PRACTICAL WORKBOOK (Revision 02)

APPLIED THERMO FLUIDS

(IM-312)

Students Name: ________________

Department: ___________________
Batch: _________________________
Roll No. : ______________________

Prepared & Revised by:

Muhammad Danish Saleem (Lecturer)

Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

NED University of Engineering & Technology
 2

This is to certify that this manual

contains ……40……..pages

……………………
Dr. Maqsood Ahmed Khan
Chairman
Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department
 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item Page

Experiment 1 To study the pump design evaluation set …………………….... 6

Experiment 2 To analyze operating characteristic curves of Centrifugal pump at

constant RPM……………………………………………….….. 7

Experiment 3 To analyze operating characteristic curves of Centrifugal pump at

variable rpm with different valve position………………......... 11

Experiment 4 To determine pressure distribution inside pump casing………. 14

Experiment 5 To determine the pipe friction losses and minor losses in a piping
system. ..…………………………………………………….....16

Experiment 6 To calibrate the venturimeter and determine volume flow rate. 19

Experiment 7 To calibrate the V-notch and determine volume flow rate. ….…25

Experiment 8 To visualize laminar and turbulent flows and compare Reynolds

numbers, friction factors, mean velocities and head losses…….29

Experiment 9 To study the vapour compression refrigeration cycle. ….….… 33

Experiment 10 To study the air conditioning trainer. ……………….. 36

Experiment Open Ended Lab…………………….... …………… ..... 38

 4

GRADING SHEET

Total Marks = Sessional + Final

50 30 20

Sessional = Psychomotor Assessments + Workbook /Attendance

Sessional = 25 + 05

Final = Final Psychomotor Assessment (10) + Open Ended Lab (10)

SESSIONAL MARKS:

S.No Marks (Out of 6.25)

Psychomotor Assessment 1
Psychomotor Assessment 2
Psychomotor Assessment 3
Psychomotor Assessment 4
Total (25)

Workbook + Attendance (Out of 05) = __________

Sessional = Psychomotor Assessments + Workbook/Attendance

Sessional = ____________ + ___________
Sessional = ____________

FINAL MARKS:

Final = Final Psychomotor Assessment (10) + Open Ended Lab (10)

Final = _____________ + ______________
Final = ____________

Total Marks (50) = Sessional (30) + Final (20)

Total Marks (50) = ____________ + ________________
Total Marks (50) = ________________
 5

Laboratory Regulations
All practical in the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory requires formal laboratory workbook.
The workbook should be completed by students on due dates. In many instances, it is
necessary to compose a plot in order to graphically present the results. Graphs must be
drawn neatly with full details of axis, title, dimension scale, legends etc. There are many
computer programs that have graphing capabilities.

The Laboratory work cover 50 marks out of 150 total course grades. Every student
should attend in his assigned group and should be punctual.
 6

Experiment No. 1
OBJECT

To study the pump design evaluation set.

APPARATUS
Laboratory contains a centrifugal pump test rig by GILKES, model GH 78 AC. The pump is
coupled to an electric motor. The force generated on the coupled motor shaft can be measured by
dynamometer. The force arm is 0.283 m. The flow rate is measured by V notch, venturi meter and
calibrated scale.
There are 07 pressure gauges, which are provided on pump casing. Using these gauges pressure
variation inside casing can be plotted. Pump needs priming before starting in order to remove the
air present inside casing. The discharge pipe is controlled by butterfly valve, which can be
adjusted to 07 positions.

WORKBOOK
1. What type of valve is used for flow rate control in the pump test rig
i) Globe valve
ii) Butterfly valve
iii) Needle valve
2. What is the purpose of V-Notch in pump test rig
i) to measure head
ii) to measure flow rate
iii) to measure speed
3. What is priming and why we need it

4. Calculate Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)= Hs-Hvp

6. Note the least count of Pressure gauges and dynamometer

 7

Experiment No. 2
OBJECT

To analyze operating characteristic curves of Centrifugal pump at constant rpm.

THEORY

Centrifugal pump is a turbomachine. Centrifugal pump is so called because the pressure increases
within its rotor due to centrifugal action. A centrifugal pump consists of a set of rotating vanes,
enclosed within a housing or casing and used to impart energy to a fluid through centrifugal
forces. Stripped of all refinements; a centrifugal pump has two main parts.
I) A rotating element, including an impeller and a shaft &
II) A stationary element made up of a casing, stuffing box and bearings.

Working
Fluid in the centrifugal pump is forced through by means of atmospheric or other pressure, into a
set of rotating vanes. Fluid enters in central portion of impeller, called eye and flows radially
outward and is discharged around the entire circumference into a casing. During flow through a
rotating impeller the fluids receives energy from the vanes, resulting in an increase in both
pressure and absolute velocity. Since a large part of the energy of the fluid in the impeller is
kinetic, it is necessary to reduce the absolute velocity and transform a larger portion of this
velocity head into pressure head. This is accomplished in the volute casing surrounding the
impeller or in flow through diffuser vanes.

