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Semester Two
Examination 2022
Question/Answer booklet

CHEMISTRY
UNITS 3 & 4

Name: __________________________________________________________________________________________

Teacher: _______________________________________________________________________________________

TIME ALLOWED FOR THIS PAPER

Reading time before commencing work: Ten minutes
Working time for the paper: Three hours

MATERIALS REQUIRED/RECOMMENDED FOR THIS PAPER

To be provided by the supervisor:

This Question/Answer Booklet
Multiple-choice Answer Sheet
Chemistry Data Book

To be provided by the candidate:

Standard items: pens, pencils, eraser or correction fluid, ruler, highlighter.

Special items: calculators satisfying the conditions set by the SCSA for this subject.

IMPORTANT NOTE TO CANDIDATES

No other items may be taken into the examination room. It is your responsibility to ensure that you
do not have any unauthorised notes or other items of a non-personal nature in the examination
room. If you have any unauthorised material with you, hand it to the supervisor before reading any
further.
2 CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4

Structure of this paper

Number of Number of Suggested
Marks Percentage of
Section questions questions to working time
available exam
available be answered (minutes)

Section One:
Multiple-choice 25 25 50 25 25

Section Two:
Short answer 9 9 60 82 35

Section Three:
Extended 5 5 70 94 40
answer

100

Instructions to candidates

1. Answer the questions according to the following instructions.

Section One: Answer all questions on the separate Multiple-choice Answer Sheet provided.
For each question shade the box to indicate your answer. Use only a blue or
black pen to shade the boxes. If you make a mistake, place a cross through
that square then shade your new answer. Do not erase or use correction
fluid/tape. Marks will not be deducted for incorrect answers. No marks will be
given if more than one answer is completed for any question.

Sections Two and Three: Write your answers in this Question/Answer Booklet.

2. When calculating numerical answers, show your working or reasoning clearly. Express
numerical answers to the appropriate number of significant figures and include appropriate
units where applicable.

3. You must be careful to confine your responses to the specific questions asked and to follow
any instructions that are specific to a particular question.

4. Spare pages are included at the end of this booklet. They can be used for planning your
responses and/or as additional space if required to continue an answer.
 Planning: If you use the spare pages for planning, indicate this clearly at the top of the
page.
 Continuing an answer: If you need to use the space to continue an answer, indicate in
the original answer space where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number. Fill
in the number of the question(s) that you are continuing to answer at the top of the page.

5. The Chemistry Data Book is not handed in with your Question/Answer Booklet.

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CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4 3

Section One: Multiple-choice 25% (25 marks)

This section has 25 questions. Answer all questions on the separate Multiple-choice Answer Sheet
provided. For each question, shade the box to indicate your answer. Use only a blue or black pen
to shade the boxes. If you make a mistake, place a cross through that square then shade your
new answer. Do not erase or use correction fluid/tape. Marks will not be deducted for incorrect
answers. No marks will be given if more than one answer is completed for any question.

Suggested working time: 50 minutes.

1. Consider the equilibrium between dichromate and chromate ions.

Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ 2 CrO42-(aq) + 2 H+(aq)

A change was imposed upon the system, the result of which can be represented by the
following rate graph.
Reaction rate

for

rev

Time

What was the imposed change?

(a) Addition of Na2Cr2O7(aq).

(b) Addition of H2O(l).
(c) Addition of Na2CrO4(aq).
(d) Addition of HCl(aq).

2. Which of the bolded elements has a different oxidation number to the others?

(a) K2S2O3
(b) Na3PO4
(c) HNO3
(d) V2O5

3. Excess chlorine water was added to a test tube containing potassium bromide solution. The
mixture was shaken and allowed to sit until all reactions were complete. The final mixture in
the test tube would contain

(a) Cl2(aq), Cl-(aq) and Br2(aq) only.

(b) K+(aq), Br2(aq) and Cl2(aq) only.
(c) Br -(aq), Cl-(aq), Cl2(aq) and Br2(aq) only.
(d) K+(aq), Cl2(aq), Cl-(aq) and Br2(aq) only.

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4 CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4

4. Consider the organic compound shown below.

H H OH H H

HO C C C C C

H OH H OH O

When this compound was completely oxidised with excess acidified sodium dichromate
solution, which of the following would be the major organic product formed?

(a) O H OH H H

C C C C C

H OH H OH O

(b) O H OH H OH

C C C C C

HO OH H OH O

(c) O O H

C C C C C

H O O O

O O OH
(d)

C C C C C

HO O O O

5. Ocean acidification has severe consequences for many calcifying species. The following
equation shows the interaction between solid calcium carbonate and hydronium ions in the
ocean.

