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Module -1 PART -3: Operators and Assignments - increment & decrement operators, arithmetic operators,
string concatenation operators, Relational operators, Equality operators, instance of operators, Bitwise
operators, Short circuit operators, type cast operators, assignment operator, conditional operator, new
operator, [ ] operator, Precedence of java operators, Evaluation order of java operands, new Vs new Instance(
), instance of Vs is Instance( ), ClassNotFoundException Vs NoClassDefFoundError.

Increment & Decrement operators :

pre-increment ex : y=++x ;
Increment Operator
post-increment ex: y=x++;

pre-decrement ex : y=--x ;
Decrement Operator
post-decrement ex : y=x-- ;

The following table will demonstrate the use of increment and decrement operators.
Expression initial value of x value of y final value of x
y=++x 10 11 11
y=x++ 10 10 11
y=--x 10 9 9
y=x-- 10 10 9

Ex :

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1. Increment & decrement operators we can apply only for variables but not for
constant [Link] wise we will get compile time error .

Ex :

int x = 4;
int y = ++x;
[Link](y); //output : 5

Ex 2 :

int x = 4;
int y = ++4;
[Link](y);

C.E: unexpected type

required: varialbe
found : value

2. We can't perform nesting of increment or decrement operator, other wise we will

get compile time error

int x= 4;
int y = ++(++x);
[Link](y);

C.E: unexpected type

required: varialbe
found : value

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3. For the final variables we can't apply increment or decrement operators ,other wise
we will get compile time error

Ex:
final int x = 4;
x++; // x = x + 1
[Link](x);

C.E : can't assign a value to final variable 'x' .

4. We can apply increment or decrement operators even for primitive data types
except boolean .

Ex:
int x=10;
x++;
[Link](x); //output :11

char ch='a';
ch++;
[Link](ch); //b

double d=10.5;
d++;
[Link](d); //11.5

boolean b=true;
b++;
[Link](b);
CE : operator ++ can't be applied to boolean

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Difference between b++ and b = b+1?

If we are applying any arithmetic operators b/w 2 operands 'a' & 'b' the result type
is max(int , type of a , type of b)

Ex 1:
byte a=10;
byte b=20;
byte c=a+b; //byte c=byte(a+b); valid
[Link](c);

CE : possible loss of precession

found : int
required : byte
Ex 2:
byte b=20;
byte b=b+1; //byte b=(byte)b+1 ; valid
[Link](c);

CE : possible loss of precession

found : int
required : byte
In the case of Increment & Decrement operators internal type casting will be performed
automatically by the compiler

b++; => b=(type of b)b+1;

Ex:
byte b=10;
b++;
[Link](b); //output : 11

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Arithmetic Operator :

1. If we apply any Arithmetic operation b/w 2 variables a & b ,

the result type is always max(int , type of a , type of b)

Example :

byte + byte=int
byte+short=int
short+short=int
short+long=long
double+float=double
int+double=double
char+char=int
char+int=int
char+double=double

[Link]('a' + 'b'); // output : 195

[Link]('a' + 1); // output : 98
[Link]('a' + 1.2); // output : 98.2

2. In integral arithmetic (byte , int , short , long) there is no way to represents infinity ,
if infinity is the result we will get the ArithmeticException / by zero
[Link](10/0); // output RE : ArithmeticException / by zero
But in floating point arithmetic(float , double) there is a way represents infinity.
[Link](10/0.0); // output : infinity

For the Float & Double classes contains the following constants :
1. POSITIVE_INFINITY
2. NEGATIVE_INFINITY

Hence , if infinity is the result we won't get any ArithmeticException in floating point
arithmetics
Ex :
[Link](10/0.0); // output : infinity
[Link](-10/0.0); // output : - infinity

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3. NaN(Not a Number) in integral arithmetic (byte , short , int , long) there is no way to
represent undefine the results. Hence the result is undefined we will get
ArithmericException in integral arithmetic
[Link](0/0); // output RE : ArithmeticException / by zero
But floating point arithmetic (float , double) there is a way to represents undefined
the results .
For the Float , Double classes contains a constant NaN , Hence the result is undefined
we won't get ArithmeticException in floating point arithmetics .
[Link](0.0/0.0); // output : NaN
[Link](-0.0/0.0); // output : NaN
4. For any 'x' value including NaN , the following expressions returns false

// Ex : x=10;
[Link](10 < [Link] ); // false
[Link](10 <= [Link] ); // false
[Link](10 > [Link] ); // false
[Link](10 >= [Link] ); // false
[Link](10 == [Link] ); // false
[Link]([Link] == [Link] ); // false

[Link](10 != [Link] ); //true

[Link]([Link] != [Link] ); //true

ArithmeticException :

1. It is a RuntimeException but not compile time error

2. It occurs only in integral arithmetic but not in floating point arithmetic.
3. The only operations which cause ArithmeticException are : ' / ' and ' % '

