Unit 1
Motivation:
• Nature and properties;
• Origin, development and present status.
• Conceptual issues;
• Response dimension.
MOTIVATION: Nature and
properties
By: Vaishali Sharma
MOTIVATION
What is Motivation ?
• Look at these pictures and think…
The bird is
putting efforts
to make its
nest.
All just
because of
MOTIVATION
The boy is
The student is learning
studying hard to cycle even
during exams. after
getting injured.
• We put efforts because we are motivated to learn
So, motivation is
an internal force
to achieve a goal.
WHAT IS MOTIVATION ?
• It is a result of interaction between the
individual and the situation
• Theword “Motivation” has been derived
from a Latin word “movere” meaning “to
move”.
• Stephen Robbins defines motivation as
“the process that accounts for an
individual’s intensity, direction and
persistence of effort towards attaining a
goal”
WHAT IS MOTIVATION ?
• According to Fred Luthans “ motivation is a process that starts with
physiological and psychological deficiency or need that activates a behavior or a
drive that is aimed at a goal or incentive”
• According to Baron & Byrne
Hypothetical internal process
• According to Morgan & King
Driving & pulling force
Motivation is…
� Complex
� Psychological
� Physical
� Unique to each and every person
� Context sensitive
� Not fully understood
� Affective process: explanation of beh.
Why?
Qualities of Motivation:
� Energizes behavior
� Directs behavior
� Enable persistence towards a goal
� Exists in varying details
Nature / characteristics of motivation
1. Unending process: human wants keep
changing & increasing.
2. A psychological concept: deals with the human
mind.
3. Whole individual is motivated: as it is based on
psychology of the individual.
Nature / characteristics of motivation
4. Motivation may be financial or non-financial: Financial includes
increasing wages, allowance, bonus, etc.
5. Motivation can be positive or negative: positive motivation
means use of incentives - financial or non-financial. Egs. of
positive motivation: confirmation, pay rise, praise etc. Negative
motivation means emphasizing penalties. It is based on force
of fear. Eg. demotion, termination.
Nature / characteristics of motivation
6. Motivation: motivation & job satisfaction are different.
Motivation is goal-oriented behaviour. Job
satisfaction is the outcome of job performance.
7. Continuous process
8. Goal oriented
9. Varies from person to person
10. Intrinsic as well as extrinsic
11. Personal and psychological concept
12. Behavior oriented
13. Complex subject
MOTIVATION
14. Forces acting either on or within a person to initiate behaviour.
15. reason for which humans and other animals initiate, continue, or
terminate a behavior at a given time.
16. Creates a disposition to engage in goal directed behavior.
17. often held different mental state
18. Compete with each other and that only strongest state determines
behavior.
19. conscious and unconscious motivation
Motivation Is Two-Dimensional
• Internal motivation is self-granted and comes when
something is meaningful or gives sense of purpose
• Examples:
• Job contentment
• Individual growth
• Achievement
Motivation Is Two-Dimensional
• External motivation is an action taken by another person
• Usually involves an incentive or anticipation of a reward
• Examples:
• Money
• Awards
• Performance feedback
Motivation Is Two-Dimensional
• Most people need both
• Organizations should strive to balance internal and
external motivation
Total Person Insight
Dependent people need others to get what they want.
Independent people can get what they want through their
own efforts. Interdependent people combine their own
efforts with the efforts of others to achieve their greatest
success.
Stephen R. Covey
Author, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People
MOTIVATION AS A
PROCESS:
ENERGY DIRECTION PERSISTENCE
It is a process by which a person’s efforts are
energized, directed and sustained towards attaining
the goal.
*Energy- A measure of intensity or drive.
*Direction- Towards organizational goal.
*Persistence- Exerting effort to achieve goal
BASIC MODEL OF MOTIVATION
Needs or Result in Drive force To Achieve
expectations (Behavior or
Action)
Desired
Goals
Feedback
fulfillments Which Provides
Feedback
Needs
Needs : are created where there is physiological or psychological imbalance.
In the word of Boring, langfeld and welel, “A need is a tension within on
organism which tends to organism move towards certain incentives or goal and
to incite activity directed towards their attainment.
Need are relatively permanent tendencies which seek their satisfaction in
achieving certain specific goals.