CaCO3(s) + H3O+(aq) ⇌ Ca2+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) + H2O(l)

An increase in the concentration of H3O+(aq), as caused by ocean acidification, would not

result in

(a) the equilibrium position shifting to the right.

(b) an increase in HCO3-(aq) concentration.
(c) a decrease in the mass of CaCO3(s) present.
(d) an increase in the K value.

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CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4 5

6. Consider the partially drawn diagram of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.

gas X   gas
 H+

 H+ Y

 H+
waste gas   waste gas

Which of the following correctly identifies reactant gas X and the polarity of electrode Y?

Gas X Polarity of Electrode Y

(a) H2(g) positive
(b) H2(g) negative
(c) O2(g) positive
(d) O2(g) negative

Question 7 and 8 refer to the information below.

Consider the following five (5) pairs of substances.

(i) H2SO4 and NaHSO4

(ii) HCl and NaCl
(iii) H2SO3 and NaHSO3
(iv) HNO3 and CH3COOH
(v) NaHSO4 and Na2SO4

7. Which pairs contain one strong acid and one weak acid?

(a) (i) and (ii) only.

(b) (i) and (iii) only.
(c) (i) and (iv) only.
(d) (ii) and (iv) only.

8. Which pairs could be mixed in aqueous solution to form a buffer?

(a) (i) and (v) only.

(b) (ii), (iii) and (v) only.
(c) (ii) and (iv) only.
(d) (iii) and (v) only.

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6 CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4

Questions 9 and 10 refer to the -amino acids alanine, glycine, leucine and valine.

A section of protein contained four (4) -amino acids as shown in the diagram below.

H3C CH3

CH H3C CH3

CH2 H CH CH3

N C C N C C N C C N C C

H H O H H O H H O H H O

9. What is the primary sequence of this section of protein?

(a) Leu – Gly – Val – Ala

(b) Val – Gly – Leu – Ala
(c) Leu – Ala – Val – Gly
(d) Val – Ala – Leu – Gly

10. Which of these -amino acids has the IUPAC name 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid?

(a) Alanine
(b) Glycine
(c) Leucine
(d) Valine

11. A particular reaction has a forward activation energy of 393 kJ and a reverse activation
energy of 321 kJ. The forward reaction is therefore

(a) endothermic with H = +72 kJ.

(b) endothermic with H = -72 kJ.
(c) exothermic with H = +72 kJ.
(d) exothermic with H = -72 kJ.

12. A sample of waste vegetable oil was divided in half and then each half was converted to
biodiesel. One half of the vegetable oil was converted to biodiesel using a sodium
hydroxide catalyst, whilst the other half was converted using a lipase catalyst.

Which of the following would remain the same, regardless of the choice of catalyst?

(a) The chemical structure of the biodiesel.

(b) The rate of production of the biodiesel.
(c) The purity of the biodiesel.
(d) The cost of the biodiesel production.

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CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4 7

Questions 13 and 14 refer to the equilibrium system below.

The following system is at equilibrium.

2 N2(g) + O2(g) + heat ⇌ 2 N2O(g)

Consider the effect of imposing the following changes on this equilibrium. The effect of each of
these changes should be considered in isolation.

(i) Adding N2(g)

(ii) Removing O2(g)
(iii) Increasing the volume of the system
(iv) Increasing the temperature of the system
(v) Adding a catalyst to the system

13. Which of these changes would instantaneously increase the rate of the reverse reaction?

(a) (i) and (iv) only.

(b) (ii) and (iii) only.
(c) (iv) and (v) only.
(d) (v) only.

14. Which of these changes would result in the reverse reaction being favoured?

(a) (i), (iv) and (v) only.

(b) (ii) and (iii) only.
(c) (ii), (iii) and (v) only.
(d) (iv) and (v) only.

15. Consider a micelle formed from soap particles, as shown below. The two (2) distinct
regions of the soap particle are labelled as X and Y.

Which statement is not correct?

(a) X would form ion-dipole interactions with water.

(b) X is the hydrophilic part of the soap.
(c) Y would interact through hydrogen bonding.
(d) Y would dissolve in oil or grease.

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8 CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4

16. Which of the following polymers would be formed from the polymerisation of
trans-2,3-dichlorobut-2-ene?

(a) H H Cl H H H Cl H

C C C C C C C C

H Cl H H H Cl H H

(b) H Cl Cl H H Cl Cl H

C C C C C C C C

H Cl Cl H H Cl Cl H

(c) CH3 Cl CH3 Cl CH3 Cl CH3 Cl

C C C C C C C C

Cl CH3 Cl CH3 Cl CH3 Cl CH3

(d) CH3 Cl CH3 Cl CH3 Cl CH3 Cl

C C C C C C C C

CH3 Cl CH3 Cl CH3 Cl CH3 Cl

17. Which of the following metals could not be used as a sacrificial anode, to reduce the rate of
corrosion of iron?

(a) Zinc
(b) Magnesium
(c) Chromium
(d) Tin

18. A student incorrectly named an organic substance 1,1,2-tribromo-3-methylhexan-4-one.

What is the correct IUPAC name for this organic substance?