String Concatenation operator :

1. The only overloaded operator in java is ' + ' operator some times it access arithmetic
addition operator & some times it access String concatenation operator.
2. If acts as one argument is String type , then '+' operator acts as concatenation and If

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both arguments are number type , then operator acts as arithmetic operator

Ex :
String a="ashok";
int b=10 , c=20 , d=30 ;
[Link](a+b+c+d); //output : ashok102030
[Link](b+c+d+a); //output : 60ashok
[Link](b+c+a+d); //output : 30ashok30
[Link](b+a+c+d); //output : 10ashok 2030

Example :

Example :

3. consider the following declaration

String a="ashok";
int b=10 , c=20 , d=30 ;

Example :
a=b+c+d ;

CE : incompatible type
found : int
required : [Link]
Example :
a=a+b+c ; // valid
Example :
b=a+c+d ;

CE : incompatible type

found : [Link]

required : int

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Example :

b=b+c+d ; // valid

Relational Operators(< , <= , > , >= )

1. We can apply relational operators for every primitive type except boolean .

[Link](10 < 10.5); //true

[Link]('a' > 100.5); //false
[Link]('b' > 'a'); //true
[Link](true > false);
//CE : operator > can't be applied to boolean , boolean

2. We can't apply relational operators for object types

[Link]("ashok123" > "ashok");

// CE: operator > can't be applied to [Link] , [Link]

3. Nesting of relational operator is not allowed

[Link](10 > 20 > 30); // [Link](true > 30);

//CE : operator > can't be applied to boolean , int

Equality Operators : (== , !=)

1. We can apply equality operators for every primitive type including boolean type also

[Link](10 == 20) ; //false

[Link]('a' == 'b' ); //false
[Link]('a' == 97.0 ) //true
[Link](false == false) //true

2. We can apply equality operators for object types also .

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For object references r1 and r2 , r1 == r2 returns true if and only if both r1 and r2
pointing to the same object. i.e., == operator meant for reference-comparision Or
address-comparision.

Thread t1=new Thread( ) ;

Thread t2=new Thread( );
Thread t3=t1 ;
[Link](t1==t2); //false
[Link](t1==t3); //true

3. To use the equality operators between object type compulsory these should be
some relation between argument types(child to parent , parent to child) , Otherwise
we will get Compiletime error incompatible types

Thread t=new Thread( ) ;

Object o=new Object( );
String s=new String("durga");
[Link](t ==o); //false
[Link](o==s); //false
[Link](s==t);
CE : incompatible types : [Link] and [Link]

4. For any object reference of on r==null is always false , but null==null is always true .

String s= new String("ashok");

[Link](s==null); //output : false

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String s=null ;
[Link](r==null); //true
[Link](null==null); //true

5. What is the difference between == operator and .equals( ) method ?

In general we can use .equals( ) for content comparision where as == operator for
reference comparision
6.
String s1=new String("ashok");
String s2=new String("ashok");
[Link](s1==s2); //false
[Link]([Link](s2)); //true

instanceof operator :

1. We can use the instanceof operator to check whether the given an object is
perticular type or not

Object o=[Link](0); // l is an array name

if(o instanceof Student) {
Student s=(Student)o ;
//perform student specific operation
}
elseif(o instanceof Customer) {
Customer c=(Customer)o;
//perform Customer specific operations
}

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2. O instanceof X here O is object reference , X is ClassName/Interface name

Thread t = new Thread( );

[Link](t instanceof Thread); //true
[Link](t instanceof Object); //true
[Link](t instanceof Runnable); //true

Ex :
public class Thread extends Object implements Runnable {
}

3. To use instance of operator compulsory there should be some relation between

argument types (either child to parent Or parent to child Or same type) Otherwise
we will get compile time error saying inconvertible types

Thread t=new Thread( );

[Link](t instanceof String);
CE : inconvertable errors
found : [Link]
required : [Link]

4. Whenever we are checking the parent object is child type or not by using instanceof
operator that we get false.

Object o=new Object( );

[Link](o instanceof String ); //false

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Object o=new String("ashok");

[Link](o instanceof String); //true

5. For any class or interface X null instanceof X is always returns false

[Link](null instanceof X); //false

Bitwise Operators : ( & , | , ^)

1. & (AND) : If both arguments are true then only result is true.
2. | (OR) : if at least one argument is true. Then the result is true.
3. ^ (X-OR) : if both are different arguments. Then the result is true.

