F ntspNa rpy fdhf;fs;
 vd; tPl;bw;F vjpNu Xh; vUf;fQ; nrb
 fUtiuapy; ,Ue;J xU Fuy;
 ehkpUf;Fk; ehL
 fpof;Fr; rhsuk;
 gdp nga;Ak; gfy;
 ,d;Dk; rpy tpdhf;fs;
 khw;W kdpjk;
 Gj;jfk; vd;gJ
 Kfnkhop 100
 Cik ntapy;

tpUJfs;:
 1999 – jkpof muR ey;fpa fiykhkzp tpUJ.
 2001 – jkpof muR mspj;j Fws; gPl tpUJ.
 2004 – Nryk; jkpo;r; rq;fk; toq;fpa jkpo; thifr;
nrk;ky; tPJ.
 2004 – rpw;gp ,yf;fpa tpUJ.
 2011 – ftpf;Nfh tpUJ.
 2020 – cyfj; jkpo; i`f;$ kd;wk; toq;fpa ghN\h
tpUJ.
 2022 – tlmnkhpf;f jkpo; rq;fk; toq;fpa cyfj;jkpo;
gPl tpUJ.
 2022 – fdlhtpd; nlhuhz;Nlh gy;fiyf;fofk;
toq;fpa ehtyh; tUJ.

“XU tz;b nrd;upA+”

njhFjpjhd;
Kbthftpy;iy.
Njhy;tp Kbthfptpl;lJ.

36
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

gzk; vijAk; nra;Ak;

njupe;jtu;fs;
gzk; nra;jhu;fs;.

Mapuk; NgNuhL
Ntl;G kDj;jhf;fy;.
Ik;gJ thf;Ffs;.

rl;lk; xOq;iff;
fhg;ghw;w Kbatpy;iy
rl;lrigapy;.

Fbj;jtd;
FlYf;Fs;Sk;
kaq;ftpy;iy kJ.

fpspj;Njhg;gpy;
fl;rpf;$l;lk;.
NgRtij epWj;jp tpl;ld fpspfs;.

rz;ilf;Nfhop
ntd;whYk; Njhw;whYk;
gpupahzp

grhup ifapy; fl;rp.

ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhu;
flTs;.

tpilfs; Nfl;l tpdh

khztNd
Nju;e;J tpLthah?

xypngUf;fp
Nrhjid Kbe;jJk;
Ngr;rhsu; Nrhjid.

mjpfhup gpwe;jehs;.
tPL KOf;f
yQ;r myq;fhuk;.

37
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

FUf;fshfptpl;l flTs;
kWgbAk; flTshftpy;iy
jl;L epiwaf; fhzpf;if.

jLf;fp tpl;lJk;
cile;J cjpu;e;jhu;
ghlk; ghlkha;

Kjyhsp rkhjpNky;
Kl;bf; nfhz;lOjhd;
rk;gsg; ghf;fp

kfd; itj;j kPjp kJ

Fbj;j je;ij jpl;bdhu;
nghWg;gpy;yhj igay;.

mf;fh gq;ifAk; jpd;wts;

Nrhlh thq;fg; Nghdhs;
mk;khTf;F.

kioehs; ftiy
fhshd;fis vz;Ztjh?
fl;rpfis vz;Ztjh?

vy;Nyhu; tPl;bYk;
,uty; Fok;G Nfl;fpwhs;
fhzhky; NghdJ Nfhop.

Kjy; ehspNyNa
Mrpupaupd; gpuk;igf; Nfl;L
mlk; gplj;jJ Foe;ij.

rpiyf;F ntspNa Ngha;te;j

flTs; epiyaha; epd;whu;
rpiyiaf; fhNzhk;.

Ml;rp Kbe;j mikr;ru;

mwpf;if........
,dp ehl;Lf;F ciog;Ngd;.

38
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

fOij
fw;Guthrk; njupe;Jk;
fOij.

cWkPd; Xl
XLk; kPd; ghu;j;jpUf;Fk;
kf;F

Gul;rp khehL
thUq;fs; thUq;fs;
Nfhop gpupahzp.

Nju;T gak;
,uT KOf;fg; gbj;jhd;
fe;j r\;b ftrk;.

G+th? jiyah?
G+f; Nfl;fpwhs;
tpjit.

'md;idAk; gpjhTk;...'
gbj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ
mdhijf;Foe;ij.

NgrhjPu;fs;
Ngrtpy;iy MrpupaUk;
ele;jJ ghlk;.

mk;kh!
,e;jg; ghg;ghit tpw;Wtpl;L
NtW nghk;ik thq;fyhk;.

nghk;ikf;Fg; grp
rhg;gpltpy;iy
Foe;ij.

39
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

tpsf;fk;
nrd;upA+tpd; jdpj;jd;ikfshd mq;fjk;> eifr;Rit>
Ntbf;if. cz;ikia ciuj;jy;> tpLfij> nghd;nkhop
Mfpaj; jdpj;jd;ikfs; <NuhL jkpod;gdpd; “xU tz;b
nrd;upA+” E}ypy; ntspg;gLk; jd;ikapidg; gw;wp ,e;jf;
fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

jkpopy; i`f;$Tk; nrd;upA+Tk;

jkpopy; nrd;upA+ ftpijapd; cs;slf;fk; Fwpj;J rupahd
Gupjy; mw;w epiy fhzg;gLfpwJ. gy nrd;upA+ ftpijfs;
i`f;$ vd;W miof;fg;gLk; epiy njhlu;e;J
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. i`f;$Tk; nrd;upA+Tk; tbt mstpy;
xd;whf Njhd;wpdhYk; fUj;jstpy; ,uz;Lk; ntt;Ntwhdit.
kdpj elj;ijfisAk; r%fj;jpy; elf;Fk; mtyq;fisAk;
rpf;fy;fisAk; mbg;gilahf nfhz;L gilf;fg;gLtJ
nrd;upA+. i`f;$tpd; nrd; jj;Jtk;> Gupjy; mw;w jd;ik
thu;j;ijfs; Nju;e;njLg;G Mfpa ,Wf;fkhd fl;Lg;ghLfisf;
nfhz;lJ. nrd;upA+ vt;tpjkhd fl;LghLfSk; ,d;wp Rje;jpu
nray;ghl;bid cilaJ. nrd;upA+tpd; ,j;jifa jd;ikNa
nrd;upA+ gpw ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J NtWglf; fhuzkhfpd;wJ.

mq;fjk;
mq;fjk; vd;gJ eifr;RitAk; fUj;J tsKk; ,yf;fpa
tbtk;. rKjhaj;jpy; epfOk; epfo;Tfis Neubahf my;yJ
kiwKfkhf vLj;Jiug;gJ MFk;. jkpod;gdpd;>
“FUf;fshfptpl;l flTs;
kWgbAk; flTshftpy;iy
jl;L epiwaf; fhzpf;if"
vd;Dk; ftpij mike;Js;sijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,d;W
flTSf;F nrYj;jg;gLk; fhzpf;ifia tpl FUf;fspd; jl;by;
epiwAk; fhzpf;ifNa mjpfk; vd;gij kiwKfkhfTk; mNj
Neuk; rpwpJ eifj;Njhd;wTk; ,f;ftpijapy;
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vg;nghOJk; ghlk; elj;JtJ
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l Mrpupau;fs; khztu;fs; eydpy; kpFe;j
mf;fiw cilatu;fshf jpfo;fpd;wdu;. mtu;fs;
khztu;fSf;F rpwg;ghd fy;tpiaAk; rKjhaj;ijg; gw;wpa
GupjiyAk; cUthf;Fgtu;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wdu;. mg;gbg;gl;l
Mrpupau;fs;

40
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

“jLf;fp tpl;lJk;
Mrpupau; cile;J cjpu;e;jhu;
ghlk; ghlkha;”
mq;fjj; jd;ikAld; ,f;ftpij ntspg;gLj;Jtij
fhzKbfpwJ.

eifr;Ritj; jd;ik
nrd;upA+tpw;Nf cupa Kjd;ik jd;ik eifr;RitahFk;.
rKjha eyd;fis Kjd;ikg;gLj;jp kdpj elj;ijfis
eifr;Rit fye;j fUj;Jf;fSld; nrd;upA+ ftpijfs;
gilf;fg;gLfpd;wd. eifr;Rit jd;ikAila ftpijfisg;
gilj;jy; vd;gJ xU fiy.

ftpQd; thrfdpd; eifr;Rit

czu;tpid J}z;Ltjpy; ntw;wp ngWtJ vd;gJ
mtDila rpe;jid kw;Wk; gilg;ghf;f epiyapid rhu;e;jJ.
<NuhL jkpod;gdpd; nrd;upA+ ftpijfs; ngUksTeifr;Rit
gag;gjhfNt gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. %d;W tupfspy; nrwpthd
fUj;Jf;fisAk; mNj Neuk; eifr;RitAk; Njhd;WkhW
$WtJ nrd;upA+ ftpijapy; kl;LNk rhj;jpak;. ,jid>
“Kjyhsp rkhjpNky;
Kl;bf; nfhz;lOjhd;
rk;gsg; ghf;fp”
ftpij top mwpaKbfpd;wJ. Kjyhsp rkhjp Nky; Kl;bf;
nfhz;lOjhd; vd;Dk; tupfspy; Kjyhspapd; kPJs;s
gw;wpdhy; mOfpd;whd; vd;Dk; vz;zk; Njhd;WkhWk; ,Wjp
tupapy; rk;gsghf;fp vd;W eifr;Rit Njhd;Wk; tifapYk;
Mrpupau; Kbj;Js;shu;. FLk;gj;jpy; nghWg;gpy;yhj je;ijapdhy;
nghWg;gpy;yhj kfd;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. je;ij vd;gtu;
njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj kfidf; fz;bj;J tsu;g;gJ mtrpak;.
kfid ed;ndwp gLj;JtJjhd; je;ijapd; Kjy; flikahf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;
“kfd; itj;j kPjp kJ
Fbj;j je;ij jpl;bdhu;
nghWg;gpy;yhj igay;”
ftpijahdJ nghWg;gpy;yhj je;ijapd; nray;ghLfs; gw;wp
eifr;RitAld; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. cly; eyKld; ,Uf;f
ruptpfpj czT Kiwapidf; filgpbj;jy; mtrpakhFk;. jk;

41
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

tpUg;gg;gbNa fpilf;ff;$ba midj;ijAk; cz;Ztjhy; gy

cghijfis cly; Vw;f Ntz;ba epiy tUk;. ,jid>
“mf;fh gq;ifAk; jpd;wts;
Nrhlh thq;fg; Nghdhs;
mk;khTf;F”
eifg;G jd;ikAld; ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf ,r;nrd;upA+.
ftpij gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tpLfij Nghd;wJ
tpLfij vd;gJ tpLtpf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ. Kiw Ntz;ba
fijNa nghUspdpd;Wk; tpLtpf;fg;gl tpLfijahFk;. ehl;by;
ehSf;F ehs; fl;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if ngUfpf; nfhz;Nl
NghfpwJ. CUf;F xU fl;rp vd;W ,Ue;jJ Ngha; njUtpw;F
xU fl;rp vd;whfptpl;lJ. ,jid>
“kioehs; ftiy
fhshd;fis vz;Ztjh?
fl;rpfis vz;Ztjh?”
vd;W tpLfijg;Nghf;fpy; ftpQu; ,f;ftpijapid
gilj;Js;shu;.

Ntbf;ifj; jd;ik
nrd;upA+ ftpijfspd; jdpj;jd;ikfspy; Ntbf;ifAk;
,d;wpaikahj xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. jkpo;f; ftpQu;fs;
Ntbf;ifahd rk;gtq;fis nrd;upA+ ftpijapd; ghLnghUshf
eifr;Rit czu;TlDk; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;LkhWk;
gilj;Js;sdu;. ,j;jifa Ntbf;ifj; jd;ikia czu;j;Jk;
tifapy;>
“vy;Nyhu; tPl;bYk;
,uty; Fok;G Nfl;fpwhs;
fhzhky; NghdJ Nfhop”
vd;Dk; <NuhL jkpod;gdpd; ftpij mike;Js;sijf; fhz
Kbf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tupfs; kdpjdplk; cs;s jPa Fzkhfpa
jpUl;Lj;jdj;ijAk; mj;jpUl;il fz;lwpa Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
Kaw;rpapy; cs;s Ntbf;if jd;ikiaAk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
Foe;ijfs; nra;Ak; rpd;dr; rpd;d FWk;Gj; jdq;fis
rpf;fhjtu;fs; ahUkpy;iy. mg;gb urpg;gpw;Fupa
mf;Foe;ijfspd; FWk;Gfisf; ftpijapy; GFj;Jk; NghJ
mf;ftpij ,d;Dk; mofhfpd;wJ. ,jidNa>

42
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

“Kjy; ehspNyNa
Mrpupaupd; gpuk;igf; Nfl;L
mlk; gplj;jJ Foe;ij”
vd;Dk; ,f;ftpij czu;j;Jfpd;wJ. kpfTk; Ntbf;ifj;
jd;ikAilajhfTk; ,f;ftpij gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gs;spf;Fr;
nry;Yk; Foe;ijapd; Ntbf;ifahd nraypidAk; Mrpupaupd;
gpuk;ghy; jhd; tUq;fhyj;jpy; cijf;fg;glg; NghfpNwhk;
vd;gij czuhj Foe;ijapd; kdepiyapidAk; ,f;ftpij
tupfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

cz;ikia ciuj;jy;
nrd;upA+ cz;ik epfo;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
gilf;fg;gLk; ,yf;fpakhFk;. kdpj elj;ijfisAk; r%f
mtyq;fisAk; ghLnghUshff; nfhz;lJ. NkYk;> nrd;upA+
ftpij fw;gidf;Nfh tu;zidf;Nfh ,lk; juhky; $wte;j
nra;jpiag; nghl;by; miwe;jhu; Nghy; vLj;Jf;$Wk; jd;ik
nfhz;lJ. ,jid czu;j;Jk; tifapy; <NuhL jkpod;gdpd;
“rpiyf;F ntspNa Ngha;te;j
flTs; epiyaha; epd;whu;
rpiyiaf; fhNzhk;”
vd;Dk; ftpij tupfs; mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
r%fj;jpy; nfhiy> nfhs;is Nghd;w rk;gtq;fs; ngUfp
tUfpd;wd vd;gijAk; ,d;iwa #oypy; kdpju;fisf; fhf;f
Ntz;ba flTSf;Nf ,q;Fg; ghJfhg;G ,y;iy vd;gijAk;
,f;ftpij tupfs; vLj;Jiug;gjhf mike;Js;sJ. r%fj;jpy;
ve;j muR mjpfhupAk; yQ;rk; thq;fhky; jq;fs; gzpiar;
nra;tjpy;iy. mg;gb vtNuDk; Neu;ikahd mjpfhupahfg;
gzpGupe;jhYk; mtu;fisr; Rw;wpapUg;gtu;fs; mt;thW
Neu;ikahfg; tpLtjpy;iy. ,jidNa>
“mjpfhup gpwe;j ehs;
tPL KOf;f
,yq;r myq;fhuk;”
vd;Dk; ftpij top mwpayhk;. ,f;ftpij muR mjpfhupfs;
yQ;rk; ngWfpd;w KiwapidAk; yQ;rj;ij guprhf
nfhLj;NjDk; jq;fsJ Ntiyfis vspikahf Kbj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; mjpfhu tu;f;fj;jpd; kdg;Nghf;fpidAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

43
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

murpay;thjpfspd; Raeyg; Nghf;fpid ntspg;gLj;Jk;

tifapYk; gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk;tiuj; jhq;fs; rk;ghjpg;gijNa
Nehf;fkhf nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd;gijAk;>
“Ml;rp Kbe;j mikr;ru;
mwpf;if……….
,dp ehl;Lf;F ciog;Ngd;”
,f;ftpij czu;j;Jk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,t;tupfs;
murpay;thjpfSf;Nf cupa nghJj;jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
,dp ehl;Lf;F ciog;Ngd; vd;Dk; tupfspd; %yk; Ml;rpapy;
,Ue;jtiu kf;fSf;fhf ve;j ed;ikAk; nra;jJ ,y;iy
vd;gij vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

gonkhop Nghd;wJ
gonkhop vd;gJ fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; tho;f;if
KiwapidAk; mtu;fsJ gz;ghL fyhr;rhuj;ij
gpujpg;gypg;gJk; MFk;. Ez;ik> RUf;fk;> njspT> nkd;ik
Mfpa ,ay;GfSld; gonkhop tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,j;jifa
gonkhop nrd;upA+tpy;>
“fOij
fw;Guthrk; njupe;Jk;
fOij”
,f;ftpijahdJ gonkhop mikg;gpy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NkYk; ,f;ftpijapy; mq;fjr; Rit ntspg;gilahfNt
gapd;W te;Js;sij mwpayhk;.cW kPd; Xl xLk; kPd;
ghu;j;jpUf;Fkhk; nfhf;F vd;gJ gonkhop. ,g;gonkhopapid
<NuhL jkpod;gd; nrd;upA+ ftpijahfg; gilj;Js;s jpwkhdJ>
“cWkPd; Xl
XLk; kPd; ghu;j;jpUf;Fk;
kf;F”
,urpg;Gj; jd;ikf;F cupajhf ,f;ftpijia
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. nrd;upA+ ftpij gpw ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J
NtWgl;L fhzg;gl mjd; jdpj;jd;ikNa Kf;fpakhd
fhuzkhFk;. nrd;upA ftpj;Jtk; Fiwe;Jk; fw;gid
fyg;gpd;wpAk; Kw;wpYk; cz;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jk;
jd;ikAld; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. nrd;upA+ ftpijfs; kf;fsplk;
VNjDk; xU jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W r%f
Nehf;Fld; gilf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

44
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

<NuhL jkpod;gdpd; xUtz;b nrd;upA+ ftpijj; njhFg;gpd;

jdpj;jd;ikfis mq;fjk;> eifr;Rit> tpLfij> gonkhop
Nghd;wtw;wpd; thapyhf ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpid
mwpfpd;Nwhk;. nrd;upA+ mq;fjj;jd;ikapy; nky;ypa eifg;Gld;
r%f rPu;jpUj;j fUj;Jf;fisAk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. nrd;upA+
eifr;Rit jd;ikAilaJ vdpDk; r%fj;jpy; elf;Fk;
jtWfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Ltjpy; Kjd;ik tfpf;fpd;wJ. gpw
ftpijfspy; VNjDk; Xu; ,lj;jpy; ftpQdpd; kd czu;Tk;
ftpQdpd; tho;tpy; ele;j xU epfo;tpd; jhf;fKk; ntspg;gLk;.
Mdhy;> nrd;upA+ ftpijfspy; r%f eyDk; kdpj tho;tpd;
mtyq;fis Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; Nghf;FNk kpFjpahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt jhd; nrd;upA+ gpw ftpijfspypUe;J
fUj;jstpYk; mjid ntspg;gLj;Jk; jdpj;jd;ikfspd;
mbg;gilapYk; NtWgl;L epw;gijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

3. gpw;Nru;f;if - ituKj;J
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G :
gpwg;G: 13 #iy 1953> xU Gfo;ngw;w jkpo;j; jpiug;glg;
ghlyhrpupaUk; ftpQUk; Mthu;.
Ch; : ,tu; jkpo;ehL khepyk; Njdp khtl;lk;> ngupaFsk;
mUfpy; cs;s tLfgl;bapy; gpwe;jhh;.
ngw;Nwhh; : uhkrhkpj;Njtu; - mq;fk;khs;
kidtpapd; ngau; : nghd;kzp.
kfd;fs; : kjd; fhu;f;fp> fgpyd; vd ,U kfd;fs;
cs;sdu;.
 rpwe;j ghlyhrpupaUf;fhd ,e;jpa murpd; tpUij VO
Kiw ngw;Ws;shu;.
 epoy;fs; (1982) vDk; jpiug;glj;jpy; “nghd;khiyg;
nghOJ” vDk; ghliy Kjd;Kjypy; vOjpa ,tu;
2008 rdtup khjk; tiu 800 ghly;fis vOjpAs;shu;.
 ,isauh[hTlDk;> gpd;du; V.Mu;. uFkhDlDk; ,tu;
,ize;J toq;fpa ghly;fs; GfioAk; gy
tpUJfisAk; ngw;Ws;sd.
 nrd;id gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}upapy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
gapd;whu;.

45
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

E}y;fs; :
ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs;:
 itfiw Nkfq;fs;
 jpUj;jp vOjpa jPh;g;Gfs;
 ,d;ndhU NjrpafPjk;
 vdJ goia gidNahiyfs;
 ftpuh[d; fij
 ,uj;j jhdk;
 ,e;jg; G+f;fs; tpw;gidf;fy;y
 jkpOf;F epwKz;L
 nga;nadg; nga;Ak; kio
 vy;yh ejpfspYk; vq;fs; Xlq;fs;
 nfhb kuj;jpd; Nth;fs;

fl;Liufs;:
 fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
 vd; [d;dypd; topNa
 New;Wg; Nghl;l Nfhyk;
 xU nksdj;jpd; rg;jq;fs;
 rpw;gpNa vd;idr; nrJf;FfpNwd;
 tLfgl;b Kjy; thy;fh tiu

Gjpdk;:
 thdk; njhl;L tpLk; J}uk;jhd;
 kPz;Lk; vd; njhl;bYk;
 tpy;NyhL th epyNt
 rpfuq;fis Nehf;fp
 xU Nghh;ff; sKk; ,uz;L G+f;fSk;
 fhtp epwj;jpy; xU fhjy;
 jz;zPh; Njrk;

tpUJfs;:
 1990 –fiykhkzp tpUJ
 2003 – rhfpj;jpa mfhjkpa tpUJ (ehty; fs;spf;fhl;L
,jpfhrk;)

46
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 2014 – gj;k g+rd; tpUJ

 rpwe;j jkpo;j; jpiug;glg; ghlyhrphpaUf;fhd Njrpa
tpUJ (MW Kiw)

xd;W:
„nrhy;Yq;fs; GytNu!
Kj;Jf;fs; gpwf;Fk;
,lk; gj;J?
Nkfj;jpy; gpwf;Fk;
rq;fpy; [dpf;Fk;
jhkiuapy; capu;f;Fk;
rpw;gpapy; ,Uf;Fk;
thioapy; fpilf;Fk;
%q;fpypy; Kisf;Fk;
je;jj;jpy; ntbf;Fk;
ehfj;jpy; njupf;Fk;
xd;iw kwe;jPNu?
vd;dJ?
„ciog;gtd; new;wp‟
,uz;L:
„nrhy;Yq;fs; mwpQNu!
%lek;gpf;if
vit vit?
fOij fj;Jjy; Rgk;
tpjit vjpu;te;jhy; ghtk;
nkhl;ilabj;jhy; Kf;jp
cs;sq;if mupj;jhy; tUtha;
fhiyapy; fhZk; fdT gypf;Fk;
xd;iw kwe;jPNu!
vd;DJ
„ke;jpupaplk; kD‟

%d;W:
„nrhy;Yq;fs; N[hrpaNu!
,Ul;by; nra;aj;jfhjit
vit vit

47
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Kbntl;lyhfhJ
efk; Ngd; ghu;j;jyhfhJ
mOf;Fj;Jzpia
ntSf;fg; NghlyhfhJ
cg;Ngh NkhNuh
,uty; juyhfhJ
gy; Jyf;fyhfhJ
fld; nfhLf;fyhfhJ
xd;iw kwe;jPNu!
vd;dJ?
„njhiyf;fhl;rp MfhJ‟

ehd;F:
„nrhy;Yq;fs; gz;bjNu!
ghu;f;f Kbahjit vit?
miyaw;w fly;
,wthj cly;
Mfhak; ,y;yhj Cu;
ePu; fythj Nkhu;
jpiuauq;fpy; Njrpa fPjk;
gpiof;fj; njupe;j ftpQd;
ifnjhlhj fhjyd;
thiokuj;jpy; CQ;ry;
cNyhgpapd; Gd;dif
xd;iw kwe;jPNu
vd;dJ
„[dehafjpd; rj;jpak;‟

tpsf;fk;:
ftpQu; ituKj;J Kj;Jf;fs; gpwf;Fk; ,lk; gj;J vd;W
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. mit Nkfk;> rq;F> rpw;gp> jhkiu> thio>
%q;fpy;> je;jk;> ehfk; kw;Wk; ciog;gtdpd; new;wp
MfpadthFk;. fOij fj;Jjy;> tpjit vjpu;tUjy;>
cs;sq;if mupj;jy;> fhiyapy; fhZk; fdT kw;Wk;
ke;jpupaplk; kD Mfpadtw;iw %l ek;gpf;iffshff; ftpQu;
ituKj;J Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,Ul;by; nra;aj;jfhjit
Kbntl;Ljy;> efk; fisjy;> Ngd; ghu;j;jy;> mOf;Fj;
Jzpia ntSf;fg;NghLjy;> ,uty; jUtJ> gy; Jyf;FtJ>

48
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

fld; nfhLg;gJ kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp ghu;g;gJ vdf; ftpQu;

ituKj;J Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ghu;f;f Kbahjit miyaw;w
fly;> ,wthj cly;> Mfhak; ,y;yhj Cu;> ePu; fythj Nkhu;>
jpiuauq;fpy; NjrpafPjk;> gpiof;fj; njupe;j ftpQd;>
ifnjhlhj fhjyd;> thiokuj;jpy; CQ;ry;> cNyhgpapd;
Gd;dif kw;Wk; [dehafj;jpd; rj;jpak; vdf; ftpQu;
ituKj;J Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

4. thio kuj;jpd; rgjk; - K.Nkj;jh

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G :
 K. Nkj;jh (KfkJ Nkj;jh>)
 gpwg;G: nrg;lk;gu; 5> 1945) ngupaFsj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
 ,tu; nrd;id khepyf; fy;Y}upapy; jkpo;g;
Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wp Xa;T ngw;wtu;.
 GJf;ftpijf;F Vw;wk; je;j ftpQu;fSs; ,tUk;
xUtuhthu;.
 ,tu; vOjpa E}yhd Mfhaj;Jf;F mLj;j tPL vd;w
ftpij E}Yf;F 2006Mk; Mz;L rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp
tpUJ ngw;whu;.
 ctik cUtfq;fspy; goikiaAk; GJikiaAk;
,izj;j K.Nkj;jh> tskhd fw;gid> vspa eil>
vspa nrhy;yhl;rp> kdpj czu;Tfspd; glg;gpbg;Gfshy;
kf;fs; cs;sj;ijf; ftu;e;jtu;.
 ,tuJ Kjw; ftpijj;njhFg;G fz;zPu;g; G+f;fs;> fhjy;
NrhfKk;> jkpo;j; jhfKk; ,ioNahLk; ,tuJ
ftpijfs; mt;tg;NghJ $u;ikahd r%f
tpku;rdq;fspYk; ,wq;FtJz;L.
 r%f tpku;rdj; njhdpapy; mike;j “Njr gpjhTf;F
xU njUg; ghlfdpd; mQ;ryp” vd;w ftpij
K.Nkj;jhTf;F Gfo; Njbj; je;j ftpij MFk;.
 kuGf;ftpijfs;> GJf;ftpijfs;> rpWfij> ehty;>
fl;Liufs; Kjypatw;iwg; gilg;gjpYk; ty;ytuhd
Nkj;jh mj;Jiwfspy; gjpide;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
E}y;fis ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
 mtUila E}y;fSs; „Cu;tyk;‟ jkpof murpd;
Kjw;guprpidg; ngw;w ftpij E}yhFk;.

49
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 ,tuJ “Nrho epyh” vd;Dk; tuyhw;W ehty;> Mde;j

tpfld; ,jo; epfo;j;jpa nghd;tpoh ,yf;fpag;
Nghl;bapy; Kjy; gupR ngw;wJ MFk;. ,tu; jpiug;glj;
JiwapYk; ghly;fs; vOjp tUfpwhu;.

E}y;fs;:
ftpij E}y;fs;:
 fz;zPh; G+f;fs; (1974)
 Ch;tyk; (1977)
 kdr;rpwF (1978)
 mth;fs; tUfpwhh;fs; (1980)
 Kj;Jf;F Kfk; (1981)
 ele;jehlfq;fs; (1982)
 fhj;jpUe;j fhw;W (1982)
 xU thdk; ,U rpwF (1983)
 jpUtpohtpy; njUg;ghlfd; (1984)
 ee;jtdehl;fs; (1985)
 ,jaj;jpy; ehw;fhyp (1985)
 vd;Dila Nghjpkuq;fs; (1987)
 fdTf; Fjpiufs; (1992)
 fk;gd; ftpauq;fpy; (1993)
 vd; gps;isj; jkpo; (1994)
 Mfhaj;Jf;F mLj;j tPL (2004)
 K.Nkj;jh ftpijfs; (2007)
 ehafk; xU fhtpak;

Gjpdk;:
 Nrho epyh
 kFlepyh

tpUJfs; :
 Ch;tyk; - jkpof murpd; tpUJ
 Nrho epyh – Mde;j tpfld; nghd;tpoh ,yf;fpa
tUJ
 Mfhaj;Jf;F mLj;J tPL – rhfpj;jpa mfjhkp tpUJ

50
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

“kuq;fspy; ehd; Vio vdf;F

itj;j ngau; thio
fUj;jhq;fpg; gps;isapidg; ngw;nwLj;Jf;
fz;%Lk; Gj;jpup ehd;! vdf;Ff; fPNo
fUj;jhq;fpa gps;isapidg; ngw;nwLj;Jf;
fz;%Lk; Gj;jpup ehd;! vdf;Ff; fPNo
FUj;JtpLk; fd;Wf;F topia tpl;Lf;
Fwpg;gwpe;J xJq;Ftjhy;
jiyKiwapd; jj;Jtj;ijg; Gtpf;Fk; fhl;Lk;
jlak; ehd;!

thdj;ijj; njhLtjw;Ff; fdT fhZk;

tof;fkpy;iy vd;dplj;jpy; kaf;fkpy;iy
khdplupd; GOjpf;fhy; gjpAk; ,e;j
kz;Zld; vd; cwtjpfk; MjyhNy
kuq;fspy; ehd; Fl;il kuk;
kdpju;fspd; iffSf;F
yFthf vl;Lk; kuk;!

khdplu; nra;Ak; rptg;G tpsk;guk;

kjpypd; KJfpy; khl;bapUf;Fk; -ehNdh
jhdha; vOe;J jl;bfhl;ba
jiuapd; gr;ir tpsk;gug; gyif!
miog;gpjo;fs; jpUkzj;jpd;
mwpKfq;fs;! ehq;fs;
milahs khq;fs;!

fy;ahz tPLfspy;
fhtYf;Fk; epw;Fk;
Jthu ghyfu;fs;!
Fl;il kungd;Dk; Fiwia - vd;
ngupa ,iyfshy;
ngau;j;Jj; jfu;e;jtd; ehd;!
vd; ,iyfs;...

kapyplk; fld; thq;fhj

gr;ir euk;Gjfshy; Md
Njhiffs;.
fiyfspy; ,d;wpaikahj
rikaw;fiy - vd;
,iy thfdj;jpy;

51
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Vwp tUk;NghJ
tpuy; tuNtw;G
tpiuthff; fpilf;Fk;!

vd; ,iyfs;
cgrupg;gpd; ,yf;fpaq;fs;>
tpUe;jpdupd; me;j];ij
vilNghLk; ,ae;jpuq;fs;!
Nrhw;W G+kpapd;
nrhu;f;f thry;fs;
Vio tapWfspd;
,yl;rpaf; fdhf;fs;!
cz;L Kbe;jgpd;du;
vr;rpy; ,iynad;W
vwpe;J tpLthu;fs;
$lj;jpy; kupahijg; G+r;R
Fg;igj; njhl;bfspy; vq;fs;
Mahr %r;R!

njhl;b ,iyiaAk;
Jilj;Jr; rhg;gpl
,e;j Njrj;jpd;
njU uh[hf;fs;
xUtNuh nlhUtu;
fl;bg; Gus;fpw NghJ
vjpu;fhy ,Ul;il
vz;zpg; gijf;fpw - vd;
,ja Ntjidf;F
ctikfs; VJ? ”

tpsf;fk;:
ftpQu; K. Nkj;jh 'thiokuj;jpd; rgjk;” vd;w
ftpijapid vOjpAs;shu;. mjpy; xU thiokuk; jd;dpiy
tpsf;fkhfg; gy fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;Js;sJ. mtw;iwj;
njhFj;J ,e;jf; fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

52
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

thiokuq;fs;
kuq;fspy; kpfTk; Vio ehd;. vdJ ngau; thioahFk;.
vdf;Ff; fPNo FUj;J tpLk; vd; fd;WfSf;F toptpl;L
xJq;Ftjhy; ehd; fUj;jhq;fpg; gps;isapidg;
ngw;nwLj;Jtpl;Lf; fz; %Lk; mjprag; ngz; ehd;. ,isa
jiyKiwf;F ,lk; nfhLj;Jtpl;L tpyFk; ehd;
jiyKiwapd; jj;Jtj;ij cyFf;Ff; fhl;Lk; jlak; ehd;.

kaf;fkpy;iy
thdj;ijj; njhLtjw;Ff; fdT fhZk; tof;fk; ,y;iy.
khdplupd; GOjpf;fhy; gjpAk; kz;ZlNd vd; cwT mjpfk;.
MjyhNy> vd;dplj;jpy; vt;tpj kaf;fKk; ,y;iy. kuq;fspNy
Fl;ilahd tiffisr; Nru;e;jts;. Mifahy; kdpju;fspd;
iffSf;F ,yFthf vl;Lk; tifapy; cs;sij vz;zp
kfpo;fpNwd; vd;wJ thio.
tpsk;gu cyfk;
khdplu; nra;Ak; tpsk;gug; gyif gy tPjpfspy; Rtupy;
khl;bapUf;Fk;. Mdhy;> vd; ,iyfNsh ,aw;ifahfNt
jhdha; vOe;J jl;bf; fl;ba jiuapd; gr;ir tpsk;gug;gyif.
vdf;FNtW ahUk; tpsk;guk; nra;a Ntz;ba mtrpak;
,y;iy. Vnddpy; vdf;F ,aw;if nfhLj;j nfhilahfpa vd;
,iyfNs vd;id tpsk;gug;gLj;Jk;. Mk;! ,iyfspd;
msitg; nghWj;Nj ,q;F me;j tPL kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
kdq;fisg; ghu;j;J my;y. Nrhw;Wg; G+kpapd; nrhu;f;f thry;fs;
ehq;fs;. Vio kf;fs; ,iyfspy; cz;gijNa ,yl;rpakhff;
fdT fhz;gtu;fs;. NrhW gilf;Fk; Viofs; mtu;fs;
cz;gJ ,q;Ff; fdthfptpl;lijf; ftpQu; Rl;bAs;shu;.
Viofs; ghLgl;L cioj;J midtUf;Fk; czT
gilf;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy;> Viofspd; czT Nfs;tpf; FwpahdJ
,d;W. cz;L Kbj;J vd;idj; njhl;bapy; J}f;fpg;
NghLk;NghJ mijj; Jilj;Jr; rhg;gpl ,e;jf Njrj;Jj; njU
uh[hf;fs; xUtNuhL xUtu; fl;bg; Guz;L rz;ilapLfpd;wdu;.
cz;z Kbahj mstpy; czT gupkhwg;gl;L kPjp czT
njhl;bapy; tpOk;NghJ czTf;fhf Vq;Fk; Viofs; ,d;Wk;
vr;rpy; ,iyf;fhfr; rz;ilapLk; mtyk; ,q;F
eilngWtijr; Rl;bAs;shu; ftpQu;.

53
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

thio kuj;jpd; ngUikfs;

jpUkzj;Jf;fhd miog;gpjo;fs; kzkf;fSf;Ffhd
mwpKfq;fs; kl;LNk ehq;fs; milahs kuq;fs;. fy;ahz
tPLfspy; fhtYf;F epw;Fk; Jthu ghyfu;fs;. kw;wtu; vd;idf;
Fl;il kuk; vd;w Fiwia vd; ngupa ,iyfshy; jfu;j;J
vwpe;jtd; ehd;. vd; ,iyfs; kapyplk; fld; thq;fhj gr;ir
euk;Gfshyhd Njhiffs;. fiyfspy; ,d;wpaikahj
rikaw;fiy vd; ,iyapy; czthfg; gupkhwg;gLk; NghJ
KOik milfpwJ.

5. ts;Stk; gj;J - mwpTkjp

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G :
 ftpQu; mwpTkjp tpUj;jhr;ryk; mUfpy; cs;s R.
fPzD}upy; gpwe;jhu;.
 mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpopidf; fw;W
Kw;Nghf;Ff; ftpQuhf tpsq;fpdhu;.
 ,tupd; ,aw;ngau; kjpaofd;.
 ,tu; ,Jtiu 15f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ftpijj; njhFg;Gfis
ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
 mtpoUk;G> Gy;ypd; gdpj;Jsp> el;Gf;fhyk;> mZj;jpkpu;>
mlf;F> Nghd;w ftpijj; njhFg;Gf;fs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
 ,tu; nts;isj; jP vd;w jiyg;gpy; rpWfijj;
njhFg;igAk; ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
 rpq;fg;G+upy; jkpohrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wp tUfpwhu;.

E}y;fs;:
ftpijj; njhFg;G:
 mtpoUk;G
 vd; gphpa tre;jNk
 epue;ju kdpjh;fs;
 md;ghd ,uhl;rrp
 Gy;ypd; Edpapy; gdpj;Jsp
 mZj;jpkph; mlf;F
 MAspd; me;jptiu
 filrp kioj;Jsp
 el;Gf;fhyk;

54
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 kzpKj;J Mw;wq;fiuapy;
 ghl;lwq; ftpijfs;
 mwpTkjp ftpijfs;
 typ

“je;ij je;j
jha;g;ghy;
Kg;ghy;.
Kf;fly;
,UJsp
jpUf;Fws;.
E}w;W Kg;gj;J %d;W
ngUf;fg; ngUf;fg;
ngUFk; tho;T.
jkpopd;
ePz;l gazk;
,ul;ilabg; ghij.

jkpo;g;ghy;
Rz;lf; fha;r;r
fpilj;jJ VL.

,uz;L mb nfhLj;jhy;jhNd
jpUe;Jtha;
thq;fpf;nfhs; ts;Stdplk;.

ciu Cw;wp Cw;wpg; ghu;j;Jk;

Gspf;fhj ghy;
Kg;ghy;.

,uz;buz;lha; miyfs;
FwNshir
ts;Stj;jpy; ghu; fly;.

tho;f;if fly;
fyq;fiu tpsf;fk;
ts;Sth; rpiy

55
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Cd;WNfhy;
ts;std;
vOe;j Fkhp.”

tpsf;fk;:
ftpQu; mwpTkjp 'ts;Stk; gj;J” vd;w ftpijapid
vOjf; fhuzk; jpUf;Fwspd; Gfopidg; gug;GtNj MFk;.
jha;jhd; ghy;nfhLj;J Foe;ijiaf; fhg;ghs;. Mdhy;> ,q;F
ts;Std; vd;w je;ij jha;g;ghYf;F ,izahd Kg;ghypidj;
je;Js;shu;. mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy;> ,d;gj;Jg; ghy; vd;w
me;j Kg;ghypd; jd;ik jha;g;ghYf;F ,izahdJ vd;fpwhu;
ftpQu; mwpTkjp. jpUf;Fwspd; %d;W ghy;fspd; gFg;G vd;gJ
%d;W fly;fSf;Fr; rkkhdJ vd;Wk;. Fwl;ghf;fspd; xt;nthU
mbAk; mtw;wpd; Jspfs; vd;Wk; jpUf;Fwspd; mikg;gpid
tiuaiw nra;Js;shu; ftpQu; mwpTkjp.
Xu; mjpfhuj;Jf;Fg; gj;Jf; Fwl;ghf;fs;. nkhj;jk; 133
mjpfhuq;fs;. nkhj;jk; 1330 Fwl;ghf;fs; vdg; ngUfp epw;fpwJ
jpUf;Fws;. mJ ngUf;fpf; nfhz;lNjhL mjidg; gbg;Nghupd;
tho;itAk; ngUf;Fk; vd;fpwhu; ftpQu; mwpTkjp.
mwk; Njba jkpoupd; ePz;l gazk;jhd; jpUf;Fws; vd;w
ePjp ,yf;fpa E}y;. mjpy; cs;s xt;nthU Fwl;ghTk; ,uz;L
mbfisf; nfhz;L ,ul;ilabg; ghijahf cUf;nfhz;Ls;sd.
mjd; topNa nry;Yk; xt;nthUtupd; gazKk;
,dpikahdjhFk;. ,Jtiu jpUf;FwSf;F vz;zpf;ifapy;
mlq;fhj msTf;F ciufs; ntspte;Js;sd. MdhYk;
jpUf;Fwspd; fUj;Jg; nghjpfs; ahUf;Fk; Gspf;ftpy;iy.
njd;Fkupapy; ts;StUf;Fr; rpiy tbj;Js;Nshk;. mjidg;
ngUikahf ehk; $wpf;nfhs;syhk; vd;fpwhu; ftpQu; mwpTkjp.

6. Mde;jahio kPl;Lfpwha; - eh.Kj;Jf;Fkhu;;.

 gpwg;G : 12 #iy 1973
 ,wg;G : 14 Mfj;J 2016)>
 Ch; : fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s fd;dpfhGuj;ijr;
Nru;e;jtu; ,tu.;
 ehd;F tajpy; jhia ,oe;jtu;. rpW tajpy; ,Ue;Nj
Gj;jfq;fis cyfkhff; nfhz;lhu;.
 jkpo;ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j jkpo;j; jpiug;glg; ghlyhrpupaUk;
ftpQUk; Mthu;.

56
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 gy;Nyyf;fh> vd; fhjy; nrhy;y> xU fy; xU fz;zhb

Mfpait ,tupd; ghly;fSs; rpy. jq;f kPdf ; s;>
irtk; jpiug;glg; ghly;fSf;fhf Njrpa tpUJ
ngw;wtu;.

E}y;fs;:
 epA+l;ldpd; %d;whk; tpjp
 gl;lhk;G+r;rp tpw;gtd;
 Mzh Mtz;zh
 vd;id re;jpf;f fdtpy; tuhNj
 Foe;ijfs; epiwe;j tPL
 J}tpfs;

fl;Liuj; njhFg;G:
 ghy fhz;lk;
 Ntbf;ifg; ghh;gtd;
 mzpyhL Kd;wpy;…
tpUJfs;
2005 – f[pdp jpiug;glj;jpw;fhf jkpof murpd; rpwe;j
ghlyhrphpah; tpUJ.
2013 – jq;f kPdf
; s; glj;jpy; - Mde;j ahio ghlYf;F
Njrpa tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
2014 – irtk; jpiug;glj;jpy; „moNf moNf‟ Njrpa tpUJ
toq;fg;gl;lJ.

Mz;: “Mde;j ahio

kPl;Lfpwha; mb neQ;rpy;
tz;zk; jPl;Lfpwha;
md;ngd;Dk; Filia
ePl;Lfpwha; mjpy; Mapuk;
kioj;Jsp $l;Lfpwha;
Mz; : ,U neQ;rk; ,ize;J
Ngrpl cyfpy; ghi\fs;
vJTk; Njitapy;iy
rpW Gy;ypy; cwq;Fk;
gdpapy; njupAk; kioapd;
moNfh jhq;ftpy;iy ce;jd;

57
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

iffs; gpbj;J NghFk; top

mJ Nghjtpy;iy ,d;Dk;
Ntz;Lkb ,e;j kz;zpy;
,JNghy; ahUkpq;Nf
vq;Fk; thotpy;iy
vd;W Njhd;Wjb
Mz; : Mde;j ahio
kPl;Lfpwha; mb neQ;rpy;
tz;zk; jPl;Lfpwha;
md;ngd;Dk; Filia
ePl;Lfpwha; mjpy; Mapuk;
kioj;Jsp $l;Lfpwha;
Mz; : J}uj;J kuq;fs;
ghu;f;Fjb Njtij ,tsh
Nff;Fjb jd;dpiy kwe;jh
G+f;Fjb fhw;wpdpy; thrk;
J}f;Fjb
mb Nfhtpy; vjw;F
nja;tq;fs; vjw;F
cdJ Gd;dif NghJkb
,e;j kz;zpy;
,JNghy; ahUkpq;Nf
vq;Fk; thotpy;iy
vd;W Njhd;Wjb
Mz; : Mde;j ahio
kPl;Lfpwha; mb neQ;rpy;
tz;zk; jPl;Lfpwha;
Mz; : cd; Kfk; ghu;j;jhy;
NjhZjb thdj;J epyT
rpd;djb Nkfj;jpy; kiwe;Nj
ghu;f;Fjb cd;dplk; ntspr;rk;
Nfl;Fjb
mij ifapy; gpbj;J
MWjy; ciuj;J tPl;Lf;F
mDg;G ey;ygb ,e;j kz;zpy;
,JNghy; ahUkpq;Nf
vq;Fk; thotpy;iy
vd;W Njhd;Wjb

58
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Mz; : Mde;j ahio

kPl;Lfpwha; mb neQ;rpy;
tz;zk; jPl;Lfpwha;”

tpsf;fk;:
xU je;ij jd; kfspd; kPJ itj;jpUf;Fk; Ngud;gpid eh.
Kj;Jf;Fkhupd; ghly; topahf ,q;F fhzyhk;. urpfu;fisj;
jdJ ghly; tupfspy; Ml;rp nra;jtu;. fhjy;> jhyhl;L> typ>
mOif> Mde;jk; vd eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhupd; tupfs; gyUf;F
Cf;f%l;Lgit. thu;j;ijfisg; G+khiyahff; Nfhu;j;J ghly;
vOJtjpy; ty;ytu; eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhu;. eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhu; Xu;
cUtfj;ij mLj;j fl;lj;jpw;Fg; ghly; tupfspd; topahff;
nfhz;L nry;Yk; tpj;jfu;. ,tupd; ghly;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; xU
ftpij. ,tupd; 'Mde;j aho; kPl;lg;glhj” tPL ,y;iy.
,e;jg;ghly; tupfis epidf;fhj je;ijau;fs; ,y;iynad;Nw
nrhy;yyhk;. ,tupd; ngUk;ghyhd fhjy; ghly;fs; jj;Jt
tupfis nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mjw;Ff; fhuzkhf eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhu;>
'ftpQu; fz;zjhrd; mtu;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jJ Nghy;
fijf;fsKk; ghly; #oYk; ,g;nghOnjy;yhk; fpilg;gjpy;iy.
ngUk;ghYk; ghly;fshfNt mike;JtpLfpwJ. mjdhy; jhd;
jpiug;glg; ghly;fspy; jj;Jtq;fis ehd; gilf;f Kaw;rp
nra;Njd;" vd;W $wpAs;shu;. mtupd; me;j Kaw;rpf;F
msg;gupa ntw;wp fpilj;Jtpl;lJ. me;j ntw;wpia <l;bj; je;j
ghly;jhd; 'Mde;j ahio.. vdj; njhlq;Fk; md;GwTg;ghly;.
,e;j tupfspy; md;G ghrk;> jdpik> Vf;fk; vd vy;yhk; epuk;gp
,Uf;Fk;. jq;fs; Foe;ijfsplk; kpFe;j md;G nrYj;jp gpupe;j
ngw;Nwhu;fspd; kdj;jpy; ,e;jg; ghly; Xu; Mokhd jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;why; kpifad;W.
“eP flTs; vOjp itj;j kz;zpy; te;j xU
ftpijalh"...vd;w tupfs; mtUf;Nf rhyg;nghUj;jk;. kio
epd;w gpwFk; J}thdk; NghyJ}wpf; nfhz;bUg;gtu;. mtUila
ghly;fs; xspgug;gg;gLk; xt;nthU nehbapYk; mtu; tho;e;J
nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. kz;Zyfpy; vOjpaJ NghJnkd;W
,g;nghOJ tpz;Zyfpy; ghly;fis vOjpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;
ftpQu; eh.Kj;Jf;Fkhu;.

