PRACTICE SCHOOL

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON VARIOUS ROLES

OF AJAN VRUKSHA (EHRETIA LAEVIS ROXB)

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of

Bachelor of Pharmacy (VII Semester)

the Faculty of Science and Technology,

SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati.

Submitted By

Ms. Pratiksha R. Kale

Guide

Ms. P. R. Ganeshkar

M. Pharm

Institute of Pharmacy & Research,

Anjangaon Bari Road, Badnera Amravati.
2023 - 2024
Dr. S. J. Dighade

M. Pharm., Ph.D.,

Principal,

Institute of Pharmacy & Research,

Anjangaon Bari Road, Badnera-Amravati.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Practice School Project entitled, “Systematic review
on various roles of Ajan vruksha (Ehretia laevis Roxb)’’ submitted in
respect to the subject Practice School of seventh semester for bachelor degree
course in the faculty of Science and Technology, SantGadgeBaba Amravati
University, Amravati. This project work has been carried out at Institute of
Pharmacy & Research, Badnera - Amravati by Ms. [Link] under
guidance and supervision of Ms. P. R. Ganeshkar, Assistant Professor,
Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Badnera - Amravati.

This practice school project work is now ready for examination.

Place: Badnera Dr. S. J. Dighade

Date: Principal
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Practice School Project entitled, “SYSTEMATIC

REVIEW ON VARIOUS ROLES OF AJAN VRUKSHA (EHRETIA
LAEVIS) is based on work carried out in the Institute of Pharmacy &
Research,Badnera - Amravati.

The Practice school project is now ready for examination.

Place: Badnera

Date: Ms. Pratiksha Kale

 Acknowledgment

Emotion cannot be adequately expressed in words because then, emotions are transformed
into more formalities. My acknowledgements are many times more than what I am
expressing here but the formalities have to be completed.

I express my sincere thanks to respected Prof. Dr. S. J. Dighade, Principal, IOPR, Badnera
for providing me enthusiastic academic environment and all necessary facilities required for
Project work.

I feel immense pleasure to acknowledge my profound sincere, sense of gratitude for valuable
guidance, keep interest of encouragement right from selection of practice topic up to final
shaping of the Project towards my guide Ms. P. R. Ganeshkar, Assistant Professor,
IOPRBadnera. It is privilege to work under his able and inspiring guidance. I therefore
feel indebted to him.

I am also thankful to my friends, Ms. Janvi R. Kale, Mr. Chetan R. Kale, Ms. Rutuja A.
Khawanefor supporting me, directly or indirectly during any difficulty and problems
during my project work. Last one but not the least I wish to express my hearty thanks to
my parents, who always encouraged me at every moment of my life to move ahead and
make one’s own position in the society on your own. I shall remain thankful to them
forever.

Place: Badnera
Date: Ms. Pratiksha R. Kale
Ms. P. R. Ganeshkar,
[Link].
Assistant Professor,
Institute of Pharmacy & Research,
Anjangaon Bari Road, Badnera-Amravati.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Practice School Project entitled,SYSTEMATIC

REVIEW ON VARIOUS ROLES OF AJAN VRUKSHA (EHRETIA
LAEVISROXB) submitted in respect to the subject Practice School ofseventh
semester for bachelor degree course in the faculty of science andTechnology,
SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati. This projectwork has been
carried out at Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Badnera-Amravati by Ms.
Pratiksha R. Kaleunder my guidance and supervision.
This practice school project work is now ready for examination.

Place: Badnera Ms. [Link]

Date: Guide
 INDEX

Sr.
Contents Page No.
No.

1. Introduction 1

2. Plant description of Ehretia laevis roxb 5

3. Different techniques for extraction 10

4. Properties of Ajan vruksha 16

5. Conclusion 25

6. Reference 26
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.
Name of Figure Page. No
No.

1. Leaves of Ehretia laevis roxb 5

2. Ehretia laevis roxb (Ajan vruksha) 5

3. Fruits of laevis roxb 5

4. Flower of Ehretia laevis roxb 5

LIST OF TABLES

Table
Name OF Table Page No.
No.
1. Chemical content present in plant and its medicinal uses. 13

2. Ethnobotanical uses. 13
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1. INTRODUCTION

Plants are considered safe and natural therapeutics for mankind, exploring various
pharmaceuticals and health-promoting products. Herbs and spices derived from the
plant have been used in food and pharmaceutics for centuries. Over the last few
decades, research has been growing to investigate the protective effects of plants
towards curing chronic human diseases, e.g., cancer, heart disease, arthritis,
neurological, obesity, and diabetes. Spices have been shown to have antioxidant,
immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties.[1] Ehretia genus has around
150 species belongs to the family Boraginaceae.[2-4] numerous species are
substantially distributed in tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, and Northern
America. All species of Ehretia are trees (Ehretia acuminata) and shrubs. (Ehretia
rigida). The leaves, dinghies, roots, branches, fruits, and heartwoods are used as the
traditional drugs in China, Japan, and India. Some species produce small fruits are
visited by a broad variety of opportunistic avian frugivores, and some species could
be a precious supplementary feedstuff for ruminant beast and wild beast due to its in
vitro turmoil characteristics as well as low fiber.[5-9] In India, genus Ehretia is
reported for numerous species similar as Ehretialaevis Roxb., [Link]. and
Ehretia microphylla. These species are used in numerous herbal and traditional drugs
in India and China because of their good response in numerous natural exertion.
Ehretia genus has reported the presenceof phenolic acids, lignans, flavonoids, nitrile
glycosides, quinonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, and pyrrolizidine alkaloid. [10-11] In
Wardha quarter of Maharashtra India, Khandu Chakka Plant is prominently used for
crack mending, common pain and minor fractures by original peoples with promising
results. Its myth claim of crack mending property has been vindicated on scientific
base.[12] Ehretia laevis Roxb. is Generally known as ovate- leaved ivory wood,
Gujarati Vadhavaradi, Hindi bhairi, chamror, Konkanikalogamdo, Malayalam
Caranti, Marathi, Datrangi (As it colours teeth in red) Ajaanvruksha (Sant
Dnyaneshwar from Alandi Maharashtra India took Samadhi near the base of this tree
and considered as truly spiritual factory). In Ayurvedic literature, uses of this factory
are for Prameha and Vishagna. This factory has numerous medicinally useful