Example:
[Link](true&false);//false
[Link](true|false);//true
[Link](true^false);//true
We can apply bitwise operators even for integral types also.
Example:
[Link](4&5);//4 using binary digits
[Link](4|5);//5 4-->100
[Link](4^5);//1 5-->101
Example :

Bitwise complement (~) (tilde symbol) operator:

1. We can apply this operator only for integral types but not for boolean types.

Example :
[Link](~true); // CE :opetator ~ can not be applied to boolean
[Link](~4); //-5

description about above program :

4--> 0 000.......0100 0-----+ve
~4--> 1 111.......1011 1--- -ve

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2's compliment of ~4 --> 000....0100 add 1

result is : 000...0101 =5

2. Note : The most significant bit access as sign bit 0 means +ve number , 1 means -ve
number.
+ve number will be represented directly in memory where as -ve number will be
represented in 2's comlement form.

Boolean complement (!) operator:

This operator is applicable only for boolean types but not for integral types.

Example :
Example:
[Link](!true);//false
[Link](!false);//true
[Link](!4);//CE : operator ! can not be applied to int
Summary:
&
| Applicable for both boolean and integral types.
^
~ --------Applicable for integral types only but not for boolean types.
! --------Applicable for boolean types only but not for integral types.

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Short circuit (&&, ||) operators:

These operators are exactly same as normal bitwise operators &(AND), |(OR) except the
following differences.
&,| && , ||
Both arguments should be evaluated
Second argument evaluation is optional.
always.
Relatively performance is low. Relatively performance is high.
Applicable for both integral and Applicable only for boolean types but not for
boolean types. integral types.

x&&y : y will be evaluated if and only if x is true.(If x is false then y won't be evaluated i.e., If
x is ture then only y will be evaluated)

x||y : y will be evaluated if and only if x is false.(If x is true then y won't be evaluated i.e., If
x is false then only y will be evaluated)

Example :
int x=10 , y=15 ;
if(++x < 10 || ++y > 15) { //instead of || using &,&&, | operators
x++;
}
else {
y++;
}

[Link](x+"----"+y);

Output:
operator x y
& 11 17
| 12 16
&& 11 16
|| 12 16

Example :
int x=10 ;
if(++x < 10 && ((x/0)>10) ) {
[Link]("Hello");
}

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else {
[Link]("Hi");
}

output : Hi

Type Cast Operator :

There are 2 types of type-casting

1. implicit
2. explicit

implicit type casting :

int x='a';
[Link](x); //97

1. The compiler is responsible to perform this type casting.

2. When ever we are assigning lower datatype value to higher datatype variable then
implicit type cast will be performed .
3. It is also known as Widening or Upcasting.
4. There is no lose of information in this type casting.
5. The following are various possible implicit type casting.
Diagram:

Example 1:
int x='a';
[Link](x);//97

6. Note: Compiler converts char to int type automatically by implicit type casting.

Example 2:
double d=10;
[Link](d);//10.0

Note: Compiler converts int to double type automatically by implicit type casting.

Explicit type casting:

1. Programmer is responsible for this type casting.

2. Whenever we are assigning bigger data type value to the smaller data type variable

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then explicit type casting is required.

3. Also known as Narrowing or down casting.
4. There may be a chance of lose of information in this type casting.
5. The following are various possible conversions where explicit type casting is
required.
Diagram:

Example :

int x=130;
byte b=(byte)x;
[Link](b); //-126

6.

Example 2 :

int x=130;
byte b=x;
[Link](b); //CE : possible loss of precision

7. When ever we are assigning higher datatype value to lower datatype value variable
by explicit type-casting ,the most significant bits will be lost i.e., we have considered
least significant bits.
8. Example 3 :

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int x=150;
short s=(short)x;
byte b=(byte)x;
[Link](s); //150
[Link](b); //-106

When ever we are assigning floating point value to the integral types by explicit type
casting , the digits of after decimal point will be lost .

Example 4:

double d=130.456 ;

int x=(int)d ;
[Link](x); //130

byte b=(byte)d ;
[Link](b); //-206

Assignment Operator :

There are 3 types of assignment operators

1. Simple assignment:
Example: int x=10;
2. Chained assignment:
3. Example:
int a,b,c,d;
a=b=c=d=20;
[Link](a+"---"+b+"---"+c+"---"+d);//20---20---20---20
int b , c , d ;
int a=b=c=d=20 ; //valid

We can't perform chained assignment directly at the time of declaration.

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Example 2:

int a=b=c=d=30;
CE : can not find symbol
symbol : variable b
location : class Test

4. Compound assignment:
1. Sometimes we can mixed assignment operator with some other operator to
form compound assignment operator.

Ex:
int a=10 ;
a +=20 ;
[Link](a); //30

2. The following is the list of all possible compound assignment operators in

java.

3. In the case of compound assignment operator internal type casting will be

performed automatically by the compiler (similar to increment and
decrement operators.)