59
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

7. rgpf;fg;gl;l Kj;jk; - Rfpu;juhzp

Mrpupau; Fwpg;G :
 NtY}u; khtl;lj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;
 ,uhzpg;Ngl;il muR ngz;fs; Nky;epiyg; gs;spapy;
jkpohrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wp tUfpwhu;.
 ,tuJ ftpijfspy; ngz; tpLjiy> rkj;Jtk; Nghd;w
rKjhaf; fUj;Jfs; cs;sPlhf mike;jpUf;Fk;.
 kz;izAk; kf;fisAk; Fioj;J tho;tpd;
vjhu;j;jq;fis ,ay;gha;j; jdJ ftpijfspd; top
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jgtu;.
 ekf;Fg; ghlkhf ,tuJ “mk;kh” vd;w ftpij
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

gilg;Gfs; :
 ifg;gw;wp vd; fdT Nfs;
 ,uT kpUfk;
 fhkj;jpg;G+
 jPz;lg;glhj Kj;jk;
 mtis nkhopngah;j;jy;
 ,g;gbf;F Vths;
 ePh; tsh; Mk;gy;

“Njhs;fspd; kPJ te;jkUk;

nrk;gwitfspd; ,yhtfj;NjhL
cd; fz;fis thrpf;fpNwd;
kiog; nghOjpd; rpypu;g;GfSk;
Ntdpw;fhyj;J tpau;itj; JspfSk;
gpupj;jwpah epwj;njhL
$bf;fplf;fpd;wd cd; fz;fSf;Fs;
mtw;wpy; EioAk; topaw;W
Eiu jJk;Gk; flw;fiu NkLfspy;
tpupf;fg;gl;l tiynad
cyu;fpd;wJ ekf;fpilNaahd md;G
kzypy; mOe;jpa rq;Ffs;
vg;NghJk; cd; RtLfis
milahsg;gLj;jpagbNa ,Uf;fpd;wd
klNyWk; rhj;jpaKk; KwpTw;W

60
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

RUz;L gLj;jpUf;fpNwd; cd; njhLj;Yf;fhf

Kd;G xUKiw vdf;F
Kj;jnkhd;iwj; jUtjha;r; nrhy;ypaJ
edtpyp kdkhf ,Uf;fyhk;
fiunahJq;fpa miyahj;jpg; G+tha;
<uj;jhy; fpopj;j vd; fd;dq;fisf;
flw;fiu kzypy; gjpj;Jitj;jpUf;fpNwd;
fz;lwpag;glhj xU ghiytdj;jpy;
cyu;e;j ,U cjLfs;
rUnfdg; gwg;gjha;g; Ngrpf;nfhz;lhu;fs;.”

tpsf;fk;:
“rgpf;fg;gl;l Kj;jk;” vd;w ,e;jj;njhFg;gpy; Ik;gJ
ftpijfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpy; jiyg;Gf; ftpij cl;gl
VO ftpijfs; Kj;jk; gw;wpait. jPz;lg;glhj Kj;jk;. Kjy;
Kj;jk;> filrp Kj;jk;> rgpf;fg;gl;l Kj;jk;. tpyf;fg;gl;l
Kj;jk;> rhk;gy; G+f;fhj Kj;jq;fs;> ciwaplhj Kj;jk; vd;W
NghfpwJ ,e;jg; gl;bay;. ,it jtpu 14 ftpijfSf;Fs;
Kj;jk; ,lk;ngWtijAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; ve;j
Kj;jKk; kfpo;r;rpapd; milahsky;y typiar; nrhy;git.
jdp Ms; vd;w tifapYk; r%fk; vd;w tifapYk;>
Rfpu;juhzpapd; 'jPz;lg;glhj Kj;jk;” vd;w ftpijiar;
rhd;whfr; nrhy;yyhk;. mJ gutrj;ij my;y> Xu; ,dj;jpd;
tQ;rpdj;ijr; nrhy;fpwJ. cly; Xu; MAjkhf khWk;
murpaiyg; NgRfpd;wd. Rfpu;juhzpapd; ftpijfs;. mtUila
ftpijapd; ,lk; ,J vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ. kpf mjpfkhd
tpku;rdq;fis tutiof;Fk; ,lk;.
ngz; thrid tPRk; G+kpapypUe;J vOe;Js;sd ,e;jf;
ftpijfs;. fhjy;> fhkk;> ntQ;rpdk; %d;Wk; me;epyj;jpd;
gUtq;fs;. ,tw;iw mDgtpf;Fk; khdpl capu; xd;W ngz;
my;yJ xLf;fg;gl;l Mz;. rkaq;fspd; <oj;jpd;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l ,dkhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. xLf;FKiwf;F
vjpuhd Mf;Nuh\k; ,ay;ghff; fpsu;e;njOk; ,f;ftpijfs;
,Ug;igg; gw;wpa Jf;fj;ijAk; Nfhgj;ijAk; kl;Lky;yhky;
khw;Wtjw;fhd miw$tiyAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. jkpopy;
ngz;fs; vOJk; ftpijfs; gw;wp ,U tifahd fUj;Jfs;
epyTfpd;wd. xd;W - ngz;fs; vOJtnjy;yhk; rhukpy;yhjit.
,yf;fpag; ngWkhdk; fw;gpf;fj; jFjpahditay;y. ,J ngz;
vOj;jpd; kPJ jPz;lhik fw;gpf;Fk; rpyupd; thjk;. ,jpy;
Kf;fpakhd ftpQu;fSk; ,lk;ngWfpwhu;fs;. ngz; ftpijfs;

61
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

cliyr; rhu;e;j Muthukhf vOjg;gLgit vd;w

nghJf;fUj;Jk; Gof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. ngz;zpd;
mq;fq;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; mg;gl;lkhff; ftpijfspy;
,lk; ngWtJ gyiuAk; kpul;rp milar; nra;JkpUf;fpwJ.
Rfpu;juhzpapd; ,e;jj; njhFg;G mtu;fis ,d;Dk;
kpul;rpailar; nra;ayhk;. cly; njhlu;ghd typfis>
tijfis> Mde;jj;ij NtW ve;jr; nrhw;fshy; Fwpg;gpl
KbAk;? ngz; ftpijnkhopNa clYk; clypd; cghijfSk;
Ntl;iffSk; rhu;e;jJ vd;W [_ypah fpwp];jth Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
,J xNu rkaj;jpy; kWg;Gk; gilg;GkhfpwJ. ,Jtiu jd;
cly;Nky; gjpe;jpUf;Fk; Mz;ikr; rpj;jupg;ig cjWk; kWg;G.
jd; cly; jd;Dila cupikg; nghUs; vd;W czUk;
Rje;jpuk;. ,e;j Nehf;fpy; ntWk; t];Jthf Rl;ba nrhw;fs;
ngz;zhy; cr;rupf;fg;gLk; NghJ cliyf; fle;j
,af;fkhfpd;wd.

8. eP vOj kWf;Fk; vdJ moF - ,sk;gpiw

Mrpupau; Fwpg;G :
 Mrphpah; : ftpQu; ,sk;gpiw> jpUth&u; mUNf
rhl;baf;Fbapy; gpwe;jtu;.
 ,aw;ngau; : gQ;rtu;zk;.
 ngw;Nwhh; : rd;dhrp> fUg;ghap
 gzp : nrd;idapy; Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;Wfpwhu;.
“,sNtdpy; ghly;fs;”>“kTdf;$L”>'eP vOj kWf;Fk;
vdjoF” (nghd;dpg; gjpg;gfk; ntspaPL). 'Kjy; kDrp”
(];Nefh gjpg;gf ntspaPL) Mfpa ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs;
,Jtiu ntspte;Js;sd.
 mtJ}Wfspd; fhyk;>(ftpij) tdhe;jpu jdpg;gazp
(fl;Liu)> fhw;wpy; elkhLk; G+f;fs; (fl;Liu)>

“eP vOj kWf;Fk; vdjoF

ftu;r;rpf;fy;y
,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy;
rl;il fpope;jpUf;Fk;.
,Oj;Jg; Nghu;j;j vz;zp
NriyAk; Njhw;wpUf;Fk;.
……………………….
vdJ moFfs; vy;yhk;
,Jtiu njupe;jjpy;iy.

62
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

vOj;J tpopfSf;F.
vd; tho;f;iff;Fs; te;jjpy;iy
cdJ Nfkuhf;fs;.
Fiwe;j gl;rk;
mofpg;Nghl;bfs; elj;jp
vd;idg; gopj;Jf;fhl;lhky;
,Uf;ff;$l
epidg;gkpy;iy ePq;fs;"

tpsf;fk;:
,sk;gpiwapd; ftpijfis cjpupfshfTk;
jdpj;njhFg;ghfTk; thrpj;j mDgtk; cd; nrhw;fl;lhd
nkhopAk; ,irf;Nfhu;itf;fhd Jy;ypakhd eilapy; fhe;j
espdj;ijj; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj ftpij nkhopahf;fpf
nfhz;ltu;. mtupd; ftpijfisg; gw;wp ,e;jf; fl;Liuapy;
fhz;Nghk;.

,sk;gpiw ftpijfspy; ngz;zpak;

ngz;fspd; ftpijfs; RaGyk;gy;fshfTk; mOifapd;
Fwpg;GfshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;W tpku;rpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.
ngz;zpd; mOif vd;gJ xU r%fntspg;ghlhfj;jhd;
,Uf;fpwJ. vd;gJ mjd; ePl;rp. ngz;fs; ,ad;wtiu
ghly;fshfTk; ftpijfshfTk; nfhl;bj;jPu;f;fpd;wdu;. mOif
mjd; ,ay;gpy; nefpo;thd> Xu; czu;r;rpapd; ntspg;ghlhf
,Ue;jhYk;> r%fj;jpd; ghu;itapy; mJ kpfTk; mtykhd>
gupjhgj;jpw;Fupa ntspg;ghlhfNt ghu;f;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
ngz;fspd; tho;f;if epfo;Tfis xl;b epfOk; mOifapd;
mu;j;jq;fSf;F Xu; mfuhjp jahupf;fyhk;. “fz;zPUk;
fk;giyAk;” vd mLf;fLf;fha; mu;j;jk; ngUff;$baJ me;j
mfuhjp.

,sk;gpiwapd; ftpijfs; tho;tpay; mtyk;

mtyj;jpypUe;J kdpjkPl;rpia Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhd
xl;Lnkhj;j cj;Ntfj;jpw;fhd nghWg;igAk; cWjpiaAk; jk;
Njhs;fspy; Vw;wpf; nfhs;tJld; mijNa jd; ,wf;ifahf;fpg;
gwf;Fk; jpl;lKk; ngz;fsplk; ,Ug;gNj fhuzk;. ,d;Dk;
nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;> ,t;tpwf;iffshy; ,d;ndhU thdj;ij
Nehf;fpg;gwf;Fk; jpiria vOj;jpypUe;J fz;lilfpd;wdu;
vdyhk;.

63
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

myF- 3
rpWfijfs;

1. tha;r;nrhw;fs; - n[afhe;jd;
Mrpupau; Fwpg;G:
24.04.1934 flY}hpy; gpwe;jhu;. vOj;jhsh;> gj;jphpf;ifahsh;>
jpiug;gl jahhpg;ghsh; kw;Wk; tpkh;rfh;. n[afhe;jd; mth;fs;
kpFe;j Mw;wYk; NtfKk; cah;Tk; jdpj;JtKk; nfhz;l
vOj;jhsh;fSs; xUtuhthh;. jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ijf; fiuj;Jf;
Fbj;J> jkpo; urpfh;fspd; neQ;rq;fisj; jd; vOj;Jf;fshy;
nfhs;isf; nfhz;lth;. urpfh;fsplk; ey;y tuNtw;igg;
ngw;wjhy; mtUf;Fg; GfOk;> mtuJ gilg;GfSf;F
mq;fPfhuKk; fpilj;jJ.
tpUJfs;:
 1972 - rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp tpUJ.
 2002 - ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhf ,e;jpa muR toq;Fk; kpf
cah;e;j tpUjhd QhdgPl tpUijg; ngw;w ,uz;lhtJ
jkpo; vOj;jhsh;.
 2009 - gj;k G+\d; tpUij ,yf;fpaj; Jiwf;fhf
Kjd;Kiw ntd;whh;
 2011 - u\;a tpUJk; ngw;whh;.

fij khe;jh;fs;:
Uf;Fkzp> Kdpak;khs;> nrq;Nfzp vd;fpw ney;ypf;
Fg;gj;jhd; (Uf;Fkpzpapd; jhj;jh)> fz;zg;gd;.

fijf;fU:
Uf;FkzpAk; fz;zg;gUk; fz;NzhL fz; Nehf;fhky;>
jq;fspd; kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhz;L
xUtiu xUtu; Gupe;J nfhz;L jq;fs; fhjiyf;
$wpf;nfz;ldu;. fz; ,y;yh tpl;lhYk; fhjy; kyUk; vd;gjw;F
Uf;FkzpAk; fz;zg;gDk; Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;L. ,tu;fspilNa
cs;s fhjiy tsu;j;jJ 'tha;r;nrhw;fs;” vd;gij ,f;fij
ikakhf nfhz;Ls;sJ.

64
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Uf;Fkzpapd; tho;f;if:
rj;jpuj;Jj; jpz;izapd; ,Uspy;> ahUila
tUiff;fhfNth ahUila fhybr; rj;jj;ijNah fhJfis
top kPJ itj;Jf; fhj;jpUf;fpwhs; Uf;Fkpzp. me;jr; rj;jpuk;>
CUf;F ntspNa fpuhkj;jpy; vy;iyapd; Xuj;jpy; nuhk;g fhyk;
tho;e;J> ,g;NghJ ghoile;J fplf;fpwJ. gfy; Neuj;jpy; me;jr;
rj;jpuj;jpd; mUNf ,Uf;Fk; Mykuj;Jg; gpuNjrk; kpfTk;
fyfyg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. topg;Nghf;fu;fSk;> NgUe;J gazpfSk;
rj;jpuj;Jf;F Neu; vjpNu ,Uf;Fk; murq;Fb uapy;Nt
];Nl\dpypUe;J tUk; uapy; gazpfSk; mq;F te;J
rhg;gpLtjw;Fk;> ,sePu; Fbg;gjw;Fk; trjpaha; xU Bf;fil
cz;L. me;j Bf;filAk; ntw;wpiy ghf;Ff; filAk; ,uT
Neuj;jpy; rj;jpuj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhy; xU gu;yhq;F J}uj;jpy; cs;s
nghl;ilj; jplypy; mike;jpUf;Fk; “^upq; lhf;fP];" nfhl;lif
mUNf tpahghuk; nra;tjw;fhf> Mykuj;Jg; gpuNjrj;ijf;
fhyp gz;zptpl;L Ngha;tpLk;. gfypy; Mykuj;jbapy; KWf;F
krhy;til tpw;Fk; Kdpak;khsplk;> Gifapiy milj;j
thNahL rpupj;Jr; rpupj;Jf; fij NgrpathW $ilfs;
KiltjpYk; jLf;Ffs; gpd;DtjpYk; nghOijf;
fopj;Jf;nfhz;bUg;ghs; Uf;Fkzp. mtsUNf xU fl;Lg;
gidXiyAk; %q;fpy; fk;GfSk; ,Uf;Fk;. mNefkhf.
vg;nghOJk; mtisr; Rw;wp xU $l;lk; mts; $il
Kiltij Ntbf;ifg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ahUld; vd;d
Ngrpf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; mts; tpuy;fs; Xa;tpy;yhky; gpd;dpf;
nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. mtd; ifapypUf;Fk; me;jf; fj;jp
%q;fpiyg; gpsf;Fk; NghNjh> Xiyfisf; fpopf;Fk;NghNjh
rw;Nw tpuy;kPJ gl;lhy; NghJk;! ,uz;L Jz;L jhd;. mj;jid
$u;ik. Mdhy; mts; xU NghJk; Nyrhff;$l tpuy;fis
ntl;bf; nfhz;ljpy;iy. mtSf;F tpuypy; fz; cz;L.
tpuypy; kl;Lk; jhdh? nrtpapy;> ehtpy;> clnyq;Fk;
fz;fs;jhd;. Mdhy;> Kfj;jpy; vy;NyhUf;Fk; fz;fs;
,Uf;fpd;w> ,Uf;f Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; ,ikfs; kl;LNk... mts;
gpwtpf; FUL!

Uf;Fkzp Mykuj;Jr; rj;jpuj;jpw;F tUjy;:

gj;J tU\q;fSf;F Kd;> gj;J taJr; rpWkpahd
Uf;Fkzpia mioj;Jf;nfhz;L Mykuj;Jr; rj;jpuj;jpy;
FbGFe;j nrq;Nfzp vd;fpw ney;ypf; Fg;gj;jhd;> jd;idj;

65
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

jtpu NtW MjuT ,y;yhj Foe;ij Uf;Fkzpapd;

vjpu;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp kpfTk; ftiyg;gl;L> “,e;jhk;kh Uf;F”
ePNah fz;zpy;yhj nfhoe;ij vdf;Fg; gpwF xdf;F ahUk;
MjuT fpilahJ. fz;Nz ,y;yhj xdf;F ahU ,Ue;Jk;
vd;dh gpuNahrdk; mtq;fSf;F eP nrhikahj; jhd; ,Ug;Ng
ehisf;fp ,e;jf; fpotd; kz;ilnag; Nghl;Ll;lh> Iah.
fz;zpy;yhj fNghjpq;fd;D eP ifNae;jf; $lhJ. f\;lg;gl;L
,e;jj; njhopiyf; fj;Jf;f crpu; cs;s tiuf;Fk; fhy;
tapj;Jf; fQ;rpahtJ Fbf;fyhk; vd;W jpdrup Gyk;gpg; Gyk;gp>
mtdJ rpd;dQ;rpW tpuy;fSf;F xU njhopiyg; gof;fpf;
nfhLj;jpUe;jhd;.

Mykuj;jbapy; njhopy;:
Uf;Fkzpf;Fg; gfnyy;yhk; Mykuj;jbapy; njhopy;.
Bf;filapy; rhg;ghL. ,utpy; [dre;jb mlq;fpf; filfs;
midj;Jk; ,lk; khwpagpd; re;jpuj;Jj; jdpikapy; gLf;if.
,USk; jdpikAk; jhNd mtSf;Fg; gof;fkhdit.
mtSf;Fg; gak; njupahJ. ,Ul;by; jdpaha; ,Ue;jhy; vd;d?
,d;ndhUtu; JizAld; ,Ue;jhy; vd;d? Mdhy; Nghd
thuj;jpy; VNjh xU ehs; ,utpy; ntWk; Ngr;Rj; Jizahf
,Ue;j mtd; fz;zg;gd; - mjd; gpwF tuNt ,y;iy. mjd;
gpwF mtSf;F ,e;j ,USk; jdpikAk; gak; juhtpl;lhYk;>
ntWg;igj; je;jd.

fdT fhZjy;:
,d;W Kd;Nduj;jpNyNa VNjNjh epidj;Jf; nfhz;Nl
gLj;J cwq;fpg; Nghd Uf;Fkzp> xU fdT fz;L jpBnud;W
tpopj;Jf; nfhz;lhs;. fdth? Mkhk;. gpwtpf; FUbAk; fdT
fhz KbAk;! J}f;fKk; tpopg;Gk; ,Uf;fpwNj? fz;fs;
,y;yhjpUe;Jk;. fdT kl;Lk; ,y;yhjpUf;Fkh? Mdhy; mtsJ
fdTfs; xyp kakhdit rg;j [hyq;fs; jhd;. ahuhUila
Fuy;fs; vy;yhNkh Nfl;Fk;! FuYk; nka;Azu;Tk; jhd;>
Fuiyf; nfhz;Ljhd; Ml;fisf; fhzKbAk; mtSf;F.
jhj;jh nrq;Nfzpf; fpotd; rpy rkaq;fspy; fdtpy; te;J
MjuNthL jiyiaj; jltpf;nfhz;L nfhQ;Rthu;. ,d;iwf;F
mts; GJ tpjkhd fdT xd;W fz;lhs;. J}uj;jpypUe;J
nky;nydg; Gy;yhq;Foypd; ehjk;... nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rk; mUNf
neUq;fp xypj;Jk;> jpBnud tpyfp nky;yd kq;fpAk;> rg;j

66
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

tpisahl;L! me;j [hyk; mjpfkhfp> gpwF kiwe;j gpd;>

fhjUNf neUq;fp. fzPnud;w Fuypy;> “Qhdf; fz; xd;W
,Ue;jpLk; NghjpdpNy" vd;w ghl;L! ahUila Fuy;? vd;W
re;Njfk; gpwf;fNt ,y;iy. Mkhk;... fz;zg;ghjhd;!
te;jpl;bah? Vd; eP md;dpf;F mg;Gwk; tuNt ,y;Ny
Gy;yhq;Foy; nrQ;Rl;bah. vdf;Fg; gak;kh ,Ue;jpr;R. eP vq;Nf
tuhkNy ,Ue;JLtpNah> ,e;jf; FUbiaf; fl;bf;fpl;L ehk;g
vJf;F moZk;D Nghapl;BNahd;D neidr;Nrd;... fz;zg;gh>
te;Jl;bah?...'vd;W mtd; Kfj;ij> jiyia> Njhis>
khu;ignay;yhk; jltpj;jltp kfpo;fpwhs;. FUbah... ahu; FUb?"
vd;W Nfl;L tpl;L kWgbAk; ghLfpwhd; mtd;>
cs;sq;iffspy; mts; Kfj;ij Ve;jpf; nfhz;L... “Md
gpUe;jhtdKk; mNjh njupANj> Mde;jf; fz;zd; cUtk;
mNjh njuptjhNy...” vd;w fz;zg;gdpd; ,dpikahd Fuy;
mtisr; Rw;wpYk; R+o;e;J Koq;FfpwJ. “vq;Nf njupAJ?...
fz;zg;gh... fz;zg;gh...” vd;W miof;fpwhs; tpopg;G! ahiuAk;
fhNzhk;! J}uj;jpy; ^upq; lhf;fP]py; ghz;L thj;jpa ,irjhd;
xypf;fpwJ.

fz;zg;gd; tUif:
mtSf;Fj; J}f;fk; gpbf;ftpy;iy.murq;Fb uapy;Nt
];Nl\dpy; ,uT gj;J kzpf;Ff; filrpg; ghrQ;ru; tUk;.
,uz;L epkp\j;jpw;Fk; Fiwthfj; jhd; epw;Fk;. NghFk;NghJ
];Nl\dpy; cs;s ntspr;rj;ijf; $l thupr; RUl;bf; nfhz;L
Ngha;tpLk;. jpBnud;W ngUfp te;j Nfhil kio xU kzp
Neuk; tpshrp epd;w gpwF>
“kioapy; eide;J te;j eha; xd;W MjuNthL mts;
fhybapy; curpf;nfhz;L gLj;jJk;> %iyapy; fple;j %q;fpy;
fk;ig vLj;J tpul;bdhNs mg;NghJ mtd; te;jhd;.
nfhl;Lfpd;w kioapy; eide;J> vjpYk; Nkhjpf; nfhs;sf;
$lhNj vd;w czh;NthL> ,uz;L iffisAk; Kd;dhs; ePl;b>
jLkhwpf;nfhz;Nl te;jhd;.”
“Uf;Fkzp ehia tpul;ba rg;jk; Nfl;L> ahuk;kh mJ?
,q;Nf rj;jpuk; ,Uf;FjhNk ,Jjhdh> vd;W gbfisj; jltpj;
jltpg; ghh;j;J NkNy te;jhd;. ,uhg;nghOj ,q;Nf
fopf;fyhkpy;y! vd;W Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhd;. gPbia gw;w
itj;Jtpl;L jPg;ngl;bapy; jhskpl;L F\pahfg; ghl

67
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Muk;gpj;jhd;. “Qhdf;fz; xd;W ,Ue;jpLk; NghjpdpNy...” ghl

Uf;Fkzpf;F ghl;Lk; FuYk; gpbj;Jg;NghdJ.
“Mkh...eP Vd; bf;fl; ,y;yhk uapy;Ny te;Nj..ve;j CUf;Fg;
NghNw? vd;whs;.”
ehY tUrkh eh mg;gbj;jhd;.. uapy;Ny ghl;L ghLNtd;.rpy
ehS xU &th$lf; nfilf;Fk;. mg;gy;yhk; tpOg;Guj;Jf;F
tlf;Nf jhd;> njw;Nf te;jjpy;Ny.mq;f ,Uf;fpwtq;fSf;F
vd;id ey;yhj; njhpAk;. tpl;LLthq;f. ,td; ahNuh GJ MS
vwf;fp tpl;Ll;lhd;.
eP VjhtJ rhg;gpl;bah?
“,y;Ny> kbapNy nuz;ldh ,Uf;F.. vq;Nf Nghap vd;d
thq;fpr; rhg;gplwJ. ,e;j tdhe;juj;jpNy?”
“,e;jh..nfhQ;rk; ky;yhf; nfhl;il ,Uf;F.. jpd;Dg;gpl;L
,d;ndhU ghl;L ghL vd;whs;. kPz;Lk; me;j eha; mts;
fhybapy; te;J xz;baJ. mts; vhpr;rYw;W %q;fpy; fk;ig
vLj;J tPrpdhs;.
“mJ vd;dh? %q;fpy; fk;gh vq;Nf fhl;L vd;W ifia
ePl;bdhd;.”
“cdf;F vJf;F ,J? vd;W mtdplk; fk;igf;
nfhLj;jhs;.”
“%q;fpiyj; jltpg; ghh;j;J ey;y %q;fpy; jhd; vd;whd;”
“vd;d nra;wJf;F ey;y %q;fpy; jhd;D nrhy;Nw?”
“mtd; nky;y rphpj;J> xt;nthUj;jd; ifapNyapUe;jh mJ
xt;nthz;Zf;Fk; cgNahfg;gLk;. FUld; ifapNyjhd; mJ
xz;Zk; Mfwjpy;Ny”
“mtd; jdf;fhf jhd; nrhy;fpwhNdh vd epidj;J
%q;fpNy vd;d nra;ayhk;D ehisf;Fg; ghU> ehd; nrQ;rp
fhl;lNwd;” vd;whs;.
“vd;d nra;Nt>?”
“$il> Kwk;> jLf;F…”
“mg;gpbah… vdf;Ff; $lg; Gy;yhq;Foy; nra;a tUNk”
“ehisf;F vdf;F Gy;yhq;Foy; nrQ;rp Cjpf;fhl;lZk;”
“,e;j ,uT Neuj;jpy; jd; grpawpe;J> Ntu;f;fliyAk;.
Cd;WNfhYk; je;j ,e;jg; Gz;zpatjpia kdrpw;Fs;
tho;j;jpf; nfhz;Nl Ntu;f;fliyiaj; jiuapy; jl;b cupj;Jj;
jpd;wthW nksdkha;r; rha;e;jpUe;jhd; mtd;. rw;W Neu
nksdj;jpw;Fg; gpd; mts; Nfl;lhs;.

68
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Mkh... xd; NgU vd;dh? fz;zg;gd;? Xk; NgUUf;Fkzp>

mJ rup> eP xU taRg; nghk;Gis jhNd? ahUk; Jiz
,y;yhk ,e;jr; rj;jpuj;jpNy eP Vd; jdpahf; Fe;jpapUf;Nf?
“ehd; rpd;dg; Gs;isah ,Uf;fpwNghNj ,q;Nf te;Jl;Nld;.
vdf;F xyfj;jpNy ,e;j xU ,lk; jhd; gof;fk;... vq;f
jhj;jh ,Ue;jJ mg;Ngh... ehY tUrj;Jf;F Kd;Nd mJ
nrj;Jg; Nghr;R..." jhj;jhtpd; epidT te;jNghJ mOifAk;
te;jJ. ,uz;L tpk;kypy; te;j Jauk; mlq;fpAk; Nghapw;W.
“vq;fhtJ fz;zhyk; fl;bf;fpD NghdhYk; xdf;F
Mj;jhT+L ,e;jr; rj;jpuk;jhd;D nrhy;Y. ePAk; vd;idg;Nghy;
mehijjhdh?..." vd;whd; fz;zg;gd;. mts; FuypypUe;J
mts; tairf; fzpj;j fz;zg;gd;> jd; fzpg;G rup jhdh
vd;W njupe;J nfhs;sNt fy;ahzj;ijg;gw;wpg; Ngrpdhd;.
“ePahtJ Mk;gis: ehd; nghk;gis... nuz;L
fz;Zkpy;yhj FUb vdf;F ahU ,Uf;fh? ahU ,Ue;jhYk;
fz;zpyhj ehd; mtq;fSf;F xU RikjhNd? mjdhNyjhd;
mdhijahf ,Uf;Nfd;."
“mtd; clnyy;yhk; kpd;diyg;Nghy; Xu; czu;r;rp tprpwpg;
gha;e;J mtidj; Js;spnao itj;jJ.
“mtd; mjw;Fg; gpwF xU thu;j;ij Ngrtpy;iy. mts;
vj;jidNah Ngr;Rf; nfhLj;Jq;$l> mtd; gjpy; nrhy;yhjJ
Nfl;Lj; 'J}f;fk; te;jpLr;rp NghypUf;F” vd;W vz;zp> mtSk;
J}q;f Kad;whs;.
“md;W ,uT ntF Neuk;tiu mtu;fs; ,UtUk; J}q;fTk;
,y;iy; NgrTk; ,y;iy! kWehs; fhiy J}f;fj;jpypUe;J
vOe;jJk; “fz;zg;gh> fz;zg;gh!” vd;W $g;gpl;lhs;;
gjpypy;iy.mtd; gLj;jpUe;j ,lj;ijj; jltpg; ghu;j;jhs;.
,le;jhd; ,Ue;jJ. 'mtd; jd;dplk; nrhy;ypf; nfhs;shky;
$lg; Ngha; tpl;lhNd” vd;W epidf;ifapy;> Mj;jpuKk;
mOifAk; milj;Jf; nfhz;L te;jJ.

epwk; G+Rjy;
rw;W Neuk; nrj;Jg; Nghd jhj;jhit epidj;Jf; nfhz;L
xg;ghup itj;J mOjhs;. rj;jpuj;Jf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; My
kuj;jbapy; [dre;jb ngUf Muk;gpj;jJ. Bf;filapy; B
thq;fpf; Fbj;J tpl;L Uf;FkpzpAk;> jdJ njhopypy; - Kjy;
ehs; nra;J itj;jpUe;j fpY fpYg;ig> tprpwp Kjypatw;wpw;F
tu;zk; G+Rk; Ntiyapy; Kide;jhs;. epwq;fisNa

69
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

ghu;j;jwpahj mg;gbnad;why; vd;dntd;W $lj; njupahj

Uf;Fkpzp> jhd; gpd;Dk; fpYfpYg;igfSf;Fk;> jLf;FfSf;Fk;
mofofhf tu;zk; G+Rths;. G+rg;gLk; epwq;fisg; gw;wpg;
G+rpf;nfhs;Sk; nghUs;fSf;F njupANkh mijtplf; nfhQ;rk;
mjpfkhf mtSf;Fj; njupAk;; mjhtJ. Uf;Fkzpiag;
nghWj;jtiu gr;ir vd;why; mJ fz;zhbf; Fg;gpapy;
,Ug;gJ.; ePyk; vd;gJ jfu lg;ghtpy; ,Ug;gJ.;
nfhl;lhq;fr;rpapy; ,Ug;gJ rptg;G mt;tsTjhd;. kdk;Nghd
Nghf;fha;j; jd; kdj;jpypUf;Fk; czu;r;rpfis mtw;wpd; kPJ
fpWf;fp kfpo;ths;. mtw;wpw;F mu;j;jkpy;iyah vd;d? mofhf
,Ug;gjha;f; fz; gilj;j Gz;zpathd;fs; $Wfpwhu;fs;.

fz;zg;gidg; gw;wpa epidT:

md;W fz;zg;gd; nrhy;ypf; nfhs;shky; Ngha;tpl;l -
jpdk; mts; rupahfNt jdJ Ntiyfisr; nra;J
Kbf;ftpy;iy. gf;fj;jpy; cl;fhu;e;J tpahghuk; nra;Ak;
Kdpak;khsplk; $lr; rupahf xd;Wk;
Ngrtpy;iy.mtisawpahky; nky;ypa Fuypy; “cd;doiff;
fhz ,U fz;fs; NghjhNj!" vd;W nfhz;lhs;. mijf; Nfl;L
Kdpak;kh mtisf; Nfyp Ngrpdhs;. Kdpak;khTld;
Uf;FkzpAk; Nru;e;J rpupj;jhs;. Mkhk;; Uf;Fkpzpf;F
ntl;fg;glf; $lj; njupahJ. md;W gfy; nghOJ KOJk;
mtd; epidtpNyNa efu;e;jJ mtSf;F. me;j ,uT
rk;gtj;jpw;Fg; gpd; gfYk; ,uTk; fz;zg;gidg; gw;wpa
epidTfspNyNa rQ;rupj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhs; Uf;Fkzp.
khdrPfkha; mtd; FuiyAk; ghl;ilAk; Nfl;Lf; Nfl;L
kfpo;e;jhs;. tho;f;if KOJk; mtd; ghbf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f>
gf;fj;jpy; cl;fhu;e;J jhd; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gijf;
fhl;bYk; cyfj;jpy; NtW xU ,d;gk; ,Ug;gjhf mtshy;
ek;g Kbatpy;iy. Mdhy;> me;jf; fz;zg;gd; mtidj; jhd;
fhNzhNk! mtd; vg;nghOjhtJ epr;rak; tUthd; vd;W
mtSf;Fj; Njhd;wpaJ. mtDf;fhf mts; fhj;jpUe;jhs;.
jpBnud;W fdT fz;L tpopj;njOe;J> mtd; epidtpy;
rj;jpuj;Jj; jpz;izapy; mku;e;J ntw;wpiyg; Nghl;Lf;
nfhz;bUf;ifapy;> ^upq; lhf;fP]py; Ml;lk; Muk;gkhfptpl;lJ.
^upq; lhf;fP]; ghz;L thj;jpa XirAk;> gioa fhyj;jpy;
GfNohL tpsq;fpa fpl;lg;ghtpd; rq;fPjj;ij khdgq;fg;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;bUe;j Bf;filf; fpuhkNghdpd; $r;rYk; mlq;fptpl;ld.

70
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Gy;yhq;Foy; Xir:
me;j eprg;jkhd Neuj;jpy; J}uj;jpypUe;J Gy;yhq;Foy;
Xir Nfl;lJ. 'me;jg; ghl;Lj;jhd; fz;zg;gd; tUNjh?...”
mtSf;F cly; KOJk; re;Njh\j;jpy; gjwpw;W. Foypd; Xir
tutu mjpfkhfp neUq;fp tUtJ Nghy; Nfl;lJ. gpwF Foypd;
ehjk; epd;W> %q;fpy; fk;nghd;wpd; Xir kl;Lk; 'lf; lf;”
nfd;W Nfl;lJ. rj;jpuj;Jg; gbfspy; fhybr;rg;jk;
Nfl;Fk;NghJ> “ahuJ> fz;zg;ghth?" vd;W Nfl;lhs; Uf;Fkzp.
Mkhk;.
“vq;Nf ,j;jpdp ehshf; fhNzhk;? nrhy;yhky; $lg;
Nghapl;bNad;D vdf;F tUj;jkh ,Ue;jpr;rp" vd;W mts;
nrhy;Yk;NghJ mtDf;Fj; Jf;fKk; kfpo;r;rpAk; Vw;gl;Lj;
njhz;il milj;jJ.
“gjpy; Ngrhky; nksdkha;> md;W cl;fhu;e;jpUe;j
,lj;jpNyNa te;J mku;e;jhd;" ,t;tsT ehs; vq;Nf
NghapUe;Nj? VjhtJ rhg;gpl;bah? NrhW$l tr;rpUf;Nfd;>
jz;zpCj;jp...NtZkdh rhg;gpNld;."
“eP xU njhopy; nrQ;rp nghiof;fy;Ny> me;j khjphp ehDk;
xU njhopy; nra;a Muk;gpr;rpl;Nld;. “vd;d njhopy;?”
“md;idf;F eP FLj;jpNa %q;fpy;> mjpNy Gy;yhq;Foy;
nrQ;rp tpw;f Muk;gpr;rpl;Nld;” cd;idg; ghh;j;J jhd; vdf;F
Gj;jp te;jJ”
“ehd; nrhy;wijf; Nff;fpwpah? te;J cd; ghl;L> cd;
Fuy;> eP vy;yhk; Gbr;rpUf;F. mjdhNyNa
ePAk;…ehDk;…te;J…”
“ehDk; cd;id khjphpjhd;. ehY tUrj;Jf;F Ke;jp
mk;ik thh;j;Jf; fz;Z NghapLr;R” cdf;F fz;Z
njhpahJd;D eP nrhy;wtiuf;Fk;>eP nedr;rJ Nghyj;jhd;
ehDk; nedr;Nrd;” Mdh ehk nuz;L NgUk; xz;zh vg;gb
tho KbAk;” mjhd; ehd; nrhy;ypf;fhk Nghapl;Nld; “eP
vd;id kwe;jpL”
mtd; tUj;jk; mtSf;Fg; Ghpe;jJ “ePAk; vd;id
khjphpj;jhd;dh nuhk;g re;Njh\k;> ,Jf;fhfth cd;id eh
kwe;JlZk;D nrhy;Nw?”
“Uf;F.. fz;Zd;dh vd;dh njhpAkh? fz;Zd;dh
ePjhd;!ePjhd; vdf;Ff; fz;Z ,dp NkNy..” vd;W NgrKbahky;
jpzwpdhd; fz;zg;gd;”

71
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

“me;j rj;jpuj;J ,utpd; jdpikapy; ,UtUk; jq;fs;

fijfis> Mirfis xUth;kPJ xUtUf;F ,Uf;Fk; fhjiy>
,j;jid ehs; gphpe;jpUe;j gphptpd; Nrhfq;fisg; gw;wp vy;yhk;
Ngrpf;nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhh;fs;. Ngr;R…Ngr;R..tpbAk; tiu xNu
Ngr;Rj;jhd;!

KbTiu:
“fz;nzhL fz;zpid Nehf;nfhf;fpd; tha;r;nrhw;fs; vd;d
gaDk; ,y..” vd;W fhjYf;F ,yf;fzk; ts;Sth; $wptpl;lhy;
NghJkh?
“,th;fSf;F?...tha;r;nrhw;fs; jhd;!”

fijapd; ePjp:
FiwghL vd;gJ clk;gpw;Fj; jhNd jtpu cs;sj;jpw;F
my;y vd;gij ehk; czu;e;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

2.fbjk; - GJikg;gpj;jd; Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:

gpwg;G: 25.04.1906
,aw;ngah;: nrh.tpUe;jhryk;
Ch;: flY}u;
,wg;G: 30.06.1948
vOjpafhyk;: 1933-1948
,yf;fpa tif: rpWfij> Gjpdk;
nrd;id> jQ;rhT+h; jkpo; my;yhJ gpw tl;lhu tof;Fj;
jkpopy; vOjpa Kjy; vOj;jhsh; GJikg;gpj;jd;. ngUk;ghYk;
,tuJ fjhghj;jpuq;fs; ney;iyj; jkpopy; Gidag;gLfpd;wd.

rpWfijfs;:
flTSk; fe;jrhkp gps;isAk;> glglg;G> Mz;ik>
fhQ;rid> fapw;wuT Nghd;w gy rpWfijfs; vOjpAs;shu;.

fij khe;jh;fs;:
rpq;fhu NtY> Re;juk;> ehfg;gd;

fijf;fU:
,yf;fpathjpfSf;F jq;fspd; gilg;GfSf;F ey;y xU
ghuhl;LjNy rupahd Cf;fkspf;Fk;. ,e;j ghuhl;bw;F
rpq;fhuNtYTk; Vq;fp fple;jhd;. mtid Cf;Ftpf;Fk; tpjkhf
ez;gd; xU fbjk; vOjpdhd;. mij ez;gd;jhd; vOjpdhd;

72
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

vd njupe;J kdNtjidapy; cz;ikahd ghuhl;Ljy;

kiwKfkhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ cz;ikahfTk; cyfwpaTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpdhd; kiwKkhf fbjk; %yk;
ghuhl;Ltij tpl> jdJ gilg;GfSf;F Neubahf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidj;jhd;.

Neu;ikahd Gfo;:
rpq;fhu NtY Xu; ,yf;fpa fu;j;jh. tho;f;ifapd;
,yl;rpaq;fis> tho;f;ifapd; rpf;fy;fis - Vd;>
tho;f;ifiaNa jpwe;J fhz;gpf;Fk; [d;dy;fs;jhk;
rpWfijfs; vd;why; mitfSf;F cjhuzk; rpq;fhu NtYtpd;
fijfs;. 'Ngdhit itj;Jf;nfhz;L NfhdhfptpLNthk;! vd;W
mtu; xU ehSk; fdT fhztpy;iy. Mdhy; Ngdhit
itj;Jf; nfhz;L gpr;irnaLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidf;fTk;
,y;iymtUila rpWfijfisg; nghWj;jtiu r%fk; E}W
Ngupy; mtiu xUtuhf kjpj;jJ. Kf;fhy;thrpg; NgUf;F moF
vd;gJ vd;d vd;W njupahJ. rpyUf;F mofhapUf;fpwJ vd;W
Kjypy; nrhy;Ytjw;Fj; ijupakpy;iy. ,e;j khjpupahd
r%fj;jpdpilNa rpq;fhuNtY capu;tho Ntz;Lnkd;why;
tho;f;if cz;zhtpujj;jpy; Kf;jpaile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
my;yJ VjhtJ fUiz kpFe;j nja;tk; ml;ra ghj;jpuk;
xd;iwf; nfhLj;J itj;Jtpl;Lg; NghapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,aw;ifapd; rl;lj;ij kPwTk;> nja;tj;jpd; fUiziag;
ngwTk; Kbahj ,e;jf; fypfhyj;jpy; gpwe;jijg; gw;wp rpq;fhu
NtY nehe;J nfhs;tjpy; gad; ,y;iy. mtUila
r%fkhfTk; urpfu;fshfTk; rpy ez;gu;fs; ,Ue;jhu;fs;.
mjdhy; mtUf;Fg; grp vd;w ftiy Vwf;Fiwa ,y;iy
vdyhk;. Vndd;why; mtUila Njitfs; ntF nfhQ;rk;.
FLk;g ghuk; fpilahJ. fdT fz;L nfhz;bUg;gjw;Fg; Nghjpa
mtfhrk; ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk; mij ,yf;fpakhf tbntLf;f
itf;Fk; Cf;fk; Fiwe;Jtu Muk;gpj;jJ. Gfo; ,y;yhky;
,yf;fpa fu;j;jh capu; tho KbahJ. Kf];Jjp Ntz;lhk;.
,y;yhjij ePq;fs; nrhy;yptpl Ntz;lhk;. nra;tJ rupjhd;.
ed;whapUf;fpwJ vd;W nrhy;ythtJ Ntz;lhkh? Neu;ikahd
Gfo; ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhTf;F Cf;fkspf;Fk; czT. ,ijf;
nfhLf;ff; $lr; rf;jpaw;w Nfhioahd xU r%fj;jpw;F vd;d
vOjpf; nfhl;l Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ! ,jpy; thOk; fpue;j fu;j;jh
kdkpbe;J ghoha;g; Nghthd;;.

73
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

xd;Wf;Fkw;w fOijfs;:
Mdhy; rpq;fhuNtY ,g;gb ehrkhtjw;Ff; Nfhioay;yu;>
ijupaj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l kdf;frg;G mtiu xd;Wk;
vOjtpltpy;iy. mtu; r%fj;jpy; ek;gpf;if itj;j kdpju;.
Xbj; jsu;e;j rpe;jidfs; vy;yhk;> <l;b Fj;Jk; khjpup>
fijfisr; rpU\;bj;jd. md;W vg;nghOJk; Nghy; me;jj;
jdpaiwapy; ghapy; cl;fhu;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. ntw;wpiyia
nkd;W nkd;W Jg;gpahfptpl;lJ. vd;d nraw;if Cf;fk;
nfhLj;jhYk; me;jf; fijiaj; njhlKbatpy;iy. VO
ehl;fshf ,e;jf; fjpjhd;. ifapypUe;j NgdhitAk;
fhfpjj;ijAk; fPNo nghj;njd;W Nghl;lhu;. gpd;GwkpUe;j
jiyaizapy; rha;e;J nfhz;L> ntw;wpiyr; nry;yj;ijg;
gf;fj;jpy; ,Oj;J itj;Jf;nfhz;L> ntw;wpiy Nghl
Muk;gpj;jhu;. mJTk; xU fiy mtUf;F. njU thrw;gbapy;
ahNuh tUtJNghy; fhybr; rg;jk;. “rpq;fhuk;!” vd;w Fuy;.
“Re;jukh? th!” mtUila ez;gu; Re;juk; te;J gf;fj;jpy;
cl;fhu;e;J nfhz;L. “vd;d ntspNa Nghfyhkh? kzp
Ie;jpUf;FNk!" vd;whu;. “ntw;wpiyiag; NghL> Kjypy;!" vd;d?
,d;Dk; fijia Kbf;ftpy;iyNa! Muk;gk; ntFN[huha;
,Uf;fpwJ. rPf;fpuk; KbAq;fs;! Mkhk;> Ntiyapy;iy! vOjpj;
J}f;fp epWj;Jfpw mtruk; xd;Wkpy;iy. vd;dlh> ey;y
fijia urpf;fpwjw;F xU gaYk; ,y;iy. Rk;kh vOJ vOJ
vd;why;! ehd;F gFj;jwptw;w Fapy; ,y;iy. vdf;F ehd;
vOJtijr; 'rup> ed;whapUf;fpwJ” vd;W nrhy;y ehd;F Ngu;fs;
Ntz;Lk;. Rw;wp xd;Wf;Fkw;w fOijfis itj;Jf;nfhz;L
vd;d nra;fpwJ?" vd;whu; rpq;fhuk;. “urpf;fpwjw;F ehq;fs;
vy;yhUk; ,y;iyah?" vd;whu; Re;juk;. "eP vdJ rpNefpjd;.
cdf;F vd;Nky; gpNuik. ehd; vd;d vOjpdhYk; cdf;F
ed;whfj;jhd; njupAk;. %d;whtJ kdpjd; vtdhtJ ,Jtiu
vd; fij ed;whf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhdh?
mjpUf;fl;Lkg;gh! ehd; fij vOJfpNwd; vd;W vj;jid
NgUf;Fj; njupAk;? th> Nghfyhk;! fij vOjp..."vd;W nrhy;yp
vOe;J ntspNa Gwg;glj; jahuhdhu;. nksdkhff; ifapypUe;j
Gifapiyia thapy; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L ez;gUk; vOe;jhu;.
md;W Ngr;R vq;nfy;yhNkh Rw;wpAk; filrpapy; ,jpy;jhd;
te;J tpOe;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.

74
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

thrfh; fbjk;:
Ie;jhW ehs;fs; fopj;J...,uT VO kzp ,Uf;Fk;.
rpq;fhu NtY jkJ miwapy; cl;fhu;e;J VNjh thrpj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. me;jf; fij mJTk; mg;gbNa
miuFiwahfj;jhd; fplf;fpwJ. “]hu;> jghy;!” vd;w rg;jk;.
rpq;fhuNtYTf;Ff; fbjk; tUtJ tpjp tpyf;F. Kf;fhy; thrp
NtW ahUf;fhtJ NghfNtz;ba fbjk; jtWjyhf ,q;F
te;JtpLtJ cz;L. Jizj; jghy;fhudhf ,tUk; rpukg;gl
Ntz;bajpUf;Fk;. [d;dy; topahf tpOe;j fbjj;ij vLj;J
tpyhrj;ijf; ftdpj;jhu;. mjpy; jtW xd;Wkpy;iy. tpyhrk;
rupahfj;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy; ifnaOj;J mtUf;F
mwpKfkhdjhf ,y;iy. jghy; Kj;jpiu vg;nghOJk;Nghy; xNu
fWg;Gkakhf ,Ue;jJ. gpupj;J thrpj;jhu;.
tprhfg;gl;b>
10.9.1933
,yf;fpa fu;j;juhd jpU.rpq;fhuNtY mtu;fs; jpt;tpa
r%fj;jpw;F> ehd; ngupa gbg;ghsp xd;Wkpy;iy; Mdhy;
fiyapy; vdf;F Mu;tk; kpFjpAk; cz;L. jq;fs;
rpWfijfSf;F epfuhfj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;> Vd;> cyf
,yf;fpaj;jpNyNa - vdf;F Mq;fpyj;jpYk; rpwpJ gapw;rpAz;L
ngUk;ghd;ikahff; fpilahJ vd;Nw nrhy;YNtd;. jq;fs;
'rhyhtpd; rq;flq;fs;” vd;w rpWfij tho;f;ifapd; capu;nka;
Xtpakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mJ xU GJikahd cyfj;ijNa
jpwe;J fhz;gpf;fpwJ. mijg; gw;wpg; Gfo;tjw;F> ehDk; XusT
vOJk; gapw;rp ngw;wtdhf ,Ue;jhy; vdJ cs;sj;jpy;
Njhd;wpaij mg;gbNa vLj;Jiug;Ngd;. Mdhy; me;Njh>
mt;tsTk; %q;ifad; fz;l fdthfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,d;Dk;
jq;fs; vz;zpwe;j fijfis tplhJ gbj;Jte;jtu;fspy;
ehDk; xUtd;. ,d;Dk; Gjpa fw;gidfis> fdT
Nyhfq;fisr; rpU\;bf;f ,iwtd; jq;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa rf;jp
mUSthdhf.
,g;gbf;F jq;fs; tpNjad;> ehfg;gd;.
fbjj;ij thrpj;jJk; Kfk; kyu;r;rpaile;jJ. cs;sk;
G+upg;gile;jJ. FJ}fyk; gpwe;jJ. kWgbAk; thrpj;jhu;.
,d;ndhU KiwAk; thrpj;jhu;. me;jf; fbjk; mtUila xU
ngupa jhgj;ijj; jPu;j;jJ. “eP xUtd; jhd; vz;zpwe;jtu;fspy;
xUtdy;yd;! r%fj;jpy; nfhQ;rk; ek;gpf;if ,Uf;fj;jhd;
nra;fpwJ. KO Nkhrkpy;iy!" vd;W jdf;Fs; nrhy;ypf;

75
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

nfhz;lhu;. fbjj;ijr; Re;juj;jpw;Ff; fhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w

Mir. Mdhy; mjpy; vd;djhd; ,Uf;fpwNjh? kWgbAk; gbf;f
Muk;gpf;fpwhu;. ehfg;gDf;F xU ePz;l fbjk; vOjNtz;Lk;
vd;W epr;rapj;jhfptpl;lJ. kWgbAk; gbf;f Muk;gpj;j gpwF
kdJ jpBnud;W khWfpwJ. rpy rpy vOj;Jf;fs; jkf;F
mwpKfkhd ahNuh xUtupd; ifnaOj;J khjpupj; njupfpd;wd.

cz;ikg; gw;Wjy;:
Mkhk;! ahNuh ekf;Fj; njupe;j gaYila Ntiyjhd;.
,y;yhtpl;lhy; vd; tpyhrj;ij tprhfg;gl;bf;F ahu;
nfhz;LNgha;f; nfhLf;fg;Nghfpwhu;fs;. ,e;jg; GSF %l;ilia
vd;dplkh mtpo;f;f Ntz;Lk;? rPr;rP! Kl;lhs;! Nfhio!
ijupakpUe;jhy;> cz;ikapy; urpj;jhy;> gfpuq;fkhfg;
gj;jpupiff;F Vd; vOjf; $lhJ? mtd; urpj;jJ vd;
rpNefj;jpw;fhfj;jhd;. rP ,ij vOjptpl;lhy; vdf;Fj; jpUg;jp>
rhe;jp> vy;yhf; Fl;br;RtUk; te;JtpLnkd;W vz;zpdhdhf;Fk;!
Kl;lhs;! mtDk; ,e;jr; r%fj;jpy; xU [e;JjhNd! ,e;j
Kl;lhs; $l;lj;jpw;Ff; fij vOj Ntz;Lkhk;> fij!
mijtplf; firab nfhLg;Ngd;! Kl;lhs;fs;! jupj;jpuf;
fOijfs;! ehisf;F tul;Lk;! fij Ntz;Lkhk;. fij! ,e;jg;
gay;fs; rhtfhrNk Ntz;lhk;. njhiye;jhy;jhd; ,e;jg; gPil
xopAk;. cz;ikg; gw;Wjiyf; fhz;gpf;f ijupa kpy;yhj
Nfhiofs;! fbjk; vOjpdhNd fbjk;> vd;id Kl;lhs; vd;W
epidj;Jf; nfhz;lhdh? rPr;rP Kl;lhs;! mtid vd;d
nrhy;y?... ngw;W tsu;j;j r%fk; ,g;gbg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf
vOjhkYk; ,Uf;fpwjpy;iy.

KbTiu
fhfpjk; vupAk; ehw;wk; miw KOtJk; gue;jJ. tpsf;Fk;
fup gpbj;J vupe;J> vz;nzaw;Wr; Nrhu;e;J kq;fpf; nfhz;Nl
te;jJ. ntw;wpiyg; ngl;bia vLf;Fk; rg;jk;. rpq;fhuNtY
ntw;wpiy Nghl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;. tpsf;F mize;jJ. mtu;
kdj;jpy; GOq;fpa jzYk; mtpe;jJ. md;W mtu; ntF Neuk;
J}q;ftpy;iy. ,e;j khjpup mrl;Lj;jdkhd r%fj;ij vg;gbj;
J}f;FtJ? Nfhioj;jdk; gpwg;Gupikahf ,Uf;fpw ,e;jg;
GOf;fis kdpju;fs; Mf;FtJ vg;gb? ,Us; ,Ue;jhy;jhNd
xsp? xsp tuhky; Ngha;tpLkh? mJtiu fhj;jpUf;f

76
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Ntz;baJjhd;. vj;jid fhyNkh? xsp tUk;nghOJ ehk;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtrpaKz;lh? vdJ rpU\;bfs;
,Ue;jhy; NghJk;!

fijapd; ePjp:
cz;ikahd ghuhl;L Cf;fk; mspf;Fk;. mijAk; jhz;b
xU fiyQd; tpUk;GtJk; $l cz;ikahd Cf;fkspf;Fk;
ghul;L my;yJ epiw FiwNa. ngha;ahd Gfo;r;rp vd;gJ
ntWk; cjl;lstpy; epd;W tplf;$Lk; vd;gij mwpe;J
nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

3. fU-ckhkNf];thp
Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:
ckhkNf];tup (k`p) vd;gth; jkpofj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ngz;
vOj;jhsh;. ,th; gjpd; gUtk; Kjy; vOjp tUfpwhh;.