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chemicals and has great ethno botanical parcels.[13] Ehretia is a rubric of unfolding
shops in the borage family, Boraginaceae. It contains about 50 species. The general
name honors German botanical illustrator Georg Dionysius Ehret (1708 – 1770.
foreword the invention and mass product of chemically synthesized drugs has
revolutionized health care in utmost corridor of the world over the last 100 times.
Orthodox interpreters and herbal drugs are also used by significant corridor of the
population developing countries for primary care.
Herbal drug is one of the most important branches of herbal drug worldwide. In
developing countries like India, the bulk of the world's population also relies on
herbal drugs to fulfil their health conditions.[14] According to the World Health
Organization, 80 percent of people use natural drugs for any aspect of their primary
health care, exposing them to lower- known side goods and troubles associated with
chemically synthesized pharmacological medicines. As a result, bioactive excerpts of
medicinal shops, as well as their herbal drug phrasings, are a realizable volition to
chemically synthesized drugs.[15] For the seasoning to be used more vastly in
medicinal practice, scientific validation of these claims is demanded. Long- term,
putatively unproblematic use of an herbal remedy will attest to its protection and
effectiveness. Herbal drugs with recorded experience from a long period of use should
be distinguished from gravies whose conventional use has not been defined by
exploration styles.[16] Shops have long been studied as a possible source of new
agents. Since they include a variety of bioactive composites with remedial
eventuality. In Cameroonian folk drug, salutary shops have a long history of being
used to treat contagious conditions due to their low bane. Folk drug lacks a theoretical
foundation. ultramodern scientific studies on these medicinal shops are critical for the
shops to be used as drugs more really and scientifically.[17] my drugs are the
dependence of conventional medical systems, having been used in medical practice
for thousands of times and contributing significantly to mortal health. The wide
operation, like those described in old textbooks similar as Vedas and the Bible, of
herbal remedies and drugs has produced medicinal products from traditional gravies
and medicinal shops generally used. It's critical to probe medicinal shops with a myth

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character in lower depth to encourage proper use of herbal drug and to establish their
eventuality as sources for new drugs.[18] India is maybe the most unique country in
the world, with the richest ethnical or myth drug practices. Orthodox interpreters use
these medicines to treat a variety of conditions similar as fractures, arthritis,
hyperlipidemia, hypertension, order conditions, diabetes, and liver conditions, among
others. This rubric' shops have medicinal value and are used in herbal drug to treat
diarrhea, cough, cachexia, syphilis, toothache, stomach and venereal conditions, as
well as an cure to vegetable poisoning (The wealth of India raw paraphernalia 1952).
The E. laevis factory is used for a variety of medicinal purposes. The fresh root
decoction is used to treat syphilis, and the stem dinghy decoction is used to treat
diphtheria. Externally, tender flake paste is used to treat eczema, and the powdered
flowers mixed with milk are used as an aphrodisiac. The factory is used for a variety
of purposes, including beautifiers, pot gravies, wood and monument color, drugs,
wines, and cosmetics. In ages of insufficiency, the tree's inner dinghy and fruit are
consumed.
In Current Scenario the cases of covid-19 is reduced but the Corona virus disease is a
contagious disease caused by virus. It causes respiratory system such as high fever,
dry cough, sore throat, and difficulty in breathing in severe cases. It first cases were
reported in Wuhan city, Hobie province of China in month of dec [Link] 7 thjan 2020
they confirm covid 19 as a causative virus. Traditional medicines are very famous in
China and used for COVID-19. Indian government also published advisory by
AYUSH department for COVID-19. In Maharashtra state of India Ehretia Laevis
Roxb. Plant is being used for many diseases traditionally. Also, this is very spiritual
plant as Santa Dnyaneshwar Maharaj from Alandi Pune has taken Samadhi at the base
of this plant (Admuthe, 2016). In this herbal plant, many phytochemicals are available
Which shows antimicrobial activities including anti-viral activities. As Ayurveda is
Science of life and lots of majors are mentioned in Ayurveda for controlling this
Janapadadwansa like Dincharya, Ritucharya, majors for building good immune
system and medicines to cure diseases. It main aim to make a fully natural products
and also to study it's chemical content, medicinal property of the chemical present in