(a) 1,1,2-tribromo-3-methylhexan-2-one
(b) 5,6,6-tribromo-4-methylhexan-3-one
(c) 1,1,2-tribromo-3-methylhexan-3-one
(d) 5,6,6-tribromo-4-methylhexan-4-one

19. Consider the following equilibrium system.

Cl2(g) + F2(g) ⇌ 2 ClF(g)

If the volume of this equilibrium system was increased,

(a) the forward reaction rate would increase more than the reverse reaction rate.
(b) the forward reaction rate would decrease less than the reverse reaction rate.
(c) both forward and reverse reaction rates would increase equally.
(d) both forward and reverse reaction rates would decrease equally.

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CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4 9

Questions 20 and 21 refer to the indicator o-cresolphthalein.

o-Cresolphthalein indicator displays two (2) different colours and has an end point of approximately
pH 9.6, as shown in the diagram below.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH

colourless red

o-Cresolphthalein indicator can also be represented by the following chemical equilibrium system.

HInd(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ Ind -(aq) + H3O+(aq)

colourless red

A dilute solution of Na2HPO4(aq) was known to have a pH of 8.2. A few drops of o-cresolphthalein
indicator were added to this solution and it remained colourless.

20. Which of the following correctly shows the relative concentrations of the o-cresolphthalein
indicator species, when in the dilute Na2HPO4 solution?

(a) [ HInd ] > [ Ind - ]

(b) [ Ind - ] > [ HInd ]
(c) [ HInd ] = [ Ind - ]
(d) More information is required.

21. Which of the following equations best demonstrates why the pH of Na 2HPO4(aq) is 8.2?

(a) Na2HPO4(aq)  2 Na+(aq) + HPO42-(aq)

(b) HPO42-(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ PO43-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
(c) Na+(aq) + 2 H2O(l) ⇌ NaOH(aq) + H3O+(aq)
(d) HPO42-(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H2PO4-(aq) + OH-(aq)

22. The chemical equation below represents the process occurring in a lead-acid accumulator
whilst it is being recharged.

2 PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O(l)  Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 SO42-(aq)

Which of the following statements is correct regarding this recharging process?

(a) The redox reaction occurring would be spontaneous.

(b) The cathode would be assigned a positive polarity.
(c) The pH of the electrolyte would decrease.
(d) Lead would be formed at the anode.

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10 CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4

23. The equilibrium constant expression for a reaction is as follows;

K = [HF]6 [(NH4)3C6H5O7]
[NH4HF2]3 [C6H8O7]

Assuming no other species are present in the reaction, which of the following reactions is
occurring?

(a) (NH4)3C6H5O7 + 6 HF  3 NH4HF2 + C6H8O7

(b) 6 (NH4)3C6H5O7 + HF  NH4HF2 + 3 C6H8O7
(c) NH4HF2 + 3 C6H8O7  6 (NH4)3C6H5O7 + HF
(d) 3 NH4HF2 + C6H8O7  (NH4)3C6H5O7 + 6 HF

24. The Haber process is used to produce ammonia gas, NH3(g), and can be represented by
the equation below. Assume the following species had established equilibrium.

N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g) + 92 kJ

If the temperature of the reaction system was increased, this would

(i) increase the frequency of collisions

(ii) increase the proportion of successful collisions
(iii) increase the rate of the forward reaction
(iv) increase the yield
(v) increase the value of K

(a) (ii) and (iii) only.

(b) (i), (ii) and (iii) only.
(c) (iii) and (iv) only.
(d) (iv) and (v) only.

25. The following diagram shows one type of cathodic protection that can be used to prevent
corrosion.

DC power
supply

steel sea protective

structure water electrode

Assuming a suitable EMF was applied,

(a) oxidation would occur at the steel structure.

(b) oxidation would occur at the protective electrode.

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CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4 11

(c) oxidation would occur at various locations in the sea water.

(d) oxidation would not occur.

End of Section One

This page has been left blank intentionally

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12 CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4

Section Two: Short answer 35% (83 marks)

This section has 9 questions. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

Supplementary pages for planning/continuing your answers to questions are provided at the end of
this Question/Answer booklet. If you use these pages to continue an answer, indicate at the
original answer where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number.

Suggested working time: 60 minutes.

Question 26 (11 marks)

A group of chemistry students were given samples of three (3) colourless organic substances;
 butan-1-ol
 butanone, and
 butanoic acid.