Ch;:
Njdp(kh)> Nghb ehaf;fD}h;. ftpijfspy; njhlq;fp
rpWfijfs;> ehty; vd;W tphpthfg; gazk; nra;gth;. jw;NghJ
FLk;gj;Jld; Mz;bg;gl;bapy; trpf;fpwhh;.
E}y;fs;: ftpijj; njhFjpfs;: el;rj;jpuq;fspd; eLNt
(1990)> ntWk; nghOJ (2002)> fw;ghit (2004)> ,Wjpg;G+ (2008)
kpl;lha;f;fbfhuk; (2015)
rpWfijj; njhFjpfs;: kug;ghr;rp (2002)> njhiyfly;
(2004)> musp tdk; (2008)> tayl; [d;dy; (2019)
ehty;fs;: ahUk; ahUlDk; ,y;iy (2003)> mQ;rhq;fy;
fhyk; (2013)
ghpRfs;: Vyhjp ,yf;fpag; ghpR> ,yf;fpar; rpe;jid
,yf;fpag; ghpR> ftpQh; rpw;gp ,yf;fpag; ghpR
tpUJfs;: fjh Njrpa tpUJ>jpUg;G+h; jkpo;r;rq;f tpUJ>
,e;jpah LNlapd; rpfuk; tpUJ> eQ;rd; $L jpUkyhk;ghs;
tpUJ.

fij khe;jh;fs;:
yjh> fztd;> %j;jngz; ghujp> kfd;> mj;ij

77
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

fijf;fU:
ngz;fs; vt;tsT Kd;NdwpdhYk; ngz;fSf;F ngz;fs;
jhd; vjpupahf rKjhaj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wdu; vd;gijAk; yjh
vd;w fjhghj;jpuj;jpd; thapyhfTk;> xU Foe;ij ,y;yhj
ngz; rKjhaj;jpy; vjpu; nfhs;Sk; gpur;rpidfSk;
,f;fijapd; ika fUj;jhf mikfpwJ.

,y;yj;jurpapd; fhiy Ntiy:

fij vOjNtz;Lnkd;w tpguPj Mir jdf;F Vw;gLnkd;W
yjh New;Wtiu epidj;jpUf;ftpy;iy. Gs;spfsplhj
G+f;Nfhyj;jpd; ,jo;fs; nghWikAk;> NeuKk; ,d;ikahy;>
mfykha; tpupahky; rpWtl;lkhf Kbe;jd. kzp Ie;jiu vd;w
mtruj;jpy; Nfhyg; nghb lg;ghit [d;dypy; vwpe;Jtpl;L
mLg;gbf;F Xbdhs;. tof;fk;Nghy iyl;lu; xj;Jiof;fhky;
ky;Yf;fl;b> mLg;Gg; gw;wp> ghiyf; fha;r;rpagbNa> kW
mLg;gpy; gUg;ig Ntfg;Nghl;lhs;. ruruntd;W rhk;ghUf;fhd
fha;fwpfis g;up[;[pypUe;J vLj;J eWf;fpdhs;.

fijapy; vz;zk; nry;Yjy;;:

vd;d fijnaOj? vOJk;gbahd fijfs; VJk;
vd;dplkpUf;fh? rhjhuz tp\aq;fis mrhjhuzkhd
Kiwapy; nrhy;fpw fiyapy; epr;rak; ehd; epGzpAky;y.
Ff;fupypUe;J Mtp ntspNawTk; Fz;ilg; nghUj;jpdhs;.
Foe;ij rpZq;Fk; rg;jk;. khbaiwf;F Xbj; njhl;biy
tpupj;J Kfk; fhl;baJk; Foe;ij rpZq;fiy epWj;jpg;
Gd;difj;J> ,U iffisAk; tpupj;J> vd;idj; J}f;F
vd;gjhf ghtid fhl;bdhd;. mtDf;Fg; grpf;Fk;. ,Lg;gpy;
Foe;ijNahNl> ghiyf; fdj;j fuz;bahy; fpz;bdhs;. “fhgp”
vd;W Nfl;Ltpl;L> tuhz;lhtpw;F nra;jpj;jhNshL efu;j;j
fztdpd; gpd; xb> “gpbq;f ,tid. Foe;ijia tr;rpf;fpl;L
ehd; vg;gb fhgp fyf;fpwJ" vd;W nfhLj;jJk; epd;wpUe;j
Foe;ijapd; mOifg; ngupjhf tPwpl;Lj; Jtq;fpaJ.
“cd;dplk;jhd; tuZkhk;; gpb ,tid” vd;W ntw;wpfukhff;
nfhLj;Jtpl;L> kWgb nra;jpj;jhSf;Fs; Ngha;tpl;lhu;.

kfisg; gs;spf;F mDg;Gjy;:

%j;jngz; ghujpia vOg;gpg; gw;gir vLj;Jf; nfhLj;J>
cl;fhu;e;J iel;biaj; jsu;j;jp Foe;ijia khu;gpypl;lhs;

78
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

mts;. mtru> mtrukha; cwpQ;rpa typapy; fz; %baNghJ>

Foe;ij gpwe;j Kjy; jpdk; ghY}l;ba mDgtk; QhgfkhdJ.
Foe;ij J}q;fpaJk; nky;y tpLtpj;J njhl;bypy;> ,UGwKk;
rpW jiyaizfis mikj;Jf; fplj;jpdhs;. ghujpiaf;
Fspf;fitj;J cilkhw;wpr; rilgpd;dp> rhk;ghu; jhspj;J
,l;ypia mtpj;njLj;J> nte;j rhjj;ij bgd; ghf;]py;
gUg;Gk;> nea;Ak; Nghl;L epug;gp> ghl;bypy; jz;zPu; Cw;wp...
mtSf;F ,l;ypia Cl;b> ntspf;fpsk;gpaNghJ “Vk;kh jk;gp
gpwe;jjpNyu;e;J vd;id eP J}f;fpf;fNt khl;NlDw?" vd;W
Nfl;ltis xU GwKk;> ig> rhg;ghl;Lf; $ilfis
kWifapYk; ,Lf;fp> ];$y; g];]py; Vw;wpf; ifairj;jNghJ>
'mg;ghlh” vd;wpUe;jJ. te;J muf;fg; guf;ff; Fspay;. jz;zuP ;
vy;yhtw;iwAk; fOtp tpLfpwJ. mOf;F> mYg;G vd;nwy;yhNk
,e;jg; G+r;rhuypNy fiue;J fhzhky; Ngha;tpLfpd;wd. kWgb
fij Qhgfk;. ngupa> ngupa vOj;jhsu;fSf;nfy;yhk;
jpBnud;W xU nghwp njwpf;Fkhk;. mg;Gwk; mJ [{thiyahfp
fij fUf;nfhz;L mjw;Ff; fz;> fhJ> %f;F> if> fhy;
Kisj;J..."

fztd; mioj;jy;:
vd;d gz;ZNw ghj;&kpy;? vdf;F Nyl;lhFJ. ,l;yp
vLj;J itf;fpwpah?" ghujp mg;gh. mtrukha; cil khw;wp>
ntspte;J> mLg;gbf;F Xl;lk;. ,l;ypiag; gupkhwptpl;L>
flg;ghf;fy; Nkilapy; cl;fhu;e;J mtu; Kfj;ijNa ghu;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jhs; ,l;ypapd; nkd;ik> my;yJ mJ ,d;ik
vd;NwNjDk; nrhy;thuhf;Fk; vd;W. ifjhd; tl;bYf;Fk;.
miye;Jnfhz;bUe;jJ. Kfk; `hypy; XLfpw b.tp.apy; jpUk;gp
,Ue;jJ. if fOtj; jz;zuP ; vLj;Jitj;J> ];$l;lu;
rPli
; lAk;>nrUg;igAk; J}rp jl;b> NkNy njhl;by; mirfpwjh
vd;W vl;bg; ghu;g;gjw;Fs; ntspNa ];$l;lu; fpsk;Gk; rj;jk;.
Xb thrYf;F te;J ghu;j;jhy; mJ njU jhz;btpl;lJ. ,tu;
Vd; ,d;dpf;F Ngha;l;L tNud;D nrhy;ypf;fNty;iy?

Foe;ijapd; rpZq;fy;:
cs;Ns te;jNghJ mj;ijapd; miw ,d;Dk;
jpwf;ftpy;iy. mtu;fSf;fhd ,l;ypia `hl;ghfpy;
%bitj;J> mts; rhg;gpLk;NghJ kWgb Foe;ijapd; rpZq;fy;.
Foe;ij kWgb J}q;fZnkd;why; mts; jhd; kPz;Lk; ghY}l;l

79
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Ntz;Lk;. khu;gpy; G+g;Nghyg; Gije;j Foe;ij Kfk;> Ftpe;j

,jo;fs;> jiy Nfhjpdhy; nrhf;Fk; fz;fs;... Ie;J epkplk;>
gj;J epkplk;> gjpide;J.. mtid khu;gpypUe;J efu;j;jpdhy;
tPwpl;l mywy;. kWgb mizj;J mtd;> mau mau mYg;Gk;>
mau;Tkhf mtSk; fz;%bdhs;. gpwF vOe;J mLg;G
Nkilia xJf;fpj; Jilj;jgb ,ijnaOjth> mijnaOjth
vd;W Fok;gpa Nahridf;Fs; ,Ue;J xU Kjy; tup
ePz;lJ.kjpar; rhg;ghL Kbe;J> czT Nki[ia Rj;jkhf;fp>
Foe;ij cwq;fpaJk; jhd; NgdhTld; mtspUf;Fk; Neuk;
tha;j;jJ.
fijf;Fs; fij:
rhj;jpa fjT tOtOj;j cWjpNahL jd; cs;NsNa xU
cyif Mf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; ,Ue;jhw;Nghy; gpize;j mjd;
,Ugf;fq;fs;. VNjh Xu; mG+u;t kNdhepiyapy; ehq;fspUtUk;.
jlk; Gushj ehs;fspd; xj;jpirtpypUe;J jg;gpa khWjy;
,d;W. ntspu; kQ;rs; G+q;nfhj;jha; ,uT tpsf;F Rtupy; xsp
tpupj;jpUf;f> ciuahly;fs; kl;Lk; njhl;Lf;nfhz;l mjpra
rkak;. nrhw;fspd; xyp jhz;ba vjdhNyh nea;ag;gl;l
me;Neuj;jpd; ,dpikia nehWf;fpaJ fjT ,bgLk; rg;jk;.
$lNt utpapd; mk;khtpd; Fuy;. “utp> eP fhiyapy; nts;sNd
filf;Ff; fpsk;g Ntz;lhkh? ,d;Dk; vd;d Ngr;R” fhukha;
te;J tpoe;jJ. nksdk;. fjitapbj;j xypia tplTk; typ
jUtjhapUe;jJ ,tuJ cldb tpyfYk; cwf;f ghtidAk;.
ntJntJg;gha; vd; neQ;rpy; ,wq;fpaJ nfhQ;rk; MWjyhf.
eu;]pq;N`hk; Ntjid:
,e;j eu;]pq;N`hkpy; %iyf;F %iy epWj;jp itf;fg;
gl;bUf;Fk; nraw;ifg; G+e;njhl;bfs; vupr;rY}l;Lfpd;wd.
vupr;riy khw;wpf; FSikg;gLj;jpdhu;fs; miw epiwe;j
ngz;fs;. Ftpe;j mbtapw;NwhL; fdTk;> fisg;Gk; mofpl;l
Kfq;fNshL; neQ;Rtiu NkNywp> Nkbl;l fu;g;gr; Rikahy;
,iuf;Fk; %r;NrhL cs;siwapypUe;J tUifapy; fiye;j
Glitiaj; jpUj;jpagb. jsu;e;j eilNahL. mk;khtpw;fpUf;Fk;
gugug;gpy; ghjp$l vdf;fpy;iynad;gjpy; Mr;rupak; jhd;.
mk;kh jdf;Fj; jhNd gjpiy vjpu;ghu;f;fhjJ Nghy
Ngrpf;nfhz;L Nghfpwhu;fs;. “FLk;gj;jpy; ahUf;Fk; ,e;jf;
fjpapy;iy” tjtjntd;W epiwaf; Foe;ijfs;> mk;khNt
vj;jid ngw;whs; Rygkhf Ntz;lhnkd;W fiyj;jJk; jhd;

80
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

vj;jid” ,t;tsT jhkjkhFNj> vd;dNth> VNjh...“mk;kh>

Rk;khapUq;fNsd;” Rk;kh> Rk;kh> Rk;kh vd;W vd;id Nehf;fp
ePz;l Nfs;tpfis epidj;Njd;. mijj;jtpu> NtW vJ
nra;apDk; mts; Rk;kh. vd;Dila E}y; Ntiyg;ghLfs;>
ngupa ngupa tau;$ilfs;> fk;gspg; gpd;dy;fs;> Fl;b
Fl;bahf njhl;br;nrbfs;> jpdk; njhLf;Fk; gpr;rpg;G+r;ruq;fs;>
rpd;dg; ngUf;fy; ijay;fspy; ];thkp cUtq;fs; nra;J
Nfhu;j;j epiyj;jpiufs; vd;W vd;d ,Ue;njd;d? xU
gps;isia> mJTk; Mzhfg; (vj;jid ngw;whYk; kybahk;
ngz;fisg; ngw;wts;) ngwtpy;iynad;why; “eP Rk;kh” vd;W
Fj;Jk; nrhw;fs;. me;j tajhd lhf;luk;kh. kpf epjhdkhd
tprhuizfSf;Fg;gpd; mts; ifAiwfis khl;bf; nfhz;l
fzk;jhd; fytug;gLj;jpaJ. fhy;Gwk; Glit tpyf;fg;gl;lJ.
typ nghWj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jhq;ff; fw;f Ntz;Lk;.
jhDk; ngz;nzd;W fhl;l jdf;nfd;W Xu; rpd;d gpk;gk;
nra;Jnfhs;s> jhd; te;j tk;rj;ij tsu itf;fQ; 'Mkh>
ngupa Kfyha tk;rk;” vd;W epidj;Jr; rpupj;J ehf;iff;
fbj;Jf; nfhz;Nld;. ePskhd kUe;Jg; gl;bay;fs;> mwpTiufs;>
,d;Dk; ghf;fpapUf;fpw gupNrhjidfs;> ,it vd;id tplTk;
mk;khit mjpfk; miyf;fopj;J Ntjidg;gLj;jpd.

,y;yj;jurpapd; khiy Ntiy:

rlrlntd;W Jspfs; njwpj;jd fij kPJ. ma;aa;Nah>
kio NkNy Jzpfs;. yjh nkhl;il khbapy; cyu;j;jpa
Jzpfis xb cUTtjw;Fs; kio ghjp eidj;Jtpl;lJ.
epd;W kio ghu;f;f Kbahky; ifapy; Jzpg;nghl;lyk;. mijf;
fl;bypy; tpupj;Jg; NghLk;NghNj ghy;fhuupd; irf;fps; kzp.
mijf;Nfl;L tpopj;j njhl;by; gps;isapd; mOif. mtid
J}f;fpf;nfhz;Nl ghy; fha;r;rpdhs;. ngupats; gs;spapypUe;J
tu mtSf;F tPl;Lg; ghlk;. khd;> kapy;> uapy; vd;W fij
Ngrpg;Ngrp Foe;ijf;F n]upyhf; Cl;ly;. kioiaf; fhNzhk;;
mts; ma;aa;Nahtpy; muz;L Xbg;NghapUf;Fk;. Ff;fupy; Ntfpw
rhjk;. fhiyr; rikaYf;F fha;fis Ma;e;J> mupe;J> eWf;fp
/g;up[;[py; jpzpj;J Kbj;jhy; uhj;jpupr; rhg;ghL njhlq;Fk;.
vy;NyhUk; b.tp. ghu;g;gjhy; mJ $lj;Jf;Fg; NghfNtz;Lk;.
njhlu; ehlfk; G+jk;Nghy; mj;jid NgiuAk; Mf;fpukpf;Fk;.
tl;by;fs;> rhjk;> urk;> nghupay;> ghy;> jz;zuP ; lk;su;fs; vd;W
xt;nthd;wha; $lj;jpy; nfhz;LNgha;g; gug;g vupr;ryha; tUk;."

81
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Nghd;w ciuahly;fspd; ,Wjpr; ruzhfjpf;Fk;gpd; Nehl;Lld;

cl;fhUths;.

kJiu M];gj;jpup:
kWgb mk;khNthL kJiu M];gj;jpupf;F.lhf;luk;kh
Fwpj;Jf;nfhLj;j ehspy; khjtpyf;Fj; njhlq;fp vl;lhtJ ehs;
gazg; nghOjpy;> top Xuj;jpy; kz; nghk;ikfSk;> caucau
[hbfSk; nra;Ak; tlf;fj;jpaf; FLk;gk;. tpjtpjkhd
gps;isahu;fs;. uhijiaf; nfhQ;Rk;> FoY}Jk;> tpuy; R+g;Gk;
fpU\;zu;fs;. G+turkuf; fpisapyhLk; njhl;bypd; ntspNa
ePz;l> rpte;j rpd;dQ;rpW ghjq;fs;. $lhu thrypy; Fjpiug;
nghk;ikf;F tu;zk; jPl;Lk; xUtd;. epwq;fs; rpjwpa ghthil>
jiyapy; topAk; Kf;fhNlhL %d;W fw;fisNa mLg;ghf;fpr;
rikf;Fk; xUj;jp. ifAiwazpe;j tpuy;fs; jd;Ds; neULk;
typia mts; mwpe;jpUf;fkhl;lhs;. ehfuPfk; vd;w ngaupy;
eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gLk; epu;g;ge;jq;fs; mOj;jhjjhfj;
njupfpwJ mtu;fspd; tho;f;if. ,d;iwf;nfd;dNth
vupr;rY}l;LtjhapUf;fpwJ lhf;lupd; Gd;dif. mk;khtpw;F
mDkjpapy;yhj miwapd; ,Ul;L. tpiwj;j ,Uk;G Nki[ -
fhw;gf;fk; miutl;lkha;f; Fope;jJ. mjdUfpy; tise;j
kpd;tpsf;F. vd;Nky; ftpo;e;jJ vf;];Nu ,ae;jpuk;. mijf;
ftdpj;Jg; ghu;g;gjw;Fs; vd; ,Lg;gpy; ,wq;fpaJ CrpkUe;J.
fUf;Foha;fs; milg;NgJkpd;wp ,Uf;fpd;wdthntd Nrhjid.
vOe;J> mk;khtpd; cjtpNahL> foptiwf;Fs; Ngha; ehg;fpdhy;
uj;j Nghf;if fl;Lg;gLj;jpaNghJ> mOj;jk; jhz;b mOif
gPwpl;lJ. ,d;Dk; Nrhjidfs; ePz;ld. vd; uj;jj;jpy;
fhrNeha;f; fpUkpfs; VNjDk; fUTWtijj; jLf;fpd;wdth?
rpWePupy; ru;f;fiuapd; msT rupaha; ,Uf;fpwjh? Njitah
,y;iyah vd;W Gupahky; vd;idr; Rw;wpYk; $z;Lf; fk;gpfs;
mikj;J> rpd;dr;rpd;d CrpfshYk;> fj;jpfshYk; vd;idf;
fPwpg;ghu;f;Fk; Nrhjidfs;; kUj;Jtkidapd; gpidy; neb>
khjhe;jpu Vkhw;wq;fspd; NghJ jtpu;f;f Kbahj ef;fYk;>
Fj;jYk;. “,e;j khrKk; Mr;rh?"> FLj;J tr;rJ ,t;tsTjhd;.
,e;j tPl;by; vg;gj;jhd; njhl;by; MLNkh “vd;d
nry;tkpUe;njd;d; mjy;yth ngz;Zf;Fg; ngUQ;nry;tk;.
J}f;fj;jpYk; neUQ;rpaha; cWj;Jk; nrhw;fs;> ,it
ahnjhd;wpYk; njhlu;gpy;yhjtu; Nghd;w mikjp mtUf;F
tha;j;jJ vg;gb? Nfs;tpfspd; nfhf;fpfspy; mtu;

82
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

fpopglhjpUf;fpwhuh? elf;fl;Lk; vd;w epr;rpe;ijahd cwf;fk;

vdf;F kl;Lk; J}ukhdJ Vd;? ehd; mile;Njahf Ntz;ba
Foe;ijg; ghf;fpak; vd; ifapypUf;fpwjh? tpQ;Qhd fhyj;jpy;>
NrhjidFoha; Foe;ij Afj;jpy; vy;yhk; rhj;jpak; vd;Dk;
cWjpAk;> cj;jputhjKk; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j khjk;
ntWikahdhy; mLj;j khjk;; mNj kUj;Jtkid; mNj
,ae;jpur; Nrhjidfs;> fUKl;il ntbg;igf; fz;lwpjy;.
mjpYkpy;iy vd;why; mLj;j khjk;. mjw;fLj;jJ vd;W
khjq;fspd; vz;zpf;if $baJ. vd; khjhe;jpuj; Njjp neUq;fp
te;jhNy cly; glglj;J eLq;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. jhsKbahj
kd cisr;rypy; cwf;fk; njhiye;jJ.

kfspd; fjwy;:
“mk;kh” ntd;w mywypy; yjhtpd; Ngdh njwpj;J
tpOe;jJ. new;wpapypUe;J uj;jr; ruq;fNshL ghujp> Rtu;
tpspk;gpy; ,bj;jpUf;fpwhs;... ma;Nah. ,g;g vd;d nra;a? Jzp
Njb eidj;Jr;Rw;wp> uj;jk; epw;fhky; Xl> kUj;Jtkidf;F
Xb> mts; myw mywj; ijay; NghLk;NghJ> jd;idj;
jplg;gLj;jp. ijupak; nrhy;yp> tPL jpUk;gp. ,jk; fhl;b cwq;f
itj;J... "vd;dhyh vy;yhk;? ehd;jhd; vOJfpNwd;.
gbf;fpNwndd;W Foe;ijiar; rupaha;f; ftdpf;fiyNah?'
njhl;biy Ml;ba gbNa> Fw;w czu;tpy; FWfpdhs;.
khjf;fzf;fha; fij %bf; fple;jJ.

mk;kh tPL:
mk;kh tPL NghFk; tpLKiwf;fhyk;. nehz;b tpisahba
Foe;ijg; gUtk;; epoyhLk; Mykuk;. ,g;NghJ nehz;bNah>
gk;guNkh tpisahLk; Foe;ijfNsapy;iy. b.tp jhd;.
tUlq;fisj; Njf;fp gRk; FSik nfhz;l nkhl;ilkhbj;
jiu... mg;Gwk; mk;kh mk;khit KOikahfr; nrhy;y
thu;j;ijfNsJ? Foe;ijfs; mk;khtplk; Xl;bf;nfhs;s> kWgb
jpwe;jJ fij.

fij njhlh;jy;:
Xa;e;j cly; Njwl;Lk;; mLj;j gupNrhjidia
xj;jpitf;fyhk; vd;W lhf;lu; nrhd;dJ MWjyhapUe;jJ.
gpd;du; “cd; fztUk; xU Nrhjid NyrhdJjhd; -
nra;Jf;fl;Lk;" Fdpe;J vOjpa lhf;luk;khtpd; jiyapy; xU

83
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

ngupa fy;iyj;J}f;fpg; NghlZk; Nghy; Mz;fSf;fhd

Nrhjid kl;Lk; ,Wjpf;fl;lk; jhd;.kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhapy;.
mk;khTk; ehDk;. fzgjp Nky; Ntz;Ljy;fis tpG+jpahff;
nfhl;Lfpwhu;fs;. tpUg;gq;fs;. epuhirfis ntz;nzaha;
cUl;bf; fhsp kPJ vwpfpwhu;fs;. vYkpr;ir jPgq;fs;.
tUlf;fzf;fha; Gd;dif thlhj mk;kd; "ey;yhf;
Fk;gpl;Lf;Nfh" mk;kh. ey;yh Fk;gpL vJ? fuq;fs; ntWkNd
Ftpe;jd. fz;fs; Vd; vd;W tpdtp jpiwj;jd.

jha;ik cs;sk;:
mj;ijapd; nksdKk;> ghuhKfKk; fLQ;nrhw;fis tplTk;
nfhbait. mtu;fSila fdTfs; vj;jifadNth? Cupy;
cyfj;jpy; vy;NyhiuAk;Nghy; Nguf; Foe;ijfisf; nfhQ;r
Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtu;fspd; epahakhd Miria epiwNtw;w
KbahjJ vd; jtWjhNdh vd;dNth> ,aw;ifapd; Gupahj
tpjpfis> G+lfkhd epajpfis ehd; kl;Lk; vt;tpjk;
mwpaKbAk;? KOf;fNt vd;dhy; rhjpf;f Kbahj> vd;
iftrkpy;yhj xd;iw ehd; cldbahf vg;gb cUthf;f
KbAk;? Jitj;j Jzpfisf; nfhbapy; cyu;j;jpNdd;.
nkhl;il khbapd; nrq;fl;lq;fspy; nrhy;nyhzh MWjy;
fpilj;jJ. vjpu;tPl;by; rp];lu; N[h]gpdpd; Fuy;> KOf;f
cly; %ba mq;fp> Kf;fhbl;l jiy> vjdhYk; kiwglhj
,e;j ,ikf;Fs; fdTfNs ,y;iynad;wh nrhy;yptpl KbAk;?
Foe;ijfisf; nfhQ;rpr; rpupf;Fk; rp];lupd; Fuypy; jJk;GtJ
jha;ikapy;iyah? cyifNa ];tPfupf;fpw jha;ik. rhf;fil
js;SgtDf;F Fspu; mykhupapypUe;J I];Jz;Lfs; kpjf;f ePu;
jUk; fhkhl;rp rpj;jpapd; nraypy; jha;ikj; JZf;fpy;iyah?
clYWg;Gfspd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwj;ij cWjp nra;Ak; nray;
kl;Lkh jha;iknad;gJ? mJ vq;Fk;> vg;NghJk; nghopAk;
capupd; ntspg;ghby;iyah? Jzpfs; gwe;Jtplhky; f;spg;
Nghl;Nld;.

mk;khtpd; Nfhgk;:
“khiyapy; xU...ntLf;nfd;W yjhypd; Nehl;ilg;
gpLq;fpdhu;fs;” mk;kh. Foe;ij mOwJ Nff;fiyah? J}f;fk;
tUJ mtDf;F. ePJ}f;fpg; ghy; juZk;D epidf;fpwhd; Nghy.
iff;Foe;ijf;fhup gps;is ngw;wjpypUe;J Njwhj gr;ir
,g;gbf; FWf;nfhba cl;fhu;e;J> kha;Q;R kha;Q;R vd;d vOj

84
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Ntz;bf; fplf;F? ,njy;yhk; clk;Gf;Ff; nfLjp. gps;isiaf;

ftdpr;Nrhkh? GU\idg; ghu;j;Njhkh? Ntz;baijr; rhg;gpl;L
cd; clk;igAk; ftdpj;J eif> el;L >tPL> thry; vd;W
,Uf;fhky;...mk;kh Nehl;ilg; gpLq;fp guzpy; vwpe;J>
Foe;ijia kbapy; Nghl;Lg; Ngha;tpl;lhu;fs;. CUf;Fg;
Gwg;gLk;NghJ Qhgfkhf NjbnaLj;Jf; nfhz;l yjhtplk;
mk;kh “cd;idj; jpUj;jNt KbahJb. vd;dj;j vOjp...
vd;dj;j.." vd;W KZKZf;fTk; mts; ehf;ifj; JUj;jpr;
rpupj;jhs;.ehl;fs; gioagb> mjPjg; gugug;gpy; efu;e;jd.
njhl;by;>fl;by; vy;yhk; J}q;fpa xU mikjpahd ,uhg;nghOJ
tha;j;jNghJ ,d;W vg;gbAk; vOjp Kbj;jhf Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Ngdh Njbdhy; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Kid kOq;fpa ngd;rpiy
gpNsbdhy; $uhf;fp vOj Muk;gpj;jhs;.

jha;ikapd; Vf;fk;:
khiy xU tisfhg;G.gl;L kpDq;fy;.eif n[hypg;G.
G+thrid. $lj;jpd; eLtpy; jhk;ghsq;fspy; kQ;rs;> Fq;Fkk;.
goq;fs;> gyfhuq;fs;> nea;Ak; ,dpg;Gk; Nru;j;Jr; nra;j muprp
khTUz;ilfs;. me;jg; ngz; ,e;jr; rkaj;jpd; jdp
moNfhbUe;jhs;. “vg;gbj; Js;SJ ghNud;" vd mts; vd;
cs;sq;ifia mbtapw;wpd; mirit czu;j;j
gjpj;Jf;nfhz;lJ vdf;F kpfg;gpbj;jkhapUe;jJ. tisay;fs; -
nghd;dpy;> nts;spapy;> epwk; -epwkha;f; fz;zhbapy; vd;ndd;d
tisay;fs;. Mguzq;fNs tpyq;fha; khwpg; Ngha;tpLfpw
mgha kwpahj kfpo;r;rp. tisay; Nghl;Ltpl
miof;fg;gLfpwhu;fs; xt;nthUtuhf g;Nukh> uhjh> yl;Rkp>
fdfh...ngupak;khtpd; ghu;it vd; Kfj;jpy; myl;rpakha; curp
tpyFfpwJ. vd; jFjpapd;ikia mbf;NfhbLk; xJf;fy;
vd;id miwe;J js;SfpwJ. gw;wpf; nfhs;s vJTkw;Wj;
jLkhwp> fz;zpy; Kl;Lk; ePu;> tpspk;igj; jhz;btplhj
gpuahirNahL vd; Rtu;fSf;Fs; efu;fpNwd;. fay;tpopapd; if
Njhspy; gjpfpwJ. “ftiyg;glhNj! ijupakhapU ,ij vy;yhk;
nghUl;gLj;jhNj" vd;W nrhy;Yk; if> Vd; ,g;gbnay;yhk;
ngz;fisg; ngz;fNs..,utpy; vd; [d;dypy; ghujpahNuhL
fz;fs; ,uz;bUe;Jk; rhZk; jpwikaw;w ngz;fspd;$l;lkb
fpspNa!

85
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

fij KbT:
Ngrpg; gandd;db Ngdhepd;wJ. [d;dypy; MLk; kuf;fpis>
yjh cs;siwapy; njhl;by; Mltpy;iynad
cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;lhs;. nfhRtu;j;jpia GjpJ khw;wpdhs;.
Jz;L Jz;lhff; fple;j fijiag; ghu;j;jhs;. ,it xd;wp
cUf;nfhs;Skh? vd;d Kbtikf;fyhk;? mts; Foe;ijg;
ghf;fpak; mile;jjhy; ru;t kq;fsKk; ngw;W eP^op
tho;e;jhnsd;wh ,y;iy> Foe;ij ngwKbahjhy; kdKile;J
J}f;fpy; njhq;fp capu;tpl;ljhfth? mts; fztu; ,d;ndhU
ngz;iz kzf;f> mts; tPl;il tpl;L ntspNawp
GJikg;ngz;zhf vd;gJNghy;... vJTk; Njhd;wtpy;iy. xd;Wk;
Gupgltpy;iy. fij jd;idj;jhNd Kbj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
vd;wpUe;jJ. vg;gb mJ jd; Nghf;fpy; tsu;e;jNjh mg;gbNa...
vJTk; Njhd;wtpy;iy. xd;Wk; Gupgltpy;iy. fij
jd;idj;jhNd Kbj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; vd;wpUe;jJ. vg;gb mJ jd;
Nghf;fpy; tsu;e;jNjh mg;gbNa...

NtW kUj;Jtkid:
gioa kUj;Jtkid uhrpapy;iyahk;> ,e;j lhf;luk;kh
thpirahf vd; Nrhjid Fwpg;Gfisg; ghh;j;jhh;fs;. xU
Foe;ijiag; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w cd; MirAk;> Mjq;fKk;
GhpfpwJ. Mdhy; Vd; ,t;tsT mtruk;? ,j;jid Nrhjid?
gjpy; nrhy;y ,ayhikapy; ehd;. kWgbAk; tpiwj;j> fhw;Gwk;
Fope;j NkiI> vd;Nky; ftpo;e;j uhl;r] tpsf;Ffs;.
jsh;j;jg;gl;l vd; cilfs;. ];Nfd; ,ae;jpuj;ijr; rhpaha;
mikj;J> vd; mb tapw;wpy; nky;y nIy; jltp> ePtpagb>
“gag;glhNj” vd;W lhf;lh; Gd;difj;jNghJjhd; mJ epfo;e;jJ.

KbTiu:
vd; jiy fod;W miwapd; %iyf;F cUz;L NghdJ.
if> fhy;fs; gf;fq;fspy; gpa;e;J tpOe;jd. ,Ujak; cyh;e;J>
rUfhfp nehWq;fpaJ. ehd; xU rpwpa> Nghpf;fha; tbt>
fpl;lj;jl;l %d;wq;Fy ePsKk;> ,uz;lq;Fy mfyKk; cs;s
ntw;Wg; igahf kl;Lk; khwpj; njhq;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gijg;
ghh;j;Njd;.

86
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

fijapd; ePjp:
jha;ik vd;gJ midj;J capu;fSf;Fk; nghJthdJ.
jha;ik milahj ngz;fis Vsdk; nra;tJ J}w;WtJ
vd;gJ ehk; tho;tpy; nra;a $lhj nray; vd;gij kwe;J tpl
$lhJ.

4. Ks;Kb-jp.[hdfpuhkd; Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:

fhyk;: 28.02.1921 - 18.11.1982
Cu;: Njtf;Fb> jpUth&u; (kh)> kd;dhu;Fb (t)
jp.[h vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
rpwg;G ngau;: nrt;tpay; kWkyu;r;rpg; gilg;ghsp
jkpopd; kpfg;Gfo; ngw;w ehty;fshd NkhfKs;> kug;gR>
mk;kh te;jhs; Nghd;wtw;iw vOjpatu;.
1945 - 1960 tiu nrd;id thndhyp epiyaj;jpy; 14
Mz;Lfs; fy;tp xypgug;G mikg;ghsuhfg; gzpahw;wpatu;.
rf;jp itj;jpak; (rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;wJ)
nfhl;LNksk; (Kjy; rpWfij njhFg;G)

fij khe;ju;fs;:
Mrphpah; mD$yrhkp> fz;Zrhkp> kfpik> Y}aprh>
MWKfk;> ehuzg;ga;ah;> ehAL> ghq;f; Vn[z;l; ma;aq;fhh;>
rhkpehjd;> uhkypq;fk;> rpd;idad;> rpd;idad; mk;kh

fijf;fU:
MrpupaUk; khztUk; mtutu; tho;f;if gazj;jpy; Xu;
mq;fk; jhd;. Mdhy; Mrpupau; khztUf;F mwpTr; nry;tk;
je;J> mtd; kz;Zyfk; tpl;L tpz;Zyfk; nry;Yk; tiu
gad;gLfpwJ. tho;ehspy; kdpjd; xOf;fk;> ek;gpf;if>
Kd;Ndw;wk;> cjTk; Fzk; mwpthw;wy;> jpwik> nghJeyk;>
Nghd;w ew;Fzq;fSk; Mfpad fy;tpapy; MrpupauplkpUe;J
ngwg;gLk; nry;tk;. ,jid Kd;itj;J fijapd; Mrpupau;
mD$yrhkp jdJ khztUf;F cjtp nra;j kdg;ghd;ikAk;
jd;dk;gpf;ifNahL cjtp nra;j khztupd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
$WfpwJ. Mrpupaupd; ew;Fzj;ijAk; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk;
,f;fijf;fUtpy; mikahyhapw;W.

87
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Kd;Diu:
mD$yrhkp jd;Dila rhjhuz thh;j;ijf;F kjpg;Gf;
nfhLj;J xU khztd; ,dj;ij kw;wth;fs; $WNghl;L
tpl;lhh;fs; vd mwpe;J tUe;Jfpwhh;. tha;thh;j;ijapy;
mwpahkw; nra;j ghtq;$l Ks;Kbahf cWj;Jk; vd;gNj
,f;fijapd; fUthf mikj;Js;shh;.

Mrphpah; mD$yrhkp:

“mg;g vq;fSf;F cj;juT nfhLf;fpwPq;fsh?” vd;W

fz;Zrhkp vOe;jJk; $lj;ij milj;J cl;fhu;e;jpUe;j
$l;lKk; vOe;J nfhz;lJ.
“ehd; tNud; rhu;” “ehd; tNud; rhu;”
“rhu;. Ngha;l;L tNud; rhu;!”
eLtpy; xU igad; mtu; fhiyj;njhl;Lf; fz;fspy;
xw;wpf;nfhz;lhd;. rl;nld;W fhiy ,Oj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;
mD$yrhkp. “ml ,njd;dlh jk;gp”
“nra;al;Lk; rhu;. ,e;j khjpup ahu; fpilf;fg; Nghwhq;f
mtq;fSf;F? ey;yhapUf;fZk;D cq;f thahNy nrhy;Yq;f
elf;Fk;” vd;whu; fz;Zrhkp.

Mrphpaiu tzq;Fjy;:
me;jg; igaidg; ghu;j;J kw;wg; ngz;fs; mj;jid NgUk;
mtu; fhiyj; njhl;Lj; njhl;L xw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;.
mD$yrhkp Fd;wpg;Ngha; epd;whu;.
“,njy;yhk;…?” vd;W mtu; ,Og;gjw;Fs; fz;Zrhkp
,ilkwpj;jhu;. “mD$yrhkp. ePq;f ep[khd fpwp];jtu;.
“Kfj;Jf;F nrhy;yNy. Kg;gj;jhW tU\k; gpuk;igj;
njhlhk mjpu;e;J xU thu;j;ij nrhy;yhk thj;jpahuha;
,Uf;fpwJd;dh me;j ; j; nja;tj;ij tpOe;J Fk;gpl;lhj;jhd;
vd;d?”
“mnjy;yhk; nrhy;yhjPq;f”
“ehd; nrhy;yNy. Cu; KOf;fr; nrhy;YJ. filj;
njUtpNy ch;fhe;J ehDk; tprhupf;fpNwdh? taj;jpNy nghwe;j
gps;isiaf;$l xU mbahtJ vg;gthtJ mbf;fhk ,Uf;f
khl;lhq;f. xU ntrthtJ nta;thq;f. mJ$l ,q;Nf
Ngrg;glhJ! ,e;j khjpup ahuhy; ,Uf;f KbAk;? Foe;ijAk;

88
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

nja;tKk; nfhz;lhlw ,lj;jpNy ,e;jf; Foe;ijfis ,d;Dk;

vj;jidNah Gs;isq;fis kD\g; gpwtpf;Ff; nfhLf;fpw
kupahij nfhLj;J kjpr;rPqf ; ” CQ;ry; kPJ cl;fhu;e;J
nfhz;lhu; mtu;. gf;fj;jp g;Nuk; Nghl;l Vnol;L cgrhug;
gj;jpuq;fs;. xU nts;spj; jl;L. xU Ngdh. filapy ehY
&gha; tpiy. Mdhy; ,q;F ,e;jg; NgdhTf;F tpiy
fpilahJ. ehY yl;rk;. ehY Nfhb ngWk; vd;W nrhd;dhy;
tPz; thu;j;ij. VNjh ,uz;Lk; rkk; vd;W MfptpLk;.
nfhu;dhg;gl;ilAk; nts;sp E}Ykhf ehiye;J Nuh[h
khiyfs; RUz;L fple;jd.

khzth;fspd; epiy:
CQ;ry; rq;fpyp ,uz;ilAk; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L epd;whs;
kfpik. Ngrtpy;iy. mtiuNa ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;L epd;whs;.
,j;jid Nksjhsq;fSk; jojog;Gk; jdf;Ff; fpilj;jhw;Nghy
xU ghu;it. xU epkp\k;. mtiug; gUfpf; nfhz;L epd;wts;
rl;nld;W thrYf;Fg; Ngha;f; fjitj; jhopl;L te;J
khiyfis xt;nthd;whf mtu; fOj;jpy; Nghl;L Njhs;fisg;
gw;wp Kfj;ijg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;Nl epd;whs;.
“vd;idf; $lj;jhd; ePqf ; mbr;rjpy;Ny. mjpu;e;J
nrhd;djpy;Ny” vd;W khu;gpy; jiyiar; rhj;jpf; nfhz;lhs;.
“cyfj;jpNy te;J ,Uf;fpwJ nfhQ;r fhyk;. <ry; kiof;F
te;J kbawhg;gy. me;jg; nghOij mbr;Rf; Nfhr;Rf;fpl;Lg;
Nghf;fZkh? mbr;R ahiuj; jpUj;j KbAk;?”
“uhl;rrd; khjpup Nfhr;Rf;f thzhk;. Mk;gpisah
,Uf;fwj;Jf;fhtJ xU jlit Nfhgk; tu Ntzhk;?” “tuhkah
,Uf;Fk;?” “ntspapNy fhkpf;fZk;”
“mJf;Fj;jhd; ghy;fhup Ntiyf;fhup vy;yhk; ,Uf;fwhq;f
cdf;F. ehd; Ntw Nfhr;Rf;fZkh?” “gs;spf;$lj;jpNy
mbf;fhk mjl;lhk ,Uf;f KbAkh?”
“,Uf;f KbQ;RNj!”gutrkhfg; ghu;j;Jtpl;L mtu; kPiria
,Oj;Jtpl;L “fhgp rhg;gplwPq;fsh?” vd;W efu;e;J epd;whs;
kfpik.
mts; cs;Ns tpiue;jNghJ jd; gpuhzNd ,d;Ndhh;
clk;G vLj;J tpiutJ NghypUe;jJ. NkNy Rtiug; ghu;j;jhu;.
Ks;KbAld; me;j Kfk; fUiz nts;skhfg; nghope;J
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ehiye;J glk; js;sp ,d;ndhU glj;jpy; mNj

89
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Kfk; Xu; Ml;Lr; rpRit mizj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

fz;Zrhkp nrhd;dJ mg;gbNa cz;ikjhd;. Kg;gj;jhW
tU\ cj;jpNahfj;jpy; xU igaidf;$l mbf;ftpy;iy.
mjl;bg; Ngrtpy;iy mtu;.

gs;spapd; epiy:
RghtNk mg;gb. Y}aprh gpwe;J gs;spf;$lk; Nru;e;J
MWtajpy; VNjh tp\kk; gz;zpajw;fhf thj;jpahuplk; mb
thq;fptpl;lJ. me;j thj;jpahu; ];Nfyhy; mbj;jNghJ
rl;ilf;Fs; ,Ue;j Nfhilf;fl;bapd; kPJ gl;L... mg;gg;gh!
md;W Jbj;j Jb! mijg; ghu;j;jJk; Rghtj;ij rq;fy;gkhfr;
nra;Jnfhz;lhu; mD$yrhkp. vy;NyhUk; nra;j ghtq;fSf;Fj;
jd; capiu tpiy nfhLj;jhNd. mtd; vy;yhj;
jiyKiwfSf;Fk; Nru;j;Jj;jhd; nfhLj;jhd;. me;j cWjp
Kg;gj;jhW tU\Kk; xU %sp tpohky; gpioj;J tpl;lJ.
,y;yhtpl;lhy; gjtpia tpl;L Xa;T vLf;fpw ve;j thj;jpahiu
Nksjhsj;Jld; tPL tiu nfhz;L tpl;Lg; NghapUf;fpwhu;fs;?
gs;spf;$lj;jpy New;W ele;j ghuhl;Lf;fs; Nghjhnjd;W.
mtu; tFg;G vd;W ehw;gJ igad;fs; ,Uf;fpwhu;fNs mtu;fs;
epidj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,d;W ele;jJ me;jf; $l;lk;jhd;.
khiy khiyahfg; Nghl;lhu;fs;. kly; klyhf thrpj;Jf;
nfhLj;jhu;fs;. ,Ue;jhw; NghypUe;J tuhe;jhtpy; “ck;” vd;w
xj;Jk; njhlu;e;J jTYk; xypj;jd.
“vd;d jk;gp. ,njy;yhk;?”

MWKfj;jpd; nray;:
“Ntw ahUf;F rhu; nra;ag; NghNwhk;? thq;f rhu;” vd;W
ehl;lhik khjpup epd;w ngupa igad; mtiu mioj;jhd;.
me;j MWKfj;Jf;F taJ ,Ugj;J %d;W. ,d;Dk;
gs;spf;$lg; gbg;G Kbatpy;iy. ntFfhykhf thrpf;fpwhd;.
kw;wgb cyf Qhdk; mjpfk;. mD$yrhkp gjpy; nrhy;yhky;
mtd; Ntz;LNfhSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;Ltpl;lhu;. ,y;yhtpl;lhy; kw;w
thj;jpahu;fisg; gw;wp Muk;gpj;J tpLthd;. ehY thu;j;ij
nrhy;ypf; $l tpl;lhd;.
“vq;fSf;Fj; njupahjh rhu;? ehd; upilauhfg; NghNwd; epjp
jpul;Lq;fd;D ePqf
; nrhy;yNy. fpy;L eifia tr;Rf; fld;
thq;fNy. fLjhirf; fhl;bf; fld; thq;fp Cu;g;ghtj;ijf;
nfhl;bf;fNy”

90
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

“rup.. nfhQ;rk; jz;zp nfhz;L th” vd;W vd;dNkh

nrhy;yp mtid mDg;gpg; Ngr;ir khw;w Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
mtd; thia milf;f Ntz;bapUe;jNj jtpu nrhd;dJ
vd;dNkh jg;gpy;iy. Cu;g;ghtj;ijf; nfhl;bf;nfhz;ljpy;iy.
Xq;fp xUtid miwe;jhy; vd;d? flid ehkk; rhj;jpdhy;
vd;d? vy;yhk; xd;Wjhd;. me;j `pk;irAk; mtu;
nfhLj;jjpy;iy.

