INTRODUCTION: LIFE WITHOUT A BACKBONE - Don't have mouths; instead, they have tiny pores

in their outer walls through which water is

INVERTEBRATES- are animals that lack a backbone. drawn, porocytes
They account for 95% of known animal species - Most sponges are hermaphrodites, meaning
1. Protozoans are simple, unicellular organisms that each individual functions as both male and
that are considered to be primitive types of female
animals, while Metazoans are multicellular and Parts of sponges:
are divided into invertebrates and vertebrates. T
2. Eumetazoa are animals that have neurons, true a. Mesohyl – gelatinous matrix that separates
tissue organization, and even show embryo the two layers of its wall covering
development. They comprise the bilaterians and b. Epidermis – outer layer
the radiates. c. Porocytes – channels in the epidermis
3. Parazoa - they lack true tissues and organs where water enters
4. Radial symmetry relates to an arrangement d. Spongocoel – cavity attached to the
around a central point, where the pattern is porocytes where water enters
consistent and repeats. e. Choanocytes – feeding cells. Flagellated
5. The majority of coelomate invertebrates develop collar cells that generate a water current
as o protostomes ("first mouth") in which the through the sponge and ingest suspended
oral end of the animal develops from the first food
developmental opening, the blastopore. In the f. Amoebocyte - transport nutrients to other
deuterostomes ("second mouth") including cells of the sponge body and also produce
Echinodermata and the ancestors of the materials for skeletal fibers (spicules)
Chordata, the oral end of the animal develops
from the second opening on the dorsal surface B. PHYLUM CNIDARIA
of the animal; the blastopore becomes the anus. - Jellies, corals and hydras have diversified into a
Protostomes - Blatospore: Mouth wide range of both sessile and floating forms.
Deuterostomes - Blastospore: Anus But still exhibit a relatively simple diploblastic,
6. Of the two large groups, the lophotrochozoans radial body plan
include animals that don't undergo molting - There are two variations on this body plan: The
during their growth, whereas the ecdysozoans sessile polyp and the floating medusa
do molt. Molting is the shedding of the body's - The basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with a
external covering, the cuticle central digestive compartment, the
Lophotrochozoans – don’t molt during growth gastrovascular cavity
Ecdysozoans – do molt during growth - A single opening which functions as both mouth
and anus
Basis of Classification: - Cnidarians are carnivores (They use tentacles
a. body symmetry, armed with Cnidocytes, which are unique cells
b. nature of coelom, that function in defense and the capture of prey)
c. the arrangement of cells, Classes of Phylum Cnidaria:
d. segmentation
e. and an arrangement of cells in germ layers. a. Hydrozoa – colonial polyps. They alternate
between polyp and medusa forms
b. Scyphozoa – jellies (medusae, free-swimming)
A. PHYLUM PORIFERA c. Cubozoa – sea wasp (box-shaped jellies)
- Sponges are sessile and have a porous body and d. – corals & sea anemones (occur only as polyps)
choanocytes Anthozoa
- Live in both fresh and marine waters
- Lack true tissues and organs C. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
- Suspension feeders, capturing food particles - Flatworms
suspended in the water that passes through - Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial
their body habitats.
 - Are flattened dorsoventrally and have a halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather
gastrovascular cavity than lateral, as in clams.
- Although flatworms undergo triploblastic
development, they are acoelomates F. PHYLUM ANNELIDA
- Are segmented worms. Have bodies composed
Classes of Phylum Platyhelminthes:
of a series of fused rings.
a. Turbellaria – planarians, are nearly all free-
Classes of Phylum Annelida:
living and mostly marine. Have light-
sensitive eyespots and centralized nerve a. Oligochaeta – are named for their relatively
nets sparse chaetae, or bristles made of chitin.