Their teacher asked them to design a series of chemical tests to distinguish and identify each of
these substances.

The students devised the following flow chart.

butan-1-ol, butanone, butanoic acid

to a sample of each
organic substance, add a
few drops of acidified
potassium permanganate
solution

final colour of solution is purple final colour of solution is pale pink

X
to a fresh sample of the
remaining organic
substances, add a small
amount of sodium
carbonate powder

colourless, odourless gas produced no reaction observed

Y Z

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CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4 13

(a) Complete the flow chart, by writing the name of each organic substance in the boxes
labelled X, Y and Z. (3 marks)

(b) Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction that produced the colourless, odourless
gas. (2 marks)

(c) Rank the 3 original organic substances in order of boiling point, and explain your answer by
referring to the intermolecular forces present in each substance. (6 marks)

Highest boiling point Lowest boiling point

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14 CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4

Question 27 (7 marks)

The following equations demonstrate how the -amino acid ‘aspartic acid’ ionises in solution.

Step 1. CH2 – COOH CH2 – COOH

l l
H2N – CH – COOH + H2O ⇌ H2N – CH – COO - + H3O+

Step 2. CH2 – COOH CH2 – COO -

l l
H2N – CH – COO - + H2O ⇌ H2N – CH – COO - + H3O+

(a) Describe how the equations above demonstrate an understanding of the following terms.
Your answer may refer to one or both equations, as required. (5 marks)

Bronsted-Lowry
theory

Diprotic

Weak acid

(b) Which of the ionisation steps would have a higher K a value? (circle your choice) (1 mark)

Step 1 OR Step 2

(c) Draw a structural diagram for the conjugate acid of ‘aspartic acid’. (1 mark)

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CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4 15

Question 28 (8 marks)

A student was given four (4) unlabelled jars, each containing several pieces of a different silver-
coloured metal; cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag) and tin (Sn). The student was asked to
distinguish and identify these four metals. A bottle of 1 mol L-1 HCl(aq) was provided, but no other
chemicals were available.

The student began by placing a small amount of the HCl(aq) into 4 different test tubes. The student
then added a different metal to each test tube, adding several pieces each time, to ensure the
metal would be in excess. The test tubes were allowed to sit until all reactions had stopped.

(a) State an observation that would allow silver and cobalt to be identified. (2 marks)

Silver

Cobalt

When tin and zinc were reacted with HCl(aq), both produced similar observations, and therefore
they were unable to be distinguished by this test.

(b) Write a balanced ionic equation, illustrating the reaction that took place between HCl(aq)
and these two metals, using the symbol X to represent both Sn and Zn. (2 marks)

The final tin and zinc reaction mixtures remaining in the test tubes were filtered to remove any
excess pieces of metal. The filtrates were collected in separate test tubes. The student then added
a single piece of the previously identified cobalt metal to each.

(c) Describe how this would allow these solutions to be distinguished. Include any relevant
chemical equations and observations in your answer. (4 marks)

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16 CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4

Question 29 (10 marks)

The following diagram shows part of the label on a bottle of shampoo.

INGREDIENTS: Water, Sodium Coco-Sulfate, Cocamide MIPA,

Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Caprylyl Glucoside, Glyceryl Oleate,
Coco-Glucoside, Propanediol, PEG-12 Dimethicone,
Hydrogenated Ethylhexyl Olivate, Hydrogenated Olive Oil
Unsaponifiables, Panthenol, Hydrolysed Wheat Protein, Persea
Gratissima Oil, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Chamomilla Recutita
Flower Extract, Citrus Aurantium Amara Flower Extract, Panax
Ginseng Root Extract, Polyquarternium-10, Tetrasodium
Glutamate Diacetate, Polyquarternium-7, Phenoxyethanol,
Fragrance, Citric Acid, Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Sorbate.

The structure of three (3) ingredients, shown above in bold, are given below.

(a) Using your knowledge of IUPAC nomenclature, match each of these 3 ingredients to their
corresponding molecular structure. (3 marks)

H H H

HO C C C OH
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H H H

O OH
C
O H H O

C C C C C
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HO OH
H OH H

H O

H C O C (CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH3

H C OH

H C OH ________________________________

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CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4 17

Another ingredient listed on the shampoo label is ‘Hydrolysed Wheat Protein’ (shown in italics).
This refers to protein extracted from wheat, that has been treated in order to hydrolyse or ‘cut’ the
protein into much shorter polypeptides. This process destroys most of the secondary and tertiary
structures of the protein.

(b) Describe a ‘polypeptide’. (2 marks)

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(c) State the key difference between the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein. Give at
least one example of each type of structure. (4 marks)

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The shampoo label also states that the bottle is made entirely from recycled PET (RPET).