Mrphpah;fspd; epiy:
ehuzg;ga;aUk; mtu; khjpupjhd;. rk;rhuk; ,y;iy. xU
gps;is. xU ngz;. Mdhy; kD\Df;F etj;JthuKk; fld;.
[Tspf; filapypUe;J nfhj;jky;ypf;fhup tiu fhyzhTf;F
kjpf;f Kbahj epiy te;Jtpl;lJ. ,e;j epiyapYk;
ehuzg;ga;au; Rk;kh ,Uf;ftpy;iy. gl;lzj;jpy; fy;tp iluf;lu;
MgP]pNy Ntiy nra;fpw ahNuh cwTf;fhud; “cq;fis ,e;j
tU\k; guPl;ir mjpfhupfspy; xUtuhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fpwhu;fs;.
cj;jpNahf G+u;tkhf ,d;Dk; ,uz;L thuj;jpy; fbjk; tUk;”
vd;W xU fbjk; vOjpapUe;jhd;. me;jf; fbjj;ijf; fhl;bNa
Ik;gJ vOgj;ije;J vd;W ,UgJ Nguplk; fld; thq;fptpl;lhu;.
me;j Ntiyf;Ff; fpilf;fg;Nghfpw $yp vd;dNkh ,UE}w;Wr;
nrhr;rk;jhd;. filrpapy; fbjk; ngha;j;Jtpl;lJ. mt;tsTjhd;.
\uhg; fil ehAL ehuhzg;ga;aiu tisj;Jf; nfhz;L
irf;fpisg; gpLq;fpf; nfhz;Ltpl;lhu;. Vkhe;j Nfhgk;.
gpLq;fpdjh ngupR? irf;fpis Xl;LfpwJ ahu;?
thj;jpahuhapw;Nw! ehuhzg;ga;aNu ck;khy; ,e;j
,dj;Jf;Nf mtkhdk;!

eifia mlF itj;jy;:

ghq;f; Vn[z;l; ma;aq;fhiu ahuhtJ Vkhw;w KbANkh?
file;j Nkhupy; ntz;nza; vLf;fpwtu;! mtuplk; ,e;j
rhkpehjd; iftupiriaf; fhl;bdhNu! thj;jpahu; vd;W ek;gp
rhkpehjd; nfhLj;j rq;fpypia vilNghl;L xd;gJ gTDf;F
Kd;D}W &gha; fld; nfhLj;jhu; ma;aq;fhu;. rhkpehjd;
NgrhkypUe;jpUf;fyhk;. gjpide;jhk; ehs; ,d;ndhU
rq;fpypiaf; nfhz;L Nghdhy; mijAkh ciuj;Jg; ghu;f;fhky;
gzj;ij J}f;fpf; nfhLg;ghu;fs;? rq;fpypia ciuj;Jf;
nfhz;Nl Gd;rpupg;Gld;” vd;d ma;au;ths;! gs;spf; $lj;jpNyNa
igad; re;Njfk; Nfl;lhy; “rP. mjpfg; gpurq;fp. cl;fhUd;D

91
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

mjl;b ek;k mQ;Qhdj;ij kiwr;Rf;fyhk;. Mdhy;

filj;njUtpNy mJ nry;YNkh vd;dNkh vdf;Fj;jhd;
rupahj;j njupaypNah vd;dNkh.. rpj;j ,Uq;Nfh. gj;jiu
mior;rpz;L tNud;” vd;W ntspNa vOe;J Nghdhuhk;
ma;aq;fhu;. rhkpehja;aUf;F tapw;iwg; Gul;baJ. gj;jiuf;
$g;gpl Ms; ,y;iyah? vd;W rkhjhdk; nrhy;yyhk; vd;W
mtu; NjLtjw;Fs; gj;ju; te;Jtpl;lhu;. Vl;Lk; te;Jtpl;lhu;.
me;j rhl;rpfNshL f[hdh miwiaj;jpwe;J ghu;j;jNghJ Nghd
jlit nfhLj;j rq;fpypAk; „ehd; gpj;jis‟ vd;W gy;iy
,spj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. me;jr; rkaj;jpNy$l ma;aq;fhu;
thj;jpahu; Fyj;Jf;F kjpg;Gf;nfhLj;Jtpl;lhu;. %d;whk;
NgUf;Fj; njupahky; rhkpehja;aupd; mg;gj Fopj; Njhl;lj;ij
vOjp thq;fpf; nfhz;L Mis tpl;Ltpl;lhu;. ey;y Ntis
“Vl;Lk;” cilapy; tuhky; Ntl;b rl;ilNahL NghapUe;jhu;.
$l;lkpy;iy. Cu; rpupf;fhky; Nghapw;W.
,d;Dk; ehiye;J Ngupd; epidT te;jJ. “Vz;lny!
upilauhahr;R. ,d;dNk fhy; tapW rhg;ghLjhd;. me;j ehs;ns
vq;f thj;ahUf;F epjpjpul;bf; nfhLj;Njhk; ehq;f” vd;W xU
igaidf; Fioabj;J tR+Yf;Ff; fpsg;gptpl;lhu; uhkypq;fk;.
fhg;gpia vLj;Jf;nfhz;L te;jhs; kfpik.
“vd;d Nahrid? rhg;gpLq;f. R+L rupahapUf;F” vd;W
cgrhug; gj;jpuq;fis xt;nthd;whf thrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;.
eLeLNt ngUikAld; mtiu epkpu;e;J ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;lhs;.
“mnjy;yhk; nerk;D neidr;Rf;fhNj. ,dpNk Ntiyf;F
tuKbahJd;dh msg;nghwhNdd;D cSthff; fhl;bapUf;fhq;f.
rf;fiu Kl;lhap”
“njupAk;. Mdh nerj;ij kl;Lk; vy;yhUk;
nrhy;ypapUf;fhq;f” vd;whs; kfpik. “cq;fs; if ePshk Fuy;
ntLntLf;fhk ,Ue;jJ nerk;”
“j;] ngupa nerj;ijf; fz;Lgpl;lhq;f” “jpwikd;D
nrhy;wJk; nere;jhd;” vd;whs; kfpik.
“jbnaLf;fhk mjl;lhk mg;gbNa nfl;bf;fhuq;fd;D Ngu;
vLf;fwJk; f\;lk;jhNd?” mD$yrhkp Nahrpj;Jg; ghu;j;jhu;.
mJTk; cz;ikjhd; vd;W gl;lJ. mtUf;Ff; fu;tg;glf; $l
cupik cz;L vd;W Njhd;wpw;W. “xU f\;lKk; ,y;Ny.
ghy;fhup $l;Lf;fhup fpl;lAk; mg;gb ,Uf;fyhk;. kD\dhag;

92
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

nghwe;jtd; ahUk; Gj;jpapUf;fwtd; ahUk; mbapNy ek;gpf;if

itg;ghdh?”
“vy;yhUf;Fk; KbahJq;f!”
“vd;dNkh ehd; ,Ue;Jl;Nld;” vd;whu; mtu;.
“rhu;! vd;W thrw; fijitj; jl;LtJ Nfl;lJ.” ahU?
“ehd;jhd;rhu;!” kfpik Ngha;j;jpwe;jhs;.
“rhu; ,Uf;fhq;fsh?”
“,Uf;fhq;f.. ahU? MWKfkh..th!”
MWKfk; kl;Lk; tutpy;iy. ,d;ndhU igaDk;
te;jpUe;jhd;. mtu; tFg;gpy; gbf;fpw igad;jhd;. $l xU
mk;khs;. taJ ehw;gJ ehw;gj;jpuz;L ,Uf;Fk;. new;wp fhJ
%f;F iffspy; xd;Wkpy;iy. mD$yrhkp vOe;J epd;whu;.
“vd;d Nrjp. rpd;idah?”
“rpd;idad; mk;kh rhu; ,J” vd;whd; MWKfk;.
“thq;f!”
MWKfk; ahiuahtJ mioj;J tUtnjd;why; rpghhpR
vd;W mu;j;jk;. ,Ugj;J %d;W tajpy; ,d;Dk; gs;spf;$lj;ij
Kbf;fhj igad;! ehl;lhz;ikf;fhud; khjpup xU me;j];J
cz;L mtDf;F. vjw;F te;jpUf;fpwhNdh? guPli ; r Ngg;gu; $l
,y;iyNa!
“vd;d MWKfk;?”
“rpd;idad; ghf;fZk;dh rhu;!”
“vd;d Nrjp.. rpd;idah?”
rpd;idad; gjpy; Ngrtpy;iy. jiyFdpe;J epd;whd;. Nfl;L
miu epkp\k; Mapw;W. Fdpe;j jiy epkputpy;iy mOjhd;.
“nrhy;Ylh!” vd;whs; me;j mk;khs;. cw;Wg; ghu;j;jhu;
mD$yrhkp.
igadpd; Kfr; rij Nfhzpw;W. cjL eLq;fpw;W.
“nrhy;Nyz;lh” vd;whd; MWKfk;.
“xU tU\khj; Jbr;Rg; Nghapl;LJq;f mJ” vd;whs; mk;kh.
“xU tU\khj; Jbr;Rg; Nghapl;Ljh?”
“Mkhk; rhu;” vd;whd; MWKfk;. ”ePqf ; ,dpNk Ngryhk;D
nrhy;ypLq;f rhu;!”
“ey;yhr; nrhy;Nyz;lh. vdf;F xd;Wk; GupaypNa!”
“rhUf;F kwe;J Nghr;R” vd;W me;j mk;khisAk;
kfpikiaAk; ghu;j;jhd; MWKfk;. “vdf;F vd;d kwe;JNgha;

93
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

tpl;lJ”- mD$yrhkp Nahrpj;J Nahrpj;Jg; ghu;j;jhu;.xd;Wk;

Qhgfkpy;iy. MWKfk; nrhd;dhd;. “rhu;! NghdtU\k; ,td;
fhahnuhfzj;Njhl ,q;fpyP\; G];jfj;ij jpUbl;Lg; Nghap
NtNw Ngu; xl;b filapNy ghjp tpiyf;F tpj;Jg;gpl;lhd;.
ehd;jhd; mijf; fz;Lgpbr;R cq;fspl;l nfhz;lhe;J
epWj;jpNdd;..”
igad; tpRk;gp tpRk;gp moNt “Rk;kh ,Ulh” vd;W jhahu;
mtidr; rkhjhdk; nra;jhs;.“mg;Gwk;?”
“ePq;f mtidr; rpj;j Neuk; ghj;jPq;f. ek;g fpshrpNy xU
ga ,Jtiuf;Fk; ,e;j khjpup gz;zpdjpy;Ny. ,dpnk ,e;jg;
gaNyhl xUj;jUk; NgrhjPq;flhd;D nrhd;dq P ;f” igad;
mOif epw;ftpy;iy.
“md;dpNye;J mtid ehq;f xJf;fpg;gpl;Nlhk; rhu;. ahUk;
Ngrwjpy;Ny.
mg;Gwk; ,d;df;fp ghu;l;b elj;jpNdhkpy;y? mjw;F uz;L
xz;Zd;D igad;fs; fpl;l tR+y; gz;zpNdhk;. ,tDk; xU
&gh nfhLf;f te;jhd;. thz;lhd;Dl;Nlhk;. ghu;bf;Fk;
tuf;$lhJd;dpl;Nlhk;. xd;Dk; NgrhJ Nghapl;lhd; Nej;J. ,g;g
,q;Nf te;jpl;L tPl;Lf;Fg; Nghnddpy;y? mtq;f mk;khis
mor;rpl;L te;J jpz;izapNy epd;Dfpl;bUe;jhd;. ,tq;f
mk;khTk; nrhd;dhq;f mor;rpl;L te;Njd;” vd;W gae;J nkd;W
tpOq;fpf; nfhz;Nl nrhd;dhd;.
mD$yrhkpf;F me;jr; rk;gtk; Qhgfk; te;Jtpl;lJ.
Mdhy; ,t;tsT fLikahd jz;lidah tpjpj;Njhk;? VNjh
nrhy;yp itj;jhu;. Mdhy; ,t;tsT fz;bg;ghfth mij
elj;jNtz;Lk;.?
“rpd;idah. mohjlh Va;?” vd;whu; mtu;.
“ehq;fs;shk; mtNdhl Ngryhk;D nrhy;Yq;f rhu; ePq;f!”
“xU tU\kh mtd; nrhuj;jhNt ,y;yPq;f. vg;gTk; rpupr;Rg;
Ngrpl;L ,Ug;ghd;. ,g;g rupahg; Ngrwjpy;Ny. xU thu;j;jij
NgRthd;. NghapLthd;. vd;dNkh mJq;f kdrpNy ,Uf;fwJ
ekf;Fj; njupAJq;fsh? jq;fr;rpfNshl rupahg; NgrwjpyNy.
,d;dpf;fpr; rhaq;fhyk;jhd; vy;yhj;jpAk; nrhd;dhd;. Cl;LNy
mnjy;yhk; tpisahlg; NghapUe;jpr;R. thj;jpahiu ,d;dpf;Fg;
ghu;j;jhj;jhd; cz;Ld;dhd;. te;Njd;. ePqf ; ngupa kdR
gz;Zq;f” mD$yrhkp ifAk; fsTkhfg; gpbgl;L tpopj;jhu;.
GO Jbg;ghf mtu; cs;sk; Jbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

94
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

“igaidr; Nrj;Jf;F khl;Nld;dpl;lhq;fshk;. ,ij ,q;f

ifahNy thq;fpf;fpq;f. vy;yhUk; nra;awg;g mtd; kdR
Nff;Fq;fsh.. nfhLlh” vd;whs; mk;kh. igaDf;F mOif
mjpfkhfptpl;lJ. ifapy; Ntu;j;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j &ghia
mtuplk; ePl;bdhd;.
“thq;fpf;fpq;f rhu;” vd;W nfQ;rpdhd; MWKfk;. Ngrhky;
thq;fpf;nfhz;lhu;. “nuhk;g ey;y igad; rhu;. md;dpf;fp VNjh
Gj;jpg; gprfh gz;zpl;lhd;. mg;Gwk; xU Gfhu; fpilahJ rhu;
mtd;NkNy”
“ePq;f nrhy;Yq;f ngupa kdR gz;zp. $l ,Uf;fwJq;f
Ngrhk ,Ue;jh vd;d nra;Ak;? rpWRjhq;fNs!” vd;whs;
mk;khs;. “,e;jg; gaYq;f ,g;gbg; gz;Zthq;fd;D njupahk
Nghapbr;Nr vdf;F” vd;whu; mtu;.
“ePq;f nrhd;dijj;jhNd nra;jhq;f” vd;whs; kfpik. “mJ
rup” vd;W Nyrhfr; rpupj;jhu; mtu;. mOifjhd; rpupg;ghf
te;jJ. NkNy glj;jpy; Njhd;wpa Ks;Kb mtu; jiyia
xUKiw mOj;jpw;W.

KbTiu:
mD$yrhkp Mrphpah; gzpapypUe;J Xa;T ngWtjhy;
mtUf;F ,dp rdp> QhapW kl;Lk; tpLKiw ,y;iy vd;WNk
tpLKiwj;jhd;. mth; Xa;T ngWk; ehspy; mtiu Nksjhsk;
Koq;f khzth;fs; tPL tiu nfhz;L te;J tpl;Lg;Nghdhh;fs;.
khiyiar; #bdhh;fs;> ghpRg; nghUl;fis nfhLj;jhh;fs;.
mth; nra;jjy;yhk; xd;Nw xd;W jhd; ,Jtiu ahiuAk;
mbj;jjpy;iy> kdk; Gz;gLk;gb Ngrpajpy;iy. vd xU
Mrphpahpd; kdepiyiaAk; Mrphpahpd; ,yf;fzj;ijAk;
rpWfij %ykhf cyfpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shh;.

fijapd; ePjp:
fijapy; Mrpupaupd; ,ayhik epiyapYk; jd;
khztDf;F cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W ew;Fzj;ijAk;
vLj;jpak;Gfpd;whu;. NkYk; khztd; fy;tpapy; nfhz;Ls;s
kpFe;j <Lghl;bidAk; MrpupaUf;Fk; khztUf;Fk; ,ilNa
efu;e;J tUk; rpwe;j cwT KiwAk; $Wk; ew;fUj;jhf
mike;Js;sJ.

95
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

5. rpjwy;fs; - tpop.gh. ,jaNte;jd;

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:
Ch;: tpOg;Guk; (kh) kapyk; gFjpia G+h;tpfkhf
nfhz;lth;.
,aw;ngau;: mz;zhJiu

gzp:
flY}h; khtl;lk; ney;ypf;Fg;gk; tUtha; Ma;thsuhfg;
gzpahw;wp Xa;Tg; ngw;wth;. murpay;> rpWfij> fl;Liu>
ftpij> FWehty;> tPjp ehlfk; vdg; gd;Kfj;jd;ik
nfhz;lth;. ef;ry;ghhp ,af;f murpayhy; <h;f;fg;gl;Lg; nghJ
tho;tpw;F te;jth;. jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kpfg;ngUk; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jp Kf;fpa vOj;jhsh;fspy; xUth;. Gul;rpg; gz;ghL
,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fp jdJ ,Wjp %r;R tiuapy;
xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhfr; nray;gl;lth;.

fij khe;ju;fs;:
KDrhkp> KDrhkp kidtp> KDrhkp kfd;> Nfhtpe;jd;>
NfhghY.

fijf;fU:
Kdprhkp khl;bw;F yhlk; mbf;Fk; njhopy; Gupgtd;.
Vioahd mtDf;F $ypahdJ rupahf fpilg;gjpy;iy.
Mdhy; nra;Ak; njhopypy; gf;jpAk; jpwikAk; nfhz;ltd;.
KDrhkpNah jd;Dila njhopy; Nky; itj;j ek;gpf;ifNahL
tho;jy; vd;gij gw;wp mwpTWj;JfpwJ.

Kd;Diu:
khLfSf;F yhlk; fl;Lk; rhjhuzf; FLk;gj;ij Nrh;e;j
KDrhkp vd;gtiu itj;J ,r;rpWfij Kd; efh;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
r%fj;jpy; vt;thW xU ehs; tho;tpid tho;fpd;whd;
vd;gjidAk; ,r;r%fj;jpy; vt;thW czT ,d;wp
jtpf;fpd;whd; vd;gijAk; vLj;jhz;Ls;shh;.

gpy;Y}u; KDrhkp:
mtd; Mo;e;j ek;gpf;ifNahLjhd; filtpupf;f Muk;gpj;jhd;.
vg;gbAk; ,q;fhtJ Ml;fis tisj;Jg; gpbj;J tplyhk;
vd;fpw vz;zk; cs;Sf;Fs; tYj;jJ. nghOjpd; capu;ehbNa

96
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

,q;Fjhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. mtd; neQ;rpd; ,Wf;fk; fiye;J

Jupjkha; nray;gl;lhd;. njhlu;e;J ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; itj;Jg;
ghu;j;jhd;. ahUk; tUtjha; ,y;iy. MQ;rNeau; Nfhapy;
Fsj;ijr; Rw;wp epiwa tz;bfs; te;J epw;Fk;. ntspA+u;
tz;bfs;> CupypUe;J fha;fwp> kspif-rhkhd; vd
rpw;W}u;fSf;F nkhj;jkhf thq;fp vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F te;J
Fsj;ijr; Rw;wp epw;Fk;.
„gpy;Y}u; KDrhkp‟ yhlk; vd;why; me;jg; gFjp
tz;bf;fhuu;fSf;Fk; rup> ntsp CupypUe;J tUk;
tz;bf;fhuu;fSf;Fk; rup> gpbf;Fk;gb ,Uf;Fk;. njhopy; Rj;jk;
,Uf;fpwNjh ,y;iyNah> NgRk; Ngr;rpy; Rj;jk; njupAk;.
CiuNa tisj;Jg; NgRthd;.
mjw;Fj; jFe;jhw;Nghy 'yhlk;” mbf;f khl;ilf;
nfhz;LtUk;NghJ> ',jg;ghU KDrhkp> Nghd jlt
mtruj;jpy; me;j xjthf;fu Nfhtpe;jd; fpl;l mbr;Nrd;;
clk;Gy ,uj;jk; ,Ue;jhjhd; mb gykh tpOk;; Njh ghU
Mzp fol;bf;fpl;L yhlk; epf;fpy.khL Ntw nehz;LJ"
vd;ghu;fs;.

njhopy; Neh;j;jp:
“mjg;gj;jpf; ftyg;glhjPq;f> mUikah Ntya Kbr;rpu;Nud;.
Njh ghUq;f yhlk;> Mzpnay;yhk; nkl;uhrpNyu;e;J tu;wJ.
ek;kfpl;l fhR gpur;rpd ,y;y> njhopYjhd; Kf;fpak;. gzk;
,d;dpf;F NghTk; ehisf;F tUk;. kDrd; ehYNgu; ek;ksj;
Njb tuZk;. ,d;dh nrhy;w" vd;ghd;.
mtd; nrhy;YtJNghy; tpupj;J itj;j rhf;Fg; igapy;
MzpfSk; yhlq;fSk; ntt;NtW msTfspy; gsgsntd
kpd;dpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;... cs;Shu;f;fhud; kl;lkhd
yhlq;fisAk; MzpfisAk; tutioj;J tpw;gijg; gyu;
thq;fp VNjh md;iwf;Fg; nghOijf; fr;rpjkha; Kbj;Jtpl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W Jbg;ghu;fs;.
KDrhkpf;F mg;gb vz;zkpy;iy. cs;Su;NyNa nfhQ;rk;
$l MdhYk; tpiyAau;e;j yhlq;fis thq;fpj; njhopy;
nra;thd;. MzpfSk; mt;tsT rPf;fpuk; Xbe;J NghfhJ.
vd;djhd; khLfs; Xl;lk; XbdhYk; Ml;lk; MbdhYk;
cLk;Gg;gpbahf efq;fisg; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; yhlq;fNshL
Mzpfs;. njhopypy; Fiw ,y;yhjthW jdJ fw;gidiar;

97
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

nrYj;jp jdJ mg;gh nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;j mj;Jiz

Ntiyg;ghLfisAk; jpul;b ,ilapilNa Vuhskhd
Ngr;Rf;fNshL MisAk; Nru;j;J tisj;Jg; Nghl;L tpLthd;.

tpiythrp nfhLik:
md;iwf;Fg; ghu;j;J xUtDk; te;J jkJ gpbapy;
rpf;fhjthW tpyfp tpyfp epd;wJ mtDf;F tUj;jk; Vw;gl;lJ.
“vd;d NfhghY nuhk;g ehS Mr;Nr khL ,d;dh nrhy;YJ?"
“th. th KDrhkp rTf;fpakh? khL ,d;dh nrhy;YJ>
tpf;fpw ntythrpy mJf;Fj; jPdp$l vl;ly> Ngrhk tpj;jpl;L
Ntw $yp Nty nra;ayhk;"
“Mkhkhk;> Kd;d khjpup RWRWg;gh ,y;ypNa cd; khL"
“vg;gpb nrhy;w?"
“ghj;jhjhd; njupNj> fhnyy;yhk; Fr;rp khjpup nflf;FJ."
d;dh nra;apwJ.
,jntr;rpf;fpl;Lj;jhd; ehDk; nghog;G elj;JNwd;.
“Mkhk; vg;g yhlk; mbr;Nr> MW khrk; ,Uf;fhJ?"
“NkNyNa MapLr;R. eP mbr;rJjhd;. vy;yhk; NghapLr;R"
“,g;g mbr;rplyhkh?"
“Ntzhk;gh> ,e;j khrk; neiwa nryT xd;Dk;
rkhspf;fKbay."
KDrhkpf;F mtd; Fiwiar; nrhd;dJk; jd; Fiwia
ahuplk; nrhy;tJ vd;whfptpl;lJ. ,uz;L khl;Lf;F yhlk;
mbr;rhYk; thw fhrpy; muprp> fha;fwp thq;fpg; Ngha; uhj;jpupah
Vjhr;Rk; Mf;fpj; jpd;Wtplyhk;. uhj;jpupNahl igad; NtW
mtd; tUk;NghNj gl;lhzpAk; tUf;fAk; Nfl;bUe;jhd;.
Miriaj; jPu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. KOfhky; ,Uf;Fk; kidtp
tUk;NghNj>khq;fhAk; fUthLk; thq;fp thq;f. ey;yh nfhok;G
ntr;rpj;ju;Nwd;” vd;W jd; Miria kiwKfkhfr; nrhy;yp
mDg;gpapUe;jhs;.

njhopy; rhkh;j;jpak;:
rup NfhghY> ,Uf;fpwjf; FLg;gh> yhlk; mbf;fpNwd;. kPjp
ehisf;F thq;fpf;fpNwd;. vq;fg; Nghaplg; NghtJ cd;fpl;l
fhR" KDrhkp tisj;Jg; gpbj;jhd;.
“,g;g vt;tsT N[hb khl;Lf;F?” KDrhkpf;F cw;rhfk;
mjpfkhdJ. Nfhghy; rw;W ,wq;fp tUtjhfj; njupe;jJ.

98
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

"nfhQ;rjhd; VwpUf;F ,UtJ &gh Mzp> yhlk;

ntynay;yhk; VwpLr;rp njupAkpy;y"
“mg;gpbah> vd;dg;gh Nghdjlt ghQ;R &gha;f;F mbr;Nrd;>
,g;g ,UtJ ,d;w" rup NfhghY ekf;Fs;Nsd;dh>
“x&gh Nrj;Jf;FNld;> [hkhd; vLj;J thlh" mbf;fpNwd;."
,U ,U Ntzhk;> ehisf;FKDrhkpf;F Ngr;Rj; jsu;e;jJ.
NtW jpirapy; ghu;itfs; Jotpd. 'me;j fhyj;jpy; xUgh
FLj;jh q;nfhg;gd; mbg;ghU njupAkh?"
rup> mJ ahU tz;b Kd;d epf;fpwJ?
“mJth> NfhypaD}uhd; tz;b
“ahU rpd;dg;gd; ktdh?"
“flj;njUTf;F [hkhd; thq;fg; NghapUf;fhd;"
KDrhkp nfhQ;rk; Kd;Ndwp mLj;j tz;b mUNf khL
jd;Ds; klf;fp nfhz;bUe;j fhy;fis ,Oj;jhd;. mitfs;
kpuz;L vOe;jd. yhlq;fs; KOf;f Nja;e;jpUe;jJ. rha;tha;
epd;wpUe;j tz;bapy; xUtd; gLj;jpUe;jhd;. ftdkha;
vOg;gpdhd;>
“jk;gp jk;gp."
“vd;dq;f?"
“yhlk; fl;lyhkh?"
“Ntzhq;f> mg;Gwk; ghf;fyhk;."
“khL rupahNt elf;fhNj?" “vg;Ngu;gl;l khLk; vd;fpl;l
elf;fpwjpd;dh> XLk;.
“mg;gpbah?"
“LD.."
“vg;gpb?"
“FLf;fpw vlj;jpy; ehYFLj;jh Xlhjh?"
“mnjy;yhk; ghtk;> thapy;yh [Ptd;." “thapy;yh [Ptd;D
neidr;Rjhd; jz;zP fhl;lNwhk;. jPdpNghlwkpy;y." "mJkl;Lk;
NghJkh> mbf;fb Fspg;ghl;lZk;. nfhk;Gfs; rPtptplZk;>
yhlk; mbf;fZk;. mg;gjhd; mJq;f njk;gh ,Uf;Fk;> ,y;y
epiwa tpahjp tUk; njupkh?"
“ek;ktpahjpa ftdpf;fNt Kbay> ,J..." “mg;gpbnay;yhk;
nrhy;yhj jk;gp. ,Jq;fs ntr;Rjhd nghog;G elj;JNwhk;.
Vq;f ,g;g fhrpy;y> mg;Gwk; ghj;Jf;fyhk; mtd;
ntLf;nfd nrhy;yptpl;Lg; gLj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. vt;tsT
ed;ik jPikfis vLj;Jr; nrhy;ypAk; mtd; gpbnfhLg;gjha;

99
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

,y;iy. mLj;jLj;J tz;bfs; tupiraha; epd;wpUe;Jk;

xUtUk; Ml;fs; ,y;iy. Fsj;Njhuk; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;bUe;j
irf;fpisj; js;spf;nfhz;L rhf;F %l;il gpd;dhy; itj;jgb
cs;sjh vd;gijg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;L mLj;J mtd;
filNghLk; ,lj;jpw;F te;jhd;.
G+q;fh re;jpy; tupirahf thlif epWj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. rw;W
J}uj;jpy; kuj;jbapy; tz;bia epWj;jptpl;L> nkapd; Nuhl;by;
NghFk; tUk; tz;bfisg; ghu;j;jgb epd;wpUe;jhd;. Ntd;fs;
J}uj;jpy; nrq;fy; Vw;wpf;nfhz;L lau;tz;bapy; xUtd; vjpNu
te;jhd;.
njupe;jtd;jhd;. ,e;j khL nghy;yhj khL Vw;fdNt yhlk;
mbf;Fk;NghJ neQ;rpy; tpl;l mbapy; xUkhjk; gpiog;gpd;wp
f\;lg;gl;lJ epidTf;F te;jJ.
“vd;dg;gh fl;blyhkh?"
mtd; Gupe;J nfhz;lhd;.
“mtrukh Ngha; vwf;fZk;?"
“gj;J epkprj;jpy; mbr;rpu;Nwd;. khL ghU vg;gpb NghtJ
,e;j nta;apy;y?"
“Ntzhk; MSq;f fl;llj;jpy epf;Fk;. fy;Yk; NghtZk;.
ghu;f;fyhk;."
fhiyNyu;e;J Bj;jz;zpf;Ff; $l topapd;wp> rhg;gplTk;
topapd;wp miu kaf;fj;jpypUe;jhd; KDrhkp>

r%f mty epiy

xt;nthU tz;bf;fhuDk; xt;nthU Nrhff; fijiar;
nrhy;yptpl;Lg; Nghdhd;. 25 &gh tl;bf;fhudplk; thq;fp>
MzpAk; yhlq;fSk; thq;fp itj;jJ mg;gbNa ,Uf;fpwJ.
mtDf;Fk; nghOJNgha; gjpy; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
,y;yhtpl;lhy; mtd; thapy; te;jgb jpl;Lthd;. nghOJ rha
epd;W xUtDk; rpf;ftpy;iy. gpwnfhU Nahrid te;J
Gj;Jzu;r;rp ngw;wtdha; irf;fpisj; js;spf; nfhz;Lf;
fpsk;gpdhd;.
irf;fps; mtd; Xl;Ltijtplj; js;spf; nfhz;L
NghtJjhd; mjpfk;. Kd; lau; ntbj;J mJ
ijf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ gpd;dhy; lau; fhw;wbj;J fpope;jjpy; cg;gpf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. fkpl;bf;F Nghdhd;. tptrhapfs; nfhz;L te;j
gUj;jp> kzpyh... Nghl;L tpl;L ,e;Neuk; gzk; ngw;Wj; jpUk;Gk;
Neuk;. nuz;L tz;b khLfs; fpilj;jhy;NghJk;. ,d;iwa

100
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

nghOJ XbtpLk;. fld; fhuDf;Fk; VjhtJ nfhQ;rk;

nfhLj;Jtplyhk; vd;w yl;rpaf; fdtpy; Ntfkha; js;spf;
nfhz;L te;jhd;. KO%r;rha; ,q;F te;J Nru;e;jhd;.
fkpl;bapd; thrypy; tupiraha; yhupfs; epWj;jg;
gl;bUe;jd. nfhQ;rk; js;sp me;j RtNuhuk; ntw;W ,lk;.
irf;fpis epWj;jptpl;L rhf;F %l;ilia mtpo;j;jhd;.
ngUf;fy; Fwp khjpup ,Ue;j fl;il> Rj;jp> yhlq;fs;> Mzp
vd;W jdpj;jdpaha; tpupj;Jfil gug;gp ,Ue;jhd;.
fkpl;bapd; thrypypUe;J ntspte;j xU khl;L
tz;biag;ghu;j;Jf; ifiaf; fhl;bdhd;. mtd; fhjpy;
tpohjJNghy; khl;Lthiyj; jpUfp Ntfkhf Xl;bdhd;. “yhlk;
fl;blyhkh?
“vt;Nsh Nff;fw?" tz;bf;fhudpd; Nfs;tp KDrhkpapd;
cs;sk; Fspu;e;jJ.
"vy;yhUk; FLf;fpw khjpup FLq;f tz;ba Xuk; epWj;Jq;f.
khl;l mTUq;f." KDrhkp Ntl;bia ,Oj;Jf;fl;bf; nfhz;L
jiyg;ghifiamOj;jp nrhWtpdhd;.Njh ghUg;gh>fuf;lh
nrhy;ypL> mg;Gwk; yhlk; fl;d gpwF rz;l Ntzhk;."
“ekf;Fs;s ,d;dhq;f rz;l> ePq;fSk; $ypf;fhud;. ehDk;
$ypf;fhud;. nuz;L khl;Lf;Fk; ,UtJ &gh jhd;. khl;l
nfhz;lhq;f.Ntzhk; Ntzhk;. nuz;L khrj;Jf;F Kd;dhb
nfhsj;J}uhd;fpl;l mbr;Nrd;> ghQ;R &gh jhd;. eP ,d;dh
,g;gb Nff;fw?"
“Njh ghUq;f ek;kfpl;l njhopY Rj;jkh ,Uf;Fk;. efj;j
Rk;kh rPtpl;L nuz;L ,Wf;F ,Wf;Fdh MW khrk; MdhYk;
yhlk; clhJ. x];jp yhlk; NtZk;dh Njh ghUq;f. mt;Nsh
rPf;fpuk; NjaTk; NjahJ."
“mnjy;yhk; Ntzhk;. ghQ;R &ghjhd; jUNtd;. ,d;dh
nrhy;w nghOJNghr;R> ehd; CU Nghap NruZk;."
KDrhkp rw;Wj; jaq;fpagbNa>“thq;f thq;f" vd;wgb
epWj;jp khl;il mtpo;j;J tur;nrhd;dhd;.
ve;jpukakhf fl;iliaj; J}f;fpg; NghLtJk; Rj;jpaiy
vLg;gJk; yhlq;fisf; fiyj;J jukhd yhlq;fisg; nghWf;fp
vLg;gJk; Mf ,Ue;jhd;. fapw;iw vLj;J khl;L Kd;fhypy;
Nghl;L RWf;Ff; fl;b ,Oj;J tz;bf;fhud; cjtpapd;wp
khl;il Nyrha; rha;e;J tpOkhW nra;j gpd;G ehd;F fhiyAk;
Nru;j;Jf; fl;b> fl;il Nky; itj;J epWj;jp ehd;F fhypd;
efq;fis kUj;Jtu;fs; gupNrhjpg;gJNghy; xU ghu;itiar;

101
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

nrYj;jptpl;L kPz;Lk; jdJ rhkhd;fspd; gf;fk; jpUk;gpaJk;

Nkhl;lhu; tz;b te;J epw;Fk; rj;jk; Nfl;L epkpu;e;J
ghu;j;jhd;.KDrhkp vOe;J Fk;gpl;lhd;.

fhtyh;fspd; nray;
'vlj;j fhypgz;Z nkhjy;y" vd;wgb vl;b cijj;jhd;.
gpd;dhy; cl;fhu;e;jpUe;jtd; ,wq;fp gsPu; gsPnud;W miwe;jhd;.
khL vOe;J epw;fj; Js;spaJ.
“fl;l mTWlh> tz;b cd;dJjhd; vL. Nla; eP Vz;lh
ghf;Fw?" vd;wgb yhlq;fis Nuhl;by; J}f;fp vwpe;jhd;.
irf;fpisg; G+l;R fhyhy; vl;b cijj;jhd;.
“ehq;f Ngha; tUNthk;. tUk;NghJ jpUk;g ,Ue;jpr;R>
mg;Gwk; cs;sj; js;spLNtd;." tz;b Ntfkhf rPwpl;Lr;
nrd;wJ. tz;bf;fhud; tpl;lhy; NghJk; vd;W khl;il
mtpo;j;Jf; nfhz;L Xbdhd;.
KDrhkp tupiraha; epd;wpUe;j yhupfisj; jhz;b Nuhl;by;
Nkhl;lhu; tz;b nrd;w ghijiaf; ftdpj;jhd;. ,Ul;by;
mjd;rj;jk; kl;Lk; Nfl;lJ.

KbTiu:
irf;fps;> yhlq;fs; gf;fk; mtd; ftdk; jpUk;gpaJ.
fz;fs;,Ul;lj; njhlq;fpd.xUehs; KOtJk; jd;
FLk;gj;jpw;fhf czT ,d;wp thOk; xU rhjhuz khLfSf;F
yhlk; fl;Lk; njhopyhspapd; fijapy; r%fj;jpy; elf;Fk;
mty epiyfis ,th; Kd; epWj;jp fijia vLj;J
nry;fpd;whh;. jukhd njhopiy ifapy; itj;jpUe;jhYk;
r%jhaj;jp rPh;epiyahky; kf;fs; gLk; Jahpid vLj;J
$Wfpd;whh;. ,Wjpapy; xU Ntiy fpilj;Jk; fhty;Jiwapd;
nrayhy; kdk; cile;J nry;tjidAk; glk;gpbj;J
fhl;bAs;sjid fhzKbfpwJ.

fijapd; ePjp:
kdpjd; jdf;F njupe;j njhopypy; Neu;ikahfTk;
cz;ikahfTk; ahrfk; ,d;wp cioj;J tho;tpy;
jd;dk;gpf;ifNahL Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpid
ikag;gLj;JfpwJ.

102
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

6. fhfpj cwT - R.rKj;jpuk;

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:
gpwg;G: 1941 jpg;gzk;gl;b> njd;fhrp (kh)
,wg;G: 01.04.2003

gzp:
vOj;jhsu;> mfpy ,e;jpa thndhypapYk; J}u;ju;\dpYk;
Ntiy ghu;j;jtu;. mtu; 14 Gjpdq;fs;> 4 FWehty;fs;> 2
fl;Liuj; njhFg;Gfs;> xU ehlfk;> 300f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
rpWfijfs; vOjpAs;shu;.
mtuJ rpWfijfs; 22 njhFg;Gfshfg; gpuRupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
mtuJ gy gilg;Gfs; njYq;F> kiyahsk; kw;Wk; `pe;jp
nkhopfspy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1990,y; mtuJ Gjpdk; Ntupy; gOj;j gyhrhfpj;jpa
mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;wJ.
2003y; nrd;idapy; mtu; xU tpgj;jpy; fhykhdhu;.
jkpo; md;id gupR - jQ;rhT+u; jkpo;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jplkpUe;J ngw;wth;.
,yf;fpar; rpe;jid - rpWfijg; gupR.
fiyQu; tpUJ - Kunrhyp mwf;fl;lisaplkpUe;J.
(kiwTf;Fg;gpd;)

fij khe;ju;fs;:
khlrhkp> kidtp> kfs;fs;-gg;gp> ];nly;yh> rpj;jp>
jq;iffs;-jkae;jp> fy;ahzp.

fijf;fU:
tWikia tho;tpYk;>ntWikia kdjpYk; Rke;J nfhz;L
vOJk; fbjk; fbj cwthf ntsp te;jJ.

Kd;Diu:
Mrphpah; rKj;jpuk; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd rpWfijfis vOjp
ehlwpe;j vOj;jhsuhfj; jpfo;e;jth;. fhfpj cwT rpWfijapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mZFKiwfSk;> cj;jpKiwfspYk;
mjpfhhpfspd; Mztg;Nghf;fpidAk; fhl;bAs;shh;.

mYtyfk;:
Kjy; fhyj;jpy; ngau; vd;w thu;j;ijf;F Kd;dhy;
'khlrhkp” vd;W vOjpdhd;. ,uz;lhtJ fhykhd

103
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

'cj;jpNahfk;” vd;w thu;j;ijf;F te;jhd;. 'mf;nfsz;ld;l;”

%d;whtJ fhykhd 'rk;gsj;jpw;F” te;jhd;. ve;jr; rk;gsk;?
mbg;gilr; rk;gskhd &gha; Ie;E}wh> ,y;iy mytd;N]hL
Nru;j;j njhifah? Nghfl;Lk;> thq;Fk; rk;gskh? my;yJ
thq;f Ntz;ba rk;gskh? rpwpJ Fok;gp> vg;gbNah me;j
,lj;ijAk; epug;gpdhd;.
'nrd;w jlit vd;d fhuzj;jpw;fhfg; gzk;
vLf;fg;gl;lJ?” vd;w fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dhy; te;J> rpwpJ
nehz;bdhd;.
vd;d fhuzk;?
Qhgfj;Jf;F te;Jtpl;lJ. mtdhy; kwf;f Kbahj
fhuzk;jhd;. ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G> fpuhkj;jpy; mtd;
je;ij capNuhL ,Ue;jNghJ mtu; ,we;Jtpl;l <kr;
rlq;fpw;fhf> ,uz;lhapuk; &gha; Nfl;L kD Nghl;lhd; mtd;>
mtd; ve;jr; rkaj;jpy; vOjpdhNdh njupatpy;iy. nrhy;yp
itj;jJ Nghy;. mtd; je;ij mLj;j khjk; mNj Njjpapy;>
mtd;
'fhuz fhyj;ijg; G+u;j;jp nra;j mNj fhyj;jpy;
fhykhdhu; vd;whYk; ma;ahtpd; rhTf;fhf> thq;fpa
,uz;lhapuj;ij> mtu; ,wg;gjw;F Kd;djhfNt> mUik kfs;
];nly;yhTf;F Ie;J gTd; jq;fj;jpy; rq;fpyp nra;J Nghl;L
tpl;lhd;. mg;gd; ,we;jNghJ me;jr; rq;fpypia> mtdhy; kfs;
fOj;jpypUe;J ,wf;fTk; Kbatpy;iy. ,we;jNghJ je;ijapd;
<kr;rlq;fpw;nfd;W rpj;jpf;Fg; gzKk; nfhLf;ftpy;iy.
'vt;tsT Ntz;Lk;?” vd;w ,lj;jpw;F Kd;dhy; %thapuk;
&gha; vd;W vOjptpl;L> filrp fhyj;jpw;F te;jhd;. clNd
cz;ikapNyNa jpzwpg; Nghdhd;. me;jf; 'fhyk;”> jd;
kDTf;F 'fhyd;” Nghy; te;jpUg;gij epidj;J> mtDf;Ff;
nfhQ;rk; Nfhgq;$l te;jJ. vd;d fhuzj;ij vOJtJ?

FLk;g epiy:
ma;ahit> ,uz;lhtJ jlitahfr; rhfbf;f KbahJ.
mk;khit... mts; ,isa jhahu; jhNd... rhfbr;rhy; vd;d?
Ntz;lhk;. Ntz;lNt Ntz;lhk;. ,e;jf; fhyj;jpy; vOjg; Ngha;>
mts; fhyk; Kbe;J tpl;lhy;> mtNshL fd;dpfopahky;
,Uf;Fk; ,uz;L jq;fr;rp mtd; fhypy; te;J cl;fhu;e;jhy;>
mtdhy; tho;f;ifia vg;gb elj;j KbAk;? KbahJ.

104
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

mtDila ngz; Foe;ijfshd gg;gpf;Fk;>

];nly;yhTf;Fk; fhJ Fj;jyhkh? KbahJ. mtu;fSf;F
Vw;fdNt ,uz;L %d;W jlit> Ngg;gupy; fhJ
Fj;jpahfptpl;lJ.
,dpNky; me;jf; 'fhJFj;J” Ntiy vLglhJ.
mg;gbahdhy; vd;d nra;ayhk;? miu kzpNeuk; fopj;J> mtd;
,Uf;iff;F te;j NghJ> epu;thf mjpfhup> “vd;dhr;rp"? vd;whu;.
“%isiaf; Fog;gpf;fpl;bUNfd;" vd;W mtd; gjpyspj;j
NghJ jghy;fhuu; xU fbjj;ij ePl;bdhu;; mij mtd; thq;fpf;
nfhz;Nl> fbj ciwiag; ghu;j;jhd;. jq;if jkae;jp
fpuhkj;jpypUe;J vOjpapUf;fpwhs;. ,e;jg; ngz;Zf;F NtW
Ntiy ,y;iy... tof;fkhd gy;ytpahfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.

fbjk; vOJjy;:
md;gpy;yhj mz;zhTf;F.
vy;yhk; ty;y> epaha mepahaq;fisf; fle;j ,iwtd;
mUshy;> ehDk; vd;tpuf;jpAk;> vOgJ taJ mk;khTk; mts;
NehAk;> ,Ugj;njl;L taJj; jq;if fy;ahzpAk;> mtsJ
fy;ahd epuhirAk;> tof;fk; Nghy;> ey;ygbahfTk;>
xw;WikahfTk;> nrhj;jpy;yh Rfj;NjhLk; Rfkpy;yh kdj;NjhLk;
,Uf;fpNwhk;. ,J Nghy; ePAk;> cd; ];$l;lUk;> mz;zpAk;>
mts; eiffSk;> gg;gpAk;> mts; ehl;baKk;> ];nly;yhTk;>
mts; Ie;J gTd; rq;fpypAk; eykhf ,Uf;f> rj;jpakhf
,iwtidg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpNwd;.
mz;zh! ed;whf epidj;Jg;ghu;. cdf;F %d;W tajhd
NghJ> cd; mk;kh vd; ngupak;kh - ,we;J Nghdhs;. vdf;F
tptuk; njupahj gUtj;jpy;> cd; ,isa jhahuhd vd; mk;kh>
cd;idf; nfhLikg;gLj;jpdhNsh vd;dNth. Mdhy; vdf;F
tptuk; njupe;j tajpypUe;J mts; cd;dplk; ,isa jhahuhf
elf;fhky;> cd; nghUl;L ,isj;j jhahuhfj;jhd; ele;J
nfhz;L te;jhs; vd;W ehd; - nja;t gf;jpAs;s ehd; - ve;jf;
NfhtpypYk; fw;G+uj;ij mizf;fj; jhahu;. mf;fk;
gf;fj;Jf;fhuu;fs; mk;khtplk; te;J 'xdf;F gfthd;
fpUigapy; xU Mk;Gsg; gps;is gpwf;fZk;> vd;W nrhy;Yk;
Nghnjy;yhk;. vdf;F ,dpNk gps;isNa Ntz;lhk;. vd; xNu
ktd; khlrhkp fhYk; ifAk; nfjpah ,Ue;jhy; mJNt
NghJk;. vd;W eP ,y;yhj rkaq;fspy; mtu;fSf;F mk;kh gy
jlit gjpyspj;jijf; fhJglf; Nfl;bUf;fpNwd;. eP

105
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

v];.v];.vy;.rp Kbj;jTld; cd;id cau;epiyg; gs;spapy;

Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W xw;iwf; fhypy; epd;wts; mts;. eP
v];.v];.vy;.rp. Kbj;jJk;> ekf;Fk; NjhSf;FNky; nuz;L
nghl;lg;gps;isq;f ,Uf;F. ,tid Ntiyf;F kDg;Nghlr;
nrhy;yyhk; vd;W mg;gh nrhd;dNghJ> eP Nkw;nfhz;L gbj;Jj;
jhd; MfNtz;Lk; vd;W mg;ghit mbf;fhj Fiwahfg; Ngrp
ntw;wp fz;lts; mk;kh. mg;gbd;dh xd; taj;Jy gpwe;j
xUj;jpiaahtJ gbf;f itf;fDk; vd;W mtu; nrhd;dJk;>
mk;kh miuFiwahfr; rk;kjpf;f> ehd; v];.v];.vy;.rp. tiu
gbj;Njd;. ehd; gp.A+.rp. gbf;f tpUk;gpaNghJ eP fhNy[py;
f\;lkpd;wpg; gbg;gjw;fhfTk;> cd; `h];ly;
nryTfSf;fhfTk;> vd;idg; gbf;f itf;ff;$lhJ vd;W
thjhb> fhupaj;ijr; rhjpj;Jf; nfhz;lts; cd; rpj;jp. gl;lg;
gbg;ig Kbj;J> Ntiyapy; Nru;e;j ifNahL eP fy;Y}upj;
Njhopiaf; fy;ahzk; nra;a epidj;jNghJ> nuz;L Fkupq;fs
fiuNaj;jhk. xdf;Ff; fy;ahzk; ,y;iy" vd;W Nfhgkhfj;
jpl;ba ma;ahkPJ Nfhgg; gl;L> fy;ahzhj;ij Nksjhsj;Jld;
elj;jp itj;jts; cd; mk;khTf;F khw;whfTk;> khw;Wf;
FiwahkYk; te;j vd; mk;kh.

FLk;g epiyia tpthpj;jy;:

eP gzk; mDg;gtpy;iy vd;gijtpl> Nghl;l fbjj;jpw;Fg;
gjpy; mDg;gtpy;iyNa vd;w vz;zj;jpYk;> taJ te;j
,uz;L ngz;fis vg;gbf; fiuNaw;WtJ vd;W GupahkYk;
ehb euk;ngy;yhk; thb tjq;f vq;fis thba kyu;fshf;fp>
kahd G+kpapy; ma;ah kiwe;J nfhz;lhu;. eP <kr; rlq;fpw;F
te;jha; ,Uf;fpw epyj;ij tpw;gjw;fhd gj;jpuj;jpy; ngupa
kdJ gz;zpf; ifnaOj;Jg; Nghl;L> me;jg; gzj;ij
ma;ahtpd; <kr;rlq;fpw;Fk;. mk;khtpw;F nts;isg; Glit
thq;Ftjw;Fk; mDkjpj;j cdf;F> ehq;fs; ed;wp nrYj;jpf;
nfhz;Nlhk;. ePAk; VNjh xU Ntfj;jpy; ng]z;l; efupy;
Fthu;l;lu;];y ,Uf;fpNwd;. trjpah ,Uf;Fk;. te;JLq;f> vd;W
nrhy;yptpl;Lg; Ngha;> gpwF gjpNy Nghltpy;iy vd;whYk;>
Mjutw;w mdhijfshd ehq;fs;> cdf;Ff; fbjnkOj
NeukpUe;jpUf;fhJ vd;W vq;fisNa ehq;fs; Vkhw;wpf;nfhz;L
cd; tPl;bw;F te;Njhk;.
thrYf;F te;j mz;zp> thq;fnsd;W $g;gplhkNy
miwf;Fg; Ngha;tpl;lhs;. Xbte;j gps;isfisAk; mbj;jhs;.

106
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

,Ue;jhYk; ehq;fs; nrQ;Nrhw;Wf; fld; fopj;Njhk; vd;W

ngUikahfr; nrhy;ypf; nfhs;syhk;. khjk; ,UgJ &gha;f;F
mku;j;jpapUe;j Ntiyf;fhupia ePf;fr; nrhy;yptpl;L> mk;khNt
tPl;L Ntiyfisr; nra;jhs;. Ntiyf;fhupf;Ff; nfhLj;j
gioaijr; rhg;gpl;lhs;. khjk; ,UgJ &gha;f;F gps;isfis
fhd;ntd;l;fSf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;w Mahtpw;F> ehd; khw;W
MahthNdd;. jq;if fy;ahzp Jzpkzpfisj;
Jitg;gjpypUe;J fil fz;zpfs; tiu Ngha;f;
nfhz;bUe;jhs;. eP mYtyfk; NghdJk; miwf;Fs; NghFk;
mz;zp> kj;jpahdk; rhg;gplkl;Lk; `hYf;Fs; tUths;. rhg;ghL
Nkhrk; vd;W ghjpapy; itj;Jtpl;L> fy;ahzpiag; gok;
thq;fpnfhz;L tur; nrhy;ths;. [hilkhilahfj; jpl;Lths;.
Rakupahijf;fhupahd mk;kh> vq;fspd; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhfTk;>
cd; kdk; Nehff;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhfTk; nghWj;Jf; nfhz;lhs;.
mz;zp> 'vq;f gg;gpf;F thutd; fnyf;luh ,Ug;ghd;.
,y;yd;dh rad;b];lh ,Ug;ghd;” vd;W taJf;Ftuhj
ngz;idg; gw;wpf; fdT fhZk;NghJ> fdTfs; edthfhky;
erpj;Jg; NghapUe;j taJf;F te;j ehq;fs;. nfhQ;rk;
nghwhikg;gl;lJk; cz;ikjhd;. mk;khtplk; ,ij
,iykiwT fha;kiwthff; fhl;Lk;NghJ> mts; vq;fis Vrpa
Vr;ir ,q;Nf vOj KbahJ.

jpUkzk; NgRjy;:
ng]z;l efupy; cs;s turpj;jp tpehafu; Nfhtpiy
mjpfhiyapy; xd;gJ jlit Rw;wpdhy;> fy;ahzk; $Lk; vd;W
mk;khtplk; xU khkp $wpaij xl;Lf; Nfl;l ehd;> kW
ehspypUe;J gps;isahiur; Rw;wpNdd;. mjw;F Vw;whw;Nghy;> xU
tud; te;jJ cdf;F Qhgfk; ,Uf;Fk;. nts;spf;fpoik ey;y
ehs;. epiwe;j ngsu;zkp ehs;. Qhgfk; ,Uf;fh mz;zh?
'ehyhapuk; nuhf;fk;. eif Nghl;lh NghJkhk;.
jpUthd;kpA+u;y kspiff;fil tr;rpUf;fw igaDf;Ff; Nfl;lhf
vd;W mk;kh nrd;dhs;.
clNd> 'ehyhapuk; &gha;f;F vq;f Nght? ];$l;lu; fld;>
ng];bty; fld;> [p.gp.vg;. fld;> guPl;ir gP]>; ghy; fhu;L mJ
,J vd;W Nghf igrh kpr;rkpy;iy...” vd;W eP ,Oj;jha;.
mk;khthtJ Rk;kh ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; kdk; ,Ue;jh khu;f;fk;
,y;yhkyh NghFk;? vd;W nrhy;yptpl;L> ehf;iff; fbj;jhs;.
cd; kidtp> jd; gq;Ff;F ehf;if ePl;btpl;lhs;. ',Jf

107
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

te;jjpypUe;J vdf;F epk;kjpapy;yhkg; Nghr;rp. Nghd gpwtpapy;

nra;j fu;kk; vt vtSf;nfy;yhNkh ,q;F moDkhk;; itf;f
Ntz;ba ,lj;Jy tr;rpUe;jh ,g;gb tha;f; nfhOg;G
,Uf;Fkh? fpotpf;F khg;gps;s ghu;f;f KbAkh? kdjpUe;jhYk;>
fpolh NghdtSf;F thypgd; fpilf;fwJ Nyrh? vd;W
nfhl;bdhs;. ePahtJ mz;zpiaj; jLj;Jf; Nfl;bUf;fyhk;
mz;zd; jLf;ftpy;iyNa vd;w Mj;jpuj;ij ehdhtJ
mlf;fpapUf;fyhk;. vd;dhy; ,aytpy;iy.
ehDk;> 'mk;kh nrhd;dJy vd;d mz;zp jg;G? kdk;
,Ue;jh khu;f;fKk; jhdhf tUk;. ePqf ; Nghl;bUf;fpw eifa
vdf;Fg; Nghlg;glhjh? rpd;dg; nghz;Z ];nly;yhtpd;
rq;fpypiaj; jug;glhjh> [lkh ,Uf;fpw ];$l;lu tpj;J ,e;j
[lq;fs fiuNaj;jf; $lhjh? mg;gbNa ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; gp.V.
gbr;r ePq;f> nfhQ;r ehisf;F Ntiyf;Fg; Nghap vq;fSf;F
top gz;z Kbahjh? mz;zd; xU ehisf;F %Z &gha;f;F
%Z ghf;nfl; rpfnul; gpbf;fhU jq;fr;rpf;Ff; fy;ahzk;
gz;zDk; vd;fpw ituhf;aj;Jy mj tpl;lh khrk; E}W &gha;
NjWk;. Nghfl;Lk;. gg;gpf;F Kg;gJ &gha; nryTy lhd;];
Kf;fpakh? gjpidQ;R &gha; je;jh ilg;iul;bq; fj;J> ehd;
Ntiyf;Fg; Nghap> vdf;F ehNd xU top gz;zpapUg;Ngd;.
KbahjJd;D cyfj;Jy vJTNk ,y;y mz;zp kdRjhd;
NtZk; vd;W VNjh xU Ntfj;jpy; Nfl;Ltpl;Nld;.
ehd; mg;gbg; NgrpapUf;ff; $lhJjhd;. Mdhy; mjw;F
e\;l <L nfhLg;gJNghy;> mk;kh vd; jiyKbiaj; jd;
iff;Fs; Rw;wp tisj;Jf;nfhz;L KJfpYk; gplupapYkhf
nfhLj;jhs;.
vd;idf; Nfhgj;NjhL ghu;j;j cd; fhiyj; njhl;L mk;kh
Fk;gpl;lJld;> 'jpkpu; gpbr;r fOj NgRwj jg;gh
epidr;rpf;fhjg;gh ghy; FLf;fpw khl;l gy;yg; gpbf;fpw n[d;kk;
,tu;” vd;W nrhy;yptpl;L kPz;Lk; vd;id mbj;jhs;. vdf;F
mts;Nky; mDjhge;jhd; Vw;gl;lJ. Nghjhj Ntis gg;gpf;F
[_uk; te;Jtpl;lJ. rP]d; NfhshWjhd;. Mdhy; mz;zpNah>
ve;j Ntisapy ,e;j Kz;l eP ngj;j nghz;Zf;F lhd;];
vJf;Fd;D Nfl;lhNsh vd; nghz;Z clk;ngy;yk; MLJ.
,e;j epkp\j;Jy ,Ue;J ,tSf ,q;f ,Uf;fg;glhJ. xz;Z
mtSf NghfZk;. ,y;yd;dh ehd; NghfZk; vd;whs;.
,uz;L %d;W ehs;fspy; eP %d;W bf;nfl;Lfis thq;fp.
nksdkhf vq;fsplk; ePl;bdha;.