Components of Centrifugal Pump

Components of centrifugal pumps are as follows:

IMPELLER
It is a rotating element connects to the shaft. Liquid is admitted to the impeller in axial direction
through central opening called eye of an impeller.

Parts of Impeller
i. Hub
ii. Eye
iii. Vanes
iv. Shrouds

VOLUTE CASING
Volute is the shape of peripherally of casing that surrounds the impeller of centrifugal pump. The
volute type casing collects liquid from impeller and directs it to the discharge outlet. The absolute
velocity of the fluid leaving the impeller is reduced in the volute casing with a resultant increase
in pressure.

STUFFING BOX
The stuffing box’s function is to prevent air leakage into the pump. If this pressure is above
atmospheric, the function is to prevent liquid leakage out of the pump.
 8

BEARING
The function of bearing in centrifugal pump is to keep the shaft or rotor aligned correctly with the
stationary parts under the actions of radial and transverse loads.

SHAFT ASSEMBLY
Shafts are used for power transmission. Centrifugal pump shaft is machined to provide pre-
section fit to all parts including bearing & impeller.

BED PLATE
Pump and its drives are bolted on a bed plate and are aligned. They are usually made of cast iron
or structural steel. The primary function of a pump bed plate is to furnish mounting surfaces for
the pump feed that are capable of being rigidly attached to the foundation.

PUMP DRIVE
Centrifugal pump are driven by either electrical motor or engine. They may be directly coupled or
indirectly coupled.

CLASSIFCATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

i. According to type of Flow:
 Radial flow pump
 Axial flow pump
 Mixed flow pump
ii. According to the type of Suction:
 Single Suction Pump
 Double Suction Pump
iii. According to the no. of Stages:
 Single-Stage Pump
 Multi Stage Pump
iv. According to Type of Impeller:
 Open type impeller
 Semi open impeller
 Close type impeller
v. According to the Type of Casing:
 Volute pump casing
 Diffuser pump casing.

OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

“The Graphical representation of the performance & behavior of centrifugal pump are called
operating characteristic curves”.

With the help of operating characteristic curves pump’s selection & designing is done.
Most important factors are considered in these curves,

i) i) Q = Volume flow rate (liter/sec)

ii) ii)  = Efficiency
 9

iii) iii) H= head (m)

iv) iv) P = Power (watts)
v) v) N = Speed (rpm)

Pumps are designed to operate at the point of best efficiency.

OBSERVATION
Force arm =
Speed (N) = --------------

S.No. Q Force Hs Hd H P in =(2piNT)/60 Pout=HQ =Pout/Pin Valve

positions

APPARATUS

Centrifugal Pump Test Rig

Inlet angle 1 25o

Inlet width b1 26.3 mm
Inlet diameter d1 0.06 m

outlet angle 2 32.5o

outlet width b2 12.6 mm
outlet diameter d2 0.15 m

WORKBOOK
1. Plot the graph between flow rate vs head, power & efficiency. Give comments.
2. What is inlet breath of centrifugal pump (mm)
i) 26.3
ii) 25.3
iii) 24.3

3. What is the blade angle of the centrifugal pump in Pump Test Rig at inlet.
i) 25 degrees
ii) 23 degrees
iii) 20 degrees
 10

F/OBEM 01/03/00
NED University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering

APPLIED THERMO FLUIDS IM-312

Date: ___________________
Psychomotor Domain Assessment Rubric-Level P1
Extent of Achievement
Skill Sets
0 1 2 3 4
Equipment Identification Not able to -- -- -- Able to
Sensory skill to identify identify the identify
equipment and/or its equipment. equipment as
component for a lab work. well as its
components.
Equipment Use Doesn't Slightly Somewhat Moderately dem Fully
Sensory skills to demonstrate demonstrate the demonstrates the demonstrates the onstrates the use demonstrates
the use of the equipment for use of equipment. use of equipment. use of equipment. of equipment. the use of
the lab work. equipment.
Safety Adherence Adherence Doesn’t adhere Slightly adheres Somewhat Moderately Fully
to safety procedures. to safety to safety adheres to safety adheres to adheres to
procedures. procedures. procedures. safety safety
procedures. procedures.
Equipment Handling Doesn’t handle Rarely handles Occasionally Often handles Handles
Equipment care during the equipment with equipment with handles equipment equipment
use. required care required care equipment with with required with required
required care care care
Group Work Doesn't Slightly Somewhat Moderately Fully
Contributes in a group based participate and participates and participates and participates and participates and
lab work. contribute. contributes. contributes. contributes. contributes.

Weighted CLO (Psychomotor Score)

Remarks

Instructor’s Signature with Date

 11

Experiment No. 3
OBJECT

To analyze operating characteristic curves of Centrifugal pump at variable rpm with

different valve positions.