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byte b=10;
b=b+1;
[Link](b);
byte b=10;
b++;
CE :
[Link](b); //11
possible loss of precission
found : int
required : byte
byte b=127;
byte b=10;
b+=3;
b+=1;
[Link](b);
[Link](b); //11
//-126
Ex :
int a , b , c , d ;
a=b=c=d=20 ;
a += b-= c *= d /= 2 ;
[Link](a+"---"+b+"---"+c+"---"+d);// -160...-180---200---10

Conditional Operator (? :)

The only possible ternary operator in java is conditional operator

Ex 1 :
int x=(10>20)?30:40;
[Link](x); //40

Ex 2 :
int x=(10>20)?30:((40>50)?60:70);
[Link](x); //70

Nesting of conditional operator is possible

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new operator :

1. We can use "new" operator to create an object.

2. There is no "delete" operator in java because destruction of useless objects is the
responsibility of garbage collector.

[ ] operator:

We can use this operator to declare under construct/create arrays.

Java operator precedence:

1. Unary operators: [] , x++ , x-- , ++x , --x , ~ , ! , new , <type>

2. Arithmetic operators : * , / , % , + , - .
3. Shift operators : >> , >>> , << .
4. Comparision operators : <, <=,>,>=, instanceof.
5. Equality operators: == , !=
6. Bitwise operators: & , ^ , | .
7. Short circuit operators: && , || .
8. Conditional operator: (?:)
9. Assignment operators: += , -= , *= , /= , %= . . .

Evaluation order of java operands:

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There is no precedence for operands before applying any operator all operands will be
evaluated from left to right.
Example:
class OperatorsDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link](m1(1)+m1(2)*m1(3)/m1(4)*m1(5)+m1(6));
}
public static int m1(int i) {
[Link](i);
return i;
}
}

Ex 2:

int i=1;
i+=++i + i++ + ++i + i++;
[Link](i); //13

description :
i=i + ++i + i++ + ++i + i++ ;
i=1+2+2+4+4;
i=13;

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new Vs newInstance( ) :

1. new is an operator to create an objects , if we know class name at the beginning

then we can create an object by using new operator .
2. newInstance( ) is a method presenting class " Class " , which can be used to create
object.
3. If we don't know the class name at the beginning and its available dynamically
Runtime then we should go for newInstance() method
4. public class Test {
5. public static void main(String[] args) Throws Exception {
6. Object o=[Link](arg[0]).newInstance( ) ;
7. [Link]([Link]().getName( ) );
8. }
9. }

10. If dynamically provide class name is not available then we will get the
RuntimeException saying ClassNotFoundException
11. To use newInstance( ) method compulsory corresponding class should contains no
argument constructor , otherwise we will get the RuntimeException saying
InstantiationException.

Difference between new and newInstance( ) :

new newInstance( )
new is an operator , which can be newInstance( ) is a method , present in class Class ,
used to create an object which can be used to create an object .
We can use new operator if we We can use the newInstance( ) method , If we don't
know the class name at the class name at the beginning and available dynamically
beginning. Runtime.
Test t= new Test( ); Object o=[Link](arg[0]).newInstance( );
If the corresponding .class file not
available at Runtime then we will If the corresponding .class file not available at
get RuntimeException saying Runtime then we will get RuntimeException saying
NoClassDefFoundError , It is ClassNotFoundException , It is checked
unchecked
To used newInstance( ) method the corresponding
To used new operator the
class should compulsory contain no argument
corresponding class not required to
constructor , Other wise we will get RuntimeException
contain no argument constructor
saying InstantiationException.

Difference between ClassNotFoundException & NoClassDefFoundError :

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1. For hard coded class names at Runtime in the corresponding .class files not available
we will get NoClassDefFoundError , which is unchecked
Test t = new Test( );
In Runtime [Link] file is not available then we will get NoClassDefFoundError
2. For Dynamically provided class names at Runtime , If the corresponding .class files is
not available then we will get the RuntimeException saying ClassNotFoundException
Ex : Object o=[Link]("Test").newInstance( );
At Runtime if [Link] file not available then we will get the
ClassNotFoundException , which is checked exception

Difference between instanceof and isInstance( ) :

instanceof isInstance( )
instanceof an operator which can
isInstance( ) is a method , present in class Class , we
be used to check whether the
can use isInstance( ) method to checked whether the
given object is perticular type or
given object is perticular type or not
not
We don't know at the type at beginning it is available
We know at the type at beginning
Dynamically at Runtime.
it is available
class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test t = new Test( ) ;
[Link](
[Link](args[0]).isInstance( ));
String s = new String("ashok");
[Link](s instanceof
Object );
//arg[0] --- We don't know the type
//true
at beginning
If we know the type at the
}
beginning only.
}

java Test Test //true

java Test String //false
java Test Object //true

int x= 10 ;
1. consider old value of x for assignment x=10
x=x++;
2. Increment x value x=11
[Link](x);
3. Perform assignment with old considered x value x=10
//10

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