(d) What does ‘PET’ stand for? (1 mark)

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18 CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4

Question 30 (5 marks)

Magnesium hydrogencarbonate (MgHCO3) is not found in solid form. When CO 2(g) dissolves into a
saturated solution containing magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), a small amount of the magnesium
carbonate dissolves to form aqueous, colourless magnesium hydrogencarbonate.

The equilibrium system described above, was established in a closed vessel that was stoppered
with a plunger, as shown in the diagram below. The chemical equation for the equilibrium system is
also given.

MgCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ Mg2+(aq) + 2 HCO3-(aq)

CO2(g)

Mg2+(aq),
HCO3-(aq),
H2O(l)

MgCO3(s)

(a) Write the equilibrium constant (K) expression for this system. (2 marks)

(b) Consider the effect of imposing the following changes on this system. Complete the table
below by stating in which direction, if any, an equilibrium shift would occur. (3 marks)

Equilibrium shift
(left, right, no change)

A small amount of MgCO3(s) is added.

A few drops of 2 mol L-1 MgCl2(aq) is

added.

The volume of the system is decreased

(by pressing on the plunger).

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CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4 19

Question 31 (11 marks)

There are two (2) industrial methods of ethanol (CH3CH2OH) manufacture. The ‘fermentation
method’ has many advantages, including the use of the enzyme zymase, which is used to speed
up the rate of reaction.

(a) What is an enzyme? (1 mark)

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(b) List four (4) additional advantages, relating to the principles of green chemistry, of the
fermentation method of producing ethanol. (4 marks)

The following reaction sequence shows the alternate method of ethanol manufacture (Step 1). The
ethanol can then undergo further reactions (Step 2 and 3), to form the compound ethyl ethanoate.

(c) Complete the reaction sequence below, by filling in the boxes. (3 marks)

H3PO4
Step 1: CH2=CH2 + ⇌ CH3CH2OH

Step 2: 3 CH3CH2OH + 2 Cr2O72- + 16 H+  3 CH3COOH + + 11 H2O

H+
Step 3: CH3COOH + ⇌ CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O

(d) Name the type of reaction occurring in each step of the sequence. (3 marks)

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

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20 CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4

Question 32 (11 marks)

Consider the galvanic cell shown in the diagram below. The cell is composed of Ni(s)/Ni2+(aq) and
Ag(s)/Ag+(aq) half-cells. The mass, concentration and volumes of the various chemicals used to
design this cell are also shown, in addition to the overall cell equation.

10.0 g Ni(s)
10.0 g Ag(s)
electrode
electrode

500 mL of 500 mL of
1.00 mol L-1 1.00 mol L-1
Ni(NO3)2(aq) AgNO3(aq)
electrolyte electrolyte

Cell reaction: Ni(s) + 2 Ag+(aq)  Ni2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)

(a) On the diagram above, label the (3 marks)

 anode and cathode
 direction of electron flow
 direction of anion flow through the salt bridge.

(b) Calculate the EMF of the cell under standard conditions. (1 mark)

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CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4 21

As shown in the cell diagram, each of the electrodes had a starting mass of 10.0 g, and both
electrolytes were 1.00 mol L-1 solutions with a volume of 500 mL.

Once the cell begins to operate, it will continue to run until either the oxidant or the reductant has
reacted entirely. At this point, the cell is said to be ‘flat’, and will no longer produce a voltage.

If this cell was allowed to run until it went flat;

(c) Calculate the final mass of the silver electrode. (7 marks)

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22 CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4

Question 33 (11 marks)

There are many factors that affect the ability of soils to act as a buffer. One of these factors is the
weatherable mineral content. The chemical equation below shows one of the buffering systems in
soil, that is established by the breakdown of anorthite, which is found in igneous rock.

SiO44-(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ HSiO43-(aq) + OH-(aq)

Rain water generally has a slightly acidic pH of approximately 5.6.

(a) Explain, in terms of reaction rates, how this buffer would respond to the addition of
H3O+(aq) as caused by rainfall. Include a relevant chemical equation in your answer.
(6 marks)

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(b) State the two (2) factors that would affect the buffering capacity of this system. (2 marks)

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CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4 23

The chemical processes that cause rain to be acidic are similar to those involved in the
acidification of our oceans. These processes can be represented by the equations below.

1. CO2(g) ⇌ CO2(aq)

2. CO2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H2CO3(aq)

3. H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + HCO3-(aq)

(c) Use Le Chatelier’s principle, to justify how an increase in the concentration of atmospheric
CO2(g) can lower the ocean pH. (3 marks)

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Question 34 (8 marks)

Consider the polymer fragment drawn below.