THEORY

Centrifugal pump is a turbomachine. Centrifugal pump is so called because the pressure increases
within its rotor due to centrifugal action. A centrifugal pump consists of a set of rotating vanes,
enclosed within a housing or casing and used to impart energy to a fluid through centrifugal
forces. Stripped of all refinements; a centrifugal pump has two main parts.
III) A rotating element, including an impeller and a shaft &
IV) A stationary element made up of a casing, stuffing box and bearings.

WORKING

Fluid in the centrifugal pump is forced through by means of atmospheric or other pressure, into a
set of rotating vanes. Fluid enters in central portion of impeller, called eye and flows radially
outward and is discharged around the entire circumference into a casing. During flow through a
rotating impeller the fluids receives energy from the vanes, resulting in an increase in both
pressure and absolute velocity. Since a large part of the energy of the fluid in the impeller is
kinetic, it is necessary to reduce the absolute velocity and transform a larger portion of this
velocity head into pressure head. This is accomplished in the volute casing surrounding the
impeller or in flow through diffuser vanes.

Components of Centrifugal Pump

Components of centrifugal pumps are as follows:

IMPELLER
It is a rotating element connects to the shaft. Liquid is admitted to the impeller in axial direction
through central opening called eye of an impeller.

Parts of Impeller
v. Hub
vi. Eye
vii. Vanes
viii. Shrouds

VOLUTE CASING
Volute is the shape of peripherally of casing that surrounds the impeller of centrifugal pump. The
volute type casing collects liquid from impeller and direct it to the discharge outlet. The absolute
velocity of the fluid leaving the impeller is reduced in the volute casing with a resultant increase
in pressure.
 12

STUFFING BOX
The stuffing box’s function is to prevent air leakage into the pump. If this pressure is above
atmospheric, the function is to prevent liquid leakage out of the pump.

BEARING
The function of bearing in centrifugal pump is to keep the shaft or rotor aligned correctly with the
stationary parts under the actions of radial and transverse loads.

SHAFT ASSEMBLY
Shafts are used for power transmission. Centrifugal pump shaft is machined to provide pre-
section fit to all parts including bearing & impeller.

BED PLATE
Pump and its drives are bolted on a bed plate and are aligned. They are usually made of cast iron
or structural steel. The primary function of a pump bed plate is to furnish mounting surfaces for
the pump feed that are capable of being rigidly attached to the foundation.

PUMP DRIVE
Centrifugal pump are driven by either electrical motor or engine. They may be directly coupled or
indirectly coupled.

CLASSIFCATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

i. According to type of Flow:
 Radial flow pump
 Axial flow pump
 Mixed flow pump
ii. According to the type of Suction:
 Single Suction Pump
 Double Suction Pump
iii. According to the no. of Stages:
 Single-Stage Pump
 Multi Stage Pump
iv. According to Type of Impeller:
 Open type impeller
 Semi open impeller
 Close type impeller
v. According to the Type of Casing:
 Volute pump casing
 Diffuser pump casing.

OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

“The Graphical representation of the performance & behavior of centrifugal pump are called
operating characteristic curves”.

With the help of operating characteristic curves pump’s selection & designing is done.
Most important factors are considered in these curves,
 13

i) Q = Volume flow rate (liter/sec)

ii)  = Efficiency
iii) H= head (m)
iv) P = Power (watts)
v) N = Speed (rpm)

Pumps are designed to operate at the point of best efficiency.

OBSERVATION
Force arm =

S.No. Q Force Hs Hd H P in =(2piNT)/60 Pout=HQ =Pout/Pin RPM

APPARATUS

Centrifugal Pump Test Rig

Inlet angle 1 25o

Inlet width b1 26.3 mm
Inlet diameter d1 0.06 m

outlet angle 2 32.5o

outlet width b2 12.6 mm
outlet diameter d2 0.15 m

WORKBOOK
1. Plot the graph between flow rate vs head, power & efficiency. Give comments.
2. What is inlet breath of centrifugal pump (mm)
iv) 26.3
v) 25.3
vi) 24.3

3. What is the blade angle of the centrifugal pump in Pump Test Rig at inlet.
vii) 25 degrees
viii) 23 degrees
ix) 20 degrees
 14

Experiment No. 4
OBJECT

To determine pressure distribution inside pump casing

THEORY

Local boiling due to sudden drop in vapor pressure is called cavitation. This
phenomenon is very important and has been investigated thoroughly by scientist. It
posses serious troubles in turbomachinary. The practical design of turbomachinary must
include this as a design aspect.

PROCEDURE

The pump has its intake located in the sump. The fluid is pumped through a pipe with a
valve and is returned to the sump. Calibrated Bourdon gages are used to measure the
intake and discharge pressures. The rate of discharge is adjustable by means of the valve
in the discharge pipe.

Start the motor and set the flow rate to the maximum possible discharge that can be read
on the manometer scales. Then record the manometer deflection and the pressures from
the Bourdon gauges.

Finally, motor speeds will vary slightly depending on the load, and should therefore be
measured for each run with a tachometer. The instructor will demonstrate its use.