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each part etc. and it's scope is it's medicinal property which contain large amount of
chemicals in it. It can be a part of further exploration. The bi product of Soxhlet
extraction can be further processed and can be converted into oil, ointment proteins
etc.[19]
Ehretia laevis is a conventional therapeutic herb from ancient times, frequently
designated as Khandu Chakka by local people in Maharashtra. E. laevis leaves are
used in the treatment of skin infections, fungal infections, mouth blisters, eczema,
cuts and wounds, diabetes, asthma, fever and joint pain etc. The leaf of this plant
contains abundant therapeutically beneficial secondary metabolites besides primary
metabolites. [20]
In the present study, one such folk tribal herbal drug not mentioned in standard
Ayurvedic text was found to be very effective in wound healing. It was routinely
employed by tribal for wound management, with surprising output. The present study
was hence under taken to evaluate the science behind such wonderful herb. There are
many wound healing problems like infections, old age, stress, diabetics,
chemotherapy drugs, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, mal nourishment. Lots
of higher expensive antibiotics are used to treat wound infection. This is not
affordable by rural population. Day by day resistances of higher antibiotics are
increases in human. Patients have to face untoward effects of higher antibiotics. This
plant is commonly used in Wardha district for fractures, body ache by rural
population. Local name of this plant is Khandu-Chakka.[21] Local peoples from
Vidarbha are using paste of this plant for wound healing since many years and this is
also proved on scientific ground. Hence this plant is taken for study to prove its
antimicrobial properties on scientific ground and to provide cheap option for wound
healing, to effectively adopt the therapeutic uses of this plant and to help needy
patients. Also it would be one of the best options of crop cultivation for farmer in
farmer suicidal belt like Vidarbha Maharashtra India.[22]

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Plant Description
Fig.1 leaves of Ehretia laevis Roxb Fig.2 Ehretia laevis Roxb
(Ajan vruksha)

Fig.3 fruits of Ehretia laevis Roxb Fig.4 Flowers of Ehretia laevis Roxb

2. Plant description of Ehretia Laevis

a] Macroscopy of plant
This plant has an irregular trunk with a light grey or whitish bark. Leaves are variable
in size and shape. They vary from 2 cm to 6.3 cm in length and 1.3 cm to 3.8 cm in
width. Flowers are white in color These blooms have a 2.5 mm long, three-lobed
calyx and a 6 to 8 mm long, five-lobed corolla. The tube and lobes of corolla are
longer than the calyx. Fruits also known as drupe. They are depressed and globes,
generally 6 mm in diameter. As they mature, they turn orange-red Macroscopy of leaf
powder Fine powder of leaf having light green colour, astringent and bitter in taste
with specific odour.[23]

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b] Microscopy
Transverse section of Ehretia laevis leaf
Leaf shows dorsiventral structure; the epidermis covered by thin cuticle present on
both the surfaces; a single layer of palisade parenchyma underneath the upper
epidermis occupying more than half the portion of the mesophyll tissue; spongy
parenchyma 2-3 layers; Mid-rib consists of upper epidermis, single layer of
parenchymatous hypodermis and collateral vascular bundle surrounded by 3-6 layers
of collenchymatous cells; calcium oxalate rosette crystals present in mesophyll and
collenchymatous cells; unicellular trichomes are present on both surface.[23]

c] Powder Study of the E. laevis

Powder of the herb is fine, greyish-green, slightly bitter and having indistinct odor.
Under microscopic observation it shows presence of the reticulately thickened
vessels; unicellular uniseriate trichome; parenchyma fiber,; crystals of calcium
oxalate; epidermis ; phloem tissue ; and anomocytic. stomata the analysis was carried
out by using standard procedures. It revealed the presence of Phenolic compounds,
alkaloid and saponins etc. the observation and result of the present paper deals with
the study of T.S. of leaf, Powder analysis and preliminary phytochemical
investigation. [23]

Uses:
Ehretia Laevis Roxb. Numerous compounds found in plants are beneficial for a
variety of conditions, including wound healing, fractures, UTIs, aphrodisiacs,
headaches, antihelminthics, diuretics, demulcents, expectorants, RTIs, fever, fungal
infections, hepato protective, cytotoxic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, anti-
apoptotic, anti-carcinogenic, weight gain, diabetes, muscle atrophy, immunity
booster, lower serum lipid levels, neural crest cell survival, sedation, anti-Alzheimer,
antinociceptive, thyroid uptake promotion,, anticoagulant, antiplatelet aggregatory,
peptic ulcer, antiasthmatic, antiosteoporotic & antiosteopenic, anticataract &
ophthalmic effect, decongestant, skin protective, nephroprotective, anti fatigue effect,

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protection of human sperm, protection of testicular tissue atopic dermatitis, anti-

fatigue, neuroprotective, retinoprotective, lung tissue protection, heart protection,
prevention of splenocyte apoptosis, alleviate stress and enhance sleep, hepatic
encephalopathy, anti-secretory, larvicidal, antimalarial, antiretroviral, cosmetics
product neurotransmitter, myelin sheath maintenance, gastric acid secretion &
[Link] laevis is a rare Indian medicinal plant used from the ancient period,
it belonging to a member of the Boraginaceae or Borage family, and is native to India,
Pakistan, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, China, and Bhutan. The Ehretia laevis Roxb. Is
high valued medicinal plant and becoming rare in the state of Maharashtra. It has
religious importance among Hindus. It is growing luxuriantly at Alandi near the
Dnyaneshwar temple. The use of medicinal plants is increasing worldwide. The
general information of Erthia laevis given below,[23]

Taxonomy:
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Tracheophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Boraginales
Family: Boraginaceae
Genus: Ehretia
Species: Ehretia laevis (Roxb)
Botanical name: Ehretia laevis Roxb.
Synonyms: Ehretia laevis Var. platyphylla Merrill.
Common/Local Name: Khanduchakka.