108
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

fpuhkj;jpw;F te;j ehq;fs; kdkpuq;fp nyl;lu; Nghl

khl;lhah vd;W Vq;fpNdhk;. Ngh];l; Nkdplk; cd; fbjk;
tUfpwjh vd;W cdf;fhf mtuplk; Ngrp> ,Wjpapy;
mtUf;fhfNt Ngrj; Jtq;fpNdd;. Kg;gJ taJ gpuk;krhup
mtu; vd;idg; Nghy; v];.v];.vy;.rp. turpj;jp tpehafu;
Vkhw;wtpy;iy. vg;gbNah vq;fs; cs;sq;fs; xd;wpg;
Ngha;tpl;ld. mtu; ey;ytu;. Vndd;why; Ngdhitg; gpbf;fhky;>
cj;jpNahfk; ghu;g;gtu;. ek;gpf;ifahdtu;. Vndd;why; mjpfk;
gbf;fhjtu;> ,d;Dk; xU thuj;jpy; vq;fs; jpUkzk;
Njhuzkiy KUfd; Nfhtpypy; elf;fg;NghfpwJ.
vg;gbNah> eP fy;ahzj;Jf;F te;jhy;> jhiu thu;j;Jf;
nfhLf;f NtW Ms;ghu;f;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,Uf;fhJ. gzk;
,y;iynad;whYk;> vg;gbahtJ tUtjw;F bf;nfl;L thq;fptpL.
NghFk;NghJ mtu; bf;nfl; thq;fpf; nfhLg;ghu;. md;Gs;s
xd;Wtpl;l jq;if jkae;jp.
fbjj;ijg; ghjp gbf;Fk; NghNj gy;iyf; fbj;j khlrhkp>
KOtJk; gbj;jJk; mjpu;e;J Nghdhd;. jkae;jp kPJ Nfhgk;
te;jJ.
khiyapy; tPl;Lf;F te;jJk;> kidtpaplk; fbjj;ijf;
nfhLj;jhd;.
“nyl;luh vOjpapUf;fh? me;jf; fhyj;Jy gpy;yp R+d;ak;
itf;fwJf;fhf> ke;jpur; nrhy;y ,g;gbj;jhd; kwr;rp
itg;ghq;fshk;. ehk ehrkh NghfZKd;D rhgkpl;bUf;fh."
ehiye;J ehs;fs; ele;jd. jkae;jpapd; fbjj;ij kwe;Nj
tpl;lhu;fs;. Mdhy; [p.gp.vg; Nyhid kl;Lk; kwf;ftpy;iy.
khlrhkp kidtpaplk;> NyhDf;F mj;jhl;rpNahL $ba
fhuzj;ij vg;gbf; fw;gpf;fyhk; vd;W Nfl;lNghJ> mts;
risf;fhky; gjpy; nrhd;dhs;.
“jkae;jp fy;ahzKd;D nrhy;Yq;f. mts; xq;fs
mz;zd;D epidf;fyd;dhYk;> ePqf ; mtis jq;fr;rpq;fwj
kwf;fhkj;jhd; ,Uf;fPq;f fy;ahz Nehl;B]; tr;rp mDg;Gq;f."
“mnjg;gb KbAk;? mJ epahakpy;y."
“vJ epahakpy;y? ,d;idNahl cwT Nghaplg; Nghwjh.
vd;d? ehisf;fp> mts; thAk; tapNwhl ,Uf;ifapy; ehk
ftdpf;f Ntz;baJ ,Uf;FNk. mtfplf;fl;Lk;.
ftdpf;fhz;lhk;. mj;ijiaAk;> fy;ahzpiaAk; mth mbr;rp
tpul;lkhl;lhq;fwJ vd;d epr;rak;? mg;Ngh ehkjhd
ftdpf;fZk;." mtd; xUehs; Nahrpj;jhd;; kWehs; gpF

109
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

nra;jhd;. mjw;F mLj;j ehs; fy;ahz miog;gpjOld;.

tpz;zg;gj;ij mDg;gpdhd;. mUikj; jq;iff;Fj; jd;id
tpl;lhy; topapy;iy vd;W tpsf;fkhf vOjpapUe;jhd;.
%thapuk; &gha; ehY ehspy; rhq;ftbdhfp gp.V.X MgPRf;Fg;
Ngha; gzKk; te;J> 'gg;gp” Ngupy; gpf;]hfptpl;lJ.
kp]]; khlrhkpf;F ,d;Dk; jpUg;jpapy;iy.
];nly;yhTf;Fk; xU top gz;z Ntz;lhkh? murhq;f
f[hdhtpy; mtd; Ngupy; cs;s mbtbdy; fpuhf;fpg;gb
,uz;lhapuk; &gha; NjWk;. rhu;e;jpUf;Fk; cwtpdu;fspy;
xUtUf;Fj; jPuh Neha; ,Ug;gjhf kUj;Jt mj;jhl;rpAld;
fhl;bdhy; mt;tsT gzj;ijAk; nfhLj;JtpLfpwhu;fshk;.
fztid ek;gpapUf;Fk; mtdJ rpwpa jhahUf;F-mtspd;
khkpahUf;F jPuhj thjNeha;> Vw;fdNt mtSf;Fr;
nrd;idapypUe;J thq;fp nkbf;fy; up vk;gu;];nkz;l; nra;j
'gpy;Yfs;” epiwa tUfpd;wd. mtw;iw mj;jhl;rpahff; fhl;b
,uz;lhapuk; &ghiaAk; thq;fptplyhk; vd;W epidj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhs;.

KbTiu:
fhhpUisf; fpopj;J tUk; fjputdpd; xspg;Nghy r%fj;jpy;
elf;Fk; nra;jpfisAk;> mYtyfq;fspd; mtyKk;>
mjpfhhpfspd; Mztg;Nghf;Fk; yQ;r yhtzpaq;fspd; rPh;NfLk;
kpFe;j mYj;jj;Jld; Mrphpah; $wpAs;sjidf; fhzKbfpwJ.

fijapd; ePjp:
khw;whe;jhapd; %yk; tsu;e;j gps;is jd;
khw;whe;jhiaAk;> jq;iffisAk; ftdpf;fhjijAk;> jpUkz
tajpy; ,Uf;Fk; ngz;zpd; kdepiyAk; ,f;fijapd; %yk;
mwpayhk;.

7. tPl;bd; %iyapy; xU rikay; miw - mk;ig

tPl;bd; %iyapy; xU rikayiw - jpUkzkhd ngz;fs;
ve;NeuKk; rikayiwapNyNa Ntiy nra;Ak; epfo;tpidf;
$Wfpd;wJ.

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:
gpwg;G: 1944
,aw;ngau;: yl;Rkp

110
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

jkpopd; rpwe;j ngz; gilg;ghspfs; xUtu;. 1960fspd;

gpw;gFjpapy; vOjj; njhlq;fpatu;. ngz;epiy Nehf;fpid
ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifikapyhd jkpo;r;rpWfijfspd; Kd;Ndhb.
gy ngz; gilg;ghspfs; njhlr; rpukg;gLk; tplaq;fis ru;t
rhjhuzkhf njhl;Lr; nrd;wtu;. cwT> fhjy;> ,ir vd;W
gy;NtW khtl;lq;fisr; njhl;ltu;. ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifia
mJTk; Rarpe;jid nfhz;l gbj;j ngz;fis kpf
,ay;ghfgilj;jtu;. jkpofj;jpd; vy;iy fle;j epyg;
gFjpfisAk; fsdhff; nfhz;l ,tuJ fijfspy; ngz;fspd;
cwTr; rpf;fy;fs;> gpur;rpidfs;> Fog;gq;fs;> Nfhgjhgq;fs;>
rkurq;fs; ahTk; fpz;lyhd njhdpapy; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
tuyhw;wpy; vk;.V.gl;lKk;> mnkupf;fd; ];lb]py; Kidtu;
gl;lKk; ngw;wtu;. jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> ,e;jp> fd;dlk; Nghd;w
nkhopfspy; Gyikg; ngw;wtu;.
E}y;fs;: me;jp khiy (ehty;)> xU fWg;G rpye;jpAld;
(1988)> me;Njup Nkk;ghyj;jpy; xU re;jpg;G (2019)> rpwFfs;
KwpAk; (1972)> tPl;bd; %iyapy; xU rikayiw (1988)>
fhl;by; xU khd; (2000)> rf;fu ehw;fhyp> ]Q;rhup>
jz;zpabf;f> tw;Wk; Vupapd; kPdf ; s;(2007)> nrhy;yhj fijfs;.
1960-k; Mz;bapUe;J vOjp tUk; mk;igapd; rptg;G fOj;Jld;
xU gr;ir gwit vd;w E}Yf;F 2021Mk; Mz;bw;fhd
rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJld; &gha; xu; ,yl;rk; kjpg;Gs;s
fhNrhiy toq;fg;gl;lJ.

fij khe;ju;fs;:
fp\d;> gg;gh[p(je;ij)> [p[p (fp\dpd; jha;)>
kPdhl;rp(kidtp)> uhjh gg;gh[p> Nfhghy; gha;> gb [p[p
Nghd;NwhUk;> ,ju gpw fij khe;jUk; cs;sdu;.

fijf;fU:
jpUkzkhd ngz;fspd; tho;f;if KiwapidAk;>
mtu;fSf;F Vw;glf;$ba mtyq;fisAk;> ngz;fs; ve;j
NeuKk; mtu;fspd; FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fSf;fhf nra;Ak; Ntiy
Fwpj;Jk;> mtu;fs; jdf;fhf jd;Dila cyfj;jpy;
thotpy;iy vd;gij $Wtjhf ,r;rpWfij mikfpd;wJ.

111
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

fp\dpd; FLk;gepiy:
fp\dpd; mg;gh vl;lzh xU rJu f[k; vd;W tpiy
nfhLj;J epyj;ij thq;fp tPLfis ,uapy; ngl;b Nghd;W
mLj;J mLj;J fl;bAs;shu;. filrpapy; Nghdhy; Nghfl;Lk;
vd;w vz;zj;jpy xU rikay; miwiaf; fl;bAs;shu;. ,jpy;
rikayiwf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J fl;lg;gltpy;iy.
rikaiwapy; xU Foha; kw;Wk; ngupa jl;L $l itf;f
Kbahj gb njhl;bAk; ,uz;L rpwpa mstpyhd [d;dYk;
,Uf;Fk;. ,g;gb gl;l rikayiwapy; jz;zuP ; ntspNa
KOikahf nry;yhky; ,Uf;Fk;. gg;gh[papd; tPl;by; 'ahu;
Kjd; Kjyhf tPl;bw;F te;J rikay; nra;fpwhu;fNsh
mtu;fSf;F jq;f tisaYk; fhy; ghj ntbg;gpw;F nkOFk;
jug;gLk;. me;j tPl;by; cs;stu;fs; rhg;ghl;L gpupau;fshfTk;
midtUk; kJ gpupau;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fSila
Fy nja;tkhd mk;ghSf;Fk; gpurhjkhf kJNt
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. gpwe;j Foe;ijf;Fk; kJNt Kjd; Kjypy;
itf;fg;gLfpwJ. mtu;fs; tPl;by; ve;j MU tpN\rk; MdhYk;
kJ ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fhJ. fy;ahzk; vd;why; $l kJTk;
FjpiuANk Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. fp\Dila
jpUkzj;jpy;> ,it ,uz;LNk ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy;
mq;Fs;stu;fs; [p[pia Nfs;tp Nfl;ldu;. [p[papdhy;
jw;nghOJ elf;f Kbahj fhuzj;jhy; kPdh rikay;
Ntiyfis vy;yhk; ghu;j;J nfhs;fpwhs;. [p[p rikf;Fk;
Nghnjy;yhk;. VO kzpf;F vy;yhk; mg;gsk; Rl Muk;gpj;J
tpLths; gg;gh[pf;F fhu mg;gsk;> Nrhs gf;Nfhlh> epyf;fliy
Nghd;wit vy;yhk; nra;ag;gLk;. [p[p ehl;Lg;Gw ghly;fis
vy;yhk; ghLthu;. rikayiwapy; rha; (NjePu; itf;f RLePu;)
vg;NghJk; jahu; epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; tpUe;jpdu; vg;NghJ
nrd;whYk; mtu;fSf;F B> ru;gj;> fhght; vYk;G ,y;yhj fwp
nfhLf;fg;gLk;. ,ij jtpu rikayiwapd; kPJ ftdkpy;iy
gg;gh[pf;F. ve;NeuKk; [PNuh thl;]; gy;G kl;Lk; vupe;J
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ngz;fs; Kf;fhL Nghl;L nfhz;L rikj;J
nfhz;bUg;gu;. rikay; UrpahfNt jhd; ,Uf;Fk; kPdhl;rp
gg;gh[paplk; xU tpraj;ij $wpaJ midtUf;Fk; tpag;ig
mspj;jJ.

112
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

kPdhtpd; Kjy; vjpu;g;G:

mts; gg;gh[paplk;> rikayiwapd; ntspNa cs;s
jho;thuj;ij ngupjhf;fp tpLq;fs;> ,lJgf;fk; ghj;&k;
fl;bdhy; ntspNa ghj;jpuk; fOtyhk;. Jzpia cyu;j;j
mYkpdpa fk;gpia fl;lyhk;. vd;W $w midtUk;
tpag;gile;jdu;. Vnddpy; ahUk; gg;gh[pia vjpu;j;J NgrpaJ
fpilahjhk;. gg;gh[pf;Fk; [p[pf;Fk; 14 gps;isfs;. mtu;fspy;
ahUk; ,g;gb NgrpaJ ,y;iy vd;gjhy; midtUk;
tpag;gile;jdu;. gg;gh[p fp\id Nehf;fpdhu;. fp\d;
kPdhl;rpapd; thu;j;ijf;F Mjuthf Ngrpdhd;. gg;gh[p>
fp\dplk; eP vg;Ngh rikayiw nrd;wha; vd;W Nfl;fpwhu;.
mjw;F [p[p ikR+upy; rikay; nra;Ak; NghJ ,td; jhd;
fha;fwpfis mupe;J nfhLg;ghd; vd;whs;> gg;gh[p rpupf;fpd;whd;.
me;j Neuj;jpy; fhu; n\l; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sNj jtpu rikayiw
fl;lg;gltpy;iy.

gb [p[p epiy:
gb [p[p(gg;gh[papd; rpj;jp) gg;gh[papd; je;ij ,we;jTld;
,tUf;F rikaiwapy; ,Ue;J tpLg;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ. kQ;rs;>
,Q;rp> Nrg;gq;fpoq;F> Vyf;fha;> ,ytq;fk;> nea;> kpsF>
jdpah Nghd;wit jhd; ngUk;ghYk; rikay; nra;Ak;
nghUl;fs; MFk;. gb [p[p rikay; nra;Ak; NghJ kiy
kiyahf rg;ghj;jpAk; $il $ilahf ntq;fhaKk; kl;lDk;
nfhz;L rikay; nra;jhuhk;. ,J vy;yhk; ghu;g;gjw;f;F
kPdhl;rpf;F gpbf;ftpy;iy. tPdhNkh\p (fp\dpd; rpj;jp) 50
taJ 15 tajpNy tpjit Mdtu;. fpuhkj;jpy; Mrpupau;.
,tu;fs; tPl;by; cs;s ngz;fs; ngUk;ghYk; gbj;j
ngz;fshfNt cs;sdu;. MdhYk;. rikay; nra;tJ kl;Lk;
vOjg;gllhj xd;whfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jid ahUk; Vd;?
vjw;F? vd;W epidf;ff; $l ,y;iy. kPdhl;rp kl;Lk;
Nfl;gtshf ,Uf;fpwhs;. Vupf;F nry;Yk; NghJ $l
midtUf;Fk; Njitahdtw;iw vLj;J nry;fpd;wdu;. kPdh
Mz;fSk; Ntiy nra;al;Lk; vd;Wk; $Wfpwhs;. gb[p[pf;F
mt;tg;NghJ mk;ghs; tUtJ tof;fk;. mk;ghSf;F gilf;f
$ba nea;Ntj;jpaq;fis vy;yhk; mtUf;Fk; toq;Fthu;fs;.

113
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

[p[papd; cly;epiy:
[p[pf;Fk; nuhk;g clk;G rupapy;yhky; NghfpwJ gf;fj;jpy;
kPdhl;rp mku;e;J [p[pf;F if fhy;fis njhl;L ghu;f;fpwhs;.
mts; JzpapNy cs;s fopTfis ePf;Ftjw;F Jzpfis
khw;Wk; NghJ mts; clk;gpy; cs;s fhaq;fisAk; cly;
cWg;GfisAk; ghu;j;J tUj;jkilfpwhs;. [p[p jd;Dila
clk;ig ftdpj;J nfhs;stpy;iy. tPl;by; cs;stu;fSf;F
Njitahdij ftdpj;J nra;jtu; clk;ig ftdpj;J
nfhs;stpy;iy vd;gJ kPdhtpd; tUj;jkhf cs;sJ. [p[papd;
mk;kh mtSf;F $wpaJ> jpUkzkhd ngz; rikayiwaia
Mf;fpukpg;G nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. myq;fhuk; nra;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpAs;sij epidT
gLj;jpf;nfhs;fpwwhs;.

kPdhl;rpapd; vz;zq;fs;:
[p[papd; 14 Foe;ijfspy; xd;W gbapy; ,Ue;J tpOe;J
,we;J tpLfpwJ. ebfuhf ey;y kUkfs; vd;W Gfo;e;J
cs;shu;. kPdhl;rp [p[paplk; myq;fhuk; NghLtJ ml;bif
NghLtJ ,jpy; gyd; ,y;iy. mjpfhuKk; ,y;iy gg;gh[pia
tpl;L tpLgLtjhy; jhd; ePqf ; s; ahu; vd;gNj njupAk; ePq;fs;
[p[p vd;gij tpl Jyhupaha; vd;gJ jhd; cz;ik. vg;NghJk;
tPl;ilg; gw;wp epidj;J ,jpNy %o;fp tpl;Bu;fs;.

KbTiu:
[p[p ePq;fs; ,jpypUe;J ntspNa te;J ,Ue;jhy;
Muha;r;rpahsuhf> fhtpak; vOJgtuhf> Xtpauhf khwp
,Uf;fyhk;.cyif fz;lwpUe;J ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W $Wfpwhs;.
mtSila khu;G> fu;g;gig> clk;G vy;yhk; xd;Wkpy;yhky;
Ngha; tpl;lJ. ePqf
; s; rikayiwia tpl;L ntspNa thUq;fs;
vd;W $Wfpwhs;. ,ts; $wpaij Nfl;L [p[p kPdhl;rpapd;
ifia ,Wf gw;wp nfhs;fpwhs;.

fijapd; ePjp:
gbj;j ngz;fs; $l jpUkzk; Md clNd rikayiwapy;
jhd; nkhj;j kfpo;r;rpAk; fpilg;gjhf vz;zpapUf;fpd;wdu;.
ngz;fs;> Mz;fSf;F> FLk;gj;jpy; cs;stu;fSf;F>
Foe;ijfSf;F vd;W gilf;fg;gltpy;iy. ngz;fs;
jdf;fhfTk; thof; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;>

114
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Mz;fis tpl ngz;fs; vjw;fhfTk; Ra kupahijia

,of;ff; $lhJ. xU ngz;Zf;F tPl;bd; rikaiw
kl;Lkpy;yhky; jdf;nfd Xu; cyFk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.ngz;fs;
mbikj; jdkhf thof; $lhJ> Rakupahij ,oe;J thof;
$lhJ.jdf;fhd cupikia ,oe;J thof; $lhJ vd;gij
vLj;jpak;GfpwJ.

8. (nkhopngah;g;Gf;fij) Mz;ld; nrf;fht;

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:
fhyk;: 29.01.1860 - 15.07.1904
xu;cUrpa ehlf Mrpupau; kw;Wk; rpWfij vOj;jhsu;
Mthu;.
,tu; Gidfij ,yf;fpa cyfpy; jiyrpwe;jtuhff;
fUjg;gLfpwhu;.
ehlf Mrpupauhf ,Ue;J ,tu; gilj;j flw;Gwh> mq;fps;
thd;ah> %d;W rNfhjupfs;> nru;upg; goj;Njhl;lk; Mfpa ehd;F
nrt;tpay; ehlfq;fs; kw;Wk; ,tuJ rpwe;j rpWfijfSk;
Vida vOj;jhsu;fs; kw;Wk; tpku;rfu;fsplk; ,tUf;Fj; jdp
kupahijia Vw;gLj;jpd. n`d;upf; ,g;rd;> Mf];l;
];l;upd;l;ngu;f; Mfpa ,UtUlDk; nrfht; ,ize;J
etPdj;Jtj;ij Nkilfspy; GFj;jpdhu;. etPdj;Jtj;ij
ehlfq;fspy; njhlq;fp itj;jjpy; ,k;%tUk;
Kf;fpakhdtu;fshff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdu;. nrfht; jdJ
,yf;fpag; gazj;jpDld; $lNt> kUj;Jtu; gzpiaAk;
nrt;tNd Nkw;nfhz;L te;jhu;. “kUj;Jtk; vd; rl;lg;G+u;tkhd
kidtp" vd;Wk;> ,yf;fpak; vdJ Jiztp vd;Wk; $wpAs;shu;.
1896 Mk; Mz;by; ,tuJ Kjy; ehlfkhd flw;GwhgL
Njhy;tpaile;j NghJ> nrf;Nfht; ehlfk; vOJtijf;
iftpl;lhu;. j rPfy; ehlfj;jpd; tuNtw;Gf;Fg; gpd;> kPsTk; 1898-
,y; fhd;rpl;lhz;bd; jhypd;rpyhtprpf;fpapd; kh];Nfh fiy
muq;fpy; muq;NfwpaNghJ ,J ngUk; Gfo;ngw;wJ. mjd;
gpd;dNu> %d;W rNfhjupfs; kw;Wk; nru;up goj;Njhl;lk; Mfpa
ehlfq;fs; muq;Nfw;wg;gl;ld. ,it ehlff; FOkj;jpdUf;Fk;
,Ue;jd.
nrfhtpd; ghu;itahsu;fSf;Fk; rthyhf ,e;ehlfq;fs;
kuGtop ebg;Gf;Fg; gjpyhf> ghu;itahsu;fSf;F “kdepiy
rhu;e;j muq;fpay;" vd;Dk; El;gj;ijAk;> “ehlfj;jpd;

115
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

ciufSf;Fs; Mo;e;J NghFk; epiyiaAk;" nfhLj;jd.

nrf;Nfht; jhd; Kjypy; vOjpa fijfisg; gzj;Jf;fhfNt
vOjpdhu;.

jkpopy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;l E}y;fs;

Md;ld; nrf;Nfht; gilg;Gfs; gy gyuhy;
jkpopy;nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy:
1. MwhtJ thu;L (njhFg;G) - jkpopy;: uh. fpU\;izah;
2. me;Njhd; nrfht; fijfs; - jkpopy;: uh. fpU\;izah;
3. Md;ld; nrfht; rpWfijfs; - jkpopy;: re;jpah eluh[d;;
K.gjpg;G 2021 re;jpah gjpg;gfk;. (,lk;ngw;Ws;s fijfs;:
fhjy; vdpy;> gpr;irf;fhud;> mtJ}W cs;spl;l 20fijfs;)

fij khe;ju;fs;:
$Nuht;> eha;f;fhu rPkhl;b (Md;dh nru;Nfapt;dh)>fhtyhs;>
Vtyhs;

fijf;fU:
eha;f;fhur; rPkhl;b> fijj; jiytpAld; vg;NghJk; xU
nts;is epw eha; xd;W ,Uf;Fk;. ,f;fijapy; mike;j fU
,Ukdq;fs; (fijj; jiytd;> fijj; jiytp) ntt;NtW
jpUkz ge;jj;jpypUe;J gpupe;J jq;fspd; RaeyKila
kdepiyapy; kw;wtu; tho;f;ifapid vz;zhJ. jq;fspd; kd
czu;r;rpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J ,t;tpUtUk; kdnkhj;j
jpUkz tho;f;ifia tho njhlq;Ffpd;wdu;. ,dpahtJ
ed;Kiwapy; tho vz;Ztij Fwpg;gjhf fijf;fU
mikfpd;wJ.

,Utupd; mwpKfk;:
flw;fiuapy; GJKfk; xd;W. eha;f;fhu rPkhl;b xUj;jp
fhzg;gl;ljhf Ngrp nfhz;lhu;fs;. ,uz;L thuq;fSf;F Kd;G
ahy;jhTf;F te;J mjd; topKiwfSf;F gof;fg;gl;bUe;j
jpkPj;jpupr; $nuhTk; te;jpUe;jhu;. mtUf;F Gjpajhf te;jpUe;j
eha;f;fhur; rPkhl;bapd; Nky; Mir vOe;jJ. mtSld; xU
nts;is epw eha; xd;W ,Ue;jJ. mts; ngnul; njhg;gp
mzpe;J nts;is eha; gpd;njhlu jdpahfNt. cytpdhs;
mts; ahu; vd;gJ ahUf;Fk; njupatpy;iy. ,ts; ,q;Nf

116
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

fztDlNdh> njupe;jtu;fSlNdh ,y;iy vd;why; ,tis

mwpKfg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ tPz; NghfhJ vd;W vz;zkpl;lhu;
$nuht;.

$nuht;
mtUf;F taJ ehw;gJ $l Mftpy;iy mjw;Fs;
gz;dpnuz;L tajpy; xU kfSk; cau;epiyg; gs;sp tFg;G
gbf;Fk; ,U kfd;fSk; cs;sdu;. fy;Y}up ,uz;lhkhz;L
gbf;Fk; NghNj kzk; Kbj;J tpl;lhu;fs;. mtUila kidtp
epiwa Gj;jfq;fs; gbg;ghs;. rpe;jidahsp. ,Ug;gpDk;> $nuht;
mtis Edpg;Gy; Nka;gts;> FWfpa Nehf;fpds;. ghq;F
mw;wts; vd;W cs;Su fUjpdhd;. mtSf;Fj; JNuhfk; nra;a
mtu; ntF fhyj;Jf;F Kd;Ng njhlq;fptpl;lu;. mbf;fb
JNuhfk; nra;J te;jhu;. ngz;fisg; gw;wp vg;NghJk;
,fo;r;rpahfg; Ngrpdhd;. jkf;F Kd;dpiyapy; khjiug; gw;wpa
Ngr;R vOe;jJk; fPo; ,dj;jtu; vd;W mtu;fis Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
frg;ghd mDgtj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghlk; fw;W nfhz;ljhfTk;>
ngz;fis vg;gb Ntz;LkhdhYk; miof;fyhk; vd;Wk;
vz;zpdhu;. ngz;fs; ,y;yhky; ,uz;L ehs; $l mtuhy; tho
KbahJ. ,tu; tq;fpapy; gzpGupAk; NghJ ahuplKk; Ngrhky;
„cu;‟ vd;W ,Ug;gjhy; ngz;fis vspjpy; trPfupj;jhu;.
,jdhy; ngz;fSldhd neUf;fk; mjpfkhdJ ,jdhy; ngUk;
gpur;ridAk; Jd;gKk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk; mofhd khjiu
fhZk; NghJ vg;gbNah tho;T Ntl;if NknyOk;. vy;yhNk
rf[khfTk; Ntbf;ifahfTk; njd;gLk;.

,Utupd; re;jpg;G:
XU ehs;. G+q;fh nu];lhuz;by; mtu; cztUe;jpf;
nfhz;bUf;ifapy; ngnul; njhg;gp mzpe;j eq;if epjhdkhf
ele;J te;J gf;fj;J Nkir vjpNu mku;e;jhs;. kzkhdts;
ahy;jhTf;F Kjy; jlitahf te;jpUf;fpwhs;. ,q;Nf
mtSf;F rypg;G jl;b tpl;lJ vd;gijf; fhl;bd. ,jid
mwpe;j $nuht; rPkhl;bAld; fhjy; yPiy Gupjy; vd;w
kNdhfukhd vz;zk; mtiuj; jpBnud Ml;nfhz;lJ.
ePqf
; s; ahy;jh te;J mjpf ehs; MfpwJ? vd;W Nerk;
njhdpf;f tpdtpdhu;.
“Ie;J ehshfpwJ”

117
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

ehd; ,q;Nf ,uz;lhtJ thu;j;ij xl;bf;nfhz;L

,Uf;fpNwd; vd;W $w ,UtUk; nksdkha; ,Ue;jdu;. ehs;fs;
vd;dNth tpiuthfj; jhd; XLfpd;wd. MdNghjpYk; VNdh
,q;Nf xNu rypg;gha; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W $wpdhs;.
gpd;G ,UtUk; mwpKfkw;wtu;fsha; Ngrhky;
cztUe;jpdhu;fs;. ,UtUk; Nru;e;J ntspNa vq;F nrd;whYk;
vijg; gw;wp NgrpdhYk; xd;W jhd; vd;w kNdhghtq;
nfhz;ltu;fshf khwpdu;.
$nuht; jhd; xU kh];Nfhthrp vd;Wk;> tq;fpapy; Ntiy
nra;tjhfTk;> jdpahu; ehlff; FOtpy; ghLtjw;F
gapd;wjhfTk;> ,uz;L nrhe;j tPLfs; ,Ug;gjhfTk; $wpdhu;.
mts; gPl;lu;];gu;fpy; tsu;e;jjhfTk;> v]; efupy; tho;f;ifg;
gl;ljhfTk;> ahy;jhtpy; xU khjk; jq;f NghtjhfTk;>
fztUld; Xa;ntLg;gjhfTk;> mtu; xU khjj;jpy;
tUtjhfTk; $wpdhs;. mts; $wpajpy; ,Ue;J ngau; Md;dh
nru;Nfapt;dh vd;gijAk; jdpahf ,Uf;fpwhs; vd;gijAk;
njupe;J nfhz;lhd;. ,jid mLj;J ,tu;fspd; re;jpg;G vd;gJ
ehSf;F ehs; tsuj; njhlq;fpaJ. mtsplk; $r;rKk; ehzKk;
jaf;fKk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mtsplk; VNjh Vf;fk; ,Uf;fpwJ
vd;w rpe;jidAlNd cwq;fpg;Nghdhu;.

mts; mofpy; kaq;Fjy;:

,UtUk; khiy Neuj;jpy; flw;fiuapy; cs;s fg;giy
Nehf;fp urpj;J nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mtd; mtSila mofpy;
kaq;fp jpBnud fl;bj; jOtp cjl;by; Kj;jkpl;lhu;. ahNuDk;
ghu;j;J tpl;lhuh vd;w mr;rj;jpy; gpd;Gwk; ghu;j;jhd;. ,UtUk;
miwf;F nrd;wdu;. miwapy; ,UtUk; vJTk; Ngrhky; ,Uf;f
$nuht; cwT nfhz;l ngz;fisg; gw;wp epidj;J
nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mtu;fs; NkypUe;j Nkhfk; mlq;fpaJk;
mtu;fspd; moF ntWg;igNa Cl;baJ. ,tu;fSila
cs;shilfspd; Xu; xg;gizg; gpd;dy;fs; kPd; nrjpy;fis
jhd; epidTgLj;jpd. ,q;NfNah 'eha;f;fhu rPkhl;baplk;
nfhz;l tho;T tpe;ijahfTk; nghUj;j kw;wjhfTk; gl;lJ.
mts; $nuht; ,lk; ,dp ePqf ; s; vd;id kjpf;fkhl;Bu;fs;.
ehd; nfl;lts;. ,ope;jts;. kjpkaq;fpa epiyapy;
igj;jpaf;fhup Nghy ,q;Nf Rw;wpj;jpupfpNwd;. vy;NyhUila
,fo;r;rpf;Fk; cupatsha; Mfptpl;Nld; vd;W $Wfpwhs;. ,ts;
$wpaJ mtDf;F rypg;gha; ,Ue;jJ. mtd; cdf;F vd;d

118
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwha;? vd;W Nfl;lhd;. mts; mtdJ khu;gpNy

Kfj;ijg; Gijj;J mtNuhL xz;bf; nfhz;lhs;. vdf;F
Neu;ikahd tho;f;ifNa Ntz;Lk;. nfl;lij rfpf;f KbahJ
vd;W $wpdhs;. mtd; mtis cw;W Nehf;fp Kj;jkpl;lhd;.
jzpe;j Fuypy; nfhQ;ryha; NjWjy; $wpdhd;. mts; epk;kjp
mile;jhs;> mtSf;F cw;rhfk; gpwe;jJ.

,Utupd; gpupT:
fhyq;fs; ,g;gbNa fope;jd. xU ehs; Md;dh
nru;Nfapt;dhtpd; fztdplk; ,Ue;J xU fbjk; te;jJ.
fz;Neha; fhuzkha; jhk; ntspr; nry;y Kbahj epiy
Mfptpl;ljhy; clNd Cu; jpUk;Gk; gb Ntz;bapUe;jhu;.
Md;dh nru;Nfapt;dh mtrukha; Gwg;gl Maj;jk; nra;jhs;.
ehd; NghtJ ey;yJ jhd; ,JNt tpjp vd;W $nuhtplk;
$wpdhs;. ahy;jhtpypapUe;J mts; Fjpiu tz;bapy;
Gwg;gl;lhs;. mtUk; uapy; epiyak; tiu cld; nrd;whu;.
,uz;lhtJ kzp mbj;jJk; mtd; $nuhtplk; vq;Nf ,g;gbj;
jpUk;Gq;fs;. ,d;ndhU jlit cq;fisg; ghu;f;fpNwd;. ,d;Dk;
xNu jlit> mg;gbj;jhd; vdf; $wpdhs;. motpy;iyahapDk;
mts; Vf;fNk tbtkha;> NehAw;wts; Nghy ,Ue;jhs;. mtsJ
cjLfs; Jbj;jd.
“cq;fisg; gw;wp epidj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;Ngd;. cq;fs;
epidthfNt ,Ug;Ngd;. Mz;ltd; cq;fSf;F mUs;thuhf.
vd;idg; gw;wpf; nfLjyhf epidf;fhjPu;fs;. ehk; xNuabahfg;
gpupfpNwhk;. kPz;Lk; re;jpf;fNt khl;Nlhk;. mJjhd; rup.
Vnddpy; ehk; re;jpj;jpUf;fNt $lhJ. ey;yJ. tpil
nfhLq;fs;. flTs; cq;fSf;F mUs; ghypg;ghuhf” vd;whs;.
uapy; tpiuthfr; nrd;Wtpl;lJ.

Md;dhtpd; epidTfs;:
xU khjk; fope;jJk; Md;dh nru;Nfapt;dhtpd; epidT
kq;fptpLk;. gupjhgj;Jf;Fupa mtsJ Gd;difAld;> Vida gy
ngz;fisg; Nghy; fdtpNy kl;Lk; vg;NghjhtJ fhl;rp jUths;
vd;Wjhd; $nuht; epidj;jhu;. Mdhy; xU khjj;Jf;F Nky;
fope;J> Fspu; fhyk; mjd; cr;rj;ij mile;Jtpl;lJ>
mg;NghJk; VNjh Ke;jpa ehs;jhd; Md;dhit tpl;L
gpupe;jJNghy mtu; epidtpy; ahTk; gRikahapUe;jd. mJ
kl;Lky;y. ehshf Mf ,e;j epidTfs; mjpf typtile;J

119
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

te;jd. re;jbaw;w khiy Neuj;jpy;> ghlq; fw;Fk;

Foe;ijfspd; Fuy;fs; mtuJ gbg;G miwf;F vl;Lk;
nghOJk;;> nu];lhnuz;by; mtu; ghl;Nlh> Mu;fd; thj;jpa
,irNah Nfl;Fk; nghOJk;> fzg;Gg; GifNghf;fpapy;
gdpg;Gay; ,iuAk; nghOJk;> mlu;e;j mjpfhiy>
gpaNjh]pahtpypUe;J tUk; fg;gy;> Mir Kj;jq;fs; vy;yhk;
rl;nld mtu; epidTf;F te;JtpLk;. epfo;e;jtw;iw vz;zpg;
ghu;j;jthNw miwapy; FWf;Fk; neLf;Fkhf elg;ghu;; rpupg;ghu;.
mg;Gwk; epidTfs; fdTfshf khWk;.

v];. efUf;F nrd;wiljy;:

brk;gu; khjk; fpwp];Jk]; tpLKiwapd;NghJ mtu;
gazj;Jf;F Maj;jk; nra;jhu;. Xu; ,isQdpd; fhupakhfg;
gPl;lu;];gu;f; Nghtjhf kidtpaplk; nrhy;yptpl;L> v];.
efUf;Fr; nrd;whu;. vjw;fhf? mtUf;Nf njspthfj;
njupatpy;iy. Md;dh nru;Nfapt;dhitg; ghu;j;Jg; Ngr
Ntz;Lk;. Kbe;jhy; re;jpg;Gf;F Vw;ghL nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
kl;Lk; jhd; njupe;jJ. v];.efUf;Ff; fhiyapy; Ngha;r; Nru;e;J>
N`hl;lypy; ahtw;wpYk; rpwe;j miwahfg; ghu;j;J mku;j;jpf;
nfhz;lhu; miwapy; jiu KOtJk; ,uhZtf; fk;gs
tpupg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. Nki[ Nky; J}rpgbe;j krpf;$L ,Ue;jJ.
cau;j;jpa fuj;jpy; njhg;gpiag; gpbj;jthW Fjpiur; rthup
nra;Ak; jiyapy;yh tPudpd; cUtk; ,e;j krpf;$l;il
myq;fupj;jJ. N`hl;ly; fhtyhs; mtUf;F Ntz;ba
jfty;fisj; njuptpj;jhd;. mjhtJ thd; jpnjupj;]; ];jhNuh
fd;rhu;eah tPjpapy; nrhe;j tPl;by; trpg;gjhfTk;>
N`hl;lypypUe;J tPL J}ukpy;iy vd;Wk; mtu; nry;tr;
nropg;Gld; tho;tjhfTk;> nrhe;jf; FjpiufSk; tz;bAk;
itj;jpUg;gjhfTk;> Cu; KOtJk; mtiu mwpAnkd;Wk;
nrhd;dhd;. mtuJ ngaiu j;uPjPupj;]; vd cr;rupj;jhd;
fhtyhs;.$nuht; mtrukpd;wp ele;J> ];jhNuh fd;rhu; eah
tPjpf;Fr; nrd;W tPl;ilj; Njbg; gpbj;jhu;. me;j tPl;bd;
Kd;gf;fj;jpy; cr;rpapy; $uhzpfSld; $ba ePskhd gOg;G
epw Ntypailg;G vOg;gg;gl;bUe;jJ. rd;diyAk;
Ntypailg;igAk; khwp khwpg; ghu;j;j $nuht; “,e;j khjpup
Ntypailg;G vOg;gpdhy; vtUk; jg;gp Xlj;jhd; tpUk;Gthu;”
vd;W epidj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.

120
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

ehlf Nkilapy; re;jpg;G:

mts; epkpu;e;J mtiug; ghu;j;jhs;;. clNd mtSf;F Kfk;
ntspwptpl;lJ. fytuj;Jld; kWgbAk; mtiu cw;Wg;
ghu;j;jhs;. mtshy; jd; fz;fis ek;g Kbatpy;iy.
ifapypUe;j fhl;rpf; fz;zhbiaAk; tprpwpiaAk; ,Wfg;
gpbj;J neupj;jhs;. %u;r;rpj;J tplhky; ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;L
mUk;ghL gl;lhs; vd;gJ njupe;jJ. ,UtUk;
nksdkhapUe;jhu;fs;. mts; tPww
; pUe;jhs;> mtsJ
Fog;gj;ijf; fz;L kpuz;L Nghd $nuht; mtSf;F gf;fj;jpy;
cl;fhu Jzpahky; epd;W nfhz;bUe;jhu;. RUjp $l;lg; ngw;w
gpby;fs; Gy;yhq; Foy;fSld; Nru;e;J ,irj;jd. xd;Wk;
Gupahky; ,UtUk; fyq;fpdu;. ehw;GwkpUe;Jk; vy;NyhUk;
jq;fisNa Nehf;Ftjha; epidj;jdu;. Kbtpy; mts; vOe;J
ntspr; nry;Yk; thapy; gf;fk; ele;jhs;> mtu; gpd;
njhlu;e;jhu;. ,UtUk; vq;Nf NghtJ vd;W njupahky;
eilfspy; ele;jhu;fs;. gbf;fl;Lfspy; Vwp ,wq;fpdhu;fs;.
ePjpj;Jiw mYtyu;fs;> gs;sp Mrpupau;fs;> murhq;f
mjpfhupfs; MfpNahUf;Fupa cLg;Gfs; mzpe;jtu;fs;>
gjf;fq;fs; G+z;ltu;fs;> mtu;fs; Kd;Njhd;wp kiwe;jhu;fs;.
rPkhl;bfs; gspr;rpl;Lr; nrd;wdu;. khl;ly;fspy; njhq;fpa
nkd;Kbf; Nfhl;Lf;fs; fz; Kd;dhy; te;J epd;w gpd;
kiwe;JNghapd. fhw;W Fg;ngdf; FSikaha; rpfnul;Lj;
Jz;Lfspd; tPr;rk; mjpy; kpje;J te;jJ. $nuhTf;F neQ;rpd;
glglg;G fhjpy; ,iue;jJ.
JZf;Fw;W kpusr; nra;J tpl;Bu;fs;! vd;W mts; %r;R
tpl Kbahky; jpzwpathW nrhd;dhs;. ,d;dKk; fjpfyf;fk;
mtis tpl;L ePq;ftpy;iy> Kfk; ntspwpl;Ljhd; ,Ue;jJ.
capNu Ngha; tpl;lJ. Vd; ,q;Nf te;jPu;fs;? INah> vjw;fhf
te;jPu;fs;? vd;whs;.
“Md;dh> ,ijf; Nfs;” vd;W jzpthd Fuypy;
gjw;wj;Jld; mtrukha; mtu; $wpdhu;.
“Md;dh ,ijf; Nfs;. ,ij Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;...
kd;whbf; Nfl;fpNwd;. Gupe;J nfhs;s Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;”
ehd; gl;l Jd;gj;Jf;F msNt ,Uf;fhJ. mtuJ Ngr;irf;
fhjpy; thq;fpf; nfhs;shkNy mts; njhlu;e;J $wpdhs;. “NtW
vij gw;wpAk; epidf;f Kbahjtsha; ,j;jid fhyKk;
cq;fisNa epidj;jpUe;Njd;. cq;fisg; gw;wpa epidTfspy;
jhd; capu; tho;e;J te;jpUf;fpNwd;. ahtw;iwAk; kwf;f

121
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Ntz;Lk; vd;Wjhd; vt;tsNth Kaw;rp nra;J ghu;j;Njd;.

INah> ePqf; s; Vd; ,q;Nf te;jPu;fs;? NkNy eiltopapy; epd;W
Gifg;gpbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j cau;epiyg; gs;sp khztu;fs;
,Utu; fPNo ghu;j;jhu;fs;. Mdhy; $nuht; vijAk; yl;rpak;
nra;ahky; Md;dhnru;Nfapt;dhit mUNf ,Oj;J mizj;J
khwp khwp Kfj;jpYk; fd;dq;fspYk;> fuq;fspYk; Kj;jkpl;lhu;.

$nuhit re;jpf;f kh];Nfh nry;Yjy;:

Md;dh nru;Nfapy;dh kh];NfhTf;F te;J mtiur;
re;jpf;fj; njhlq;fpdhs;. khju;Neha; epGzu; xUtiuf;
fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W fztuplk; $wptpl;L ,uz;L
%d;W khjq;fSf;F xU Kiw v];.efupypUe;J Gwg;gl;L
te;jhs;. mts; fztu; mij ek;gTk; nra;jhu;. ek;ghkYk;
,Ue;jhu;. kh];Nfhtpy; vg;NghJk; mts; “];yht;ahd;];fpa;
g[hu;" Xl;lypy; jq;fpdhs;. te;jpwq;fpaJk; rptg;Gf; Fy;yh
mzpe;j Xu; Vtyhs; %yk; $nuhTf;Fr; nra;jp nrhy;yp
mDg;gpdhs;. $nuht; me;j Xl;lYf;Fr; nrd;W mtisr;
re;jpg;gJ tof;fk;. kh];Nfhtpy; ahUf;Fk; ,J njupahJ.
“];yht;ahd;];fpa; g[hu;” xl;lYf;Fr; nrd;whu;. Kd;
$lj;jpy; Nky; Nfhl;ilf; fow;wpitj;Jtpl;L khbf;Fr; nrd;W
miwf; fjit nky;yj; jl;bdhu;. Md;dh nru;Nfapt;dh
mtUf;F kpfTk; gpbj;jkhd gOg;G epw cilazpe;jpUe;jhs;.
gazj;jhYk; gugug;gpdhYk; fisj;J Xa;e;J Ngha;> Ke;jpa
ehs; khiyapypUe;Nj mtuJ tUifia vjpu;ghu;j;Jf; fhj;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jhs;. mts; Kfk; ntspwpapUe;jJ. Gd;dif
GupahkNy mtiu cw;W Nehf;fpdhs;. MapDk; miwf;Fs;
mtu; Nru;tjw;Ff; $l mtfhrk; mspf;fhky; gha;e;Njhb te;J
mtu; khu;NghL xl;bf; nfhz;lhs;. gy Mz;Lfshfr;
re;jpf;fhjJ Nghy; mg;gb neLNeuk; ,jo; gjpj;J
Kj;jkpl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;fs;> vd;d Nrjp? vg;gb ,Uf;fpwha;" vd;W
Nfl;lhu; mtu; Gjpjha; VNjDk; ele;jjh? ,Njh nrhy;fpNwd;.
xU epkplk; Ngr Kbatpy;iy mOif gPwpl;Lf;
nfhz;Lte;jjhy; mtshy; Ngr Kbatpy;iy. vjpu;g;gf;fk;
jpUk;gp> iff;Fl;ilahy; fz;fisj; Jilj;Jf; nfhz;lhs;.
Jauk; jPu mOJ epk;kjpailal;Lk;. fhj;jpUf;fyhk;.
,g;NghJjhd; jiy eiuj;j gpwF tho;tpd; Kjd; Kjy;
nka;ahfTk; KOikahfTk; fhjy; nfhz;lhu;.Md;dh
nru;Nfapt;dhTk; mtUk; xUtiu xUtu; neUq;fpa mj;ae;j

122
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Kiwapy;> fztUk; kidtpAk; Nghyf; fhjypj;jdu;> capUf;F

capuhd ez;gu;fs; Nghy xUtiu xUtu; Nerpj;jdu;.
fle;j fhyj;jpYk; epfo; fhyj;jpYk; ,UtUk; Gupe;j
ntl;fj;Jf;Fupa vy;yhj; jtWfisAk; xUtUf;F xUtu;
kd;dpj;Jf; nfhz;L tpl;lhu;fs;. ,e;jf; fhjy; ,UtiuAk;
khw;wp tpl;lij ,UtUk; czu;e;jdu;. Kd;ngy;yhk; kdr;
Nrhu;T Vw;gl;lJk; kdj;Jf;Fj; Njhd;wpa ve;j epahaj;ijAk;
nfhz;L mtu; jk;ikj; Njw;wpf; nfhs;tJ tof;fk;. ,g;nghOJ
mtUf;F ,e;j epahaq;fs; nghUsw;witahfp tpl;ld. Mo;e;j
,uf;fk; mtiu cs;sk; Fioar; nra;jJ. Neu;ik
tha;e;jtuha;> md;G kpf;ftuhf ,Uf;f tpUk;gpdhu;.
“mohNj vd; fz;Nz> Ntz;ba kl;Lk; mOJtpl;lha;>
NghJk;... th. NgRNthk;. vd;d nra;tJ vd;W MNyhrpg;Nghk;"
vd;whu;.
jiyia ,Wfg; gw;wpathW vg;gb? vg;gb? vg;gb? vd;W
jpUk;gj; jpUk;gf; Nfl;lhu; $nuht;. jPu;T neUq;fp te;Jtpl;lJ.
,d;Dk; ,uz;L tpuw;filNa ghf;fp. gpwF tdg;G kpf;f GJ
tho;T Muk;gkhfptpLk; vd;gjhfj; Njhd;wpaJ.Mdhy;
kWfzNk> KbTf;F ,d;Dk; neLe;njhiyT ,Uf;fpwJ>
ahtw;wpYk; fbdkhd> kpfr; rpf;fyhd gFjp ,g;NghJjhd;
Muk;gkhfpwJ vd;gij ,UtUk; czu;e;jhu;fs;.

KbTiu:
$nut;tpd; vz;zq;fs; Md;dh nru;Nfaptdhit ghu;g;gjw;F
Kd;G tiu ngz;fis jtwhfNt vz;zpapUe;jhd;. mtSld;
nfhz;l cwtpdhy; ngz;fis jtwhf vz;ztpy;iy.
,Utupd; cwTk; ,Wjpapy; cz;ikahd cwthf khwpaJ.
cz;ikahd tho;f;ifia tho Kw;gl;ldu;.

fijapd; ePjp:
fijapy; ePjpf;fUj;J vd;W vLj;J ,ak;gh tz;zk;
mike;js;sJ. Mdhy;> ekJ Kd;Ndhu;fshd jpUts;Stu;>
xsitahu; Nghd;Nwhu; $wpa fUj;jpidf; nfhz;L Nehf;Fk;
tifapy; ,f;fijapd; kdpjd; xOf;fKlDk;> xUj;jDf;F
xUj;jp vd;w ed;Kiwapy; kd xj;JikAlDk; epiyahd
tho;f;ifapidNa tho Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fijapy; mike;Js;sgb
xOf;fk; jtwpa tho;tpid tho $lhJ vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ MFk;.