Repeat the measurement of discharge & pressures and motor speed (rpm) for 07 equally
spaced discharge rates or at 07 discharge valve positions.

APPARATUS

The pump test rig available in lab using a centrifugal pump driven through a coupling by
an electric motor. In this experiment, an AC motor operating at a constant nominal speed
or rpm is used.

WORKBOOK
1. Define NPSH and Cavitation.
2. At which location chances of Cavitations are highest
i) at center of impeller
ii) at end of impeller
iii) in the diffuser casing
 15

F/OBEM 01/03/00
NED University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering

APPLIED THERMO FLUIDS IM-312

Date: ___________________
Psychomotor Domain Assessment Rubric-Level P1
Extent of Achievement
Skill Sets
0 1 2 3 4
Equipment Identification Not able to -- -- -- Able to
Sensory skill to identify identify the identify
equipment and/or its equipment. equipment as
component for a lab work. well as its
components.
Equipment Use Doesn't Slightly Somewhat Moderately dem Fully
Sensory skills to demonstrate demonstrate the demonstrates the demonstrates the onstrates the use demonstrates
the use of the equipment for use of equipment. use of equipment. use of equipment. of equipment. the use of
the lab work. equipment.
Safety Adherence Adherence Doesn’t adhere Slightly adheres Somewhat Moderately Fully
to safety procedures. to safety to safety adheres to safety adheres to adheres to
procedures. procedures. procedures. safety safety
procedures. procedures.
Equipment Handling Doesn’t handle Rarely handles Occasionally Often handles Handles
Equipment care during the equipment with equipment with handles equipment equipment
use. required care required care equipment with with required with required
required care care care
Group Work Doesn't Slightly Somewhat Moderately Fully
Contributes in a group based participate and participates and participates and participates and participates and
lab work. contribute. contributes. contributes. contributes. contributes.

Weighted CLO (Psychomotor Score)

Remarks

Instructor’s Signature with Date

 16

Experiment No. 5

Object:

To determine the pipe friction losses and minor losses in a piping system.

Theory:

Major losses result from the dissipation of energy due to friction as fluid flows through a
pipe. A minor loss, also the result of energy dissipation due to friction as well as flow
separation and other three-dimensional effects, occurs when fluid flows through or
encounters a fitting in the pipeline (e.g. expansions, contractions, bends, or valves).
Major (pipe friction) and minor losses are commonly quantified as head loss, and have
dimensions of length.
L V2
For major losses: hL  f  p   hL for a horizontal pipe, where
D 2g
64 1  D 2.51 
f  for laminar flows and  2.0log    for turbulent
Re  3.7 Re f
f  
flows.
V2
For minor losses: hL  K L  p   hL
2g
Apparatus Description:

The test bench used to study pressure drops in pipes is shown in the figure. It basically
consists of:
An aluminium panel placed vertically, where all the elements to be studied are located.

A pumping and flow regulation system.
They include all the elements and accessories needed for the equipment to work in an
autonomous way. The specifications are given below.

Types of pipes:
1. Rough pipe (PVC covered in sand); outside diameter of 25mm and an inside diameter
of 17mm.
2. Rough pipe (PVC covered in sand); outside diameter of 32mm and an inside diameter
of 23mm.
3. Smooth pipe (methacrylate); outside diameter of 10mm and an inside diameter of
6.5mm.
 17

4. Smooth pipe (PVC); outside diameter of 20mm and an inside diameter of 16.5mm.
5. Smooth pipe (PVC); outside diameter of 32mm and an inside diameter of 26.5mm.

Types of valves:
1. Angle-seat valve with inner diameter of 20mm.
2. Gate valve with inner diameter of 20mm.
3. Diaphragm valve with inner diameter of 20mm.
4. Ball valve with inner diameter of 20mm.

Types of couplings:
1. In-line strainer; inside diameter of 20mm.
2. Elbow of 90º; inside diameter of 20mm.
3. Double elbow of 90º; inside diameter of 20mm.
4. Elbow of 45º; inside diameter of 20mm.
5. T of 45º. Inner diameter of 20mm.
6. Sudden widening; its section changes from 25mm to 40mm in diameter.
7. Sudden reduction; its section changes from 40mm to 25mm in diameter.

Special couplings:
1. Pitot tube of 30mm long, external diameter of 4mm and internal diameter of 2.5mm.
2. Venturi tube of 180mm long, larger section of 32mm and minor section of 20mm.
3. Diaphragm with a measuring plate, larger diameter of 25mm and minor diameter of
20mm.

The circuits have 7 ball valves (V1-V7), required to distribute the flow through the
different elements tested.