Regional and Other Names:

English: Ehretia
Gujarati: Vadhavaradi
Hindi: Bhairi, Chamror, Datranga, Tamoriya
Nepali: Datingal

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Konkan: Kalo Gamdo

Marathi: Ajaanvruksha, Datrang
Tamil: Kuruviccai, Kalvirasu
Telugu: Tellajuvvi, Paldattam
Malayalam: Harandi
Sanskrit: Charmavriksha

Habit and Habitat: Small deciduous tree, with short stem and grey bark, occasionally
common.
Native: India, China, Bhutan, Pakistan, Laos, Myanmar.
The plant has many such chemicals which are useful in malignancy, obesity, blood
sugar, cardiovascular diseases, blood pressure, and lipids, and muscle wasting to
minimize the risk of viral infection because maximum death in COVID-19 is
associated with secondary complications. The plant has the property to fight infections
of fungus and bacteria which may associate with viral infections [24]. This herbal
plant has chemicals that have a very good effect on neural diseases like brain
ischemia, and useful for the promotion of neural crest cell survival, sedative,
anticonvulsant, anti-Alzheimer, Antiseizure, antidepressant, stroke. The plant has
thyroid uptake promotion property which will be useful for thyroid patients.
Anticoagulant, the antiplatelet property is useful in old age patients and bedridden
patients, also this will reduce the risk in heart patients. Beneficial chemicals to treat
the peptic ulcer and cataract are available in this plant. This will help with the
prevention of diseases [25] Ehretialaevis is a infrequent Indian remedial plant that has
been utilize since antiquity. It is local to India, Pakistan, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam,
China, and Bhutan, and belongs to the Boraginaceae or Borage family.
EhretialaevisRoxb. is a valuable remedial plant that is fetching scarce in Maharashtra.
Hindus regard it as religiously significant. Medicinal plant use is on the rise all around
the world. The following is some general information on Erthialaevis.[26] These drugs
are both expensive and symptomatic, but they are usually only used for a limited time.
The science underlying this wonderful plant was assessed in this study, its effects were
demonstrated on aempiricalextend, a cost-effective and secure method was proposed,

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and its therapeutic utilize were successfully implemented, assisting needy people. It
would also be one of the top crop production solutions for farmers seeking financial
assistance.
The E. laevis plant is utilize to treat a range of ailments. The stem bark decoction is
utilize to cure diphtheria, while the fresh root decoction is utilize to tend syphilis.
[Link] is applied externally to heal dermatitis, while powdered petals combined
with milk are utilize as an aphrodisiac. The plant is used for ornaments, pot herbs,
stone and wood dye, medicines, wines, and cosmetics, among other things. The
insidebark and fruit of the tree are devoured during times of scarcity.
Various writers treat the Ehretiaceae family as a subfamily of the Boraginaceae. It's
mostly found in the tropics of Asia and [Link] is made from the inner bark of
EhretialaevisRoxb. Leaves are used to treat ulcers and headaches. Fruit is astringent,
anthelmintic, diuretic, demulcent, expectorant, and is used to treat urinary tract
infections, lung infections, and spleen infections. The new root decoction is utilized to
cure syphilis, and the stem bark decoction is utilized to cure diphtheria. Apparently,
tender leaf paste is used to treat dermatitis, while the powdered blossoms mixed with
milk is touted as an aphrodisiac. Ringworm is treated with powdered kernel combined
with oil. Seeds have antihelmintic properties.[27]
2.1] Plant distribution:

Ehretia Laevis is a medium-sized tree reaching up to a height of 12 m. Its dropping

branches bear dark green leaves of varied sizes, measuring 2-7.8 cm in length and 1.2-
3.8 cm in width. The shape of the leaves is obtuse, featuring 5-7 lateral veins on each
side of the midrib with slender 2-3 cm long petioles. The bark of the plant is irregular
and light grey. The flowers are white, with round orange fruits when ripe or
mature.[28]
2.2] Geographical distribution:
E. laevis is mainly cultivated in India, China, Pakistan, Shri Lanka, Africa, Bhutan,
Nepal, Burma and Australia. The plant is mainly located in hilly forest and
on hilly slopes.[29]

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3. DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR EXTRACTION:

a) Plant tissue homogenation: In this method dried or wet, fresh plant part are
grinded in a blender to fine particle put in a certain amount of solvent and shaken
vigorously for 5 - 10 min Or left for 24 hour after which extract is clarified the filtrate
then may be dried under reduced pressure and redissolved in the solvent to determine
the concentration.
b) Serial Exhauste Extraction: The technique of extraction which involves
sequential extraction with a solvent of increasing polarity from a non-polar (hexane)
to a more polar (methanol) to ensure that the wide polarity range of compound could
be extracted.
c) Soxhlet extraction: Soxhlet extraction is only essential where the desired
compound has a partial solubility in a, solvent and the impurity is insoluble in that
solvent.
d) Percolation: This techniqoue is used most frequently to extract the active
ingredient in the preparation of tinctures and fluid extract. A percolator ( a narrow
concentic shape vessel open at both end) is generally used .
e) Decoction: This method is used for the extraction of the water soluble and heat
stable ingredients from crude drug by boiling it in water for 15 min, cooling, straining
and passing adequate cold water through the drug to yield the required volume.
f) Maceration: In maceration (for First extract) method entirely or coarsly powdered
plant drug is kept in contact with the solvent in a stopped vessel for a defined period
in with normal agitation until the soluble matter is dissolved. This method is best
suitable for use in case of the thermolobile drugs.[29]

3.1] Chemical constuents:

Phytochemical investigations have led to the extraction and isolation of secondary
metabolites, along with primary metabolites from petroleum ether, chloroform, and
methanolic extracts of its barks and leaves. These include pentacyclic triterpenoids,
flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic components, phenolic acids, hydrocarbons,

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aliphatic alcohols, fatty acids, ascorbic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates,

benzoquinolins, vitamins, and minerals.[30]
• Lupeol

Lupeol (lup-20(29)-en-3β-ol) is abundantly found I medicinal plants and has been

Reported to Pomes an array of pharmacological activities, including antiangiogenic,
Anti-inflammatory Anticancer, and arthritis, antidiabetic, cardiovascular and
Antioxidant activities Lupeol is one of the potential anticancer biomarkers.
• Ursolic Acid
Ursolic Acid (3 β-hydroxy-urs-12-ne-28-oic acid) is a well-known pentacyclic
terpenoid of plant origin that exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, such
as antiviral, anti-ulcerous, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities.