123
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

myF – 4
,yf;fpa tuyhW

1) 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ftpQh; ngUkf;fs;

Kd;Diu:
gz;ila fhyq;fspy; jkpopy; gy;NtW ,yf;fpaq;fs;
Njhd;wp tsh;e;jd. me;j tifapy; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bYk;
gy;NtW ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wp tsh;e;jd vd;why; mJ
mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; tho;e;j ftpQHfNs fhuzk; vd;why; mJ
kpifahfhJ.

1. ghujpahh;(1882-1921)
 ngah;: Rg;gpukzpa ghujp
 ngw;Nwhh; - rpd;drhkp> ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahh;
 Ch;- vl;ilaGuk; gs;spg;gbg;gpy; <LghL nfhs;shj
,th; fhrpf;F nrd;whh;. Mq;F tlnkhop> ,e;jp Nghd;w
nkhopfis ed;F gapd;whh;. mth; je;ijaplk; jkpo;
E}y;fisf; fw;whh;.
 gpd; vl;ilaGuk; muritf; ftpQuhfTk;> jkpo;
MrphpauhfTk; tpsq;fpdhh; vl;ilaGu rhd;Nwhh;fshy;
“ghujpahh;” vdg;gl;lhh;.
 n\y;ypjhrd;> rf;jpjhrd;> fhspjhrd; vDk; Gidg;
ngah;fspy; ftpij fl;Liufs; vOjp te;jhh;.
 ,e;jpah vDk; VL elj;jpj; Njrpak; Ngrp te;jhh;>
Mq;fpy muR rpiwapl Kaw;rpj;j NghJ GJr;Nrhp
nrd;whh;.
 fz;zd; ghl;L> Fapy;ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk;>
ghg;ghghl;L> Rarhpij> Qhdg;ghly;fs; Nghd;w
E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhh;.
 ftpQh;> vOj;jhsh;> ,johrphpah;> tpLjiy tPuh;> r%f
rPh;j;jpUj;jthjp vd;W gd;Kf rpwg;Gfisf; nfhz;lth;.

124
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

rpwg;G:
“nre;jkpo; ehnlDk; NghjpdpNy- ,d;gj;
Njd;te;J ghAJ fhjpdpNy- vq;fs;
je;ijah; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy- xU
rf;jp gpwf;FJ %r;rpdpNy”
midtUk; jha;ehL vd;W $w> ,th; kl;Lk; je;ijah; ehL
vd;W $wp ehl;bdiu $l;Lfpwhh;. ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy
jkpo;nkhopNghy; ,dpjhtnjq;Fk; fhNzhk;. nrhy;ypy; cah;T
jkpo; nrhy;Ny vd njs;SjkpoKjpd; gw;wpidj;
jioj;Njhq;fr; nra;jhh;.
“Mirf; flypd; mOjklh mw;gjj;jpd;
Njrklh ngz;ikjhd; nja;tPfkhk; fhl;rpah”
vd;W ngz;ikiaAk;> ngz; tpLjiyg;gw;wp $Wfpwhh;.

2. ghujpjhrd;:(1891-1964)
ngah;: Rg;Guj;jpdk; ngw;Nwhh;- fdfrig ,yf;fkp mk;khs;.
Ch; - ghz;br;Nrhp GJit murpdh; fy;Y}hapy; jkpo;g;
Nguhrphpauhf ,Ue;jth;. rpW taJ Kjy; rpW rpW ghly; vOjp
te;jhh;. xU ehs; ez;gh; xUth; tPl;Lj; jpUkzj;jpy; ghujpapd;
ehl;Lg; ghliyg; ghbdhh;. mJ Nfl;L mq;F te;jpUe;j
ghujpapd; mwpKfk; ngw;whh;.
“vq;nfq;Fk; fhzpDk; rf;jpalh- jk;gp
VOfly; mts; tz;zklh”
vd;w ,uz;lbfisg; ghbdhu;. gjpdhW thp nfhz;l mg;ghl;Nl
mtiug; ghujpjhrdhfj; jkpo;ehl;bw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
njhlf;fj;jpy; KUfdplj;J <LghL nfhz;L ghbAs;shh;. gpd;
rPh;j;jpUj;j newp gw;wpr; rpwe;j ftpijfs; nra;Js;shh;. „Fapy;‟
vDk; VL elj;jpdhh;.

gilj;j E}y;fs;:
ghz;bad; ghpR> ,Uz;l tPL. mofpd; rphpg;G> rQ;rPtp
gh;tjj;jpd; rhuy;> rhjpg;g+ry;> rka Ngjk;> ngz;zbik
Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp Ngrpdhh;. Gul;rpf;ftpahfg; Nghw;wg;ngw;whh;.
,tuJ „Gul;rpf;ftp‟ fhtpak; ,g;ngahpidg; ngw;Wj; je;jJ.
,J gpy;fzPaj;jpd; jOty; E}y; MFk;.
thlhj g+g;Nghd;w kq;if ey;yhs;
kzthsd; ,we;jhy; gpd; kzj;jy; jPNjh?
ghlhj NjdPf;fs;> cyhthj; njd;wy;
grpahj ey;tapW ghh;j;j Jz;Nlh?

125
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

tPuj;jha; tpWtpWg;ghdnjhU fhtpak;. mjpy; ngz;zpw;Fk;

gFj;jwpT cz;L vd;fpwhh; mofpd; rphpg;G mfk; nefpo;j;Jk;
mw;Gjg; gilg;G.

3. ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is (1876-1954)

ehfh;Nfhtpiy mLj;j Nj&h; Nfhl;lhW gs;spapYk;
kfhuh[h ngz;fs; fyhrhiyapYk; jkpo; njhz;lhw;wpath;.
Njtp ftpkzp vd;W miog;gh; gp.V tiu gbj;jth;.

gilg;Gfs;:
fhe;jSh; rhiy> kyUk; khiyAk;> MrpaN[hjp>
Foe;ijr;nry;tk;> Njtpapd; fPh;j;jidfs;> jPz;lhjhh;
tpz;zg;gk;
kq;ifa uhfg; gpwg;gjw;Nf- ey;y
khjtQ;nra;jpl Ntz;Lkk;kh
ehQ;rpy; ehl;L kUkf;fs;
ehQ;rpy; ehl;L kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak; eifr;Rit jJk;gp
topaTk; GJik ,yf;fpak; gQ;r fy;ahzg; gps;isf;F
5MtJ kidtpahf tha;e;j xUj;jpapd; fij $WtJ.
“mhprpia epjKk; mse;J itg;ghs;
ey;y kpsiff; eWf;fp itg;ghs;
nrhy;y kpsiff; FZf;fp itg;ghs;
fLifAk; vz;zpf; fzf;fpl;L itg;ghs;”
ftpkzp Foe;ij cs;sk; nfhz;lth; vspik> ,dpik>
,ireak; kpf;fit ,th; ghly;fs; rpWth; Kjy; Kjpath;tiu
midtUk; gbj;J ,d;GWk; tifapy; mikAk; ,tuJ
ghly;fshFk;.

4. ehkf;fy; nt. ,uhkypq;fk; gps;is:

Nryj;ij mLj;j ehkf;fiy rhh;e;jth;. ,jdhy; ,tiu
ehkf;fy; ftpQh; vd;W miog;gh;. muritf;ftpQuhfTk;
tpsq;fpdhh;. ftpkzp Foe;ij ftpQh; vd;why; ehkf;fyhh;
fhe;jpaf;ftpQh; vdyhk;. ghujpf;Fk; ,tUf;Fk; cs;s
xw;Wikia ,uh[h[p
“jpyfh; tpijj;j tpj;J ghujpahf Kisj;jJ
fhe;jp J}tpd tpij ehkf;fy;
ftpQuhf Njhd;wpaJ”

126
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

gilg;Gfs;:
kiyf;fs;sd;> fhzhky; Nghd fy;ahz ngz;> gpuhj;jid>
fk;gDk; thy;kPfpAk;> jpUf;Fws; GJ ciu> kiyf;fs;sd;
vd;w ehty; jpiug;glkhfp jkpo;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;>
fd;dlk;> ,e;jp> rpq;fsk; Mfpa MW nkhopfspy;
jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa murpd; nts;spg;gjf;fk; ghpR ngw;w
Kjy; jkpo; glk; ,J.

fz;zjhrd;
 ngw;Nwhu; rhj;jg;gd;> tprhyhl;rp
 ,aw;ngau; - Kj;ijah
 Cu; rpW$lw;gl;b - rptfq;if khtl;lk;> tho;ehs;
24.6.1927 Kjy; 17.10.1981 tiu. 54 taJ.
 Nryk; khtl;lk; ryfz;lGuk; (ryq;if) gh. fz;zd;
vd;w ehlf Mrpupaupd; jhrd;.
 Gidngau;fs;: fhiuKj;Jg; Gytu;> tzq;fhKb>
fkfg;gpupah> Jg;ghf;fp> ghu;tjpehjd;> MNuhf;fparhkp

E}y;fs;
ftpijfs; - VO njhFjpfs;
jpiuapirg; ghly;fs; - Ie;J njhFjpfs; khq;fdp - jpUr;rp
rpiwapypUe;jNghJ vOjpa Kjw; fhtpak;
Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp - fhjy; fhg;gpak;. ,NaR fhtpak; -
,Wjpahf vOjpa E}y;. ,J xU fhg;gpa E}y;.
= fpU\;zftrk; -gf;jpg;ghly; ehty;fs;
Fkupf; fhz;lk; - ,ny%upahf; fz;lj;ijf; fhl;LtJ
Nrukhd; fhjyp - rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp gupR ngw;wJ.

Rujh
 Rujh vd;gJ Rg;Guj;jpdjhrd; vd;gjd; RUf;fk;.
Rg;Guj;jpdk; vd;gJ ghujpjhridf; Fwpf;Fk;
 ,aw;ngau; - uh[Nfhghy;
 tho;ehs; 23.11.1921 ,y; gpwe;jhu;
 ngw;w gl;lk; - ctikf; ftpQu;.
 ctikf; ftpQu; vd;W Kjd; Kjyhfg; Gfo;e;jtu;
n[frpw;gpad;

127
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

E}y;fs;
ftpij-Njd; kio (ftpijj; njhFjp)> rhtpd; Kj;jk;>
cjl;by; cjL> gl;lj;jurp> RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk;> JiwKfk;>
thu;j;ij thry;> vr;rpy; ,uT
fl;Liu Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; - elj;jpa ,jo; - fhtpak; (Kjy;
ftpij ,jo;)
,yf;fpak;> Cu;tyk;> Rujh

Nkw;Nfhs;
“Ntw;Wikia tpidr; nrhw;fs; Vw;gjpy;iy NtWghl;ilj;
jkpo;r; rq;fk; Vw;gjpy;iy"
“fhjy; Nehia ke;jpuq;fs; jPu;g;gjpy;iy kq;if jPu;g;ghs;"

Kbaurd;
 “jil eilNa mtu; vOj;jpy; ,y;iy jz;Lf;fh
jLf;fpd;w fZf;fs; cz;L".
 tho;ehs; : 1920 1998
 ,aw;ngau; : Jiuuh[;
 jpuhtpl ,af;ff; ftpQu;

E}y;fs;
Kbaurd; ftpijfs;> fhg;gpag; ghit> G+q;nfhb
(jkpo; ,af;fg; Nghuhl;l tuyhW)
ehlfk;: Cd;WNfhy; (gz;bjkzp fjpNurQ; nrl;bahu;.
gw;wpaJ)

thzpjhrd;
 tho;ehs; - 1910 - 1974
 ,aw;ngau; - vj;jpuh[; muq;frhkp
 ghujpjhrd; guk;giuapdu;
 jkpor;rp> nfhbKy;iy> vopNyhtpak;> jPu;j;jahj;jpiu>
,d;g ,yf;fpak;> nghq;fy; gupR> ,uT tutpy;iy>
rpupj;j Ezh.

128
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

NkYk; rpy ftpQH;fs;:

GJikg;gpj;jd;> ghtNyW ghyRe;judhh;> th.K.NrJuhkd;>
mwpQH mz;zh> nghd;dbahd;> Nfh. Nkhfduq;fd;> Nghd;Nwhh;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; Mth;.

KbTiu
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; vz;zw;w ftpQh;fs; jkpo;g;
gzpiar; nra;Js;sdh;. jkpo; tsh;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;Ls;sdu;.
,e;E}w;whz;by; jkpo; ftpQu;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp fpwpj;Jt
ftpQu;fs;> ,];yhkpa ftpQu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gk; Fwpg;gpl jf;f
tifapy; ,Ue;jJ vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ.

2) ftpijapd; tifAk; tsh;r;rpAk;

Kd;Diu
“gioad fopjYk;> Gjpad GFjYk; tOty fhy
tifapdhNd” vdf; $wpg; GJik Njhd;Wtij tuNtw;fpwhh;
ed;D}yhH. khw;wk; vd;gJ tsh;r;rpapd; milahsk;> rq;f
fhyj;jpy; Mrphpag;gh murhl;rp nra;a> rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy;
ntz;ghTk;> fhg;gpaf;fhyj;jpy; tpUj;jg;ghTk; ftpijapd;
tbtj;jpw;F rl;lkhf ,Ue;jd. ,f;ftpijapd; tiffisAk;>
tsh;r;rpiaAk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
ftpijapd; ,yf;fzk; ftpij vd;gjw;F gyh; ghh;itfspy;
ntt;NtW tiuaiwfs; cz;L. ftpij nrhw;fshy;
Nfhh;fg
; ;gl;l Xh; vOj;jpyf;fpaf; fiy tbtk; MFk;. ek;Kila
czh;r;rp> fw;gid> fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jTk;> J}z;lTk;
ftpij cjTfpwJ.

ftpijf;F mwpQh;fs; $Wk; tiuaiw

 “kpf cah;e;j nrhw;fs; kpfr; rPupa Kiwapy;
cs;slf;fpaJ ftpij vd;fpwhh;” Nfhy;hpl;r;.
 “Mw;wy; epuk;gpa nrhw;fs; ,ay;ghfg; nghq;fp toptJ
ftpij” vd;W Nthh;l] ; ;nthh;j; $Wfpwhh;.
 “fhy;tha; ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; nga;Ak; xspkioNa
ftpij” vd fPl] ; ; ftpijf;F ,yf;fzk; $Wfpwhh;.
 ftpijapd; Njhw;wk; fhl;Lthrp xUtd; nfhl;bag;
giwapy; ftpij Njhd;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;ghh; vkh;rd;.

129
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 “ftpij ke;jpu nkhopfspYk;> rlq;Fr;nrhw;fspYk;

tha;nkhop Mw;wy; epuk;gpa nrhw;fs; ,ay;ghfg; nghq;fp
toptJ ftpij” vd;W Nthh;l] ; ;nthh;j; $Wfpwhh;.
ftpij Kjypy; tha;nkhopg; ghlyhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ
Ma;thsh;fspd; fUj;J. vdNt ftpijapd; Njhw;wk; Kjypy;
nghUsw;w ,irf; Fwpg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J ,irg;ghly;fs;
Njhd;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; nkhopj; jd;ikg;
GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;tJ Nghy; ftpijapaYk; jd;id tsh;j;Jf;
nfhs;fpwJ.

ftpij Njhd;Wtjw;fhd mbg;gilfs; :

1. rKjhaj; Njitfs;
2. ,yf;F
3. ftpijf;Fhpa %yg;nghUs;> nrhw;fs;
4. cj;jpfSk; topKiwfSk;

ftpijapd; tiffs;
ftpij - kuGf; ftpij> trdf; ftpij> GJf;ftpij>
i`f;$> nrd;hpA+> ypkiuf;$> ypGd;> f[y; vd gy
tifg;gLfpwJ.

kuGf;ftpij:
ftpij tiffspy; njhd;ikahdjhf mwpag;gLtJ kuGf;
ftpijahFk;. kuGf; ftpij vd;gJ ahg;G ,yf;fzj;NjhL
mike;jJ. jkpopy; cs;s ahg;gpyf;fz E}y;fs; kuGf;ftpij
,aw;Wk; Kiwia vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. kuGf;ftpijfs; xU
fhyj;jpy; ,irNahL ghlg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
gbf;fg;gLtdhf kl;LNk mike;Jtpl;ld. rq;ffhyk; Kjy;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L tiuapy; jkpopyf;fpa neLk;gug;gpy;
nrq;N;fhy; nrYj;jp te;j ngUik kuGf;ftpijf;Nf chpaJ.

kuGf; ftpijfSf;F rpy cjhuzq;fs;

“cs;sj;jpy; cs;sJ ftpij - ,d;g Cw;nwLg;gJ ftpij
“cs;sj;jpy; cs;sJ ftpij - ,d;g Cw;nwLg;gJ ftpij
njs;sj;njspe;j jkpopy; - cz;ik njhpe;J ciug;gJ ftpij
vd;w ftpkzpapd; thpfs; kuGf;ftpijf;F cjhuzkhff;
$wyhk;.

130
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

“jkpod; vd;nwhU ,dKz;L jdpNa mjw;nfhU

FzKz;L mkpo;jk; mtdJ nkhopahFk;
md;Ng mtdJ topahFk;” jkpoh; gw;wpAk;> jkpo; nkhopapd;
rpwg;G gw;wpAk; ehkf;fy; ftpQh; mofhf vLj;Jf; $wpAs;shh;.

trdf;ftpij
trdf;ftpij my;yJ ciueilf; ftpij vd;gJ
ciueilNghy; mike;j ftpij MFk;. xU rpyNu
ciueilf; ftpijfis vOJfpd;wdh.; trdf;ftpijia
jkpopy; Njhw;Wtpj;J ngUik ghujpiar; rhUk;. mtUila
“fhl;rp” cs;spl;l ftpijfNs mjw;F cjhuzkhFk;.
“,t;Tyfk; ,dpaJ> ,jpYs;s thd; ,dpikAilj;J
fhw;W ,dpJ>
jP ,dpJ ePh; ,dpJ epyk; ,dpJ QhapW ed;W jpq;fSk;
ed;W thdj;Jr; Rlh;fnsy;yhk; kpf ,dpad” vd;w ,e;j
ftpij kuG rhh;e;j ftpijj; jd;ikapypUe;J Kw;wpYk;
khWgl;L ,Ug;gijg; ghh;f;fyhk;.

GJf;ftpij:
ftpQhpd; czh;r;rpf;Fk;> fw;gidf;Fk;> nrhy;yhl;rpf;Fk;
Vw;w tifapy; ve;j tbtj;jpYk; miktdNt GJf;ftpijfs;.
vJif> Nkhid> jdpr;nrhy; vd;Dk; kuGfs; ,d;wp> rPh;> jisf;
fl;L;g;ghbd;wp fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;JtJ GJf;ftpij
MFk;.
Neuhff; $Wjy;> Njitaw;w nrhw;fis ePf;Fjy;> fbd
ahg;ig ePf;fp vspikiaf; filg;gpbj;jy; vd v];uhgTz;l;
GJf;ftpijf;F tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;.

GJf;ftpijapd; NtW ngah;fs;

 ahg;gpy;yhf; ftpij
 ,yF ftpij
 fl;bylq;fhf; ftpij
 ciug;gh
 fl;lw;w ftpij
 ciuf; ftpij
 tpyq;fw;w ftpij

131
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 epA+ nghal;lhp - GJf;ftpij ,af;fk; Muk;gk;

mnkhpf;ff; ftpQh; “thy;l;tpl;kd;” vOjpa “Gy;ypd;
,jo;fs;” Leaves of Grass vd;Dk; ftpijj; njhFjp
ftpij cyfpd; ahg;G Rth;fisj; jfh;j;Jj;
jiukl;lkhf;fpaJ. ,f;fl;Lg;ghlw;w ftpij ,af;fk;
ghujpaplk; nry;thf;F ngw;W jkpopy; GJf;ftpijapd;
Njhw;wj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ. „GJf;ftpij cyfpd;
je;ij‟ vd miof;fg;gLgtH „e.gpr;r%h;j;jp‟

kzpf;nfhb guk;giu (1930-1945)

 e.gpr;r%hj;jp
 F.g.,uh[Nfhghyd;
 GJikg;gpj;jd;
 ty;ypf;fz;zd;
MfpNahh; ,g;guk;giuapy; Kjy;th;fs;. gpwnkhop ,yf;fpaj;
jhf;fKk;> fUj;J ntspg;ghl;bw;F> NtWgl;l ahg;G tbtk;
fhzNtz;Lk; vd;w ce;JjYk; nfhz;l ,th;fspd; ftpijfs;
kzpf;nfhb> fyhNkhfpdp> fpuhk Copad;> rpth[p kyh; Mfpa
,jo;fspy; ntspahapd. ,th;fs; kzpf;nfhbg; guk;giuapdh;
vd;W miof;fg;gLth;.

vOj;Jg;guk;giu (1950-1970)
GJf;ftpij tsh;r;rp tuyhw;wpy; ,jOf;Fk; mjd; Mrphpah;
rp.R.nry;yg;ghtpw;Fk;> ngUk; gq;F cz;L. Njhw;wj;jpy;
kl;Lkpd;wp> ghLnghUspYk; GJik fhz tpUk;gpa vOj;J
guk;giuapduhy; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fSk; nrhw;nwhlh;fSk;
GJf;ftpijfspy; ,lk; ngwyhapd. ,d;Fyhg;> Qhdf;$j;jd;>
rf;jpf;fdy;> GtpauR Mfpa ftpQh;fs; GJf;ftpijia
tsh;j;jdh;.

vOj;Jg; guk;giuapdhpd; ftpij ghLnghUs;

ghypay; njhlh;G nghUz;ikfs;> cz;ikfis cs;sthNw
ntspg;gLj;Jjy; vd;w Kiwapy; ghlg;gl;ld. fdTepiy
czh;Tfs>; ek;gpf;if twl;rp> Nrhh;T thjk; Mfpatw;iwj;
jhq;fpa nrhw;rpj;jpuq;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. ,f;fhyf;fl;lk;
GJf;ftpij cyfpw;F xU Nrhjidahd fhyk; vd;gh;
jpU.ifyhrgjp mth;fs;.

132
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

vOj;Jg; guk;giuapy; ntspahd ,jo;fs;

 vOj;J
 ru];tjp
 eil
 jhkiu
 frljgw
Nghd;wd vOj;Jg;guk;giu fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ntspahd
,jo;fshFk;.

thdk;ghbg; guk;giu (1971-f;Fg;gpd;)

,we;j fhyg;gpbg;Gk;> epfo;fhyr; rpe;jidAk;> vjph;fhyf;
fz;Nzhl;lKk;ngw;wpUe;j thdk;ghbf; ftpQh;fs;> cz;ikAk;
czh;r;rpiaAk; ,U rpwFfshff; nfhz;L ftpij thdpy;
tyk; te;jdh;. ,k;Kw;Nghf;Ff; ftpQh;fs; rKjha
mtyq;fisf; fz;L> mwtopr; rpdk; nfhz;L jq;fs;
cs;sj;jpd; czh;r;rpfl;F ftpijtbtk; ju Kad;wth;fs;
,t;thdk;ghbf; ftpQh;fs; vd;fpwhh; Nguhrphpah; e.Rg;gnul;bahh;.
thdk;ghb ftpQh;fs; rp.kzp> K.Nkj;jh> jkpo;ehld;> mg;Jy;
uFkhd;> rpw;gp> FUtpf;fuk;ig rz;Kfk;> gRta;ah> mwpTkzp>
kPuh> jkpod;gd;> fyhg;gphpah> fy;ahz;[p> ituKj;J> mwpTkjp
Mfpa gyiuf;Fwpg;gplyhk;.

thdk;ghbf; ftpQhpd; ftpij ntspahd ,jo;fs;

GJik Nehf;Fila frljgw> fizahop> eil> jPgk;>
Qhdujk;> ,yf;fpag;gl;bay;> rpfuk; Kjyhd ,jo;fs;
thdk;ghbf; ftpQh;fspd; ftpijfs; ntspte;j ,jo;fshFk;.
“me;j
rPij rpe;jpf;fpwhs;
,e;j tujl;riz tpy;iy tisg;gJ ahh;?
uhkh;fSf;F ,d;W uj;jkpy;iy
[dq;fNsh ghtk;
rha;T ehw;fhypapy;”(ituKj;J)

GJf;ftpijapd; tsh;r;rp cj;jpfs;

,Uz;kk;> gbkk;> FwpaPL> cs;slf;fk;> cUtfk; Nghd;w
gy cj;jpfs; GJf;ftpQh;fshy; ifahsg;gl;ld.

133
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

i`f;$ ftpij
i`f;$ vd;gJ %d;wbfshy; ghLtJ. i`f;$ ftpij
vd;gJ Kjy; thpapy; 5 mirAk;> ,uz;lhtJ thpapy; 7
mirAk;> %d;whtJ thpapy; 5 mirAk; jhq;fpepw;Fk;.
,t;tifahd ftpijfs; czh;r;rpia ntspg;gilahf $whJ.
“fUg;G nts;isg; Gifg;glk; rl;nldf; fhztpy;iy
gzpAk; fhf;ifAk;” (eh.Kj;Jf;Fkhh;)

KbTiu
rpe;jpf;f njhpe;j xt;nthU jdpkdpjDk; jd; vz;zq;fis
ntspg;gLj;j cjtpaJ ftpij MFk;. fhyj;jpd; Njitf;F
Vw;g gpwe;J tsh;e;j Xh; ,yf;fpak; ftpij vdpy; mJ
kpifad;W.

3.jkpo; ciueilapd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;

Kd;Diu:
kdpjd; jd; vz;zq;fisAk; czu;r;rpfisAk;
ntspg;gLj;j ifahz;l fUtpNa nkhop. xU nkhopapy; Kjd;
Kjy; Njhd;wpaJ ftpijahFk;. ftpijf;Fg;gpd; Njhd;wpaJ
ciueilahFk;. ,J ftpijapd; rpije;j tbtk; vd;W
nrhy;yyhk;. ciueilapYk; ftpijj; jd;ik ,Uf;fyhk;.
ciueilapd; mikg;G> tuyhW> tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J fhz;Nghk;.
ciueil vd;gJ fUj;Jf;fis vspjpy; nrhy;tjw;Nfw;w rpwe;j
fUtp ciueilNa. gbg;gtu;fs; vspjpy; Gupe;J
nfhs;sf;$baJk; ciueilNa.
ciueilapd; je;ij - tPukhKdptu;
ciueilapd; ,stuR - jhz;ltuha Kjypahu;

ciueil tiffs;
njhy;fhg;gpau; 4 tifahd ciueiliaf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
mitahtd>
ghl;bil itj;j Fwpg;gpdhDk;
ghtpd; nwOe;j fpstp ahDk;
nghUs; kuG ,y;yh ngha;k;nkhop ahDk;
nghUnshL Gzh;e;j eifnkhopahDnkd;W
ciutif eilNa ehd;nfd nkhopg.

134
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

,sq;Nfhtpd; ciueil
rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;Dk; Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpaj;ij
“ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As;" vd;W $WfpNwhk;.
rpyk;gpy; rpWgFjp ciu eilahf cs;sJ. ,JNghyNt ghuj
ntz;gh> jf^h; ahj;jpiu vd;Dk; ,U E}y;fSk;
ciueilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;AshFk;. ef;fPuu; ciueil
ciuahrpupau;fs; vOjpa ciueil> ciueilapy; kw;nwhU
tifahFk;. ef;fPuh; vOjpa “,iwadhu; fstpay;" ciuNa
jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; ciuahFk;.

ciuahrpupau;fs;:
mLj;J njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; ,yf;fz E}Yf;Fg; gy
ciuahrpupau;fs; ciu vOjpAs;sdu;. mtw;Ws; Nrdhtiuau;>
,sk;G+uzu; Nghd;wtu;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j ciuahrpupau;fs;.
,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; gy ciufs; Njhd;wpd. mtw;Ws;
jpUf;FwSf;Fg; gupNkyofu; ciuAk;> rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F
mbahu;f;F ey;yhh; ciuAk;> rPtf rpe;jhkzpf;F
er;rpdhf;fpdpah; vOjpa ciuAk; rpwe;jd. kzpg;gpuths eil
kzp vd;why; Kj;J> gputhsk; vd;why; gtsk;. Kj;Jk;>
gtsKk; Nru;j;J fl;lg;gl;l khiy mofhf ,Ug;gijg; Nghy;
jkpOk;. tlnkhopAk; fye;J vOjg;gLk; ciueil nrtpf;F
,dpikahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;eilia rkzu;fSk;> itztu;fSk;
tsu;j;jdu;. rkzu;fs; ,aw;wpa kzpg;gpuths E}y;fspy;
rpwe;jJ =Guhzk;. ,jid kz;lyGUlh; ,aw;wpdhu;. itzt
E}y;fSf;F ngupathr;rhd; gps;is> tlf;F jpUtPjpg;gps;is
MfpNahu; ,e;j eilapy; ciu vOjpAs;sdu;. ,J fd;dpj;jkpo;
eil ,y;iy vd;gjhy; ,e;j eil gpw;fhyj;jpy; kiwe;jJ.

INuhg;gpaupd; ciueil
kzpg;gpuths eil kiwe;j Neuj;jpy; INuhg;gpah; ek;
ehl;Lf;F te;jdu;. jkpopy; ftpijapNyNa midj;Jk;
,Ug;gijf; fz;L vspa ciueiliaf; ifahz;ldu;.
ciuahrpupah;fspd; ciueilia khw;wp vspikahf vOjpdh;.
,uhghl; b.nehgpyp vd;w jj;JtNghjf Rthkpfs; gj;Jf;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l jkpo; ciueil E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;. ,tiuj;
njhlu;e;J tPukhKdptu; - Ntjpau; xOf;fk;> Ntj tpsf;fk;>
Ngjfk; kWj;jy;> gukhu;j;j FUfij Mfpa ciueil E}y;fs;
vOjpAs;shu;. fhy;Lnty; “guj fz;l Guhjdk;" vd;w E}iy

135
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

,aw;wpAs;shu;. ,tiuj; njhlu;e;J [p.A.Nghg; “,q;fpyhe;J Njr

rupj;jpuk;" vd;w E}y; ,aw;wpAs;shu;.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L ciueil INuhg;gpaiuj; njhlu;e;J
jkpo;g;Gytu;fSs; gyh; ciueil vOj Muk;gpj;jdu;. ,t;thW
vOjpatu;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs; rptQhd Kdptu;>
,uhkypq;f mbfs; - kDKiw fz;l thrfk;> [PtfhUz;a
xOf;fk; Nghd;w E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;. ciueilapy;
jkpNohL Mq;fpyKk;> tlnkhopAk; fye;J rpyh; vOjpajhy;
kiwkiyabfs; jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fk; njhlq;fp> J}aj; jkpopy;
vOjpdhu;.

ciuahrpupau;fSk; ciufSk; :
1. c.Nt.rh - jkpo; jhj;jh vd;W miof;fg;gLgtu;.
GjpaJk; gioaJk;> fz;lJk; Nfl;lJk;> epidT kQ;rup>
vd; rupj;juk;
2. jkpoz;zy; - rq;f ,yf;fpa xg;gPL> jkpo; ,yf;fpa
tuyhW> mwptpay; mwpKfk;
3. m.r. Qhdrk;ge;jd; - kfsph; tsu;j;j jkpo;. fk;gd;
Gjpag;ghu;it> ,yf;fpaf;fiy> ,uhtzd; khl;rpAk;
tPo;r;rpAk;
4. kapiy rPdp Ntq;flrhkp - ,iwadhu; fstpay;
Muha;r;rp> rkzKk; jkpOk;> ngsj;jKk; jkpOk;> jkpou;
tsu;j;j moFf;fiyfs;
5. ,d;iwa ciuahrpupau;fs; nghd;dyP d;> ty;ypf;fz;zd;>
rpw;gp> jp.R.eluhrd;> jkpoz;zy;> ehQ;rpy; ehld;>
,iwad;G

KbTiu :
,t;thwhf jkpopy; ciueil E}y;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;W
md;W Kjy; ,d;W tiu tsh;r;rp ngw;W tUtij mwpayhk;.

4. rpWfijapd; Njhw;wKk;> tsu;r;rpAk;

Kd;Diu
fijAk;> fw;gidAk; kdpj rKjhaj;Jld; xd;wp tsu;j;J
tUtjhFk;. kdpjd; gpwe;jJ Kjy; fij Nfl;f tpUk;Gfpwhd;.
gps;isf;F NrhW}l;Lk; jha;khu;fs; $Wk; fijfs;
vz;zw;wit. goe;jkpoupilNa fijfs; epytp te;jd vd;gij
njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wk; ~~nghUNshL Gzuhg; ngha;k; nkhop"

136
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

vd;gjd; %yk; mwpayhk;. ehk; ,d;W Fwpg;gpLk; rpWfij

Nky;ehl;L ,yf;fpaj; jhf;fj;jhy; jkpopy; Vw;gl;l xU Gjpa
,yf;fpakhFk; ,jd; Njhw;wk;. tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J fhz;Nghk;.

rpWfijapd; tbtk;
 mstpy; rpwpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 3000 nrhw;fSf;Fl;gl;ljha; xNu %r;rpy; gbj;J
Kbf;ff; $bajha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ~~vl;fh;
My;d;Ngh|| $Wfpwhu;.
 rpWfijapd; njhlf;fKk;> KbTk; Fjpiug;ge;jak;
Nghd;W tpWtpWg;ghdjhfTk;> RitahfTk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W “nrl;[tpf;” $Wfpwu;.
 ePz;l tUzidfs; ,lk; ngwf;$lhJ.
 gadw;w nrhy; xd;W $l rpWfijapy; ,lk;
ngwf;$lhJ.
 rpWfijapy; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w fUj;jpy; xU KOik
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 xNu R+oy;> xU rpf;fy; kl;Lk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. kpff;
Fiwe;j fjhghj;jpuq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rpwe;j rpWfijve;jf; fij gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G thrfh;fs;
kdjpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwNjh> kdjpy; epiyj;J epw;fpwNjh>
mJNt rpwe;j rpWfij MFk;.

Kjy; rpWfijapd; Njhw;wk;

cyfpy; Kjy; rpWfij mnkupf;fhtpy; thrpq;ld; ,h;tpq;
vd;gtuhy; ~~upg;Ntd; tpq;fps;" vd;Dk; E}y; tbtpd; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wJ.rpWfij cyfpd; je;ij: nrfht;

jkpo;r; rpWfijfspd; Njhw;wk;

mnkupf;fhtpd; Kjd;Kjyhfj; Njhd;wpa rpWfij
,yf;fpak; 18-Mk;E}w;whz;by; jkpofj;jpYk; GFe;jJ.
tPukhKdptupd; 'gukhu;j;j FU fijfs;" vd;Dk; eifr;Ritf;
fijfisj; njhlu;e;J jhz;ltuha Kjypahupd; ~~gQ;rje;jpuf;
fijAk;"> nry;tf; Nfrtuha Kjypahupd; ~~mgpeaf; fijAk;"
ntspte;jd. Mdhy; ,it rpWfijf;F cupa tiuaiwia
KOikahfg;ngwtpy;iy.

137
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Kjy; rpWfij
rpWfijapd; ,yf;fzj;ijg; ngw;w Kjy; rpWfij E}y;
~~kq;ifau;f;furpapd; fhjy;" vd;Dk; rpWfij E}yhFk;. ,jpy;
Fsj;jq;fiumurkuk; Kjypa vl;L fijfs; cs;sd.

rpWfijapd; tsu;r;rp
t.Nt.R. Iaiuj; njhlu;eJ ; gyu; rpWfijfis vOjpdu;>
mtu;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs; F.g.uh> GJikg;gpj;jd;> fy;fp
MfpNahu;. ,tu;fisj; ~~jkpo;r;rpWfij ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
Kd;Ndhbfs;" vdyhk;.

rpWfijia tsu;j;j ,jo; :

19Mk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo; rpWfij ,yf;fpak; tsuf;
fhuzkhf mike;jJ kzpf;nfhb ,johFk;. ,e;j ,jopd;
%yk; gy rpWfijfs; ntspahapd.

F.g.uh[Nfhghyd;
 ,tu; fijfspd; ,d;iwa rpWfijapd; KO
tbtj;ijAk; fhzyhk;.
 kdpj kdjpy; vOk; ,d;g Jd;g czu;TfisAk;
Nghuhl;lq;fisAk; fijahf vOJk; jpwik ngw;wtu;.
 fhzhkNy fhjy;> Gdu; n[d;kk;> fdfhk;guk;> rpWJ
ntspr;rk; vDk; 4 njhFjpfshf ,tupd; rpWfijfs;
ntspte;Js;sd.
 ,aw;ngau; nrh. tpUj;jhryk;
 GJikahd rpe;jidfisf; nfhz;ltuhjyhy;
GJikg;gpj;jd; vd;w Gidngah; nfhz;lhu;.
 Gjpa tbtq;fisak;> cj;jpfisAk; rpWfijapy;
ifahz;L Gul;rp nra;jhu;.
 rKjhaj;jpd; Fiwfis mg;gbNa glk; gpbj;Jf;
fhl;Lgtu;
 fapw;wuT> flTSk; fe;jrhkp gps;isAk;> rhg
tpNkhrdk; Nghd;w E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fijfis
vOjpAs;shu;.

138
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

,tu; rpWfijfs; ~~GJikg;gpj;jd; fijfs;|| vd;w

jiyg;gpy; E}y; tbtk; ngw;Ws;sd. NtW ngau;fs;: rpWfij
kd;dd;> GJikg;gpj;jd;> rpWfij nry;td;> jkpo;ehl;bd;
khg;g]hd;.

fy;fp
 ,aw;ngau; ,uh.fpU\;z%u;j;jp.
 ~~jkpo; rpWfij ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Mrhd;" vd;W
Nghw;wg;gLgtu;.
 kJtpyf;F> jPz;lhik xopg;G Mfpatw;iw gpur;rhuk;
nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; fij vOjpatu;.
 Mde;j tpfld; Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpg; gpd; fy;fp
vd;Dk; thu ,jioj; njhlq;fp mjd; %yk;
rpWfijfis tsu;j;jth;.
 Nfjhupapd; jhahu;> jpUld; kfd; jpUld;> fhjwhf
fs;sd;> tPizgthdp vd;gd ,tupd; rpWfijfs;
MFk;.

t.uh. Kjy; mfpyd; tiu

,tu;fisj; njhlu;e;J t.uh mtu;fs; uh[h[p fijAk;>
fp.th.n[fd;dhjdpd;- gtsky;yp> fiyQupd;-jpahfk; vd;w
fijfs; ntspahapd. kzpf;nfhb ,jopd; Mrpupauhd gp.v];.
uhikah 300f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rpWfijfis vOjpAs;shu;. ,tuJ
el;rj;jpuf; Foe;ij Gfo;ngw;w rpWfij E}yhFk;. mfpyd;
vspa kf;fSf;F Gupe;J kfpOk; tifapy; fq;fh ];jhdk;>
Fwj;jp> Foe;ij rpupj;jJ Nghd;w gy fijfis vOjpdhu;.

n[afhe;jd;
 rpWfij cyfpy; xU Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jpa vOj;jhsu;
 Nrup kf;fspd; tho;f;ifiaAk; glk; gpbj;Jf;
fhl;batu;.
 gpuk;NkhgNjrk;> jhyhl;L> tpuf;jp> ,utpy;> jpuprq;F>
nrhu;f;fk; Kjypait ,tuJ rpwe;j rpWfijfshFk;>
 xU gpb NrhW> ,dpg;Gk; fupg;Gk;> Rikjhq;fp Nghd;wit
,tuJ rpwe;j rpWfij njhFg;GfshFk;.

139
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f vOj;jhsu;fs; ,tu;fisj; jtpu Mz;

vOj;jhsu;fspy; eh.ghu;j;jrhujp> Nfhtp kzpNrfud;> R[hjh>
ghyFkhud; Nghd;wtu;fSk>; ngz; vOj;jhsu;fspy; yl;Rkp>
rptrq;fup> mDuhjh ukzd; mEj;jkh> R+lhkzp
Nghd;wth;fSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.

jw;fhyr; rpWfij
,d;W mtru Afj;jpw;F jFe;jJNghy tpiue;J gbj;J
Kbf;Fk; rpWfijfs; vz;zw;wit ntspte;Js;sd. Mz;Lf;F
4000 rpWfijfSk;> khjk; xd;wpw;F 3 rpWfij E}y;fSk;
ntsptUfpd;wd. ,d;W rpWfij NkYk; jd; tbtj;jpy; RUq;fp>
xU gf;fr; fijfs; vd;Dk; ngaupy; ntsptUfpd;wd.
epfo;>Gjpa ek;gpf;if> epwg;gpupif Nghd;w gj;jpupf;iffSk;
rpWfijf; fiyia tsu;j;J tUfpd;wd.

ngz; gilg;ghspfs;
Mz;fisg; NghyNt jkpo;r; rpWfijAyfpy; jdpj;J
tpsq;Fk; gilg;ghspfSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;: yl;Rkp>
fUj;jk;kh> Mh;.#lhkzp> ,uh[k; fpU\;zd;> Nfhkfs;> rNuh[h
uhk%u;j;jp> jpyftjp> ghkh> rptfhkp.

KbTiu
ve;j xU ,yf;fpaKk; fhyj;jpd; Njitiag; G+u;j;jp
nra;Akhdhy; mJ epiyj;J epw;Fk;. me;j tifapy; jkpo;r;
rpWfijAk; epiyj;J epw;Fk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

5. nkhopg;ngah;g;Gfs; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;

Kd;Diu
“ahJk; CNu> ahtUk; Nfspu;” vd;Dk; tpupe;j rpe;jid
Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zfpw fhyk; ,J. mwptpaypd; tpaj;jF
Mw;wyhy; cyfNk cs;sq;ifapy; mlq;fp tpl;l Afk; ,J.
,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;> jUf;ftpay;> nghUspay;> r%ftpay;>
cstpay;> murpay; vdg; gy;NtW Jiwfs; cs;sd. xU
Jiwapy; kl;Lk; Gyik nfhs;shky; vy;yhj; Jiwfs; gw;wpAk;
XusthapDk; mwpe;jpUj;jy; eyk;. ,jw;fhf vy;yh
nkhopfisAk; fw;wwpjy; vd;gJ ,ayhj nray;. ,jid
vspjhf;fj; Jiz epw;Fk; kpfr; rpwe;j fUtpNa
'nkhopngau;g;G” vd;gJ rhyg; nghUe;Jk;.

140
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

gpw nkhopfspy; cs;s fijfs;> fl;Liufs;> Gjpdq;fs;>

ehlfq;fs;> ftpijfs;> jpwdha;Tfs;> tuyhw;W E}y;fs;> ghl
E}y;fs; Mfpatw;iw nkhopngau;j;jy; vd;gJ xU rPupa
gzpahFk;. ehspjo;> thu> jpq;fs; ,jo;fs; Nghd;w VLfspd;
mYtyfq;fSf;F Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w gpwnkhopfspy; tUk;
nra;jpfs;> tpsk;guq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw nkhopngau;j;jy;
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. xU nkhopiaf; fUj;Jyfpd; fhy
Ntfj;Jf;F Vw;Gilajhf tskhf;Ftjpy; nkhopngau;g;gpd; gq;F
kpfg; ngupjhFk;. nkhopngau;g;gpy;> fyhr;rhuk; my;yJ
gz;ghl;Lg; gupkhw;wKk; $u;e;J Nehf;fg;gl Ntz;ba gFjp
vd;gJ nkhopngau;g;ghsdpd; kdj;jpy; gjpa Ntz;Lk;.
mwptpay; nkhopngau;g;ghf ,Ue;jhy; cz;ikr; nra;jpfs;
cupa nrwpNthL jug;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ftpij nkhopngau;g;G
rw;W khWgl;l jd;ikAilaJ. 'xU ftpQdpd; cs;sk; xU
nkhopapy; capNuhl;lkhf cUf;nfhz;ljid> kw;nwhU
nkhopapy; capNuhl;lkhf NtnwhU ftpQd; cUf;nfhLg;gJNt
ftpijapd; cz;ikahd nkhopngau;g;G” vd;W
nj.ngh.kPdhl;rpRe;judhu; $wpr; nry;tJ ,q;Fr;
rpe;jpj;jw;FupaJ. ,U nkhop mwpe;j xUtu; vy;yhj; Jiwrhu;
nkhopngau;g;GfisAk; nra;Jtpl KbAk; vd;W fUJtJ
nghUj;jkhd KbT my;y.

nkhopngau;g;gpd; Njhw;wk;
vy;yh nkhopfSk; Kjd;Kjypy; Ngr;R tof;fpy;
,Ue;Jjhd; vOj;Jyfpw;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. gy
Mz;Lfshfr; rg;ghdpauplk; Ngr;R tof;F nkhopNa
fhzg;gl;lJ. fpwp];Jtpd; gpwg;Gf;Fg; gpd;du; Kjy;
E}w;whz;by;jhd; mtu;fs; rPd vOj;J tbtj;ij Vw;Wf;
nfhz;L vOjj; njhlq;fpdu; vd;gij mwpfpNwhk;. Nkw;fj;jpa
ehfuPfj;jpd; rpd;dkhf tpsq;fpa fpNuf;f ehl;by;
nkhopngau;g;Gf;nfd mikg;Gfs; Njhd;wpd. Kjd;Kjypy;
fpNuf;f nkhopapypUe;J ,yj;jPd; nkhopf;F N`hkUila
xbrpia yptpa]; md;Nlhdpf;]; vd;gtu; nkhopngau;j;jhu;.
,yj;jPd; vOj;jhsu;fshd fhl;ly];> rprNuh vd;gtu;fs;
fpNuf;f nkhopapypUe;J ,yj;jPDf;Fg; gy E}y;fis
nkhopngau;j;jdu;. Nuhkg; NguuR Njhd;wpaTld; Vuhskhd
E}y;fs; ,yj;jPdpypUe;J fpNuf;f nkhopf;Fg; ngau;j;njOjg;
ngw;wd. fpwpj;J Mz;bd; Muk;gf; fhyj;jpy;> mjhtJ

141
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

vl;lhtJ> xd;gjhtJ E}w;whz;LfspNyNa mNugpaf; fy;tp

tsu;r;rpapdhy; fpNuf;f nkhopapypUe;J Vuhskhd
nkhopngau;g;Gfs; Njhd;wpd. ,J ,d;ndhU mikg;ghFk;.
ngUk;ghd;ikahd mNugpa mwptpaypd; tsu;r;rpf;F
mbg;gilahf ,Ue;jJ fpNuf;f mwpthFk;. mt;twptpid
mNugpa nkhopf;Ff; nfhzu;e;jJ rpupad; ehl;L mwpQu;fs;
vd;gJ mwpayhk;. mtu;fs; ghf;jhj; efuj;ij mile;J> mq;F>
fpNuf;f mwpQu;fshd mup];lhl;by;> gpNsl;Nlh> Nfyd;>
`pg;Nghfpul;l]; Nghd;w ey;ywpQu; gilg;Gfis mNugpa
nkhopapNy ngau;j;jdu;. mtu;fSila nray;ghLfs;
fhuzkhfg; ghf;jhj; efuk; nkhopngau;g;Gg; gzpapd; rpwe;j
ikakhf tpsq;fpaJ.

nkhopngau;g;G - nghUs; tiuaiw

'xU nkhopapYs;s xd;iw NtnwhU nkhopf;F khw;WtJ”
vd;W Nuz;lhk; `T]; mfuhjp nghUSiuf;fpwJ. 'kPs
cUthjy;> kPs khw;Wjy;> cUkhw;wy;> kPs mikj;jy;” vd;W
gy nghUs;glg; gy mfuhjpfs; $Wfpd;wd. fp.K.5Mk;
E}w;whz;by; nefpkh vDk; A+jj; jiytu; muG nkhop
NgRfpd;w A+ju;fSf;fhf <g;U nkhopapypUe;J fpwpj;jtj;
jpUE}ypd; gioa Vw;ghl;il muG nkhopapy; nkhopngau;j;jhu;.
fp.K.250,y; Kjy; nkhopngau;g;G epfo;e;jJ vd;W rpy
mwpQu;fs; $wpdu;. mjid kWj;J> fp.gp. 210Mk; Mz;by;
`Kuhgp muru; murit mjpfhu mwptpg;G Kiwfis kf;fspd;
Ngr;R nkhopapy; nkhop ngau;f;fr; nra;jhu;; MfNt mJNt
cyfpd; Kjy; nkhopngau;g;G vd;W rpy mwpQu;fs;
$wpAs;sdu;. ,t;thW rz;Kf NtyhAjk; jkJ
„nkhopngau;g;gpay;‟ vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
nkhopngau;g;gpd; jj;Jtj;ijg; gpspdp typAWj;jpAs;shu;.
nghUSf;Fg; nghUs; vd;gjhd nkhopngau;g;G Kiwia tplr;
'nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy;” nkhopngau;g;G Kiwf;Nf mtu; MjuT
mspj;jhu;. tptpypa E}y; mwpQuhd n[Nuhk; vd;gtiug; Gjpa
Vw;ghl;bid vgpnua nkhopapypUe;J ,yf;fpa eilapy;yhky;
vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupe;j ,yj;jPdpy; nkhopngau;f;FkhW Nghg;
lkhr]; gzpj;jhu;. n[NuhkpDila mZFKiw 'nrhy;Yf;Fr;
nrhy;” Kiwia tpLj;Jg; 'nghUSf;Fg; nghUs;” vd;Dk;
KiwapNyNa mike;jpUe;jJ. vl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; %u;
,dj;jtu; ];ngapd; ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;jjd; tpisthf

142
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

mNugpa nkhopg; Gj;jfq;fis ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; ngau;f;Fk;

Ntfk; ngUfpaJ.
gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; NlhyNlh vd;Dkplj;jpy; n[Nuhl;
Mg; fpNuhkdh vd;gtu; nkhopngau;g;Gg; gzpapy; jPtpukhf
<Lgl;bUe;jhu;. mtu;jhd; 'nkhopngau;g;ghsu;fspd; %jhijauhff;”
fUjg;gl;lhu;. mNjhL mt;thNw Nghw;wg;gl;Lk; tUfpwhu;. mtu;
gy;NtW mwptpay; gilg;Gf;fisf; fpNuf;f>
mugpnkhopfspypUe;J ,yj;jPd; nkhopf;F nkhopkhw;wk; nra;jhu;.
Vwj;jho xU E}w;whz;Lf; fhyk; nkhopngau;g;G mwpQu;fspd;
Kf;fpa efukhf NlhyNlh tpsq;fpw;W. mt; mwpQu;
ngUkf;fSs; Mq;fpyj; jj;JtQhdp mbyhl; xUtu;. A+fpspl;];
vd;gtu; mugp nkhopapy; vOjpa 'vypkz;l;R” vd;w E}iy ,tu;
,yj;jPdpy; nkhop ngau;j;jhu;. ,JNt ,tuJ gilg;GfSs;
jiyrpwe;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

nkhopngau;g;G Kiw
Kjd; Kjypy; %yE}y; thrfu;fis vg;gbg;
ghjpj;jpUf;FNkh mt;tpjNk nkhopngau;g;Gk; ek;ikg; ghjpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W khj;A+ Mu;dhy;L nkhopngau;g;Gf;F
tpsf;fkspf;fpwhu;. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kbtpy; gy
nkhopfspYk; cs;s gilg;Gfs; Mq;fpy nkhopf;F khw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;ld. mk;nkhopfs; Mq;fpNyau;fs;
mwpahjitahapUe;jd. `q;Nfup nkhop Mrpupau; vk;.N[hfha;
gy Gjpdq;fis nkhopngau;j;Js;shu;. ,r;rkaj;jpy;jhd; u\;a
nkhopapy; mike;j ,yf;fpak; %yE}ypypUe;J gpnuQ;R
nkhopapd; %ykhf ,yf;fpa cyFf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,e;epiyapy; ];fhd;bNdtpa vOj;jhsu;fspd; gilg;Gfs;>
nru;kd; ehl;L nkhopngau;g;ghsu;fspd; ftdj;ij <u;j;jd.
,e;Neuj;jpy; neju;yhz;l;];> nrf;Nfh];Nyhthf;fpah Nghd;w
INuhg;gpa ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpytw;iw nkhopngau;g;ghsu;fs;
Gwf;fzpf;fpd;w epiy Vw;gl;lJ. gy gjpg;ghsu;fspd;
Kaw;rpahy; Nkw;$wpaepiy ,g;nghOJ khw;wk; ngw;W tUfpwJ.
1791Mk; Mz;L mnyf;]hz;lu; /gpNu]u; nla;l;yu; vOjpa
“nkhopngau;g;Gf; nfhs;iffs;” vd;w E}y; ,j;Jiwapy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f E}yhFk;. mtu; %d;W tifahd mbg;gilf;
nfhs;iffis tpsf;fpr; nrhy;fpwhu;. mit tUkhW :
 nkhopngau;g;G vd;gJ %ynkhopapy; cs;s fUj;Jfis
xU tiuglk; Nghd;W tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.