The equipment has pressure taps, located at the beginning and at the end of every element
studied. Each one of them connects easily to Bourdon gauges and water manometers. The
Bourdon gauge will be used to measure larger differences of pressure, while the water
manometer will be used to measure small differences of pressure.
 18

Observations & Results:

Rough pipe length L = _______________________ Pipe roughness  =_____________

Smooth pipe length L = __________ Kinematic viscosity of water = 0.9 x106 m2/s

S. No. Type of Flow Velocity Head loss or Reynolds Friction

pipe/fitting rate (m/s) Manometer number factor/
(l/h) reading Loss
(mm) coefficient
 19

Experiment No. 6

OBJECT:

To calibrate the venturimeter and determine volume flow rate.

APPARATUS: Pump test rig.

THEORY:

Venturimeter:
It is a device used for measuring volume flow rate in pipelines. It is based on
Bernoulli’s principle i.e., when velocity head increases in an accelerating flow, there
is a corresponding drop in pressure head. It comprises three sections, which are as
under.

1. Converging section: It is a duct which converges from the diameter of pipe to smallest
diameter; the cone angle varies from 18° to 20°. The acceleration of fluid is achieved in
the convergent area as the velocity progressively increases in the direction of flow. The
function of converging cone is thus to convert pressure energy into kinetic energy.

2. Throat: It is the venturimeter section where the cross-sectional area is minimum.

Consequently the flow velocity has maximum value at the throat.

3. Diverging section: It is the portion of the duct which diverges from the smallest
diameter to the diameter of pipe. The cone angle can vary from 5° to 7°. The length of
diverging section is greater than that of the converging section owing to the higher losses
associated with decelerating flows undergoing sudden expansion. The function of
diffuser is to convert the kinetic energy of flow into pressure energy by reducing the
velocity and to restore the pressure as close as possible to its original value at inlet.

Bernoulli’s equation: It applies to steady flow of an ideal fluid. For any two points in an
incompressible flow:

(V12/2g) + (p1/) + z1 = (V22/2g) + (p2/) + z2

Since z1 = z2

(V12/2g) + (p1/) = (V22/2g) + (p2/)

(p1 – p2) / = (V22 – V12) /2g …………….. (1)

 20

Equation of Continuity:

Q = AV, where A is area perpendicular to the flow and V is the velocity of flow. Since the flow is
steady, it follows that:

A1 V1 = A2 V2
V1 = V2 A2 /A1  V1 = V2 . (d22 / d12)

Substituting the expression for V1 in Eq. (1),

2(p1 – p2) / = V22 – V22 . (d24 / d14)

2(p1 – p2) / = V22 [ 1 – (d24 / d14)]

V2 = [ d12 / (d14 – d24)0.5 ] [2(p1 – p2) / …………….. (2)

From the manometric equation we know that

(p1 – p2) /g Δh [( m / w ) - 1] …………….. (3)

Combining Eqs. (2) & (3), we get

V2 = [ d12 / (d14 – d24)0.5 ] {2 g Δh [( m / w ) - 1]

Now
Qideal = A2 V2
= (π d22 /4) V2 m3 /s
= (π d22 /4) V2 x 3600 m³ /hr

For the given venturimeter: pipe diameter ‘d1’ = 104.8 mm, throat diameter ‘d2’ = 55.5
mm, density of mercury ρm = 13750 kg/m³, and density of water ρw = 1000 kg/m³. Thus

Qideal = 142.42 (Δh)0.5 m³/hr

Coefficient of Discharge: It is the ratio of actual flow to ideal flow.

Cd = Qactual / Qideal

In the flow of a real fluid loss of energy takes place between the sections under
consideration. On this account the actual velocity at the throat becomes less than the
theoretical velocity. This causes a corresponding decrease in actual discharge as
compared to the theoretical discharge. In order to determine actual discharge, the
coefficient of discharge is introduced. Coefficient of discharge depends upon
 21

 Reynolds number.
 Surface roughness.
 Diameter ratio.
 Placement of pipe fittings such as valves, bends, and orifice plate upstream of the
venturimeter.

OBSERVATIONS:

S. No. Pump Pump Δh Qactual Qideal Cd Re

speed speed
(%) (rpm) (mm) (m³/hr) (m³/hr)

CALCULATIONS & GRAPHS:

Working formulae:
Qideal = A2 V2 ; Cd = Qactual / Qideal ; Re = V2 d2 /  ( is the kinematic viscosity
of water).

Qideal vs. Δh
 22

Qactual vs. Δh

Cd vs. Re

CONCLUSIONS:
 23

Questions

Q-1. Which of the following arrangements should be used for placement of

manometer taps? Underline your choice.

(a) At the throat and end of divergent section.

(b) At the beginning of convergent section and the end of divergent section.
(c) At the beginning of convergent section and at the throat.
(d) Midway between the convergent and divergent sections.

Q-2. The manometer reading would (a) increase (b) decrease (c) fluctuate (d) remain
unchanged if the venturimeter is inclined.

Ans: __________________________________________________________________

Q-3. Why is the length of the divergent section greater than that of the convergent
section?

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Q-4. The value of Cd will: (a) be greater than Cv (b) be greater than Cc (c) be less than
Cv (d) be less than Cc (e) lie between Cv and Cc. Which is the correct choice? Give
reason.