• α -Amyrin
α-Amyrin (3 β-hydroxy-urs-12-en) is the precursor of ursolic acid and predominantly
Found in plant origin exhibiting an array of pharmacological activities, e.g.,
anxiolytic, antidepressant anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic
activity.
• β-Sitosterol
β-Sitosterol (3β-stigmast-5-en-3-ol) is one of the important active principles of many
plants and is also used as a potential plant biomarker for the treatment and prevention
of cancer.

• Flavonoids
Flavonoids are a group of natural products that are ubiquitously present in plants
(fruits, vegetables, and certain beverages). They are associated with various
therapeutic activities and are present in a variety of medicinal, nutraceutical,
pharmaceutical, and cosmetic preparations. The basic structures of these compounds
are often characterized by a fifteen-carbon skeleton with a common phenyl
benzopyrone linkage (C6–C3–C6). Flavonoids are a promising class of natural
products, sub-divided into flavonols (quercetin and kaempferol), flavones (luteolin

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and apigenin), flavanones (hesperetin and naringenin), flavan-3-ols (catechin and

epicatechin), isoflavones (genistein), and flavanones.

• Quercetin
Quercetin (3-3-4-5-7 pentahydroxy flavanone) is a citrus polyphenolic flavonoid
abundantly present in vegetables and fruits, such as black grapes, onion, and tea. It
was the first known tyrosine kinase inhibitor in phase-I human clinical trials. Recent
studies have reported its broad spectrum of activities, including against cancer,
cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory and CNS disorders. Quercetin exhibits
significant antioxidant activity by sustaining oxidative balance

• Kaempferol
Kaempferol (3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) belongs to the flavonol class of flavonoids
and is abundantly found in tea, beans, apples, strawberries, and spinach. Numerous
investigations have established its diverse pharmacological activities, including
cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer,
neuroprotective, and antidiabetic properties. Kaempferol has been found to be
effective against various types of cancers, including skin, colon, and hepatic cancer.

• Luteolin
Luteolin (3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a flavone present in a wide variety of fruits,
vegetables and in medicinal plants. Vegetables including celery, parsley, onion leaves,
broccoli, peppers and carrots are rich in luteolin. Luteolin shows an array of
biological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancerand estrogenic
regulator properties. Luteolin has the ability to induce apoptosis and produce
anticancer effects by causing cell cycle arrest in human oral squamous cancerous
cells, human esophageal, colon, lung and liver cancers.

• Apigenin
Apigenin (4,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is predominantly found in everyday diet. Out of
all the classes of flavonoids, apigenin is ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. It is rich in

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tea, oranges, onion, celery, parsley, beer and wines. Apigenin attracts researchers and
has been recommended in nutraceuticals because of its numerous benefits and low
toxicity. Apigenin exhibits a broad spectrum of activities and is used in the cure of
amnesia, depression, stroke, diabetes and cancer. Numerous in vitro and in vivo
studies support the therapeutic potential of apigenin as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
and anticancer

• Gallic acid
Gallic Acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a naturally occurring plant phenol
obtained by the hydrolysis of tannins. It is known for its diverse biological activities,
including hepatoprotective, anticancer, antimicrobial, and gastrointestinal disorders.
Oxidative stress results in an accumulation and overproduction of free radicals, which
is the primary cause of several degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular system
diseases, atherosclerosis, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. Gallic acid is a low
molecular weight compound readily available in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal
plants. It has the ability to induce apoptosis and also acts as a strong antioxidant. It
has been found in the methanolic extract of the leaves of E. laevis

• Phenolic Acids and Tannins

Plant phenolic acids are a fundamental human dietary component and are well
renowned for their pharmacological actions such as antioxidant, anticancer,
antiallergic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The antioxidant potential
of a particular phenolic acid depends on the number of hydroxyl groups present as
well as their position on the molecule. Tannins belong to the class of polyphenols.
Tannins are water soluble compounds, are present in many plants and have the ability
to precipitate proteins

• Naringenin
Naringenin [5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) chroman-4-one] belongs to the
flavanone series of flavonoids and is predominantly found in citrus fruits like oranges,
lemons, grapes and tomatoes. It is a common polyphenolic dietary component and is

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derived from the hydrolysis of narirutin or naringenin-7-rutinoside. The scientific

community pays considerable attention to this flavonoid because of its therapeutic
potential, including its antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties and
potential against malignancies and neurodegenerative diseases. Naringenin exerts its
antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicalgeneration and enhancing several
antioxidant enzyme levels such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide
dismutase.