143
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 nkhopeil> vOjpr; nrd;Ws;s Kiw

Nghd;witfnsy;yhk; %ynkhopapy; mike;Js;sJ
Nghd;Nw Fwpf;Nfhs; (ngW) nkhopapYk; mika
Ntz;Lk;.
 nkhopngau;g;G vd;gJ %ynkhopapy; cs;s
vy;yhtifahd vspikfisAk; Fwpf;Nfhs; (ngW)
nkhop nfhz;L tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;.

gpw;fhy nkhopngau;g;G epiyfs;

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,yf;fpa cyfpNyNa
,izaw;w nkhopngau;g;ghsuhfj; jhk]; fhu;iyy; Vw;wk;
ngw;whu;. ,e;E}w;whz;by; gy ftpQu;fs; nkhopngau;g;Gg;
gzpapNy <Lgl;ldu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf n\y;yp> igud;>
yhq;/ngNyh Nghd;Nwhiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. vl;tu;l; gpl;];n[uhy;l;
vd;gtu; ckhu; fa;ahkpd; „Ughaj;‟ij Mq;fpyj;jpy;
nkhopngau;j;jhu;.
,uz;lhtJ cyfg; NghUf;Fg;gpd; nkhopngau;g;Gg; gzp
kpfTk; rPupa KiwapNyNa tsu;e;Njhq;fpaJ. gy ehLfs;
,yf;fpa nkhopngau;g;Gf;nfd;W Mz;LNjhWk; gupRfisf;
nfhLj;J cw;rhfg;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd. tpQ;Qhd> njhopy;El;g
nkhopngau;g;Gfs; ,f;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; tsu;e;Njhq;ff;
fhz;fpNwhk;. cyfj;jpy; jiyrpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fis kpfTk;
Fiwe;j tpiyf;F Mq;fpNyau;fs; thq;fpg; gadilAk;
tifapy; gy;NtW Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,d;W kf;fs;
njhlu;Gr; rhjdq;fspd; gad;ghl;lhy; nkhopngau;g;Gj; Jiw jd;
MSikiag; giwrhw;wj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ.

jkpopy; nkhopngau;g;G
nkhopngau;g;Gj; Jiw jdf;nfd xU epiyahd
jdpaplj;ijj; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;by;jhd; vd;why; mJ kpifad;W. xU nkhopapd; tsk;
vd;W nrhy;Yk;nghOJ> gpwnkhopfspy; ,Ue;J
nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;s ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> mNj rkak;
mk;nkhopapypUe;J gpw nkhopfspy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;s
,yf;fpaq;fisAk; nghWj;Nj mikfpwJ. ,e;j tifapy;
,e;jpa nkhopfspy; nkhopngau;g;Gg; gzp kpFe;j <Lghl;Lld;
tsu;e;j epiyapid mwpfpNwhk;. ,e;jpa nkhopfSs;
jkpo;nkhop ,e;jj; Jiwapy; ,kaj;jpd; cr;rpf;Nf

144
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

nrd;Ws;snjd;why; mjpy; Iakpy;iy. ,uz;lhapuk;

Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jkpopy; Njhd;wpa jpUf;Fws; tptpypaj;jpw;F
mLj;j gbahfg; gy E}W nkhopfspy; nkhopahf;fk; nra;ag;
ngw;Ws;s epiyNa rhd;whFk;. jpUthrfj;ijAk; GwehD}w;wpy;
rpy ghly;fisAk; [p.A. Nghg; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngau;j;jJ
xU jdpr; rpwg;Gjhd;. jkpo; nkhopngau;g;gpd; tuyhW> tsu;r;rp
gw;wp ehk; rpe;jpg;gjw;F Kd;ghf> nghJthf nkhopapd; tsu;r;rp
NtfKk; tuyhWk; gw;wpr; rpe;jpg;gJ gad; jUk;.

,];yhkpa nkhopngau;g;Gfs;
jkpo;ehl;L ,];yhkpag; Gytu;fs; gyu; ghurPf nkhopapy;
cs;s fijfs;> ciuahly;fs;> rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iwr; rpwg;ghfj; jkpopy; nkhopngau;j;jdu;. ,tw;Ws;
„Jj;jpehkh‟ vd;Dk; „fpspf;fij‟ rpwe;j xd;whff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. muhgpa nkhop E}yhd jpUf;Fuhid ,Jtiu
VO mwpQu;fs; jkpopy; nkhopngau;j;Js;sdu;. muhgpa
nkhopapy; toq;Fk; fijg; ghly;fs;> fhtpaq;fs;> jj;Jt
tpsf;f E}y;fs; Mfpa gy jkpopy; jug;gl;Ls;sd. muGf;
fijfspy; Fwpg;ghf „Mapuj;J xu; ,uTfs;‟ Nghd;w fijfs;
rpwe;j Kiwapy; jkpohf;fk; nra;ag; ngw;wd. „muhgpa Qhdg;
Gijay;‟ vd;Dk; ngaupy; Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG muhgpa
jj;Jtg; ghly;fis nkhopngau;j;Jj; je;Js;shu;. myhTjPDk;
mw;Gj tpsf;Fk; jhtPJ Nfhypahj; fijfs; Nghd;w fijfSk;
muhgpa nkhopapypUe;J jkpohf;fk; ngw;wd.
,f;ghy; ftp mKjk;> ,f;ghypd; QhNdhjak; vd;Dk;
ngau;fspy; ,f;ghy; ftpijfs; jkpopy; Njhw;wnkLj;jd. NkYk;
fyPy; fpg;uhd;> [yhYjpd; &kp Nghd;Nwhu; gilg;GfSk; jkpo;
nkhopngau;g;G thapyhfj; jkpo; kf;fs; kdj;jpy; gjpe;jd.
muhgpa kUj;Jtr; nra;jpfs;> Fwpg;ghff; fz; kUj;Jtk;
gw;wpa nra;jpfs; jkpOf;F te;j tug;gpurhjq;fshFk;.

Mq;fpyKk; Urpa nkhopAk;

Mq;fpy E}y;fs; gy;yhapuf; fzf;fhfj; jkpohf;fk; ngw;wd.
rhu;y]; bf;fd;]pd; A Tale of two cities vd;w Gjpdj;ij
,Uefuf; fij vd;w ngaupy; fh.mg;ghJiuahUk; ,UngUk;
efuq;fs; vd;w ngaupy; Nf.NtyDk; nkhopngau;j;Js;sdu;.
N[d; M];bDila vk;khTk; thy;ll ; u; ];fhl;bd; Ivanhoe

145
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

vd;w GjpdKk; gy jkpowpQu;fshy; jkpohf;fk; ngw;wd.

ngu;dhl;\htpd; fijfSk; jkpo; tbNtw;wd. gpnuQ;R> u\;a
nkhop E}y;fSk; jkpopy; nkhop khw;wk; ngw;wd.

tlnkhop nkhopngau;g;Gfs;
ek;ehl;L nkhopfspy; tlnkhop ,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk;
Mfpait jkpo; tbNtw;wd. gpd;du;> fhykhw;wj;jpw;Nfw;gg;
gynkhop E}y;fSk; jkpo; nkhopngau;g;igf; nfhz;ld.
gd;nkhop mwpQu;fshd fh.];uP.];uP. jp.[.u.> j.eh.Fkhurhkp>
j.eh.Nrehgjp> FKjpdp> Mu;.rz;KfRe;juk; Nghd;w ngUkf;fs;
nkhopngau;g;Gg; gzpNaw;wdu;. tq;fnkhop> kuhj;jp> fd;dlk;>
njYq;F> kiyahsk; Nghd;w nkhopfspypUe;J gy
,yf;fpaq;fs; jkpo;nkhopapy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;ld.

nkhopngau;g;Gf;fhf xU „iln[];l;‟ (njhFg;G)

fiykfs; cupikahsuhd jpU.vd;. uhk uj;jpdk;
mtu;fSf;F ntFfhykhfNt “uPlu;]; iln[];l;” Nghd;W
jkpopy; ,jo; xd;W ntspapl Ntz;Lnkd;w tpUg;gk; ,Ue;J
te;jJ. jk;Kila je;ij elj;jp te;j Madras Law Journal
vd;w rl;l ,jio ,tu; njhlu;e;J elj;jpdhu;. jkpo;
rk];fpUjk; Mq;fpyk; Mfpa %d;W nkhopfspYk; ty;Yeuhd
mtu; 1947 ,y; jdJ Mu;tj;ijr; nray;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
1950 rdtupapy; fz;zd; ,jo; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du;
kQ;rupiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;. mg;NghJ fiykfspd; Jiz
Mrpupauhf tpsq;fpa fh.];uP. ];uPapd; gupe;Jiuapd; Ngupy;
jp.[.u. Mrpupauhf kQ;rup tyk; tuj; njhlq;fpaJ. Mq;fpyf;
fl;Liu fijfis kpfTk; vspjhf nkhopngau;j;j jp.[.u.
tpLjiy tPuu;; t.uh.tpd; rPlu;; fhe;jp gf;ju;. ,e;jj; jFjpfSld;
gd;nkhop ty;YeUkhf ,Ue;jhu;.
,e;epiyapy; tq;fKk;> jkpOk;> Mq;fpyKk; ed;fwpe;J
Gyik ngw;Wj; Njwpa j.eh.Nrdhgjp mtu;fs; Jiz Mrpupau;
Mdhu;. ,tu; ngrd;l; gs;sp Mrpupau; gjtpia tpLj;J kQ;rup
Jiz Mrpupau; Mdhu;. gpd;G fiykfs; Mrpupauhd
fp.th.[.tpd; mwpTiug;gb jh$u; E}y;fis nkhopngau;j;jhu;.
fhspjhrd;> N\f;];gpau; Nghd;w Mrpupau;fspd; gilg;Gfs;
Fwpj;J fp.re;jpuNrfu; vOjpAk; NgrpAk; te;jhu;.
fp.rhtpj;jpup mk;khs; fp.ruRtjp mk;khs; ,UtUk;
tq;fnkhop ed;fwpe;j ,yf;fpa thjpfs;. ,tu;fspy; rhtpj;jpup

146
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

mk;khs; jh$upd; xU ehtiy tPLk; ntspAk; vd;w ngaupy;

nkhopngau;j;jhu;. gpNuk;re;jpd; ,e;jpr; rpWfijfisf;
fh.];uP.];uP. nkhopngau;j;jhu;. fhz;Nlfupd; gilg;GfisAk;
fh.];uP.];uP. nkhopngau;j;jhu;. kiyahs fd;dl> njYq;F
nkhopg; gilg;GfSk; jkpohf;fk; ngw;W kQ;rupapy; ntspte;jd.
,t;tbg;gilapy; kQ;rup vd;w ,jo; nkhopngau;g;Gg;
gilg;Gf;fSf;fhfNt cUntLj;jJ vd;why; kpifahfhJ.

KbTiu
nkhopngau;g;G vd;d vd;gij mjd; nghUs; epiy
mbg;gilapy; fz;Nlhk;. ,j;jF nkhopngau;g;Gfs; vq;qdk;
Njhd;wpd vd;Wk; gpwnkhopfspy; cs;s gilg;Gfs; ek;
nkhopf;F ahu; ahuhy; vq;qdk; khw;wg; ngw;wd vd;Wk;
fz;Lzu;e;Njhk;. [g;ghdpaf; FWk;gh epiy jkpopy; i`f;$
tbtk; ngw;w epiyapidAk; fz;Nlhk;. Mf nkhopngau;g;gpd;
Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; njspTgLj;jg;
ngw;Ws;sd.

147
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

myF 5
nkhopj;jpwd;

1. nghUs; nghjpe;j nrhw;nwhlH mikj;jy;

Kd;Diu
nkhopahdJ Muk;g fhyj;jpy; xyp> irif vd;gtw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl Kd;Ndhu;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
mjd; gpd;du; gbg;gbahf tsu;r;rp fz;L vOj;Jf;fs; Njhw;wk;
ngw;W> gpd;du; mtw;wpy; ,Ue;J NkYk; tsu;r;rp fz;L
nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlu; vd;gd Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. ,uz;L> %d;W
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fs; xd;wpize;J xd;Wld;
xd;W njhlu;Ggl;L miktJ nrhw;nwhlu; vdg;gLk;. xU
fUj;ij KOtJkhf nrhw;fshw; $Wk; xU$w;W. jkpopy;
tpidapy;yhkYk; nrhw;nwhlu; mikAk;. jkpopy; tpid
,y;yhkYk; nrhw;nwhlu;fs; mikAk;. mtw;Wf;fhd
cjhuzq;fs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

cjhuzk;:
vd;Dila Gj;jfk;.
ekJ Kjyhsp.
nts;is epw G+id.

nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;G
nrhw;nwhlu; xd;wpNy fhzg;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd
tpraq;fs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; rpytw;iw
Nehf;FNthk;.
nrhw;fs; xd;iw xd;W njhlh;tJ nrhw;nwhlh; vdg;gLk;.
1. fz;zfp ghlk; gbj;jhs; - ,t;thW fUj;J
Kbe;jpUf;Fk; nrhw;nwhlH Kw;Wr; nrhw;nwhlH my;yJ
thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.
2. fz;zfp ghlk; gbj;J>ghlk; gbj;j fz;zfp - ,t;thW
fUj;J Kbahj nrhw;nwhlh; vr;rr; nrhw;NwhlH
vdg;gLk;.

148
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

nghUs; nghjpe;j nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;G Kiw

nrhw;nwhlu; vd;gJ xd;iw xd;W njhlu;tJ nrhw;nwhlu;
vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L: mKjd; glk; tiue;jhd;

xU nrhw;nwhlu; mikf;f vOtha;> nrag;gLnghUs;>
gadpiy ,it %d;Wk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vOtha; xU
njhlupy; ahtu;> vJ> vit> ahtu; vd;Dk; tpdhf;fSf;F
tpilahf tUk; nrhy;Ny vOtha;.
vOtha;: vLj;Jf;fhl;L

vJ XbaJ?
Fjpiu XbaJ
ngUk;ghYk; nrhw;nwhlu; my;yJ thf;fpaj;jpd; njhlf;f
nrhy;yhf vOtha; ,Uf;Fk;. vOtha; vg;NghJk; ngau;
nrhy;yhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.

ahu;> vJ> vit?

ahu; eldk; Mbdhs;?
njd;wy; eldk; Mbdhs;.

vJ gwe;jJ?
fpsp gwe;jJ.
vit Xbd?
Fjpiufs; Xbd.

nrag;gLnghUs;
nrag;gLnghUs; vd;gJ xU njhlupy; ahiu> vjid>
vtw;iw vd;Dk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilahf tUk; nrhy;
nrag;gLnghUs;. ngUk;ghYk; nrhw;nwhlu; my;yhj
thf;fpaj;jpy; vOtha;f;Fk; gadpiyf;Fk; eLtpy; fhzyhk;.
nrag;gLnghUs; xU nraYf;F fhuzpahf mikAk;.
nrag;gLnghUs; vLj;Jf;fhl;L

ahiu> vjid> vtw;iw.

uhkd; ahiug; ghu;j;jhd;?
uhkd; rPijia ghu;j;jhd;
ftpjh vjidg; gbj;jhs;?
ftpjh ghlk; gbj;jhs;

149
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

fz;zd; vtw;iw va;jhd;?

fz;zd; mk;G va;jhd;.
 gadpiy xU njhlupy; mike;Js;s tpidKw;iwNa
gadpiy vd;fpNwhk;.
 ngUk;ghYk; nrhw;nwhlu; my;yJ thf;fpaj;jpd; ,Wjp
nrhy;yhfg; gadpiy tUk;.
 xU thf;fpaj;jpy; mtu; mJ nra;j nraiy gadpiy
Fwpf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L
khjtd; rpupj;jhd; (khjtd; nra;j nray; rpupj;jJ)
kapy; MbaJ (,e;jj; njhlupy; MbaJ vd;gJ gadpiy)
xU nrhw;nwhlu; mika vOtha;> gadpiy>
nrag;gLnghUs; Mfpa %d;Wk; xU njhlupy; ,lk;
ngw;wpUf;Fk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L
1.vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gL nghUs; %d;Wk; cs;sJ.
njd;wy; eldk; Mbdhs;.
uhjh NfhtpYf;F nrd;whs;.
khjtp rpj;jpuk; jPlb
; dhs;
,sq;Nfhtbfs; rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij ,aw;wpdhu;.
md;gofd; kpjptz;b Xl;bdhd;.
fpsp gok; jpd;wJ.
2.vOtha;> gadpiy kl;Lk; cs;sJ.
kuk; tpOe;jJ.
Fapy; $wpaJ.
mofd; Ngrpdhd;.
3. gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs; kl;Lk; cs;s njhlu.;
tz;zk; jPl;bdhd;. ftpij gilj;jhd;.
kaq;nfhypr; nrhw;fs;
dfuk; - nghUs; - zfuk; - nghUs;
 fdp - gok; - fzp - Nrhjplk;
 fd;dp - Fkup - fz;zp - mUk;G
 fhdk; - ,ir - fhzk; - nghd;
 fdk; - ghuk; - fdk; - $l;lk;
 td;ik - cWjp - tz;ik - <if

150
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

ufuk; - nghUs; - wfuk; - nghUs;

 cU - tbtk; - cW - kpFjp
 eiu - ntz;ik - eiw - Njd;
 nghUg;G - kiy - nghWg;G - flik
 kU - kzk; - kW - fsq;fk;
 gup - Fjpiu - gwp - jl;bg;gwpg;G

yfuk; - nghUs; - sfuk; - nghUs; - ofuk; - nghUs;

 myF - gwit %f;F - msF - ngz;kapy; - moF -
vopy;
 Myp - kioj;Jsp - Msp - rpq;fk; - Mop - fly;
 ,iy - KLf;F - ,is - cWg;G - ,io - mfg;ig
 thiy - ,sk;ngz; - this - kPd; - thio - kuk;
 nghyp - tpsf;F - nghsp - nfhj;J - nghop -Cw;W

2. XnuOj;J xUnkhop cupa nghUisawpjy;.

XnuOj;njhUnkhop:
1. caph; vOj;Jf;fs; 6 - M><> C> V> I> X
2. jfu thpir 5 - jh> jP> J}> Nj> ij.
3. kfu thpir 6 - kh> kP> %> Nk> ik> Nkh.
4. gfu thpir 5 - gh> G+> Ng> ig> Ngh.
5. efu thpir 5 - eh> eP> Ne ie> Neh.
6. ffu thpir 4 - fh> $> if> Nfh.
7. tfu thpir 4 - th> tP> it> nts.
8. rfu thpir 4 - rh> rP> Nr> Nrh.
9. afu thpir 1 - ah.
10. neh> J 2 - neh> J.

XnuOj;J xUnkhop vd;gJ xU vOj;J czh;j;Jk; nghUNs

MFk;
 m – me;j> Rf;F> jpg;gpyp> vl;L
 M – gR> Mr;rhkuk;> rptQhdk;> ,r;ir
 , – Rl;L (mq;Nf> mtd;)> ,e;j> md;G> Mr;rupak;
 < – mk;G> Fif> ,yl;Rkp> flTs;> jh> <> NjdP>
tz;L> ghk;G
 c – rptd;> gpukd;> rptrf;jp> ,uz;L

151
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 C – czT> ,iwr;rp> rptd;> cz;zy;

 v – ve;j> VO vz;Zk; vz;zpd; Fwp
 V – mk;G> tpsp> ,ilr; nrhy;> vjpu;kiwg;nghUs;>
rptd;> jpUkhy;
 I – moF> murd;> jiytd;> flTs;> FU>rptd;>
Jk;ig> gUe;J> tpag;G
 x – epfu;> nghUe;J
 X – tpdh> tpag;G> Mgj;J> xopT
 Xs – G+kp> Mde;jk;> fbj;jy;
 f – xd;W> murd;> Md;kh> cly;> fhw;W> gpukd;
 fh – Nrhiy> fhtb> fhty;> njhiy
 fP – fpspf;Fuy;
 F – Fw;wk;> rpWik
 $ – $if> G+kp> $T> mOf;F> gprhR
 if – ,lk;> gif> fuk;> xOf;fk;> fuk;> Jjpf;if>
tupir> xg;gid> msT> ifkuk;
 Nfh – murd;> mk;G> #upad;> re;jpud;> ePu;> nrhu;f;fk;>
Mz;kfd;> G+kp> Mfhak;> gR> kiy
 nfs – kdj;jhq;fy;> jPq;F> nfhs;S> gw;Wjy;
 r – rf
 rh – kuzk;> ,wg;G> Ngh> Nga;> nfLjy;
 rP – myl;rpak;> mlf;fk;> ,fo;r;rp> Gz;rPo;> ghu;tjp>
,yl;Rkp> fiykfs;> rpjy;
 R – Ra> Rfk;
 Nr – vUJ> kuk;> J}uk;> cau;T> rptg;G
 ir – ,fo;r;rp> nry;tk;
 Nrh – muz;> efuk;> xyp> cik
 nrs – nrsghf;fpatjp (Rkq;fyp) vd;gjd; RUf;fk;
 Qh – Rl;L> nghUe;J
 iQ – ,fo;r;rp
 j – gpuk;kh> FNgud;
 jh – tUj;jk;> gif> typik> nfLjp> nfhL> Fw;wk;>
jhz;Ljy;
 jP – neUg;G> mwpT> eufk;> nfhLik> Nfhgk;> ,dpik

152
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 J – nfL> tUj;J> gpupT

 J} – J}a;ik> gif> jil> typik> rpwF> ntz;ik
 Nj – nja;tk;> ehafd;> fUiz> mUs;
 ij – ijj;jpq;fs;> myq;fup> ijay;> kfuuhrp> jhsk;
 eh – ehf;F> jpwg;G> mayhu;
 ep – cWjp> mUfpy;> tpUg;gk;> epr;rak;> ,d;ik
 eP – Kd;dpiyg;ngau;> jPq;F> tpL
 E – Njhzp> jpahdk;> MAjk;
 E} – vs;> ahid> Mguzk;
 Ne – md;G> Neak;> <uk;
 ie – thL> ,uq;F> jsu;jy;> tpUe;J
 neh – Jf;fk;> ,y;iy> Neha;> typ> gykpd;ik
 nes – kuf;fyk;
 g – fhw;W> ,Ugjpy; xd;W> gpd;dk;> fhw;W> rhgk;>
Fbj;jy;
 gh – ghl;L> epoy;> moF> ghly;> E}y;> gug;G
 gp – moF
 gP – mr;rk;> kyk;> njhz;b
 G+ – kyu;> ,lk;> moF> nghypT> $u;ik> G+kp> ,iy
 Ng – Eiu> Nkfk;> ,y;iy
 ig – gRik> ghk;gpd;glk;> rhf;F> moF> Flw;ig>
epwk;.
 Ngh – Nghjy;> nry;
 k – fhyk;> re;jpud;> vkd;> gpukd;> tp\;Z> rptd;>
mNrhf kuk;
 kh – khkuk;> typ> tpz;L> tay;> ngupa> moF>
md;id> fUik> miog;G> ,yl;Rkp> Fjpiu> tpyq;F
 kP – ngUik> Nky;Gwk;> cau;T> NkNy> thdk;
 % – %d;W> %g;G
 Nk – md;G> Nkk;ghL> Nkd;ik
 ik – Fw;wk;> kyb> Nkfk;> ePu;> fUik> mQ;rdk;> ML
 ah – Iak;> ,y;iy> ahit> xU kuk;> tpdh
 th – tUf
 tp – cWjp> mwpT> gpupT

153
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 tP – G+> gwit> ePf;fk;> rhT

 Nt – NtT> csT> xw;W
 it – fPNo itj;jy;> itf;Nfhy;> $u;ik
 nts – jpULjy;> nfhs;isaply;> gpbj;jy;
3. Ntw;Wik
ngau;r;nrhw;fs; cUG Vw;W NtWgl;l nghUisj; jUtJ
Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wik - ngau;fs;
Ntw;Wikfs; mt;TUGfshy; ngau; ngWfpd;wd.
mit>
 vOtha; Ntw;Wik (Kjy; Ntw;Wik)
 'I” Ntw;Wik -(,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik)
 'My;” Ntw;Wik -(%d;whk; Ntw;Wik)
 'F” Ntw;Wik -(ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik)
 ',d;” Ntw;Wik - (Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik)
 'mJ” Ntw;Wik - (Mwhk; Ntw;Wik)
 'fz;” Ntw;Wik - (Vohk; Ntw;Wik)
 'tpsp” Ntw;Wik -(vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik)
vdg;ngau; ngWk;.
vOtha; Ntw;Wik ngau; khj;jpiuaha; Njhd;wp epw;Fk;.
mt;ntOtha; (ngau;) 'I” Kjypa MW Ntw;WikfSf;Fupa
cUGfisAk; Vw;W epw;Fk;.
tifg;ghL
jkpopy; vl;L Ntw;Wikfs; cs;sjhf tifg;ghL xd;W
cz;L.
“Vw;Fk; vt;tifg; ngau;f;Fk; <wha;g; nghUs;
Ntw;Wik nra;td vl;Nl Ntw;Wik"
- ed;D}y; - 291
mit gpd; tUtd:
Kjyhk; Ntw;Wik vOtha; Ntw;Wik
“ngau;r; nrhy; ve;j khw;wKk; milahky; epw;Fk;nghOJ”
vOtha; vdg;gLk;. ve;j cUGk; Nruhky; ,t;thW vOthaha;
mikAk; ngau;r;nrhy;> vOtha; Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: fz;zfp tof;if ciuj;jhs;.

154
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik nrag;gLnghUs; Ntw;Wik

ngau;r;nrhy; “I” vd;w cUghy; cUNgw;wp mikAk; NghJ
mJ ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;. “ahiu my;yJ vij
vd;Dk; Nfs;tpf;F tpilahf miktJjhd; nrag;gLnghUs;.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik nrag;gLnghUis czu;j;Jtjhy;> ,ijr;
nrag;gLnghUs; Ntw;Wik” vd;Wk; nrhy;fpNwhk;.
v.fh: fz;zd; ePjpia ciuj;jhd;.

%d;whk; Ntw;Wik (fUtp>Jiz Ntw;Wik)

My;> Md;. xL> XL> cld;> nfhz;L Mfpa cUGfs;
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs;.
v.fh: fz;zhy; fhz;gJk; ngha;> fhjhy; Nfl;gJk; ngha;.
ts;spNahL Ngh.

ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik
„F‟ vd;gJ ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikapd; cUG.
v.fh: nghd;Df;Fg; ghLgtu; cz;ikg; Gytu; my;yu;.
Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik – cUG - ,y;> ,d;
v.fh: thdpy; gwe;jd gwitfs;
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik – cUG – mJ MJ> m
v.fh: KUfdJ ig
Vohk; Ntw;Wik– cUG - ,y;> fz;> ,lk;
v.fh: Ntydplk; nfhLj;jhd;
vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik – cUG – tpspg; nghUspy; tUk;

Ntw;Wik cUGfs;
ngau;g; nghUis Ntw;Wikg;gLj;Jk; my;yJ ngaupy;
nghUs; jpupgpid czu;j;Jk; tbtNk “Ntw;Wik cUG” vd
toq;fg;gLk;. ,t;Ntw;Wik cUGfs; mirahfTk;
nrhy;yhfTk; tUk;. mirahy; tUtd “mirAUG” vd;Wk;
nrhy;yhy; tUtd “nrhy;YUG” vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
“ngaNu I My; F ,d; mJ
fz; tpspnad; whFk; mtw;wpd; ngau;Kiw”vd;gJ
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; gw;wpa E}w;ghtFk;.

4. jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk;

jkpo; thf;fpa mikg;gpy; jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk;
vd;gd Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. vOtha;f;F jpiz> ghy;>

155
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

vz;> ,lk; Vw;gNt gadpiy mikaNtz;Lk;. MfNt jhd;

,it jkpo; ,yf;fzj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; xd;whff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

jpiz
xU thf;fpak; ,iaG ngw mika Ntz;Lnkd;why; jpiz>
ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; Mfpa cwTfs; fhzg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.

jpiz
jkpopNy cs;s ngau;r;nrhw;fis cau;jpizg; ngau;>
m/wpizg; ngau; vd ,U tifg;gLj;Jtu;.

1. cau;jpid
nghJthf kdpjidr; Rl;Lfpd;w ngau;fs; cau;jpizahff;
fUjg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L
 murd;
 flTs;
 Foe;ij
 kdpju;fs;
 Njtu;fs;
 Kdptu;fs;

cau;jpiz thf;fpaq;fs;
1. murd; gilfNshL nrd;whd;.
2. khztu;fs; ikjhdj;jpy; tpisahbdhu;fs;.
3. fkyd; ge;ij mbj;jhd;.

2. m/wpiz
kdpju; my;yhj Vida capUs;s nghUl;fs;> capuw;w
nghUl;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; Rl;Lfpd;w ngau;fs; m/wpiz
vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L
 kuk;
 fy;
 ML

156
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

 gR
 kiy
 eha;
 Fjpiu
m/wpiz nghUl;fis capUs;sit capuw;wit vd ,U
tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

capUs;s nghUl;fs; (kpUfq;fs;> gwitfs;> Ez;Zapu;fs;)

 ML
 gR
 rpq;fk;
 eha;

capuw;w nghUl;fs;
 fy;
 #upad;
 re;jpud;
 kzy;
 tPL

m/wpiz thf;fpaq;fs;
1. #upad; fpof;F thdpy; cjpj;jJ.
2. fjpiu fPNo tpOe;jJ.
3. fpsp caug; gwe;jJ.

ghy;
jkpopNy ghy; ghFghL Mz;> ngz; vd;w mbg;gilapYk;
xUik> gd;ik vd;w mbg;gilapYk; mike;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cau;jpiz xUik ngau;fs; Mz;ghy;
ngz;ghy; vdTk;> cau;jpiz gd;ik ngau;fs; gyu;ghy;
vdTk; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. m/wpiz xUikapy; tuf;$ba
ngau;fs; xd;wd;ghy; vd;Wk;> m/wpiz gd;ikahf tuf;$ba
ngau;fs; gytpd;ghy; vd;Wk; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

157
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Mz;ghy; nrhw;fs;
 murd;
 mtd;
 Mrpupad;
 fz;zd;
 ebfd;

Mz;ghy; thf;fpaq;fs;
1. murd; rigf;F te;jhd;.
2. mtd; filf;F nrd;whd;.
3. fz;zd; Xb tpisahbdhd;.

ngz;ghy; nrhw;fs;
 murp
 mts;
 Mrpupia
 fkyh
 ebif

ngz;ghy; thf;fpaq;fs;
1. murp Njhopia mioj;jhs;.
2. mts; Gj;jfj;ijf; fpopj;jhs;.
3. fkyh G+f;fisg; gwpj;jhs;.

gyu;ghy; nrhw;fs;
cau;jpizapd; gd;ikg; ngau;fs; midj;Jk; gyu;ghy;
ngau;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
 khztu;fs;
 kf;fs;
 Mrpupau;fs;
 ez;gu;fs;
 njhopyhsu;fs;
gyu;ghy; thf;fpaq;fs;
1. khztu;fs; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd;whu;fs;.
2. Mrpupau;fs; ed;whff; fw;gpj;jhu;fs;.
3. ez;gu;fs; rpupj;J Ngrpdhu;fs;.

158
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

xd;wd;ghy; nrhw;fs;
m/wpiz xUikg; ngau;fNs xd;wd;ghy; ngau;fs;
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
 Nfhop
 ML
 gR
 kuk;
 Gj;jfk;

xd;wd;ghy; thf;fpaq;fs;
1. Nfhop jd; FQ;Rf;F ,iuf; nfhLj;jJ.
2. kuk; Kwpe;J tpOe;jJ.
3. Gj;jfk; Nkirapd; kPJ ,Ue;jJ.

gytpd;ghy; nrhw;fs;
m/wpiz gd;ikg; ngau;fNs gytpd;ghy; ngau;fs;
vdg;gLfpd;wd. xUikg; ngaupd; ,Wjpapy; 'fs;” vd;Dk;
gd;ik tpFjp Nru;j;J gytpd;ghy; ngau;fs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 Nfhopfs;
 MLfs;
 gRf;fs;
 kuq;fs;
 Gj;jfq;fs;

gytpd;ghy; thf;fpaq;fs;
1. Nfhopfs; nfhf;fupj;jd.
2. kuq;fs; Kwpe;J tpOe;jd.
3. Gj;jfq;fs; Nkirapd; kPJ ,Ue;jd.

vz;
xd;wh gyth vd nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;Jjy; vz;
vdg;gLk;. xUik gd;ik vd vz; ,Utifg;gLfpd;wJ.
xd;iwf; Fwpg;gJ xUik vdg;gLk;. gytw;iwf; Fwpg;gJ
gd;ik vdg;gLk;.

159
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

xUik
 kdpjd;
 gR
 ghij
 fz;
 eha;

xUik thf;fpaq;fs;
1. gR ghiyj; jUfpd;wJ.
2. ghij Nkhrkhkhf ,Ue;jJ.
3. eha; Ntfkhf XbaJ.

gd;ik
 kdpju;fs;
 gRf;fs;
 ghijfs;
 fz;fs;
 Foe;ijfs;

gd;ik thf;fpaq;fs;
1. gRf;fs; $l;lkhf tUfpd;wd.
2. ghijfs; rPuhf mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
3. Foe;ijfs; CQ;ry; Mbdu;.

,lk;
NgRNthd; Nfl;Nghd; Ngrg;gLk; nghUs; my;yJ
Ngrg;gLNthd; vd;w mbg;gilapy; nrhw;fis ,dq;fhz;gJ
,lk; vdg;gLk;. ,lkhdJ jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glu;f;if vd
%d;W tifg;gLk;. ,jid %tplg;ngau;fs; vd;Wk; miog;gu;.

jd;ik

NgRNthidr; Rl;Lk; ngau;fs; jd;ikg; ngau;fs; vdg;gLk;.

Kd;dpiy
Nfl;Nghidr; Rl;Lk; ngau;fs; Kd;dpiyg; ngau;fs;
vdg;gLk;.

160
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

glu;f;if
Ngrg;gLk; nghUs; my;yJ Ngrg;gLNthidr; Rl;Lk;
ngau;fs; Kd;dpiyg; ngau;fs; vdg;gLk;.

fhyk;
xU tpidahdJ my;yJ nrayhdJ eilngw;wjh?
eilngWfpd;wjh? vjpu;fhyj;jpy; eilngWkh vd ,dq;fhz
fhyk; gad;gLfpwJ. mjd; mbg;gilapy; ,we;jfhyk;>
epfo;fhyk;> vjpu;fhyk; vd fhyq;fis %d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

,we;jfhyk;
xU nray; eilngw;W Kbtile;jJ vd;gij czu;j;JtJ
,we;jfhyk; MFk;.
 te;jhd;
 nrd;whd;
 MbaJ
 jhtpaJ.
 Xbdhu;fs;

epfo;fhyk;
xU nray; eilngWfpd;wJ vd;gij czu;j;JtJ
epfo;fhyk; MFk;.
 tUfpd;whd;
 nry;fpd;whd;
 MLfpd;wJ
 jhTfpwJ
 XLfpd;whu;fs;

vjpu;fhyk;
xU nray; eilngw ,Ug;gij czu;j;JtJ vjpu;fhyk;
MFk;.
 tUthd;
 nry;thd;
 XLthu;fs;
 gbg;ghd;
 gha;thd;

161
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

5. fiyr;nrhw;fs;
xU nkhopapy; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g Jiwrhu;e;j Gjpa
fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;fhf> cUthf;fpg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhw;fisf;
fiyr;nrhw;fs; vd;gu;. xU nkhop jd; Ntu;r;nrhw;fisf;
nfhz;L Gjpa fiyr;nrhw;fis cUthf;fp nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
fiyr; nrhw;fs; ngUk;ghYk; fhuzg;ngauhfNt mikAk;.

Aerial - miythq;fp
Air Tank - fhw;wilg;gp
Air Conditioner - jl;gkhf;fp
Algae - ghrpfs;
Ammeter - kpd;Ndhl;lkhdp
Ampere - kpd;Ndhl;l myF
Amoepoa - Ez;Zapu;
Aqua - ePu;
Astronomy - thdpay;
Browser - cyhtp
Computer Literacy - fzpg;nghwp mwpT
Computerization - fzpg;nghwpkakhf;fy;
Internet - ,izak;
Key board - tpirg;gyif
Password - flTr; nrhy;
Zoology - tpyq;fpay; E}y;
Physiology - clypay; E}y;
Television - njhiyf;fhl;rp
Telephone - njhiyNgrp
Bulb - kpd;Fkpo;
Electric fan - fhw;whb. kpd;tprpwp
Switch - nghUj;jp> tpir
Discovery - fz;Lgpbg;G
Transport - Nghf;Ftuj;J
Aviation - thd;topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
Aerodrome - thD}u;jp epiyak;
Rest House - jq;Fk; tpLjp
Work House - njhopyfk;
Digital - Jbkk;

162
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Computer - fzpg;nghwp
Memory - epidtfk;
Monitor - jpiuafk;
Mouse - Rl;b> nrhLf;fp
Printer - mr;Rg;nghwp
Laser Printer - xspar;Rg;nghwp
Scanner - tUL nghwp
Modem - ,izf;fp
Input - cs;sPL
Out put - ntspaPL
Network - ,izak; (tiyg;gpd;dy;)
Website - tiyafk;
Webpage - tiyg;gf;fk;
Terminal - Kidak;
Work Station - gzp epiyak;
Search Engine - NjL nghwp
E-mail - kpd; mQ;ry;
E-Commerce - kPd; tzpfk;

fzpg;nghwpr; nrhw;fs;
Calculator - fzpg;ghd;
Chir - rpy;Y
Disc - jl;L
Key Board - tpirg;gyif
Monitor - jpiur;rhjdk;
Multi Media Network - gy; Clfk;
Input - cs;sPL
Output - ntspaPL
Online - cldb Kiw
Program - fl;lis epuy;
Software – nkd;fyk; nkd;nghUs;
Hardware - td;fyk; nkd;nghUs;
Mouse - Rz;b> Rl;b
Debugger - gpioePf;fp
Video Cassette - xspg;Ngio

163
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Audio Cassette - xypg;Ngio

Data - juT> jfty;
Electronic Mail - kpd;dZ mQ;ry;
Internet - ,izak;

fzpjr; nrhw;fs;
Analysis - gFKiw
Integer - KO vz;
Formula - #j;jpuk;
Perpendicular - nrq;Fj;jhd.
Radius - Muk;
Addition - $l;Ljy;
Multiplication - ngUf;fy;
Subtraction - fopj;jy;
Divide - tFj;jy;
Triangle - Kf;Nfhzk;
Quadrangle - ehw;Nfhzk;
Pentagon - Iq;Nfhzk;
Hexahedron - mWq;Nfhzk;
Calculas - Ez; fzpjk;
Kinematics - ,af;ftpay;
Statistics - Gs;spapay;
Decimal System - jrk Kiw

cstpay; nrhw;fs;
Distraction - ftdr;rpjwy;
Conscious Mind - Mo;kdk;
Frustration - kd KwpT
Presure - kd ,Wf;fk;
Stress - ,Wf;fk;
Tension - kd ,Wf;fk;
Depression - Nrhu;T
Personality - MSik
Ego - mfe;ij
Psyche - cs;sk; rhu;e;j

164
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

thdpay; nrhw;fs;
Planet - Nfhs;
Milky Way - ghy;tPjp
Astroids -rpWNfhs;
Comets - thy;tpz;kPd;
Meteors - vup el;rj;jpuk;
Space Station - thd;ntsp epiyak;
Rocket - VTfiz
Satellite - Jizf;Nfhs;

nghJthd fiyr; nrhw;fs;

Indexing Machine - kpd; ml;ltizapLk; nghwp
Tele Printer - kpd;dZj; njhiyar;R
Electronic Typewriter - kpd;dZj; jl;lr;R
Drughtsman - tiuthsu;
Self-Finance College - Raepjpf; fy;Y}up
Aerogram - tpkhdj; je;jpr; nra;jp
Autonomous College - jd;dhl;rp fy;Y}up
Acupuncture - Crp kUj;Jtk;
Man Made Fibre - nraw;if ,ik
Fire Service - jPaizg;Gg;gil
Sodium Vapour Lamp - Nrhba Mtp tpsf;F
Momps - jl;lk;ik
Modernisation - etPdg;gLj;Jjy;
Telecast - xspgug;G
Technical Education - njhopy; El;gf; fy;tp
T.V.Channel - njhiyf;fhl;rp miytupir
Hydro Power - Gdy; kpd;rhuk;
Infrastucture – cs;fl;likg;G
Light Vehicle - ,yF thfdk;
Heavy Vehicle - fd thfdk;
Natural Gas - ,aw;if thA
Speedo Meter - Ntfkhdp
Robot - ,ae;jpu kdpjd;
Experiments - Ma;Tr; Nrhjid

165
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

nkhopngah;g;G
1. The Golden sun gets up early in the morning and starts its
bright rays fade away the dark. The milky clouds start their
wandering. The colorful birds start twitting their morning
melodies in percussion. The cute butterflies dance around
the flowers. The flowers fragrance fills the breeze. The
breeze gently blows everywhere and makes everything
pleasant.
jq;fepw R+upad; jpdKk; mjpfhiyapy; vOe;J> gpufhrkhd
xspf;fjpu;fshy; ,Uisg; Nghf;FfpwJ. ghy; Nghd;w Nkfq;fs;
miyfpd;wd. tz;zkakhd gwitfs; rpwFfis mbj;J
fhiy ,iriaj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd. mofhd tz;zj;Jg;
G+r;rpfs; kyu;fis Rw;wp eldkhLk;. kyu;fspd; eWkzk;
njd;wy; fhw;iw epug;GfpwJ. ,j;njd;wy; nkd;ikahf cytp
vy;yh ,lq;fspYk;> vy;yhg; nghUs;fspYk; kfpo;r;rpia
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
2. Respected ladies and gentlemen, I am IIangovan studying
tenth standard.I have come here to say a few words about
our Tamil culture. Sangam literature shows that Tamils were
best in culture and civilization about two thousand years
ago. Tamils who have defined grammar for language have
also defined grammar for life. Tamil culture is rooted in the
life styles of Tamils throughout India. Srilanka, Malaysia ,
Singapore, England and Worldwide. Though out culture is
very old, it has been updated consistently. We should feel
proud about our culture.Thank you one and all .
kjpg;gpw;Fwpa rNfhju rNfhjupfNs> vd; ngau;
,sq;Nfhtd;. ehd; gj;jhk; tFg;G gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;.
ehd; ekJ jkpo; fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gw;wp rpy thu;j;ijfs; ,q;Nf
$Wtjw;F te;Js;Nsd;. jkpou;fs; fyhr;rhuj;jpYk;
ehfuPfj;jpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpajhf <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;Ng rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpou;fs; nkhopf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jijg; NghyNt
tho;f;iff;Fk; ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;sdu;. jkpo;g; gz;ghL
,e;jpah> ,yq;if> kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+u;> ,q;fpyhe;J vd
cyfshtpa jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwapy;

166
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Nt&d;wpAs;sJ. ekJ gz;ghL kpfTk; goikahdJ vd;whYk;

GJg;gpf;fg;gl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. ehk; ekJ fyhr;rhuj;ij
gw;wpg; ngUik nfhs;Nthk;.

3. Therukoothu is, as its name indicates , a popular form of

theater performed in the streets. It is performed by rural
artist.The stories are derived from epics like Ramayana,
Magabharatha and other ancient puranas.There are more
songs in the play with dialogue improvised by the artists on
the spot.Fifteen to twenty actors with a small orchestra
froms a Koothu troup. Though the orchestra has a singer ,
the artists sing in their own voices.Artists dress themselves
with heavy costumes and bright makeup .Koothu is very
popular among rural areas .
njUf;$j;J vd;gJ> mjd; ngaUf;Nfw;g tPjpfspy;
elj;jg;gLk; xU Gfo;ngw;w jpiuauq;fk; MFk;. ,J fpuhkpaf;
fiyQu;fshy; epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. ,jw;Fupa fijfs;
,jpfhrq;fshd ,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk; kw;Wk;
Guhzq;fspypUe;J vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. me;j Neuj;jpy;epiwa
ghly;fSk; ciuahly;fSk; fiyQu;fshy; epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
15 Kjy; 20 fiyQu;fs; rpW ,irf;FOthf $j;Jf; FOtpy;
,Ug;ghu;fs;. ,irf;FOtpy; ghlfu; ,Ue;jhYk;> fiyQu;fs;
nrhe;jf; FuypNyNa ghLfpwhu;fs;. fiyQu;fs; rpwe;j cil
myq;fhuKk; gspr;rpLk; xg;gidAk; jhq;fshfNt nra;J
nfhs;thu;fs;. $j;J fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;W
tpsq;FfpwJ.

4. Among the five geographical divisions of the Tamil country

in Sangam literature ,the Marutam region was the fit for
cultivation ,as it had the most fertile lands .The properity of
a farmer depended on getting the necessary sunlight
,seasonal rains and the fertility of the soil. Among these
elements of nature ,sunlight was considered indispensible by
the ancient Tamils.
G+Nfhs mbg;gilapy; Ie;J epyg; gpupTfshf jkpo;ehl;by;
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kUj epyg; gFjpNa>
coTj; njhopYf;F kpfTk; Vw;wjhf ,Ue;jJ. tptrhapfSf;F

167
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

Njitahd R+upa xsp> gUtkio> kz; tsk; Mfpait

fpilf;fpwJ. ,aw;ifapd; ,j;jidf; $WfspYk; R+upa xspNa
cau;e;jjhfg; goe;jkpou;fs; fUjpdhu;fs;

5. Once upon a time there were two beggars in Rome. The first
beggar used to cry in the streets of the city , " He is helped
whom God helps " The Second beggar used to cry . "He is
helped who the king helps " this was repeated by them
everyday .The Emperor of Rome heard it so often that he
decided to help the beggar who popularized him in the
streets of Rome. He ordered a loaf of bread to be baked and
filled with pieces of gold . When the beggar felt the heavy
weight of the bread , he sold it to his friend as soon as he
met him . The latter carried it home. When he cut the loaf of
bread he found sparkling pieces of gold . Thanking God , he
stopped begging from the day. But the other continued to
beg through the city. Puzzled by the beggar's behaviour , the
Emperor summoned him to his presence and asked him ,
"what have you doing with the loaf of bread that I had sent
you lately ? " The man replied , " I sold it to my friend ,
because it was heavy and did not seem well baked " Then
the Emperor said. "Truly he whom God helps is helped
indeed” and turned the beggar out of his palace.
xU fhyj;jpy; Nuhk; efupy; ,uz;L gpr;irf;fhuu;fs;
,Ue;jhu;fs;. Kjy; gpr;irf;fhud; njUf;fspy; “flTs; ahUf;F
cjTfpwhNuh> mtNd cjtpiag; ngWthd;" vd;W fj;jpf;
nfhz;L nry;thd;. ,uz;lhtJ gpr;irf;fhud; “murd; ahUf;F
cjtp nra;fpwhNuh> mtNd cjtpiag; ngWthd;" vdf; fj;jpf;
nfhz;L nry;thd;. jpde;NjhWk; ,g;gbNa nrhd;dhu;fs;. Nuhkg;
Nguuru; ,ijg;gw;wp mbf;fb Nfs;tpg;gl;L> jd; Gfio Nuhk
tPjpfspy; Gfo;e;J $wpatDf;F cjt KbT nra;jhu;. xU
nuhl;bj; Jz;bd; cs;Ns jq;fj; Jz;Lfis itj;J jahupj;J
mtDf;Ff; nfhLj;jhu;. nuhl;bj; Jz;Lfs; fdkhf ,Ue;jjhy;
Kjy; gpr;irf;fhu ez;gid re;jpf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; tpw;W
tpLfpwhd;. mij thq;fpa Kjy; gpr;irf;fhud; tPl;bw;Fr;
nrd;W> ntl;bg; ghu;j;j NghJ “xspUk; jq;fj; Jz;Lfisf;

168
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

fz;lhd;" md;Nw “flTSf;F ed;wp" $wp tpl;L gpr;ir

vLg;gij epWj;jpf; nfhz;lhd;.
,uz;lhk; gpr;irf;fhud; kPz;Lk; njUtpy; gpr;ir vLj;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jhd;. gpr;irf;fhudpd; ,e;j nray; murDf;F
Gjpjhf ,Ue;jJ. clNd mtid mioj;J “ehd; cdf;F
mopj;j nuhl;bj; Jz;Lfis vd;d nra;jha; ? vd;W Nfl;lhu;.
mjw;F mtd; “ehd; mij vd;Dila ez;gDf;F
tpw;Wtpl;Nld;> Vnddpy; mJ mjpf vil nfhz;ljhFk;>
rupahf NtfhkYk; ,Ue;jJ" vd;W gjpy; $wpdhu;. mjw;F
“murd; cz;ikapy; flTs; ahUf;F cjt epidf;fpwhNuh>
mtNu cjtpia ngWfpwhu;” vd;W $wptpl;L> me;jg;
gpr;irf;fhuid muz;kidapypUe;J ntspNaw;wpdhu;.