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Q-5. At which point in the venturimeter can one expect incipient cavitation to occur,
and why?

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
 24

F/OBEM 01/03/00
NED University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering

APPLIED THERMO FLUIDS IM-312

Date: ___________________
Psychomotor Domain Assessment Rubric-Level P1
Extent of Achievement
Skill Sets
0 1 2 3 4
Equipment Identification Not able to -- -- -- Able to
Sensory skill to identify identify the identify
equipment and/or its equipment. equipment as
component for a lab work. well as its
components.
Equipment Use Doesn't Slightly Somewhat Moderately dem Fully
Sensory skills to demonstrate demonstrate the demonstrates the demonstrates the onstrates the use demonstrates
the use of the equipment for use of equipment. use of equipment. use of equipment. of equipment. the use of
the lab work. equipment.
Safety Adherence Adherence Doesn’t adhere Slightly adheres Somewhat Moderately Fully
to safety procedures. to safety to safety adheres to safety adheres to adheres to
procedures. procedures. procedures. safety safety
procedures. procedures.
Equipment Handling Doesn’t handle Rarely handles Occasionally Often handles Handles
Equipment care during the equipment with equipment with handles equipment equipment
use. required care required care equipment with with required with required
required care care care
Group Work Doesn't Slightly Somewhat Moderately Fully
Contributes in a group based participate and participates and participates and participates and participates and
lab work. contribute. contributes. contributes. contributes. contributes.

Weighted CLO (Psychomotor Score)

Remarks

Instructor’s Signature with Date

 25

Experiment No. 7
OBJECT: To calibrate the V-notch and determine volume flow rate.

APPARATUS: Pump test rig.

THEORY:

V-Notch:
It is a triangular weir which is used to measure volume flow rate for small
discharges in open channels. It is designed to avoid surface tension effects associated
with the flow at low heads. It is particularly useful where the discharge varies over a
large range.

To obtain relevant equations for flow measurement, we apply Bernoulli’s equation

between two points – the first point is taken on the surface and the second within the
flow.

(V12/2g) + (p1/) + z1 = (V22/2g) + (p2/) + z2

Since the pressures at the surface and within the flow are the same (i.e. atmospheric)
for open channel flows, the above equation reduces to

(V12/2g) + z1 = (V22/2g) + z2
(V12/2g) + z1 - z2 = (V22/2g)

Since z1 = H, z2 = H-h, and V1 (the surface fluid velocity) is very small, we can write
V2 = (2gh)0.5 ……………………….. (1)

Applying the continuity equation to the elemental area dA (shown in the figure), we
get
dq = V2 dA
= (2gh)0.5 dA
= (2gh)0.5 2.x.dh
= (2gh)0.5 2.(H-h) tan .dh

Qideal = 2(2g)0.5 tan  h0.5 (H-h)dh

The notch angle (= 2) is 90o. Solving the integral and simplifying we obtain

Qideal = 2.3624 H5/2 m3/s

= 8504.54 H5/2 m3/hr
 26

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

S. No. Pump speed Pump speed H Qactual Qideal Cd

(rpm) (%) (mm) (m3/hr) (m3/hr)

Qideal vs. H
 27

Qactual vs. H

Cd vs. H

RESULTS:
 28

Questions

Q-1. How would you classify the flow through the V-notch, on the basis of flow
dimensionality?

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Q-2. What is the effect of varying the surface tension of the liquid on the value of Cd?

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Q-3. What is the critical Reynolds number for open channel flows and how is it
determined?

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Q-4. How does the Cd vary with change in Renolds number?

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
 29

Experiment No. 8
OBJECT: To visualize laminar and turbulent flows and compare Reynolds
numbers, friction factors, mean velocities and head losses.

APPARATUS: Glass tube with colour injecting arrangement, stop watch, beaker.

THEORY:

Laminar Flow:
In laminar flow, the fluid particles move along straight, parallel paths in the form of
layers or lamina. The magnitude of the velocity of adjacent layers is not the same.
Laminar flow is governed by the law relating shear stress ‘’ to rate of angular
deformation, i.e. the product of the viscosity ‘’ of the fluid and velocity gradient
‘du/dy’. Mathematically:  =  (du/dy).

Turbulent Flow:
In turbulent flow, the particles of the fluid move in a haphazard fashion in all
directions and it is not possible to trace the motion of an individual particle. The
shear stress for turbulent flow can be expressed as:

 = (+)(du/dy) where  is the eddy viscosity.

Some characteristics of turbulent flow are: Very high velocity of fluid particles, Reynolds
number greater than 2100, losses vary as the power of velocity from 1.7 to 2.0 (hL  un ;
1.7 n  2) and variation in velocity & pressure with time.

Reynolds Number:
Since Re = ( V d) /  and Q = AV = ( d2/4) V, it follows that
V = 4Q/  d2 and Re = 4Q/ d.