• Rutin
Rutin (3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone-3-rhamnoglucoside) is abundantly available as a
flavanol of plant origin. The compound is abundantly present in fruit skin, buckwheat
and potato skin of this plant. It exhibits various pharmacological activities including
neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory,
and antioxidant. It scavenges free radicals and inhibits the lipid peroxidation. It is also
reported to act as a hepatoprotective agent.[31]

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Table no: - 01chemical content present in plant and its medicinal uses.[31]
SR.
PART CHEMICAL CONTENT MEDICAL USES
No
1. LEAVES Naphthoquinone derivative Antibacterial, antifungal,
Minerals such as Na, NH3, antiviral, insecticidal,
Fe, Mn, K, P, Zn, Cu, Si, Mg, cytotoxic, anti-
Ca, Gallic acid, Tannic acid, inflammatory,
Rutin, Vitamin, ascorbic acid, antipyretic,antiparasite
Phytol, Piperazine, analgesic, obesity, diabetes
Betulin&Betulinic acid, mellitus, heart disease, brain
Lupeol. and liver disease, immune
system.
2. FRUITS Decanoic acids, phthalic acid, Antiseizure, Larvicidal
phytol, amyrin, piperazine, activity, antinociceptive,
phenylephrine. Antioxidant, anticancer,
Benzoquinones: - 1,4 immune-enhancing effects,
naphthoquinone lewisone, inhibitcellular senescence,
Bauerenol, Bauerenol acetate, arthritis, asthma, mosquito
α- amyrin, Betulin. repellent, useful for malaria
antitumor, anti-viral,
antibacterial, anti-
inflammatory and
antimalarial.
3. BARK Tanins Tanic Acid, Baurinol, Bacteria, fungi, yeasts,
Pythol, Phenilepherin growth is prohibited by
tannins, clotting of blood,
reduce hyper tension,
control lipid level, causes
liver necrosis and improve
immune response.

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Table no:02 Ethnobotanical uses [31]

Sr.
ETHANOBOTANICAL USES
No
1. AYURVEDIC SYSTEM Appetizer, anthelminthic, skin related
diseases, psoriasis, herpes, allergies, rashes,
hemorrhoids, restore normal color of the
skin, wound healing, reduce itching.
menorrhagia, irregular menstrual cycle,
habitual abortion, strengthens the uterus,
use in urinary tract infection, cooling effect,
reduce inflammation
2. UNANI SYSTEM Laxative, emetic, carminative, coolant,
heart tonic, use in grippe in children, pain,
expectorant, brain tonic, emmenagogue,
inflammation
3. TRADITIONAL Diarrhea, dysentery, wounds, hemorrhages,
SYSTEM cancer, epilepsy, snakebites, calculus,
dropsy, sores, carbuncle, cramps, eye
diseases, dandruff, fever, measles,
leukoderma, hysteria, bronchitis

4. PROPERTIES OF AJAN VRUKSHA (EHRETIA LAEVIS

ROXB)

Ehretia laevis Roxb's inner bark is consumed as food. Leaves are applied to ulcers and
in headaches. Fruits are astringent, anthelmintic, demulcent, expectorant, diuretic, and
used in the affection of urinary passages, diseases of lungs, and spleen Ringworm can
be treated with an oil and powdered kernel mixture. Seeds are anthelmintic shop have
numerous medicinal parcels that can be used to treat cancer,rotundity, diabetes,heart
complaint, high blood pressure, blood lipids and muscle wasting. thus, it reduces the
threat of infection as the loftiest number of deaths are due to COVID- 19. Affiliated
motifs below. The factory has antifungal and antibacterial parcels that may associated

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with infections.[32] The substances contained in this factory are veritably effective
against neurological conditions similar as cerebral ischemia and help the survival of
neural crest cells, sedation,antidiprd anticonvulsant,anti
Alzheimer'scomplaint,anticonvulsant, antidepressant, palsy.[33] This factory has
parcels that increase thyroid immersion and is salutary for thyroid cases.
Anticoagulant, antiplatelet medicines are useful for senior cases and bedridden cases,
which will also reduce the threat of heart complaint. This factory has medicinal
parcels that treat peptic ulcers and cataracts. This will help help the complaint.[34]
The factory contains lysine, which reduces the rush, inflexibility and duration of
treatment of the herpes simplex contagion, and thus can be used for other conditions.
also, it can be used in the treatment of schizophrenia, calcium and protein. immersion,
recuperation, sports injuries and hormone, enzyme, antibody product, osteoporosis,
anxiety and depression, migraine and Alzheimer's complaint, hair loss, shingles, nasty
excrescences, heart complaint, aging, etc. It's useful in precluding other conditions
from infection or maintaining health with its intestinal and liver defensive, anti-
pancreatitis, anxiolytic, anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic goods.[32]

4.1] BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF GENUS

EHRETIA LAEVIS ROXB

1] Antioxidant Activity:
Many species of genus Ehretia show different biological activities such as
antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, and antisnake venom
activities. Antioxidant activity Many compounds, naturally occurring from plant
sources, have been identified as free radical or active oxygen scavengers. Recently,
interest has increased substantially in finding naturally occurring antioxidant for use
in foods or medicinal materials to replace synthetic antioxidants, which are being
restricted due to their side effects such as carcinogenicity. Natural antioxidants can
protect the human body from free radicals and retard the progress of many chronic
diseases as well as decelerate lipid oxidative rancidity in foods. In Ehretia serrata, 1-
butanolic and chloroform fractions of leaves and ethyl acetate fraction of fruits

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showed appreciable results against free radical. 12 compounds including six phenolic
acids and six flavonoids, rosmarinic acid, cinnamic acid, icariside E5, ferulic acid, α
hydroxydihydrocaffeic acid, lithospermic acid B, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, trifolin,
astragalin, kaempferol 3-O-arabinosylgalactoside, and quercetin 3-O-
arabinosylgalactoside were first isolated from Ehretia thyrsiflora and have a
significant response of [Link] plant is rich in flavonoids, phenolic
compounds, and other antioxidants, which neutralize harmful free radicals in the
body. These compounds help in preventing oxidative stress, which is linked to various
chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative
disorders.