b. Monogenea & Trematoda - live as parasites (Earthworms)
in or on other animals. Trematodes that b. Polychaeta - possess paddlelike parapodia that
parasitize humans stay mostly on snails. function as gills and aid in locomotion (Bristle
Monogeneans are parasites for fish. worms)
- Tapeworms are also parasitic and lack a c. Hirudinea – blood-sucking parasites (Leeches)
digestive system
c. Cestoda G. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
- Includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams,
D. PHYLUM NEMATODA and octopuses and squids
- Roundworms - Most molluscs are marine though some inhabit
- Nematodes are nonsegmented fresh water, and some are terrestrial
pseudocoelomates covered by a tough coat - Molluscs are soft-bodied animals but most are
called cuticle. protected by a hard shell
- Among the most widespread of all animals, - Main parts: Muscular foot, Visceral mass &
nematodes, or roundworms are found in most mantle
aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of - Most molluscs have separate sexes with
plants, and in the body fluids and tissues of gonads located in the visceral mass
animals. - The life cycle of many molluscs includes a
ciliated larval stage called a trochophore
E. PHYLUM ROTIFERA
Classes of Phylum Mollusca:
- Rotifers are tiny animals that inhabit fresh water,
the ocean, and damp soil. a. Polyplacophora – Oval-shaped marine
- Rotifers are smaller than many protists. But are animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal
truly multicellular and have specialized organ plates (Chitons)
systems b. Gastropoda - About three-quarters of a l living
- Rotifers have an alimentary canal. A digestive species of molluscs. Most gastropods are
tube with a separate mouth and anus that lies marine, but there are also many freshwater and
within a fluid filled pseudocoelom terrestrial species
- Rotifers reproduce by parthenogenesis in - Possess a single, spiraled shell
which females produce more females from - Slugs lack a shell or have a reduced shell
unfertilized eggs c. Bivalvia - Include many species of clams,
oysters, mussels, and scallops
Lophophorates:
- Have a shell divided into two symmetric
- Lophophorates have a lophophore. A halves
horseshoe-shaped, suspension-feeding organ - The mantle cavity of a bivalve contains gills
bearing ciliated tentacles. that are used for feeding as well as gas
a. Ectoprocts - are colonial animals that exchange
superficially resemble plants (Sea mats) d. Cephalopoda - Carnivores with beak-like jaws
b. Phoronids - are tube-dwelling marine worms surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot
ranging from 1 mm to 50 cm in length - Most octopuses creep along the sea floor
c. Brachiopods – superficially resemble clams in search of prey
and other hinge-shelled molluscs. But the two
 - Squids use their siphon to fire a jet of I. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
water, which allows them to swim very - Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes
quickly include sea stars
- One small group of shelled cephalopods - Sea stars and most other echinoderms are slow-
are the nautiluses, survives today moving or sessile marine animals
- A thin, bumpy or spiny skin covers an
H. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates
- Arthropods are segmented coelomates that - Chordates and echinoderms share
have an exoskeleton and jointed appendages characteristics of deuterostomes:
- Are found in nearly in all habitats of the a. Radial cleavage
biosphere b. Development of the coelom from the
- Are largely related to their segmentation, hard archenteron
exoskeleton, and jointed appendages c. Formation of the mouth at the end of the
- Early arthropods are trilobites. embryo opposite the blastopore
- The body of an arthropod is completely covered - Unique to echinoderms is a water vascular
by the cuticle, an exoskeleton made of chitin system, A network of hydraulic canals
- When an arthropod grows, It molts its branching into tube feet that function in
exoskeleton in a process called ecdysis. locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange
- Arthropods have an open circulatory system in
Classes of Phylum Echinodermata:
which fluid called hemolymph is circulated into
the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs. a. Asteroidea - Sea stars, have multiple arms
radiating from a central disk. The
Classes of Phylum Arthropoda:
undersurfaces of the arms bear tube feet,
a. Cheliceriformes - Are named for clawlike each of which can act like a suction disk
feeding appendages called chelicerae. Include b. Ophiuroidea - Brittle stars have a distinct
spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, and horseshoe central disk and long, flexible arms
crabs c. Echinoidea - Sea urchins and sand dollars
b. Myriapoda - Includes millipedes (2 pairs of legs have no arms but they do have five rows of
per trunk segment) and centipedes (1 pair of legs tube feet that function in movement
per trunk segment, carnivorous) d. Crinoidea - Sea lilies live attached to the
c. Hexapoda – includes Insects. Flight is obviously substrate by a stalk
one key to the great success of insects e. Holothuroidea - Sea cucumbers upon first
- Many insects undergo metamorphosis inspection do not look much like other
during their development. In incomplete echinoderms
metamorphosis, the young, called - Lack spines, and their endoskeleton is
nymphs resemble adults but are smaller much reduced
and go through a series of molts until they f. Concentricycloidea - Sea daisies were
reach full size discovered in 1986. And only two species are
d. Crustacea – live in marine and freshwater known
environment include lobsters, crabs, crayfish,
Phylum Chordata - consists of two subphyla of
and shrimp
invertebrates as well as the hagfishes and the
- Typically have biramous, branched,
vertebrates which shares many features of
appendages that are extensively
embryonic development with echinoderms
specialized for feeding and locomotion
- Planktonic crustaceans include many
species of Copepods which are among
the most numerous of all animals
- Barnacles are a group of mostly sessile
crustaceans whose cuticle is hardened
into a shell