Friction factor:
For laminar flow: f = 64/Re
For turbulent flow: 1/f = 2 log (Re f) – 0.8
f = 0.316 / Re0.25 4000 < Re < 105

Head Loss:
hL = f (L/d) (V2 / 2g)
 30

PROCEDURE:

Water is made to flow through the tube. At the end of the tube a constant flow rate is maintained
for a particular reading with the help of the valve. For each reading water is collected in a beaker
at the end of tube and the time is noted with the help of stop. Colour is injected through the tube
to visualize the type of flow.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

L = 70 cm, d = 2.4 cm ,  = 0.687 x 10-6 m2/s at 37.8 C

Laminar flow
S. No. Volume Volume t Q Re f
(ml) (m3) (sec) (m3/sec)
1.
2.
3.
4.

Turbulent flow
S. No. Volume Volume t Q Re f
(ml) (m3) (sec) (m3/sec)
1.
2.
3.
4.

RESULTS:

Laminar flow
Reynolds number is …………………… ; Friction factor is ……………………. ;
Mean velocity is ………………… cm/sec; Lost head is ….……………………. m;

Turbulent flow
Reynolds number is ……………………. ; Friction factor is ……………………. ;
Mean velocity is ………………… cm/sec; Lost head is ………………………. m;
 31

Questions

Q-1. The method of flow visualization used in the experiment generates (a) path lines
(b) streak lines (c) stream lines (d) all of these three; state your reason.

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Q-2. In turbulent flow the Reynolds number is least significant in (a) viscous sublayer
(b) buffer region (c) core region (d) throughout the fluid.

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Q-3. Identify which of the following are characteristics of laminar flow and which
pertain to turbulent flow.

(a) Re < 2100

(b) No slip condition.
(c) Bulk mixing of the fluid.
(d) Linear shear stress distribution.
(e) Parabolic velocity profile.

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Q-4. Reynolds stresses are associated with ……………………… and represent the
…………………………………… ………………………………………………..

Q-5. How will the presence of a small degree of surface roughness affect the friction
factor in laminar flow?

Ans: __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
 32

F/OBEM 01/03/00
NED University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering

APPLIED THERMO FLUIDS IM-312

Date: ___________________
Psychomotor Domain Assessment Rubric-Level P1
Extent of Achievement
Skill Sets
0 1 2 3 4
Equipment Identification Not able to -- -- -- Able to
Sensory skill to identify identify the identify
equipment and/or its equipment. equipment as
component for a lab work. well as its
components.
Equipment Use Doesn't Slightly Somewhat Moderately dem Fully
Sensory skills to demonstrate demonstrate the demonstrates the demonstrates the onstrates the use demonstrates
the use of the equipment for use of equipment. use of equipment. use of equipment. of equipment. the use of
the lab work. equipment.
Safety Adherence Adherence Doesn’t adhere Slightly adheres Somewhat Moderately Fully
to safety procedures. to safety to safety adheres to safety adheres to adheres to
procedures. procedures. procedures. safety safety
procedures. procedures.
Equipment Handling Doesn’t handle Rarely handles Occasionally Often handles Handles
Equipment care during the equipment with equipment with handles equipment equipment
use. required care required care equipment with with required with required
required care care care
Group Work Doesn't Slightly Somewhat Moderately Fully
Contributes in a group based participate and participates and participates and participates and participates and
lab work. contribute. contributes. contributes. contributes. contributes.

Weighted CLO (Psychomotor Score)

Remarks

Instructor’s Signature with Date

 33

Experiment No. 9

OBJECT: Study of vapour compression cycle of refrigeration system.

THEORY:

The ideal refrigeration cycle consists of following four processes:

1-2 : Isentropic compression in compressor

2-3: Constant pressure heat rejection in condenser.
3-4: Constant enthalpy throttling process in expansion valve
4-5: Constant pressure heat addition in evaporator.

Three of the four processes in the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle are
reversible but process 3-4 is irreversible. Following schematic diagram shows the
refrigeration cycle

OBSERVATION:
 34

S. No Parameters Rated Values / In & Out

1 Condenser Pressure
2 Condenser Temperature
3 Evaporator Pressure
4 Evaporator Temperature
5 Compressor Suction Pressure
6 Compressor Suction Temperature

Questions

Q1: Make a list of major components of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle. Also
write the function of each component.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..

Q2: Why an engine is not used in place of expansion valve in a vapor-compression

refrigeration cycle.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………

Q3: Does ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle involve any internal irreversibility?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
 35

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………

Q:4 How many types of compressors are used in refrigeration & air-conditioning plants?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
 36

Experiment No. 10

OBJECT: To study the air-conditioning trainer.

APPARATUS:

Air-conditioning trainer

COMPONENTS:
Following are the major’s components of air conditioning trainer.

1. Evaporator
2. Condenser
3. Compressor
4. Capillary.
5. Dryer

ACCESSORIES:

Following are the basic accessories of air conditioning trainer.