Mechanism: The antioxidants scavenge free radicals, reducing oxidative damage to

cells and tissues.
Benefits: This property is particularly important in preventing chronic conditions and
supporting general health by boosting the immune [Link] studies suggest the
antioxidant potential of the plant E. laevis. Antioxidants are substances that have the
capacity to inhibit or delay the oxidation process under the influence of either reactive
oxygen species or environmental oxygen. Antioxidants are compounds that protect
living organisms from damage caused by lipid peroxidation, protein damage,
uncontrolled ROS production, and the breaking of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
strand. In Ayurveda, there are many plants that possess antioxidant potential and can
be used against diseases in which free radicals and ROS play an important role. In
another study, the methanolic extract of E. laevis fruits was reported for antioxidant
effects. The plant displayed its antioxidant effects due to the presence of
phytomolecules such as flavonoids, tannins, ascorbic acid, and phenolic acids. The
antioxidant potential of various other parts of E. laevis needs to be explored further in
ameliorating oxidative stress-associated disorders.

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2]Anti-inflammatory, Antiarthritic, and Analgesic Activities:

Ehretia laevis is traditionally used to treat inflammatory conditions such as arthritis,
joint pain, and swelling. The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant is attributed to the
presence of bioactive compounds like flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins. These
compounds inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, reducing
[Link] ethnobotanical survey revealed that the tribes of rural and forest
remote areas are still depending to a great extent on indigenous systems of medicine.
Recently, in vivo studies established the anti-inflammatory potential of methanol,
chloroform, and aqueous extracts of Elaevis, including its potential for the treatment
of arthritis, a condition characterized by chronic inflammation. Besides, the
methanolic extract of Elaevis leaves has been investigated for its antiarthritic activity
in induced arthritis models in rats. Phytoconstituents like hexadecanoic acid (palmitic
acid), oleanolic acid, and other fixed oils were suggested to be responsible for its
antiarthritic actions. Although systematic scientific studies are still lacking,
forthcoming work will probably produce interesting consequences and may provide a
prospective remedial candidate from Elaevis for the treatment of inflammatory
disorders.
Mechanism: It works by suppressing the release of histamines and prostaglandins,
which are key mediators of inflammation.
Application: Leaf paste or bark decoctions are often applied to affected areas for
conditions like arthritis and general body pain

3] Antimicrobial Activity:
E. laevisSeveral studies have shown that Ehretia laevis exhibits antimicrobial
properties, particularly against bacterial and fungal pathogens. The plant's extracts
contain compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, and tannins, which interfere with
microbial cell walls and inhibit their growth.
Bacteria: Ehretia laevis extracts have demonstrated effectiveness against both Gram-
positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
aureus.

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Fungi: It is also effective against certain fungal species, including Candida.

E. laevishas been employed as an ethnic medicine for the treatment of several
infectious diseases, including those of viral, fungal, protozoal, and bacterial origin.
Several investigations have been performed in recent years to authenticate the
antimicrobial potential of Elaevis. For example, the plant has been tested against
different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. There is always a
tremendous demand for antimicrobial agents due to the speedy development of
microbial resistance. The bioactive constituents of this plant could be excellent lead
compounds in the search for new potential antimicrobial agents.

4] Antiallergic activity

Allergic disorders such as rhinitis, sinusitis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, pollenosis, and
food allergy are the most common cause of human disease. There are a number of
pharmacological agents available for the treatment of allergic conditions such as
asthma and allergy rhinitis, and we also focus antiallergic activity as an essential step
to the development of effective antiallergic agent. Some species of Ehretia genus have
compounds such as dimeric prenylbenzoquinones, nitrile glucosides, and rosmarinic
acid show antiallergic effect. Anti-bacterial activity All extracts of E. laevis leaves
(methanol, chloroform, and aqueous solvent) have revealed excellent antibacterial
activity. When compared to methanol, chloroform, and aqueous methanolic extract
showed the high antibacterial activity on Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria,
and aqueous extracts show the high antibacterial activity on Gram-negative than
Gram-positive. Some other species also show positive respond against antibacterial
activity.

5] Wound Healing Activity:

A tribe in the Wardha district of Maharashtra, India, used E. laevis for wound healing
management and found interesting results. Similarly, folklore practitioners of the
Garasia community of the Sirohi district in Rajasthan also recommended a paste
prepared from the leaves of the plant for early healing of cuts. Thakre et al. reported

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the wound-healing activity of a paste made from E. laevis leaves. Recently, a case
report was published on the local application of E. laevis (Khanduchakka Ghrit) in the
treatment of anal fissures (Parikartika). A broad antimicrobial spectrum of bark and
leaves can be a probable rationale for its wound-healing property. Till now, no
investigational work has been presented on the wound-healing activity or in the
management of anal fissures. Therefore, there could be a wide scope for future
research to figure out the possible mechanisms and phytoactive metabolites
responsible for its wound-healing [Link] leaves and bark of Ehretia laevis are
traditionally used for wound healing. They are applied topically to wounds, cuts, and
sores to promote faster healing.
Mechanism: The plant's tannins and flavonoids help contract the skin and tissues,
reduce bleeding, and promote the formation of new tissue (granulation).
Usage: Leaf or bark extracts are made into pastes and applied directly to the wound
area.