169
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

tpdh tq;fp

myF – 1 kuGf;ftpij

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. jkpo;j;nja;t tzf;fk; vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau; ahu;?
m) ng.Re;judhu; M)khzpf;fthrfu;
,) Kbaurd; <) Rujh

2. jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J jkpof murhy; jkpo;ehl;bd; muRg;

ghlyhf mwptpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?
m) 1881 M)1879
,) 1891 <) 1897

3. jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;Jg; ghly; ve;j E}ypy; ,Ue;J

vLf;fg;gl;lJ?
m) kNdhd;kzpak; M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
,) kzpNkfiy <) tisahgjp

4. jkpo;ehl;bd; gs;spf; fy;Y}up tpohf;fspy; jkpo;j;jha;

tho;j;J ghl VJthf toptif nra;jtu; ahu;?
m) K. fUzhepjp M) K.f. ];lhypd;
,) mz;zhJiu <) vk; [p Mu;

5. jkpof muR jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;jhf mwptpj;j Mz;L vJ?

m) 1970 M) 1960
,) 1957 <) 1980

6. ghujpjhrd; ,aw;ngau; vJ?

m) fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk; M) uj;jpdk;
,) uhkrhkp <) ntq;flhryk;

7. ghujpjhrd; gpwe;j Mz;L vJ?

m) 1871 M) 1891
,) 1881 <) 1874

170
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

8. ghujpjhrd; ve;j E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;?

m) 18Mk; E}w;whz;L M)20 Mk; E}w;whz;L
,) 17Mk; E}w;whz;L <) 19Mk; E}w;whz;L

9. rpWj;ijia ntspapy; th vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau; ahu; ?

m)ghujpahu; M) fz;zjhrd;
,) Rujh <) ghujpjhrd;

10. ghujpjhrdpd; rpwg;G ngau; vd;d?

m) ghNte;ju; M) Rujh
,) rpw;gp <) njd;wy;

11. Gj;jUk; rpWtDk; vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau; ahd;?

m) ftpkzp M) ghujpahu;
,) ghujpjhrd; <) ehkf;fy; ftpQu;

12. jkpo;f; ftpQu;fs; $l;lj;jpy; Kjd;ikahdtu; ahu;?

m) ghujpjhrd;
M) fz;zjhrd;
,) ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk;
<). Rujh

13. ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gpwe;j Mz;L vJ?

m) [_iy 1876 M) [_d; 1870
,) mf;Nlhgu; 1879 <) brk;gu; 1874

14. “Njrpa tpehafj;jpd; ftpg;ngUik jpdKk; Nfl;gJ vd;

nrtpg;ngUik” vd ghuhl;batu; ahu;?
m) ehkf;fy; ftpQu; M) Kbaurd;
,) Gytu; Foe;ij <) thzpjhrd;

15. ehQ;rpy; ehl;L kUkf;fs; jhaKiwiaf; fz;bj;J mq;fj

Ritgl vOjpa E}y;?
m) Mrpa N[hjp M) nghq;fy; gupRfs;
,) ey;y jPu;g;Gf;F <) kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;

16. nkhop czu;r;rp E}ypd; Mrpupau; ahu;?

m) fz;zjhrd; M) Kbaurd;
,) ngUQ;rpj;jpudhu; <) Rujh

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 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

17. Kbaurdpd; ,aw;ngau; vd;d?

m) XtpauR M) ftpf;Nfh
,) JiuuhR <) Re;judhu;

18. jpuhtpl ehl;bd; thdk;ghb ftpQu; Kbaurd; vd;W

$wpatu; ahu;?
m) K. fUzhepjpia M) mz;zhJiu
,) ngupahu; <) NguwpQu; mz;zhkiy

19. ftpQu;fspilNa Xu; KbR+lh kd;ddhfj; jpfo;e;jth; ahu; ?

m) Kbaurdhu; M) Re;judhu;
,) ehkf;fy; ftpQu; <) ghujpahu;

20. Kbaurdpd; gpwe;j Cu; vJ?

m) <NuhL M) Nryk;
,) ngupaFsk; <) ehif

21. Kbaurd; nra;j gzp vd;d?

m) Mrpupau; M) fijahrpupau;
,) Nkw;ghu;itahsu; <) Xtpau;

22. Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp E}ypd; Mrpupau; ahd;?

m) ghujpjhrd; M) ghujpahu;
,) thzpjhrd; <) fz;zjhrd;

23. fz;zjhrd; ,we;j Mz;L

m) 1981 M) 1977
,) 1924 <) 1923

24. jpUkfs; ,jopd; Mrpupau; ahu;?

m) thzpjhrd; M) Kbaurd;
,) fz;zjhrd; <) Rujh

25. fz;zjhrdpd; Gidg; ngau;fspy; xd;W ?

m) rpw;gp M) tzq;fhKb
,) NguwpQu; <) ftpNfh

26. rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;w E}y; vJ?

m) Nrukhd; fhjyp M) kyu;fs;
,) khq;fdp <) ,NaR fhtpak;

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 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

27. fz;zjhrdpd; gpwe;j Mz;L vJ?

m) 1926 M) 1927
,) 1924 <) 1923

28. Rujh gpwe;j Mz;L vJ?

m) 23.11.1921 M) 28.11.1921
,) 15.11.1921 <) 12.11.1921.

29. Rujhtpd; ,aw;ngau; vJ?

m) mg;Jy; M) mwpTkjp
,) ,sk;gpiw <) uh[Nfhghyd;

30. ahupd; kPJ gw;Wjy; nfhz;L jdJ ngaiu Rujh vd

khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;?
m) ghujpjhrd; M) ngupahu;
,) ghujpahu; <) fz;zjhrd;

31. ctikf; ftpQu; vd;W miof;fg;gLgtu; ahu;?

m) ftpkzp M) Rujh
,) ghujpahu; <) tz;zepytd;.

32. Rujh gpwe;j Cu; vJ?

m) jpUr;rp M) jQ;ir
,) ehif <) Nryk;

33. mb vd;why; mbf;fpd;whu;fNs gb vd;why; gbf;fpd;whu;fsh?

,f;ftpij tup ,lk; ngw;Ws;s gFjp vJ?
m) tpdhj;jhs; M) fhfpj cwT
,) rpWfij <) ,sk;gpiw

34. vd;id ntWg;gjhy; vdf;F vd;d el;lk;! fpopj;njd;id

vwptjdhy; fpilf;FNkh gl;lk; -,J ahUila ftpij
tupfs;?
m) Rujh M) ghujpahu;
,) ftpkzp <) Kj;Jf;Fkhu;

35. jkpo; xsp gpwe;j Mz;L vJ?

m) 21.9.1925. M) 21.9.1924
,) 20.9.1925 <) 21.9.1923

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 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

36. jkpo; xsp gpwe;j Cu; vJ?

m) GJit M) ehif
,) Nfhit <) godp

37. jkpo; xspapd; ,aw;ngau; vJ?

m)tp[auq;fk; M) Rujh
,) ghujpahu; <) mg;Jy; uFkhd;

38. jkpo; nkhop ahUila topj; Njhd;wyhf fUjg;gLfpwhu;?

m) ghujpahu; M) ftpkzp
,) Rujh <) fhkuh[u;

39. jkpo; xsp ahUila khztuhf tpsq;Ffpwhu;?

m) ghujpjhrd;. M) ghujpahu;.
,) mg;Jy; uFkhd;. <) tz;z epytd;.

40. mUe;j $o; ,d;wp thLgtupd; fz;zPu; mUtpj;JspfNsh

thd;Fd;wpy; - ,ij ahUila ftpij tupfs;?
m) jkpo; xsp. M) ghujpahu;.
,) ghujpjhrd;. <) Rujh.

41. fhyk; vOJk; vOj;Jf;fNsh gpr;irf;fhuu; ,jaj;jpd;

tpk;ky;fNsh? ,e;j ftpij tupfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s gFjp
vJ?
m) fly; M) tpuy;fs;.
,) fhfpj cwT. <) kz;.

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Re;judhu; jkpioj; nja;tkhf vt;thWg; Nghw;Wfpd;whu;?
2. jkpod; xU rpWj;ijnad tpsq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
ghujpjhrd; top tpsf;Ff.
3. Vior; rpWtDf;F Gj;ju; $wpa mKj nkhopfs; ahit?
4. tpdhj;jhs; xU khztdplk; vd;d $wpaJ?

174
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Mrpa N[hjp vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ew;fUj;Jf;fs; ahit?
2. nkhopapd; kPJ gw;Wf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;gij Kbaurd;
ftpij top
3. tpsf;Ff.
4. fhtpupj;jhaplk; Mjpke;jp Gyk;gpaij fz;zjhrd; ghly;
top tptup.
5. jkpo; xspapd; ftpij vLj;Jiuf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fisj;
njhFj;Jiuf;f.

175
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

myF – 2 GJf;ftpijfs;

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. „tPl;Lf;F xU kuk; tsu;g;Nghk;‟ vd;w ftpijia vOjpatu;
ahu;?
m) ghujpjhrd; M) ftpkzp
,) kfhftp ghujpahu; <) mg;Jy; uFkhd;

2. ftpf;Nfh mg;Jy; uFkhd; ve;j Cupy; gpwe;jhu;?

m) Njdp M) kJiu
,) nrd;id <) jpUr;rp

3. ftpf;Nfh ,ize;J mg;Jy; uFkhd; jd; Njhou;fSld;

cUthf;fpa gjpg;gfj;jpd; ngau; vJ?
m) mfuk; M) fhyr;RtL
,) md;dk; <) tp\;ZGuk;

4. ftpf;Nfh mg;Jy; uFkhd; vtw;iw tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W

typAWj;jpAs;shu;?
m) kuq;fs; M) nrbfs;
,) Gwitfs; <) tpyq;Ffs;

5 kuq;fis vtw;NwhL ftpf;Nfh xg;gpl;Lf; mg;Jy; uFkhd;

$wpAs;shu;?
m) gps;isfNshL M) nrbfNshL
,) gwitfNshL <) tpyq;FfNshL

6. <NuhL jkpod;gdpd; ,aw;ngau; ahJ?

m) e. n[fjPrd;. M) e. n[fj;ul;rfd;
,) n[ftPud; <) ,tw;Ws; vJTk; ,y;iy

7. <NuhL jkpod;gd; gpwe;j Cu; vJ?

m) kJiu M) jpUr;rp
,) Nfhit <) <NuhL

8. 'xU tz;b nrd;upA+” vd;w ftpijj; njhFg;gpd; Mrpupau;

ahu;?
m) ghujpjhrd; M) ftpkzp
,) kfhftp ghujpahu; <) <NuhL jkpod;gd;

176
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

9. 'tzf;fk; ts;St” vd;w E}Yf;fhf <NuhL jkpod;gd;

ngw;w tpUJ ahJ?
m) rpw;gp tpUJ M) rhfpj;jpa tpUJ
,) tpsf;F tpUJ <) ghujp tpUJ

10. 'nrd;upA+” vd;w ftpij tbtk; ve;jf; ftpij

tbtj;jpypUe;J gpwe;jJ?
m) kuGf;ftpij M) GJf;ftpij
,) i`f;$ ftpij <) ,tw;Ws; VJk; ,y;iy

11. jkpopy; Kjy; 'nrd;upA+” ftpijj; njhFg;G vJ?

m) Myhgid M) ghy;tPjp
,) xU tz;b nrd;upA+ <) ,tw;Ws; vJTk;

12. <NuhL jkpod;gd; njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ve;jf; ftpij

,af;fj;ijr; rhu;e;jtu;?
m) vOj;J ,af;fk; M) GJAf ,af;fk
,)thdk;ghb ,af;fk;; <) kuGf; ftpij ,af;fk;

13. ftpQu; ituKj;J ve;j Cupy; gpwe;jhu;?

m) thbg;gl;b M) tLfg;gl;b
,) tlf;fd;Fsk; <) thifFsk;

14. ftpQu; murpd; ituKj;J tpUij vj;jid Kiw

ngw;Ws;shu;?
m) vl;L M) xd;gJ
,) VO <) gj;J

15. ftpQu; ituKj;J jd;Dila ve;jg; gilg;Gf;fhf.

rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUjpidg; ngw;whu;?
m) fs;spf;fhl;L ,jpfhrk;
M) ituKj;J ftpijfs;
,) %d;whk; cyfg;Nghu;
<) ,tw;wpy; VJk; ,y;iy

16. ftpQu; ituKj;J Kj;Jf;fs; gpwf;Fk; ,lk; vj;jid vd;W

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;?
m) vl;L M) xd;gJ
,) VO <) gj;J

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17. 'fOij fj;jpdhy;” vd;d elf;Fk; vd;W kf;fs; %l

ek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;sdu;?
m) Rgk; M) e\;lk;
,) yhgk; <) ,tw;wpy; VJk; ,y;iy

18. 'tpjit vjpu;te;jhy;” vd;d elf;Fk; vd;W kf;fs;

%lek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;sdu;?
m) Rgk; M) e\;lk;
,) ghtk; <) ,tw;wpy; VJk; ,y;iy

19. 'nkhl;ilabj;jhy;” vd;d fpilf;Fk; %l ek;gpf;if

nfhz;Ls;sdu;?
m) Kf;jp M) e\;lk;
,) ghtk; <) ,tw;wpy; VJk; ,y;iy.

20. fhiyapy; fdT fz;lhy; vd;d elf;Fk; vd;W kf;fs; %l

ek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;sdu;?
m) gypf;Fk; M) e\;lk;
,) ghtk; <) ,tw;wpy; VJk; ,y;iy

21. ftpQu; K.Nkj;jh ve;j Cupy; gpwe;jhu;?

m) kJiu M) nrd;id
,) jpUr;rp <) ngupaFsk;

22. ftpQu; K. Nkj;jh ve;j Mz;L rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp

tpUjpidg; ngw;whu;?
m) 2007 M) 2007
,) 2010 <) 2006

23. ftpQu; K. Nkj;jh 'kuq;fspNy Vio kuk;” vd;Wvjidf;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;?
m) thiokuk; M) khkuk;
,) njd;idkuk; <) gidkuk;

24. ftpQu; K. Nkj;jh vjw;Fupa jlakhf thiokuj;ijg;

Gfo;e;Js;shu;?
m) jiyKiw M) jdpkdpj
,) $l;lk; <) ,tw;wpy; VJk; ,y;iy

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25. ftpQu; K. Nkj;jh 'kuq;fspNy Fl;il kuk;” vd;W

vjidf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;?
m) nfhd;iwkuk; M) khkuk;
,) njd;idkuk; <) thiokuk;

26. ftpQu; K. Nkj;jh 'fy;ahz tPLfspy; fhtYf;F epw;Fk;

Jthu ghyfu;fs;” vd;W vjidf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;?
m) thiokuk; M) khkuk;
<) gidkuk; ,) njd;idkuk;

27. 'ts;Stk; gj;J” vd;w ftpijia vOjpatu; ahu;?

m) ghujpjhrd; M) mwpTkjp
,) kfhftp ghujpahu; <) ng.Re;judhu;

28. ftpQu; mwpTkjp gpwe;j Cu; vJ?

m) tpOg;Guk; M) fPob
,) fPzY}u; <) kJiu

29. ftpQh; mwpTkjp jpUf;Fwisg; Gfo;e;J vOjpa ftpijapd;

jiyg;G vd;d?
m) el;Gf;fhyk; M) mlf;F
,) ts;Stk; gj;J <) mtpoUk;G

30. ftpQh; mwpTkjpapd; Gfo;ngw;w ftpijj; njhFg;G vJ?

m) el;Gf;fhyk; M) mlf;F
,) mZj;jpkph; <) mtpoUk;G

31. ftpQu; eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhu; ve;j Cupy; gpwe;jhu;?

m) fd;dpahFkup M) fd;dpthb
,) fd;dpfhGup <) fd;dpfhGuk;

32. ftpQu; eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhu; elj;jpa gjpg;gfj;jpd; ngau;

vd;d?
m) %l;ilg; G+r;rp M) gl;Lg;G+r;rp
,) gl;lhk;G+r;rp <) mupg;G+r;rp

33. ftpQu; eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhu; ve;j tajpy; fhykhdhu;?

m) 31 M) 51
,) 42 <) 41

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34. ftpQu; eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhu; xU je;ijf;F kfspd; Kfj;ijg;

ghu;j;jhy; thdj;jpy; cs;s vJ rpupajhfj; Njhd;Wtjhff;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;?
m) #hpad; M) el;rj;jpuk;
,) epyT <) ,tw;wpy; vJTk; ,y;iy

35. ftpQu; eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhu; vj;jifa Filapid ePl;Ltjhff;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;?
m) el;G M) fhjy;
,) md;G <) ,tw;wpy; VJk; ,y;iy

36. ftpQu; eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhu; mb neQ;rpy; vijj; jPl;Ltjhff;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;?
m) Xtpak; M) tz;zk;
,) rhak; <) ,tw;wpy; VJk; ,y;iy

37. ftpQu; eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhu; ,U neQ;rq;fs; ,ize;J Ngrpl

……. vJ Njitapy;iy vd;W $wpAs;shu;?
m) gzk; M) ghi\fs;
,) cwTfs; <) ,tw;wpy; VJk; ,y;iy

38. ftpQu; Rfpu;juhzp vq;Fg; gpwe;jhu;?

m) ,yhy;rJf;fk; M) gwq;fpg;Ngl;il
,) ,yhyhg;Ngl;il <) GJg;Ngl;il

39. ftpQu; Rfpu;juhzp ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhu;?

M) 1973 M) 1973
,) 1983 <) 1912

40. ftpQu; Rfpu;juhzp vj;jifa ,yhtfj;NjhL cd;.

fz;fis thrpf;fpNwd; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;?
m) ,uTg; gwitfspd; M) gr;irg; gwitfspd;
,) nrk;gwitfspd; <) ,tw;wpy; VJk; ,y;iy

41. ftpQu; Rfpu;juhzp tpupf;fg;gl;l tiynad vJ

ekf;fpilNa cyu;fpd;wJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;?
m) gz;G M) md;G
,) ,uf;fk; <) nfhil

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42. ftpQu; Rfpu;juhzp Eiu jJk;Gk; ve;j NkLfisg; gw;wpr;

Rl;bAs;shu;?
m) flw;fiu M) Mw;wq;fiu
,) fiu <) ,tw;Ws; VJk; ,y;iy

43. ftpQu; Rfpu;juhzp vit gwg;gjha;g; Ngrpf;nfhz;lhu;fs;

vd;W Rl;bAs;shu;?
m) ,U fz;fs; M) ,U %f;Ffs;
,) ,U cjLfs; <) ,U fhJfs;

44. ftpQu; ,sk;gpiwapd; ,aw;ngau; vd;d?

m) ghf;fpa yl;Rkp M) ghu;tjp
,) gQ;rtu;zk; <) gQ;Rthzp

45. ftpQu; ,sk;gpiw ve;jf; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;?

m) rhl;baf;Fb M) Cj;Jf;Fb
,) jhz;bf;Fb <) rhl;bagl;b

46. ftpQu; ,sk;gpiw vq;Fg; gzpahw;Wfpwhu;?

m) jdpahu;g;gs;sp M) njhopw;rhiy
,) muRg; gs;sp <) tptrhak;

47. 'eP vOj kWf;Fk; vdJ moF” vd;w ftpijj;

njhFg;gpid vOjpatu; ahu;?
m) ghujpjhrd; M) ftpkzp
,) kfhftp ghujpahu; <) ,sk;gpiw

48. ftpQu; ,sk;gpiw fd;dNk Fopaha; vq;Fg; gjpe;jpUf;Fk;

vd;fpwhu;?
m) %f;fpy; M) cjl;by;
,) gy;ypy; <) new;wpapy;

49. ftpQu; ,sk;gpiw fWj;j cjLfs; vt;thW ntbj;jpUf;Fk;

vd;fpwhu;?
m) tho;f;if M) Nriy
,) vOj;J <) tha;g;Gz;

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50. ftpQu; ,sk;gpiw vJ Njhw;wpUf;Fk; ,Oj;Jg; Nghu;j;j

vz;zpaNghJ vd;fpwhu;?
m) tho;f;if M) Nriy
,) vOj;J <) tha;g;Gz;

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. ftpQh; mg;Jy; uFkhd; - Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. „nrd;hpA+‟ vd;why; vd;d?
3. ftpQh; ituKj;J – Fwpg;G tiuf.
4. thio kuj;jpd; ngUikfshff; ftpQh; K. Nkj;jh
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;stw;W;s; rpytw;iw vOJf.
5. ftpQh; mwpTkjp – Fwpg;G tiuf.
6. ftpQh; eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhh; – Fwpg;G tiuf.
7. ftpQh; Rfph;juhzp – Fwpg;G tiuf.
8. eP vOj kWf;Fk; vd; moF ftpijapd; topahf ,sk;gpiw
,e;jr; rKjhaj;Jf;F czh;j;jpAs;s fUj;Jf;fis vOJf.

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. kuk; tsh;j;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J ftpQh; mg;Jy;
uFkhd; $Wtdtw;iw vLj;J vOJf.
2. <NuhL jkpod;gdpd; „nrd;hpA+‟ ftpijfspd; jd;ikfis
tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu tiuf.
3. ftpQh; ituKj;Jtpd;“gpw;Nrh;f;if” ftpij czh;j;Jk;
nra;jpfis vLj;J vOJf.
4. ftpQh; K. Nkj;jh vOjpa „thiokuj;jpd; rgjk;‟ vd;w
ftpijapd; topahf mwpag;gLk; jfty;fisj; njhFj;J
vOJf.
5. ftpQh; mwpTkjp vOjpAs;s „ts;Stk; gj;J‟ vd;w
ftpijapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s nra;jpfis vOJf.
6. ftpQh; eh. Kj;Jf;Fkhhpd; „Mde;j aho;‟ ghly;fs; rpwg;Gg;
gw;wp vOJf.
7. ftpQh; Rfph;juhzp ftpijfspd; rpwg;Gfisg; gl;baypl;L
vOJf.
8. ftpQh; ,sk;gpiwapd; ftpijfs; gw;wp tpsf;fpf; fl;Liu
tiuf.

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 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

myF - 3 rpWfijfs;

1. tha;r;nrhw;fs; - n[afhe;jd;
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. jkpo;ehl;bd; khg;grhd; ahu;?
m) GJikg;gpj;jd; M) n[afhe;jd;
,) K.Nkj;jh <) rpw;gp

2. ,e;jpa muR toq;Fk; kpf cau;e;j tpUJ vJ?

m) Qhd gPl tpUJ M) rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp
,) gj;k G+\d; <) u\;a tpUJ

3. jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhf Kjd; Kjypy; n[afhe;jd; ngw;w

tpUJ vJ?
m) ftpQu; M) ftpauR
,) gj;kG+\d; <) khNkij

4. n[afhe;jd; gpwe;j Cu; vJ?

m) nrd;id M) flY}u;
,) Njdp <) jpUr;rp

5. n[afhe;jd; tPl;il tpl;L ntspNawpa taJ vd;d?

m) 15 M) 12
,) 10 <) 17

6. n[afhe;jd; gpwe;j Mz;L

m) 1930 M) 1932
,) 1934 <) 1936

7. n[afhe;jd; jdJ ,yf;fpa tho;f;ifia njhlq;fpa

Mz;L?
m) 1940 M) 1950
,) 1960 <) 1970

8. Uf;Fkzpf;F vd;d Fiw ,Ue;jJ?

m) fz;ghh;it M) tha; Ngr ,ayhik
,) fhJ Nfshik <) if ,y;yhik

183
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

9. fz;zg;gd; %q;fpypy; vd;d nra;jhd;?

m) $il M) Kwk;
,) nghk;ik <) Gy;yhq;Foy;

10. Uf;Fkzp vq;F jq;fp ,Ue;jhs;?

m) ntl;lntsp M) rj;jpuk;
,) Fbir <) kuepoy;

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. n[afhe;jd; Mrpupau; Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. Uf;Fkzpapd; ftiyia ,f;fijapd; %yk; tpsf;Ff.
3. Uf;Fkzpapd; tho;f;ifia rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
4. Uf;Fkzp fz;l fdT ahJ?

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. n[afhe;jd; vOjpa tha;r;nrhw;fs; rpWfijiaf;
fl;Liu tiuf.
2. Uf;Fkzpapd; tho;f;if Kiwia tptup.

2. fbjk; - GJikg;gpj;jd;
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. GJikg;gpj;jd; ,aw;ngau; vd;d?
m) tpUj;jhryk; M) ,uh[Nfhghyd;
,) Kj;ijah <) fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk;

2. rpWfij kd;dd; ahu;?

m) Rujh M) mg;Jy; uFkhd;
,) Kbaurd; <) GJikg;gpj;jd;

3. GJikg;gpj;jd; gpwe;j Mz;L?

m) 1906 M) 1918
,) 1921 <) 1926

4. etPd jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb

m) n[afhe;jd; M) Kbaurd;
,) rpw;gp <) GJikg;gpj;jd;

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 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

5. GJikg;gpj;jhd; gilg;Gfs; ve;j Mz;L ehl;LilikahdJ?

m) 2000 M) 2001
,) 2012 <) 2004

6. GJikg;gpj;jdpd; kidtpapd; ngau;?

m) mk;kzpmk;khs; M) fkyh mk;khs;
,) ,yl;Rkp mk;khs; <) nry;yk;khs;

7. ,yf;fpathjpfSf;F Cf;fk; mspg;gJ

m) ,fo;r;rp M) ghuhl;L
,) Gfo; <) gupR

8. rpq;fhuNtYf;F ahuplkpUe;J fbjk; te;jJ

m) fz;zg;gd; M) ehfg;gd;
,) nry;yg;gd; <) fz;zpag;gd;

9. GJikg;gpj;jd; gpwe;j khtl;lk; vJ?

m) Nfhit M) kJiu
,) flY}h; <) <NuhL

10. rpq;fhuNtY vd;gtu; ahu;?

m) Mrpupau; M) vOj;jhsu;
,) ftpQu; <) tptrhap

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. GJikg;gpj;jd; Mrpupau; Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. rpq;fhuNtYtpw;F ele;j rk;gtj;ij tpsf;F.
3. fbjk; - rpWfijapd; Nghf;if Mrpupau; vt;thW
ifahz;Ls;shu;?
4. fbjk; vg;gbgl;ljhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W rpq;fhuNtY
vjpu;ghu;f;fpwhu;?

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. fbjk; rpWfijapd; %yk; Mrpupah; $Wk; nra;jpfis
tptup.
2. ,yf;fpathjpfspd; tho;f;ifia fbjk; rpWfij vt;thW
ifahz;Ls;sJ?
3. fbjk; rpWfijiar; RUf;fp tiuf.

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 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

3. fU - ckhkNf];tup
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. fU rpWfijapd; Mrpupau; ahu;?
m) mk;ig M) ,uhIk; fpU\;zd;
,) ckhkNf];tup <) rptfhkp

2. ckhkNf];tupapd; Gidg;ngau; vd;d?

m) k`p M) Njtp
,) Nkup <) khup

3. ckhkNf];tupapd; Kjy; rpWfij ntspte;j Mz;L

m) 2000 M) 2002
,) 2004 <) 2006

4. ckh kNf];tup gpwe;j Cu;?

m) Njdp M) jpUr;rp
,) Nfhit <) f&u;

5. fU fijapd; ehafp ahu;?

m) yjh M) kPdh
,) ghujp <) rhe;jp

6. yjhtpd; Mir vd;d?

m) ghly; ghLtJ M) fij vOJtJ
,) fij nrhy;tJ <) eldk; MLtJ

7. yjhtpd; ngz; Foe;ijapd; ngau;

m) fdp M) ujp
,) ghujp <) Rkjp

8. utp kidtp rpfpr;irf;F vq;F nrd;whs;?

m) kJiu M) nrd;id
,) jpUr;rp <) jpUney;Ntyp

9. fij vOJtij jLj;jtu; ahu;?

m) mk;kh M) fztd;
,) khkpahu; <) Foe;ij

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 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

10. fU vd;w fijapd; %yk; Njhd;Wk; czu;T vd;d?

m) jha;ik M) md;G
,) fhjy; <) Nfhgk;

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. fU rpWfijapd; Mrpupau; Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. rKjha Nehf;fpy; fU rpWfijia tptup.
3. yjh jdJ Mirahf vd;d nra;jhs;?
4. fU rpWfijapd; fUj;jpid tpsf;Ff.

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. fU rpWfijapy; $wg;gLk; rKjhag; gpur;ridfis tptup.
2. fU rpWfijia RUf;fp fl;Liu tiuf.

4. Ks;Kb - jp. [hdfpuhkd;

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. Ks;Kbapd; Mrpupau; ahu;?
m) jp.[hdfpuhkd; M) Rujh
,) ckh kNf];tup <) n[afhe;jd;

2. jp.[hdfpuhkd; gpwe;j khtl;lk;?

m) Nryk; M) ehkf;fy;
,) <NuhL <) jpUth&u;

3. jp.[hdfpuhkdpd; rpwg;G ngau;?

m) Nrf;fpohu; M) Fd;wf;Fbahu;
,) nrt;tpay; <) kWkyu;r;rp gilg;ghsp

4. jp.[hdfpuhkd; vOjpa Gfo;ngw;w ehty; vJ?

m) fU M) fbjk;
,) rpjwy;fs; <) NkhfKs;

5. jp.[hdfpuhkdpd; rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;w E}y; vJ?

m) rf;jp itj;jpak; M) fhfpj cwT
,) fbjk; <) Ks;Kb

6. jp.[hdfpuhkd; thndhyp epiyaj;jpy; vj;jid Mz;L

gzpahw;wpdhu;?
m) 12 M) 3
,) 10 <) 14

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 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

7. jp.[hdfpuhkd; thndhyp epiyaj;jpy; ve;j gzpapy;

gzpahw;wpdhu;?
m) ,iraikg;ghsu; M) fy;tp xypgug;ghsu;
,) ebfu; fij <) Mrpupau;

8. jp.[hdfpuhkdpd; Kjy; rpWfij njhFg;G ahJ?

m) nfhl;LNksk; M) fU
,) rpjwy;fs; <) fhfpj cwT

9. jp.[hdfpuhkdpd; kw;nwhU ngau;?

m) Njtf;Fb jp.[h M) mUz;ghtzd;
,) Nrf;fpohu; <) Rujh

10. jp.[hdfpuhkdpd; fhyk; ahJ?

m) 1921-1982 M) 1991-2000
,) 1988-2019 <) 1880-1910

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. khztupd; epiy gw;wp jp.[h $WtJ ahJ?
2. Ks;Kb fijapd; Mrpupau; Fwpg;G tiuf.
3. Mrpupau;fis gw;wp jp.[hdfpuhkd; $WtJ ahJ?

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. Ks;Kb rpWfij njhFj;J fl;Liu tiuf.

5. rpjwy;fs; - tpop.gh.,jaNte;jd;
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. rpjwy;fs; rpWfijapd; Mrpupau; ahu;?
m) jp.[hdfpuhkd; M) GJikg;gpj;jd;
,) fy;fp <) tpop.gh.,ja Nte;jd;

2. ,jaNte;jd; gpwe;j khtl;lk;?

m) Nryk; M) kJiu
,) tpOg;Guk; <) ehkf;fy;

3. tpop.g.,jaNte;jd; Mw;wpa gzp ahJ?

m) tUtha; Ma;thsu; M) kUj;Jtu;
,) Mrpupau; <) fy;tp mikg;ghsu;

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 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

4. tpop.gh.,ja Nte;jdpd; ,aw;ngau;?

m) mz;zhJiu M) muR
,) Rujh <) GJikg;gpj;jd;

5. tpop.g.,jaNte;jd; ve;j ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; <u;f;fg;gl;lhu;?

m) RNjr ,af;fk; M) ef;ry; ghup ,af;fk;
,) Njrpa ,af;fk; <) khepy ,af;fk;

6. ,ja Nte;jd; gpwe;j Cu;?

M) f&u; M) kapyk;
,) Nryk; <) ju;kGup

7. ,ja Nte;jd; ve;j ,af;fj;jpy; vOj;jhsuhf

gzpahw;wpdhu;?
m) jkpo; ,af;fk; M) Mq;fpy ,af;fk;
,) fz;ld ,af;fk; <) njYq;F ,af;fk;

8. ,ja Nte;jd; ve;j gFjpapy; tUtha; Ma;thsuhf

gzpahw;wpdhu;?
m) nrd;id M) Mtb
,) Fd;wj;J}u; <) ney;ypf;Fg;gk;

9. tpop.g.,ja Nte;jd; Jtq;fpa ,af;fk;?

m) Gul;rp gz;ghL M) Njr gz;ghL
,) kj;jpa gz;ghL <) khepy gz;ghL

10. rpjwy;fs; fij fjhghj;jpuj;jpd; ngau; vd;d?

m) gpy;Y}u; KDrhkp M) tbNtyd;
,) rq;fud; <) Ntytd;

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. tpiythrp nfhLikg; gw;wp $Wf.
2. rpjwy;fs; Fwpg;G tiuf.
3. rpjwy;fs; rpWfijapy; r%f mty epiyfs; ahit?

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. rpjwy;fs; rpWfij njhFj;J fl;Liu tiuf.

189
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

6. fhfpj cwT - R.rKj;jpuk;

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. fhfpj cwT rpWfijapd; Mrpupau; ahu;?
m) Rujh M) GJikg;gpj;jd;
,) R.rKj;jpuk; <) fy;fp

2. rKj;jpuk; gpwe;j Cu;?

m) kJiu M) Njdp
,) f&u; <) jpg;gdk;gl;b

3. R.rKj;jpuk; ,aw;wpa gzp?

m) Ngr;rhsu; M) vOj;jhsu;
,) fzf;fhsu; <) ,iraikg;ghsu;

4. R.rKj;jpuk; gpwe;j Mz;L?

m) 1941 M) 1980
,) 1982 <) 1990

5. R.rKj;jpuk; ,aw;wpa Gjpdq;fs; vj;jid?

m) 13 M) 15
,) 4 <) 14

6. R.rKj;jpuk; vOjpa Gjpdj;jpy; rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ

ngw;w E}y; vJ?
m) fU M)rpjwy;fs;
,) Ntupy; gOj;j gyh <) fhfpj cwT

7. R.rKj;jpuk; ve;j Mz;L rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;whu;?

m) 1995 M) 1992
,) 1990 <) 1980

8. R.rKj;jpuk; ,aw;wpa FW ehty;fs; vj;jid?

m) 10 M) 8
,) 3 <) 4

9. R.rKj;jpuk; ,aw;wpa rpWfijapy; gupR ngw;w fij vJ?

m) rpjwy;fs; M) fU
,) ,yf;fpa rpe;jid <) NerKila mk;kh

190
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

10. jQ;ir jkpo; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,tUf;F toq;fpa tpUJ?

m) jkpod;id M) ,yf;fpathjp
,) rpWfij rpw;gp <) ehlf gpupau;

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. FLk;g epiy gw;wp R.rKj;jpuk; $wpaJ ahJ?
2. fhfpj cwT Fwpj;J rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. fhfpj cwT fijiaj; njhFj;J fl;Liu $Wf.

7. tPl;bd; %iyapy; xU rikay; miw - mk;ig

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. mk;ig vd;gJ ahUila Gidg; ngau;?
m) rp.v];.yl;Rkp M) [hdfp
,) tp[ayl;Rkp <) yPdh

2. jkpofj;jpd; vy;iy fle;j ngz; ftpQu; ahu;?

m) Fl;b Nutjp M) rf;jp N[hjp
,) mk;ig <) ry;kh

3. mk;ig gpwe;j Mz;L vJ?

m) 1945 M) 1844
,) 1944 <) 1845

4. mk;ig ve;E}ypw;F rhfpj;a mfhnjkp tpUjpid 2011Mk;

Mz;L ngw;whu;?
m) rptg;G fOj;Jld; xU gr;ir gwit
M) fhl;by; xU khd;
,) tPl;bd; %iyapy; XU rikayiw
<) rf;fu ehw;fhyp

5. rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJld; xU ,yl;rk; fhNrhiyg;

ngw;wtu; ahu;?
m) n[afhe;jd; M) mk;ig
,) GJikg;gpj;jd; <) rf;jpN[hjp

6. Kjy; mj;jpahak; vd;w rpWfijapd; Mrpupau; ahu;?

m) mk;ig M) kzpNkfiy
,) yPdh <) [hdfp

191
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

7. gy ngz; gilg;ghsu;fs; njhl rpukg;gl;l tpraq;fis

njhl;ltu; ahu;?
m) Fl;b Nutjp M) ry;kh
,) rp.v];.yl;Rkp <) rf;jpN[hjp

8. mk;ig ve;j rpWtu; jpiug;glj;jpw;F trdk; vOjpdhu;?

m) Kjy; mj;jpahak; M) jq;fuh[; vq;Nf
,) mQ;ryp <) Ju;fh

9. tw;Wk; Vupapd; kPdf

; s; vd;w rpWfijapd; Mrpupau; ahu;?
m)mk;ig M) ,uhIk; fpU\;zd;
,) ckhkNf];tup <) rptfhkp

10. tPl;bd; %iyapy; XU rikayiw rpWfij ntspte;j

Mz;L vJ?
m) 1988 M) 2000
,) 1976 <) 2007

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. mk;ig - Mrpupau; Fwpg;G tiuf
2. gb[p[papd; epiyfis vOJf.
3. fp\dpd; FLk;g epiyia Fwpg;gpLf.

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. fp\dpd; FLk;g ngz;fs; epiyiaf; Fwpj;J tptupf;f.
2. kPdhl;rpapd; vz;z FKwy;fis tpsf;fp vOJf.

192
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

8. (nkhopngah;g;Gf;fij) Mz;ld; nrf;fht;

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. Md;ld; nrf;fht; ve;jj; Jiwiar; Nru;e;jtu;?
m) ehlf Mrpupau; M) ,ir Mrpupau;
,)Mly; Mrpupau; <) ghly; Mrpupau;

2. nrf;fht; ve;ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;?

m) u\;ah (cUrpak;) M) ,j;jhyp
,) fpNuf;fk; <) mnkupf;fh

3. G+\;kp gupR ngw;wtu; ahu;?

m) ,thNdht; M) Md;ld; nrf;fht;
,) jpNal;lu; khk;nrd; <) n[afhe;jd;

4. fly; Gwh ehlfk; Njhd;wpa Mz;L?

m) 1896 M) 1886
,) 1986 <) 1996

5. nrf;fht; ve;Neha;f;F Ml;gl;lhu;?

m) Gw;W Neha; M) fhrNeha;
,) ,ja Neha; <) typg;G Neha;

6. nrf;fht; vk;nkhopapd; rpwe;j ehlf Mrpupauhf jpfo;e;jhu;?

m) Mq;fpyk; M) jkpo;
,) u\;ah <) cUJ

7. nrf;fht; mtu;fspd; Kjy; ehlfk; vJ?

m) %d;W rNfhjupfs; M) fly; Gwh
,) goe;jkpo; Njhl;lk; <) nrf;fht;

8. nrf;fht; kUj;Jtuhf ve;j Mz;L gzpahw;wj;

njhlq;fpdhu;?
m) 1885 M) 1884
,) 1944 <) 1995

9. nrf;fht; cld; gpwe;jtu;fs; vj;jid Ngu;?

m) 5 M) 3
,) 6 <) 7

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 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

10. ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; kUj;Jtg; gzpapYk; <LghL nfhz;ltu;

ahu;?
m) K.tujuhrdhu; M) Md;ld; nrf;fht;
,) n[afhe;jd; <) GJikg;gpj;jd;

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. Mz;ld; nrf;ft; Fwpg;Gj; jUf.
2. Md;dh kw;Wk; $nuht; re;jpg;ig vOJ.
3. Mz;ld; nrf;fht; nkhopngau;g;G gilg;Gfs; ahit?

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. Mz;ld; nrf;fht; tho;f;if tuyhWk; gilg;Gk; fl;Liuf;f.
2. eha;f;fhu rPkhl;bapd; fijf; fU Fd;whky; njhFj;Jiuf;f.

194
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

myF – 4 ,yf;fpa tuyhW

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. GJf;ftpijapd; Kd;Ndhb ahh;?
m) ghujpahh; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) e.gpr;r%h;j;jp <) GJikg;gpj;jd;

2. GJf;ftpijapd; je;ij ahh;?

m) mg;Jy;uFkhd; M) fz;zjhrd;
,) e.gpr;r%h;j;jp <)GJikg;gpj;jd;

3. ,e;jpah vd;w ,jopd; Mrphpah; ahh;?

m) ghujp M) jkpourd;
,)ftpkzp <) Rujh

4. ghujpapd; GJf;ftpij Kd;Ndhb ahh;?

m) thy;l; tpl;kd; M) ngh;rpty;
,) khh;f;]; Ky;yh; <) [p.a+.Nghg;

5. ghujpjhrd; vOjpa E}y; vJ?

m) Fapy; ghl;L M) Neah; tpUg;gk;
,) Ch;tyk; <)ghz;bad; ghpR

6. ghujpjhrd; ve;j Mz;L ,e;jp vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

rpiwf;F nrd;whh;
m) 1937 M) 1938
,) 1939 <) 1940

7. rQ;rPtp gh;tjj;jpd; rhuy; vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahu;?

m) ghujpjhrd; M) ftpkzp
,) Rujh <) GJikg;gpj;jd;

8. Njtpapd; fPh;j;jidfs; vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahh;?

m) ehkf;fy; ftpQh; M) ng.Re;judhh;
,) ftpkzp <) fz;zjhrd;

9. GJf;ftpij ve;j ehl;bd; Kjd; Kjypy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?
m)mnkhpf;fh M) Mg;hpf;fh
,) M];jpNuypah <) ,j;jhyp

195
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

10. Myhgid vd;w ftpijj; njhFg;gpw;fhf toq;fg;gl;l

tpUJ vd;d?
m) fiykhkzp M) gj;k =
,) rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp <) jkpof mur tpUJ

11. rpWfijapd; kd;dd; ahh;?

m) n[afhe;jd; M) GJikg;gpj;jd;
,) ghujpahh; <) ghujpjhrd;

12. jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; rpWfij aJ?

m) Fsj;jq;fiu murkuk;
M) kq;ifah;furpapd; fhjy;
,) xU gpb NrhW
<) fU

13. ,e;jpahtpy; ve;jnkhopapy; Kjy; Kjypy; rpWfij

gilf;fg;gl;lJ?
m) jkpo; M) fd;dlk;
,) tq;fhsk; <) kiyahsk;

14. jkpopd; Kjy; rpWfijia vOjpath; ahh;?

m) n[afhe;jd; M) t.Nt.R Iah;
,) GJikg;gpj;jd; <) fz;zjhrd;

15. fUg;G kyu;fs; vd;w ftpij njhFg;gpd; Mrpupau; ahu;?

m) ty;ypf;fz;zd; M) eh.fhkurd;
,) mwpTkjp <) fz;zjhrd;

16. GJf;ftpij Njhw;wk; tsh;r;rp vd;w E}iy vOjpath; ahh;?

m) ty;ypf;fz;zd; M) eh.fhkurd;
,) mwpTkjp <) fz;zjhrd;

17. jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; rpWfij njhFjp vJ?

m) Fsj;jq;fiu mur kuk;
M) fU
,) xU gpb NrhW
<) kq;ifah;furpapd; fhjy;

196
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

18. vJif Nkhid Nghd;w ,yf;fpa eaq;fis gad;gLj;;jp

vOJtJ vJ?
m) GJftpij M) kuGf;ftpij
,) nrd;hpa+ ftpij <) trd eil

19. jkpopy; kuGf;ftpij mjpfkhf ntspte;j E}w;whz;L vJ?

m) 17Mk; E} M) 18Mk; E}
,) 19Mk; E} <) 20-Mk;E}

20. GJf;ftpij ,af;fj;jpd; tpbnts;sp ahh;?

m) ghujpahh; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) gpr;r%h;j;jp <) mg;Jy;uFkhd;

21. Kjd;Kjypy; GJf;ftpij ntspapl;l ,jo; vJ?

m) thdk;ghb M) kzpf;nfhb
,) vOj;J <) ,e;jpah

22. jkpo; ciueilapd; je;ij ahh;?

m) [p.a+.Nghg; M) tPukhKdpth;
,) ,uhy; <) v];ngh;ry;

23. jkpopy; ciueilia Njhw;Wtpj;jth; ahh;?

m) ef;fPuh; M) mbahh;f;F ey;yhh;
,) tPukhKdpth; <) ,sk;g+udhh;

24. ciu Mrphpah; vd;W Nghw;wg;gLgth; ahh;?

m) ,sk;g+udhh; M) ef;fPuh;
,) kiwkiyabfs; <) t.R.g khzpf;fk;

25. rpWfijapd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk; vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah;

ahu;?
m) rptjk;gp M) Njtpuh
,) ty;ypf;fz;zd; <) tPukhKdpth;

26. ciueilapd; ,stuR vd miof;fg;gLgth; ahh;?

m) jhz;ltuha Kjypahh;
M) jpUjf;fNjth;
,) [p.a+.Nghg;
<) ,sk;g+udhh;

197
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

27. ef;fPuh; ve;j E}Yf;F ciu vOjpdhh;?

m) ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu
M) njhy;fhg;gpak;
,) tPuNrhopak;
<) ek;gpag;nghUs;

28. kzpgpuths eilia vjph;j;J Fuy; nfhLj;jth; ahh;?

m) K.fUzhepjp M) mz;zh
,)jhz;ltuhah; <) ghpjpkhw;fiyQh;

29. kzpgpuths eilapy; ciu vOjg;gl;l jkpopd; Kjy;E}y;

vJ?
m) ehyhapujpt;a gpuge;jk;
M) gd;dpUjpUKiwfs;
,) irtrpj;jhe;jk;
<) nghpaGuhzk;

30. ciueilapd; nghw;fhyk; vJ?

m) 17Mk; E} M) 18Mk; E}
,) 19Mk; E} <) 20Mk; E}

31. jkpo;j; jhj;jh vd;W miof;fg;gLgth; ahh;?

m) kh.ngh.rp M) fhRg;gps;is
,) c.Nt.rh <) itahGhpg;gps;is

32. rpWfijf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jth; ahh;?

m) nrl; n[tpf; M) thy;l; tpl;kd;
,) vl;th; Myd;Ngh <) [p.a+.Nghg;

33. rpWfij cyfpd; je;ij ahh;?

m) nrfhtpg; M) RNtl;rh;
,) khf;];Ky;yh; <) nrl; n[tpf;

34. ftpijf;F ,yf;fzk; $wpa ntspehl;L mwpQh; ahh;?

m) Nthh;l; nth;j; M) fl;];
,) vkh;rd; <) vf;fh; Myd;Ngh

198
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

35. vOj;J vd;w ,jio elj;jpath; ahh;?

m) eh.gpr;r%h;j;jp M) GJikgpj;jd;
,) rp.Rnry;yg;gh <) ty;ypf;fz;zd;

36. vOj;J guk;giuapy; ntspahd ,jo; vJ?

m) jhkiu M) kzpf;nfhb
,)thdk;ghb <) Fapy;

37. i`f;$ ftpij vj;jid mbfspy; ghlg;gLfpwJ?

m) 3 mb M) 5 mb
,) 6 mb <) 4 mb

38. nkhopg;ngah;g;gpd; jj;Jtj;jpid typAWj;jpath; ahh;?

m) gpspdp M) Nghg;
,) tPukhKdpth; <) ng];fp

39. nkhopngah;g;gpw;fhf rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp tpUJ thq;fpath;

ahh;?
m) rpw;gp M) ituKj;J
,) Foe;ij rhkp <)jkpod;gd;

40. ve;j E}w;whz;L nkhopngah;g;G xU jiyrpwe;j fiyahfg;

ghpzhkk; ngw;wJ?
m) 11 Mk; E} M) 12 Mk; E}
,) 13 Mk; E} <) 14 Mk;E}

41. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,yf;fpa cyfpy; ,izaw;w

nkhopg;ngah;ghsuhf jpfo;e;jth;?
m) jhk]; fhh;iy]; M) vbrd;
,) ng];fp <)rh];jphp

tpdhf;fs;
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. ftpijahsu; vd;gtu; ahu;? ckf;F njupe;j ftpijahsiu
Fwpg;gpL.
2. rpWfij vg;gb ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij vOJ.
3. ftpij vj;jid tifg;gLk; tptup.
4. ciueil vd;why; vd;d? tiffis tptup.
5. nkhopngau;g;G vd;why; vd;d? tptup.

199
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ftpQu;fspd; gq;fspg;ig vOJf?
2. ftpijapd; Njhw;wk; tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf?
3. rpWfijapd; Njhw;wk; tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf?
4. ciueilapd; Njhw;wk; tsu;r;rp gw;wp tptup.
5. nkhopngau;g;G Njhw;wk; tsu;r;rpiaj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.

200
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

myF – 5 nkhopj;jpwd;

1 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. jpiz vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
(m) ,uz;L (M) %d;W
,) ehd;F (<) Ie;J

2. ghy; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?

(m) ,uz;L (M) %d;W
(,) ehd;F (<) Ie;J

3. m/wpizf;Fupa ghy;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?

(m) ,uz;L (m) %d;W
(,) ehd;F (<) Ie;J

4. cau;jpizf;Fupa ghy;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;.

(m) ,uz;L (M) %d;W
(,)ehd;F (<) Ie;J

5. Ntw;Wik cUGfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?

(m) ehd;F (M) Ie;J
(,) MW (<) vl;L

6. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikapd; cUG vJ?

(m) I (M) My;
(,) F (<) ,d;

7. %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUG vJ?

(m) I (M) My;
(,) F (<) ,d;

8. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUG vJ?

(m) I (M) My;
(,) F (<) ,d;

9. Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUG vJ?

(m) I (M) My;
(,) ,d; (<) fz;

201
 jkpo; ciu nghJj;jkpo; - I

10. Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUG vJ?

(m) I (M) My;
(,) mJ (<) fz;

11. Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUG

(m) I (M) My;
(,) mJ (<) fz;

12. vOtha;j; njhlu; Fwpg;gpLf.

(m) gbj;j igad; (M) ghz;bad; te;jhd;
(,) ghz;bah th! (<) ghL ghL

13. Ntw;Wikj; njhlu;fs; Fwpg;gpLf.

(m) nrd;whd; KUfd; (M) gbj;j igad;
(,) nrd;W te;jhd; (<) vdJ if

14. „fhyk;‟ vj;jid tifg;gLk;.

(m) 2 (M) 3
(,) 4 (<) 6

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. vOtha; gadpiy Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
2. ahu;? vJ? vit? Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
3. nrag;gLnghUs; Fwpj;J vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
4. ,uz;lhk;> %d;whk; Ntw;Wik Fwpj;J tptup.
5. jpiz> ghy; Fwpj;J tptup.
6. ,lk;> fhyk; gw;wp vOJf.
7. ,Ujpiz> Ik;ghy; Fwpj;njOJf.

10 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
1. nghUs; nghjpe;j nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;G Kiw Fwpj;J
tpsf;Ff.
2. XnuOj;J xUnkhop vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; jUf.
3. Ntw;Wik cUGfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
4. ePtPu; mwpe;j fiyr; nrhw;fs; Fwpj;J vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld;
vOJf.
5. Ntw;Wikapd; tif Fwpj;J tpsf;fkhf fl;Liuf;f.

202