O O O O
H H H H H H
C C C C
O C C O O C C O O C C O

H H H H H H

(a) What type of condensation polymer is shown? (1 mark)

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(b) Draw structural diagrams of the monomers used to produce this polymer. (2 marks)

If one of the monomers used to form the polymer above is changed, this allows for the possibility
of crosslinks to form between polymer strands, as shown in the diagram below.

H H H H H H

O O C C C O O C C C O O
C C C C C C
H O H H O H
O O O O O O
O C O C

O C O C
O O O O O O
H O H H O H
C C C C C C
O O C C C O O C C C O O

H H H H H H

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(c) Define ‘crosslinking’. (1 mark)

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The crosslinked polymer shown above has different physical properties when compared to the
original polymer. Namely, it has;
 a much higher melting point, and
 a higher physical strength.

(d) Choose one (1) of these altered properties, and describe how crosslinking can result in this
change to the polymer. (2 marks)

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(e) Draw a structural diagram and give the name for the new monomer that has been used to
form this crosslinking polymer. (2 marks)

Structural diagram Name

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Section Three: Extended answer 40% (94 marks)

This section contains five (5) questions. You must answer all questions. Write your answers in the
spaces provided below.

Where questions require an explanation and/or description, marks are awarded for the relevant
chemical content and also for coherence and clarity of expression. Lists or dot points are unlikely
to gain full marks.

Final answers to calculations should be expressed to the appropriate number of significant figures.

Supplementary pages for planning/continuing your answers to questions are provided at the end of
this Question/Answer booklet. If you use these pages to continue an answer, indicate at the
original answer where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number.

Suggested working time: 70 minutes.

Question 35 (24 marks)

The two major uses of chromium metal are in the production of stainless steel and electroplating.
Many objects such as tools, musical instruments, car parts and kitchen utensils are commonly
plated in chromium metal. Chrome plating can be done for decorative reasons, or to improve the
surface hardness or corrosion resistance of the object.

The following series of equations shows how chromium(III) oxide can be extracted from chromite
ore, and then dissolved in an acidic solution to ready it for use in chrome plating.

Step 1: Chromite (FeCr2O4) is first roasted in the presence of oxygen gas and excess sodium
carbonate, to form sodium chromate (Na 2CrO4).

4 FeCr2O4(s) + 8 Na2CO3(s) + 7 O2(g)  8 Na2CrO4(s) + 2 Fe2O3(s) + 8 CO2(g)

Step 2: The sodium chromate is then converted to sodium dichromate (Na 2Cr2O7). This is the
most important chromium-containing species, from which many other chromium
compounds can be synthesised.

2 Na2CrO4(s) + H2SO4(aq)  Na2Cr2O7(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)

Step 3: The sodium dichromate solution is concentrated by evaporation, and then heated in the
presence of charcoal to produce chromium(III) oxide.

Na2Cr2O7(s) + 2 C(s)  Cr2O3(s) + Na2CO3(s) + CO(g)

Step 4: Chromium(III) oxide is dissolved in sulfuric acid to produce a solution containing

chromium(III) ions. This solution is then used for chrome plating.

Cr2O3(s) + 6 H+(aq)  2 Cr3+(aq) + 3 H2O(l)

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CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4 27

A 3.21 tonne sample of FeCr2O4 was processed and placed into a 1500 kL reaction chamber. An
excess of solid Na2CO3 was added, and the temperature of the chamber was maintained at
1100 C. Oxygen gas was then pumped into the reaction chamber. The pressure was measured to
determine when enough O2(g) had been added.

(a) Calculate the minimum pressure that would need to be exerted by the O 2(g) in the reaction
chamber, to ensure sufficient O2(g) was present for all the chromite to react. State your
answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. (5 marks)

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If the combined yield of Step 1 and Step 2 is 68.9%;

(b) Calculate the mass of Na2Cr2O7(s) produced. (4 marks)

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28 CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4

If 1.28 tonnes of Cr2O3(s) was produced;

(c) Calculate the percentage yield of Step 3. (3 marks)

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The entire 1.28 tonnes of Cr2O3(s) was then dissolved in concentrated excess H2SO4(aq), as
shown in Step 4. The final volume of this solution was 3500 L.

(d) Calculate the concentration of Cr3+(aq) ions, in grams per litre, in the final solution.
(4 marks)

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This solution containing Cr3+(aq) was then prepared for use as an electrolyte in a cell set up for
chrome plating. The electrolytic cell had been designed to electroplate car parts, such as door
handles, alloy wheels and bumper bars, with chromium metal.

(e) What is an electrolytic cell? (2 marks)

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The electroplating cell consisted of a tank with a 850 L capacity. A sample of the hot
(approximately 50 C) solution containing Cr3+(aq) ions was obtained for use as the electrolyte.