6] Antitubercular activity

In human being, tuberculosis is a contagious infectious disease primarily caused by

Mycobacterium tuberculosis. There are regimens for treating tuberculosis, however
they are not optimal. Development of efficient strategies for the treatment of human
tuberculosis has posed a challenge, considering the increase in infections associated
with the human immunodeficiency virus and immunocompromised patients.
Phytoconstituents have been used in traditional treatment of many diseases; however,
careful investigation of these constituents has not been undertaken with respect to
treatments of tuberculosis. Two compounds ehretiolide and prenylhydroquinone have
extracted from root of Ehretia longiflora are responsible for antitubercular activity
7] Dental caries :
Dental caries is a major health issue affecting the oral cavity. Dental caries are caused
by the interaction of microbes with the tooth enamel. It is estimated that about 2.3
billion people suffer from dental caries globally. According to the World Health

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Organization (WHO), the incidences of dental caries are constantly increasing,

affecting all races, genders, and age groups. The prevalence of caries is about 49%
before the age of 12, progressively increasing to 60% at 15 years and peaking at 84%
in the 60-74 age group. All these documented reports validate the traditional uses of
E. laevis towards microbial diseases of the oral cavity. The wide antimicrobial
spectrum of E. laevis can be very helpful in the prevention of dental problems.
Therefore, these studies confirm that E. laevis has potential for the therapeutic
management of oral and dental problems.

8] Anti-snake venom activity

Snakebite is an important cause of morbidity and mortality and is one of the major
health problems in India and other Asian countries. Ehretia buxifolia claimed to be
useful in treating snake poison. The present study evaluated the potential antivenom
effect Ehretia genus. A compound ehretianone has isolated from MeOH extract from
E. buxifolia is responsible for anti-snake venom activity.

9] Hepatoprotective (Liver-Protecting) Properties

Traditionally, Ehretia laevis has been used to support liver health. It is believed to
help detoxify the liver, protect it from damage caused by toxins, and promote overall
liver function.
Mechanism: The plant's bioactive compounds help in regenerating liver cells and
protecting the liver from harmful substances by increasing the activity of antioxidant
enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase.
Uses: It is used in treating liver ailments such as jaundice and other hepatic
dysfunctions.

10] Miscellaneous Activities:

E. laevis has also been studied for its coagulant and edible properties. Moreover,
several other parts of the plant were recommended for the treatment of jaundice, skin
diseases, and bone fractures. E. laevis has also been used by tribal people and

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recommended by folklore healers (Hakeem) for the management and healing of

fractures. Tichkale et al. reported the use of a paste prepared from the leaves of E.
laevis for the management of fractures. The kalk (paste) was applied to the affected
area, showing promising results.
11] Antitrypanosomal and antiprotozoal activity
Sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and malaria are infectious diseases
caused by unicellular eukaryotic parasites “protozoans.” The available drugs for the
treatment of trypanosomiasis and protozoans are old, expensive, and less efficient,
linked to serious side effects, and dealing with the issue of medication resistance. This
situation underlines the urgent need for the development of new safe, cheap, and
effective drugs for the treatment of parasitic disease. The search for new
antitrypanosomal and antiprotozoal agents in this study is based on ethnomedicine. E.
amoena show weak antitrypanosomal potential with ethanol extract of leaves, bark,
and root. E. acuminata show antiprotozoal activity with methanol extract of leaves

12] Gastrointestinal Benefits

The plant has been used traditionally to treat various gastrointestinal disorders,
including diarrhea, dysentery, and stomach cramps. The astringent properties of the
plant help in reducing intestinal inflammation and balancing gut flora.
Mechanism: The bioactive compounds in the plant modulate the digestive system,
reducing the hyperactivity of the intestines and promoting normal bowel movements.
Application: Bark decoctions are typically consumed to treat digestive issues.

13] Diuretic Activity

The plant is used to promote the elimination of excess fluid in the body, making it
useful in treating conditions such as edema and hypertension.
Mechanism: The diuretic effect is believed to stem from its ability to increase urine
output, helping to remove toxins and excess salts from the body.
Usage: Bark or leaf extracts are commonly used to achieve this effect.

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14] Antiarthritic activity

Arthritis is an inflammatory disorder involving damage of joints. There are over a

hundred different forms of arthritis, of which rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and
psoriatic arthritis are the most common. The treatment of any systemic disorder with
allopathic drugs causes moderate-to-severe adverse effect that could cause death.
Hence, alternative systems of medicine are being explored to treat diseases. E. laevis
treatment supports antiarthritic activity. Of the three parts such as stem, leaf, and bark
and fruit employed, the leaf extract was the most effective. This antiarthritic respond
may be due to the presence of active constituents such as hexadecanoic acid (palmitic
acid), oleanenic acid, and other fixed oils.[34]

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[Link]:

The review showed that plant of this genus as a native to India can become a great
source of income for the nation, hence it would be one of the best option of crop
cultivation to farmer for financial support also it is concluded that the drug is very
effective in wound healing and cheaper than the surgical management in future
extensive research to make the use of plant is more popular. The study help us to find
the immunity booster source which provide antivirus property. Increasing the ability
of person to resist against the disease which is commonly occur in this condition.
Through an exhaustive examination of existing literature we have prepared a
comprehensive overview of various biological activities exhibited by this plant
species ranging from anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties as well as This
plant has help in the critical condition of COVID 19 pandemic by its anti-viral
activity to its role in the traditional medicine and other medicinal useful activity. As
demonstrated the plant has numerous application. The plants research and application
have broad implications in both Medical and cosmetic field. Also it can help to
promote the cultivation of control chakka as a medicinal plant. This will ultimately
aid in improving the economy of farmer to some [Link] study has generated an
evidence for anti-microbial activity, which will provide cause effect to option for
treating wound infection.

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