1. Two fans with single motor

2. Three thermometers
3. Three pressure gauges
4. One valve

WORKING:

The refrigerant in the vapor form enters the compressor. After compression process the
refrigerant in superheated state enters the condenser where heat is rejected by air through
convection. The refrigerant then enters the dryer where moisture is absorbed. Next
process of the cycle is throttling in which pressure of the liquid refrigerant is reduced
through capillary tube. Liquid refrigerant then enters the evaporator where it cools the
medium. Finally, the refrigerant becomes superheated and enters the compressor to
completer the cycle.

Pressure gases are installed in the unit for measuring the high and low pressure of cycle
while thermometers are installed the temperature of the refrigerant at different locations.
 37

Questions

Q.1: What may cause copper tubing to harden?

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q 2: Name the refrigerants/ solutions mostly used for absorption type system.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………

Q 3: Which is the most common material for expansion valve?

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q 4: How does capillary tube operate?

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q 5: What is the purpose of timer on a domestic refrigerator?

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
 38

(COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM/ OPEN

ENDED LAB)

QUESTION: (Attach this Template as Title of your Report)

a. To make a water pump capable of throwing water according to the height of piping
system of your home. Also include schematic diagram of piping system of house with its
assumptions, properties, analysis and calculations.
b. Submit a brief report including
i. Schematic diagram of centrifugal pump with its working (piping system & its
major and minor losses)
ii. Flow chart of manufacturing process of centrifugal pump
iii. Manufacturing process with pictures
iv. List of parts
v. Material selection criteria
vi. Pump characteristic curve
vii. Cost
viii. Conclusion
Note: Assume data where missing. Two or more students having same piping conditions
will not be accepted or 50% marks will be detected.

Instructions for Submission:

Submit Part (a) Open Ended Lab with its rubrics with practical workbook (Marks: 10)
Submit Part (b) Complex Engineering problem in hard format (Marks: 10)
Insert INDEX, and Page numbers on each page. Hand written report will also be
accepted.

Submission Date: 1st January 2024

Student Name
Student Roll No. IM-
Subject Applied Thermo Fluids (IM-312)
Batch 2021
Session Fall - 2023
Department Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering,
NEDUET
 39

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering
APPLIED THERMO FLUIDS IM-312

Roll #: _________ Name: ___________________________

Complex Engineering Problem Assessment Rubric

Extent of Achievement
Skill Sets 0 1 2 3

The student
The student The student The student
performance in
shows progress consistently demonstrates
the criterion is
but required meets exceptional
below
further expectations and performance in all
Problem Statement expectations and
improvement in performs well in aspects of the
needs significant
the criterion. the criterion. criterion.
improvement.
The student
The student The student The student
performance in
shows progress consistently demonstrates
the criterion is
but required meets exceptional
Problem Analysis below
further expectations and performance in all
expectations and
improvement in performs well in aspects of the
needs significant
the criterion. the criterion. criterion.
improvement.
The student
The student The student The student
performance in
shows progress consistently demonstrates
the criterion is
but required meets exceptional
below
Findings and Solution further expectations and performance in all
expectations and
improvement in performs well in aspects of the
needs significant
the criterion. the criterion. criterion.
improvement.
The student
The student The student The student
performance in
shows progress consistently demonstrates
the criterion is
but required meets exceptional
Report Writing below
further expectations and performance in all
expectations and
improvement in performs well in aspects of the
needs significant
the criterion. the criterion. criterion.
improvement.

Weighted CLO (Psychomotor Score)

Remarks

Instructor’s Signature with Date:

 40

F/OBEM 01/03/00
NED University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering
APPLIED THERMO FLUIDS IM-312

Final Psychomotor Assessment

Date: ___________________
Psychomotor Domain Assessment Rubric-Level P1
Extent of Achievement
Skill Sets
0 1 2 3 4
Equipment Identification Not able to -- -- -- Able to
Sensory skill to identify identify the identify
equipment and/or its equipment. equipment as
component for a lab work. well as its
components.
Equipment Use Doesn't Slightly Somewhat Moderately dem Fully
Sensory skills to demonstrate demonstrate the demonstrates the demonstrates the onstrates the use demonstrates
the use of the equipment for use of equipment. use of equipment. use of equipment. of equipment. the use of
the lab work. equipment.
Safety Adherence Adherence Doesn’t adhere Slightly adheres Somewhat Moderately Fully
to safety procedures. to safety to safety adheres to safety adheres to adheres to
procedures. procedures. procedures. safety safety
procedures. procedures.
Equipment Handling Doesn’t handle Rarely handles Occasionally Often handles Handles
Equipment care during the equipment with equipment with handles equipment equipment
use. required care required care equipment with with required with required
required care care care
Group Work Doesn't Slightly Somewhat Moderately Fully
Contributes in a group based participate and participates and participates and participates and participates and
lab work. contribute. contributes. contributes. contributes. contributes.

Weighted CLO (Psychomotor Score)

Remarks

Instructor’s Signature with Date