The cell was to be set up under standard conditions so that the data on the standard reduction
potential table would be relevant.

(f) Describe how the electrolyte solution for this cell could be prepared to standard conditions,
using the Cr3+(aq) solution. Your answer should include appropriate calculations. (4 marks)

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A partially completed sketch representing the electrolytic cell that was used for the chrome plating
is shown below. Assume the cell was going to be used to apply a layer of chromium to a car door
handle.

(g) Add to this diagram by labelling; (2 marks)

 where you would connect the inert graphite electrode,
 where you would connect the car door handle, and
 the direction of electron flow.

– +

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Question 36 (16 marks)

Gumbi-gumbi (scientific name: Pittosprum angustifolium) is a small tree native to Australia. It is

traditionally used in Aboriginal medicine to treat coughs, colds and eczema. Gumbi-gumbi leaves
can be used, either fresh or dried, to make a tea drink. In addition to their antibacterial, antifungal,
antiviral and antioxidant properties, gumbi-gumbi leaves are known to have very high levels of
ascorbic acid.

Ascorbic acid is also known by the common name ‘Vitamin C’. It is a weak, monoprotic acid with
molecular formula C6H8O6.

A 30.0 g sample of dried gumbi-gumbi leaves was ground into a fine powder and then soaked for
2 hours in hot water, to ensure all the Vitamin C had dissolved.

Once the gumbi-gumbi solution had cooled it was filtered, made up to 25.00 mL, and transferred to
a conical flask. The sample was then titrated against 0.01118 mol L -1 NaOH(aq) and required
18.28 mL to reach equivalence. The titration reaction can be represented by the chemical equation
below.

C6H8O6(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaC6H7O6(aq) + H2O(l)

(a) Select an appropriate indicator from the table below for use in this titration. Justify your
indicator choice, including a relevant chemical equation in your answer. (3 marks)

Indicator End point pH range

chlorophenol red 4.8 - 6.4

thymol blue 8.0 - 9.6

brilliant yellow 6.6 - 7.8

bromophenol blue 3.0 - 4.6

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(b) Calculate the concentration of Vitamin C in the dried gumbi-gumbi leaves, expressing your
final answer as ‘mg of Vitamin C per 100 g gumbi-gumbi leaves’.
(You may assume the ascorbic acid was the only acidic substance present in the leaves.)
(5 marks)

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The concentration is: _______________ mg of Vitamin C per 100 g gumbi-gumbi leaves

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In addition to its acidic properties, ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) also has hydroxyl (–OH) groups,
allowing it to react as an alcohol to form an ester. For example, it can react with palmitic acid to
form the ester ‘ascorbyl palmitate’, which is shown below.

OH H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H
O O C O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H
C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H
H O
HO OH

(c) Draw structural formulas for both ascorbic and palmitic acids. (2 marks)

Ascorbic acid

Palmitic acid

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Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is highly soluble in water. However, ascorbyl palmitate is referred to as a
‘fat-soluble form of Vitamin C’, and is often used as an antioxidant food additive.

(d) Explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, why ascorbic acid is a water-soluble vitamin but
ascorbyl palmitate is a fat-soluble vitamin. (6 marks)

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Question 37 (17 marks)

The Contact Process is used to manufacture sulfuric acid. There are several steps involved in this
process, but the key equilibrium reaction involves the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide,
as shown in the reversible reaction below.

2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2 SO3(g) + heat

This reaction takes place in the presence of an appropriate catalyst. The reaction chamber is
maintained at a temperature of around 450 C and a pressure of between 1 - 2 atm.

The graph below shows the results of a small-scale simulation of this equilibrium process.

O2
SO2
Partial pressure (kPa)

SO3

l l l l l l
0 E1 T1 E2 T2 E3
Time

Consider the processes occurring between Time 0, when the reactants are introduced, and Time
E1, when equilibrium is established for the first time.

(a) Describe what is happening to both the forward and reverse reaction rates from Time 0 to
Time E1. (3 marks)

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CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4 35

(b) Complete the table below, by stating how the pressure and temperature of the system are
different at Time E1, compared to Time 0. Justify each of your choices. (4 marks)

Conditions at Time E1
compared to Time 0 Justification
(circle your choice)

increased

OR
Pressure

decreased

increased

OR
Temperature

decreased

At Time T1, the temperature of the system was decreased from 450 C to 300 C. This results in
an increased yield of sulfur trioxide.

(c) Explain, in terms of the collision theory, why the actual temperature used in the Contact
Process is not lowered to 300 C. (4 marks)

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Consider the change imposed on the system at Time T2.