The need can be classified in two categories.
• Physiological Needs- Physiological needs are those needs that are necessary for
survival of the individual e.g. need for food, rest, sleep, sex, light, elimination of
all sorts, and need for activity.
• Physiological Needs –Psychological needs include needs for belongingness,
need for security, need for status and prestige, need for self-confidence needs
for achievement, need for independence need for self actualisation etc.
Drive- Drive is an original source of energy that activates the human
organism.
Drives : or motives are set up to alleviate needs
It is an intra- organic activity or condition of tissuse supplying stimulation
for a particular type of behaviour.
In word of shaffer, “A drive is a strong presistent stimulus that demands an
adjunctive response”.
All the drives are created by needs. Drives become active when there is
some felt need. For example, when there is a need of food, water and sex
we feel hungry, thirsty and sexy respectively and these are called drives.
Incentive/goaL/achievement
Those environmental things which satisfy the drives of a living being
are called incentives.
Incentives : are anything that will alleviate a need & reduce the drive.
For example hunger drive is satisfied with food, so food is called
incentives.
But needs and drives an the internal requirement whereas the
incentive is a thing or being which is found in environment.
Incentives incite, arouse,and move to action when they are associated
with certain stimuli which signal their presence.
Motivation cycle: How it works
Six C’s of Motivation..
Challenges Choices
Control Collaboration
Consequences Constructing meaning
What are motives?
A motive is an inner state that energizes, activates,
or moves & directs, channels behaviour towards
goals.
Classification of motives
Motives can be classified as:
1. Primary motives
2. General motives
3. Secondary motives
Classification of motives
Primary motives:
Also called physiological / biological / unlearned
motives. 2 criteria for the motive to be primary are
that they should be unlearned & physiological.
Eg. hunger, thirst, sleep, avoidance of pain, sex &
material concern.
Primary motives tend to reduce the tension or
stimulation.
Classification of motives
General motives:
Are ones which are unlearned but are not
physiologically based.
These needs induce the person to increase the
amount of stimulation.
Eg. curiosity, manipulation, activity & affection
Classification of motives
Secondary motives:
These are the most important with respect to the
study of Organism Behavior.
A motive must be learned in order to be a
secondary one.
These drives are closely tied to the learning
concepts, such as motives for power,
achievement, affiliation referred to as n Pow, n
Ach, n Aff.
Security & status are also secondary motives.
Types of Motivation
• Biogenic: Biologically instigated motivation. A state of tension is
created, which humans will seek to correct.
• Drinking water
• Sociogenic: Motivational process that is learned.
• Achievement
• While some motivated behaviors clearly fall into one of these two categories,
many have roots in both biology and cognition/learning.
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
• Extrinsic Motivation: A desire to perform a behavior because of promised
reward or threats of punishments.
• Based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors (e.g., pay,
grades)
• Intrinsic Motivation: A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to
be effective.
• Motivation coming from within, not from external rewards; based on
personal enjoyment of a task
• Examples?
• i) Studying something on your own because you desire to know that
subject matter. You may not be doing this for any class or for any
grade.
• ii) Starting your own online business because you love the particular
products that are in your target market. Even though you are hoping to
make money this way, you are motivated by your desire to build a
business that you can be proud of and immerse yourself in.
• iii) Competing “against yourself” in a sport just because you want to
get better at it. You may not be doing it to win any trophies, or trying
to become a professional athlete.
• iv) Writing poetry to express your innermost thoughts and feelings,
even though you may not be attempting to sell a book or publish for
money.
• v) Doing something just because you think it is the right thing to do,
and not because you hope to get a reward or avoid punishment.
Biogenic Motives
• When there is a departure from the balanced physiological state of
the body, known as homeostasis, it arouses various biological motives
to restore the balance. This balance is very important for life.
• Hunger,
• thirst
• Sex
• Sleep
• Elimination need
Psychogenic /sociogenic
• Achievement Motivation
• Successful Motivated Behaviour
• Self Enhancement Motivation
• Affiliation Motivation
• Socialisation
• Competence Motivation
• Power Motivation
• Attitude Motivation
• Change Motivation
• Incentive Motivation
• Fear Motivation
• Aggression Motivation
Thank you
Have a motivated day ahead!