(d) State the change that was imposed, and justify why the system would temporarily be
classified as an ‘open system’. (2 marks)

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Consider the various changes made throughout this simulation, and any effect they would have
had on the value of the equilibrium constant (Kc).

(e) State when (i.e. at Time E1, E2 or E3) the value of Kc would have been highest and when it
would have been lowest. Justify your answers. (4 marks)
(Note: calculations of Kc values are not required.)

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Question 38 (17 marks)

A chemist was preparing a solution of sodium hydroxide for use in a saponification reaction. They
began by dissolving 160.0 g of NaOH(s) into 500.0 mL of water. The chemist then decided to titrate
the NaOH(aq) to determine the standardised concentration of the solution.

A standard solution of 0.2074 mol L -1 oxalic acid, H2C2O4(aq), was available for use. Oxalic acid is
a weak, diprotic acid. The chemist placed a 20.00 mL aliquot of the H2C2O4(aq) into a conical flask.

The equation for the titration reaction is;

2 NaOH(aq) + H2C2O4(aq)  Na2C2O4(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

Before pouring the NaOH(aq) into the burette, the chemist needed to first dilute this solution. The
glassware available to perform this dilution was;

 a 25.00 mL pipette
 a 250.0 mL volumetric flask
 a 500.0 mL volumetric flask
 a 1000 mL volumetric flask

(a) State which two (2) pieces of glassware the chemist should use to perform the NaOH(aq)
dilution. Justify your answer using appropriate calculations. (7 marks)

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Upon completion of the titration, the chemist was able to determine that the original undiluted
NaOH(aq) solution had a concentration of 7.86 mol L -1.

The chemist then used the sodium hydroxide solution and some jojoba oil in a saponification
reaction, to make a small batch of soap.

First, they adjusted the pH of the sodium hydroxide solution slightly, by mixing 380 mL of the
7.86 mol L-1 NaOH(aq) with 110 mL of distilled water.

(b) Calculate the resulting pH of the sodium hydroxide solution. (4 marks)

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The resultant NaOH(aq) was then mixed with jojoba oil and heated. The structure of the soap
produced in the saponification reaction is shown below.

CH3 – (CH2)7 – CH = CH – (CH2)9 – COO- Na+

(c) Draw a structural diagram of the triglyceride found in jojoba oil. (2 marks)

(d) Draw the chemical structure of the scum that would form if this soap was used in hard
water. (2 marks)

(e) Draw a structural diagram for an anionic detergent with the same number of carbon atoms
as the soap. Assume the detergent is an ‘alkylbenzene sulfonate’. (2 marks)

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Question 39 (20 marks)

Benzoic acid is a colourless crystalline solid, which is often used as a food preservative. It is also
found in relatively high amounts in fruit such as blueberries, cranberries and cherries.

Consider the reaction sequence below, which summarises the conversion of phenol to benzoic
acid, through the intermediates of benzene and toluene.

OH CH3 COOH

+ Zn + CH3Cl + KMnO4

Phenol Benzene Toluene Benzoic acid

(C6H6O) (C6H6) (C7H8) (C7H6O2)

In the first step of the reaction sequence, phenol is reacted with zinc dust, to produce benzene and
zinc oxide residue, as shown in the chemical equation below.

C6H6O(l) + Zn(s)  C6H6(l) + ZnO(s)

(a) Demonstrate that this is a redox reaction, using oxidation numbers to support your answer.
(2 marks)

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In the second step, benzene is converted to toluene by the addition of chloromethane, CH 3Cl.

(b) Predict the substance formed, in addition to toluene. (1 mark)

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CHEMISTRY UNITS 3 & 4 43

In the last step of the reaction sequence, toluene reacts with potassium permanganate solution to
form benzoic acid. This reaction also produces solid manganese(IV) oxide, MnO 2.

(c) Write the oxidation and reduction half-equations and overall redox reaction for this process,
assuming acidic conditions. (6 marks)

Oxidation half-
equation

Reduction half-
equation

Overall redox
equation

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Combustion analysis was performed on a sample of one of the organic compounds in the original
reaction sequence (i.e. phenol, benzene, toluene or benzoic acid).

A 0.6789 g sample of the compound was combusted and, at 168 kPa and 215 C, produced
1.905 g of carbon dioxide gas and 522.8 mL of water vapour.

(d) Determine the empirical formula of this compound and thereby identify it. (9 marks)

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The identity (name) of the compound is: ____________________________________

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In the human body, benzoic acid reacts with the -amino acid glycine, to form hippuric acid. The
hippuric acid is then excreted in urine.

To form the hippuric acid, benzoic acid and glycine react and are joined by an amide bond (amide
link). This reaction also produces a molecule of water.

(e) Draw the chemical structure of hippuric acid. (2 marks)

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