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Gas Laws CHAPTER 4
THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES
THE GAS LAWS
1. Boyle's Law (Pressure-Volume Relationship)
@ The Gas Laws
"At constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed amount > Boyle's Law —_(Pressure-Volume
of gas varies inversely with the volume of the gas.” Relationship)
1
P= @ (at constant T and n)
> Charles’ Law (Temperature-Volume
Relationship)
v
Gay Lussac’'s Law (Pressure -Temperature
1
or Vs 5 (at constant T and n) Relationship)
where,
T = temperature, P = pressure of the gas, n =number of
Avogadro's Law — (Volume-Amount
Relationship)
moles of a gas and V = volume of the gas > Ndeal-cas Equation
1
= VES > Numerical Value of R
© Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
PM, =P.V, = constant
© Graham’s Law of Diffusion
»
nn
j WS “ \
—v — Log V—>
IL___y
© Assignment
Nv OP
Example 1:
Solution :
The pressure of gas A (P,) is 3.0 atm when it occupies 5L of the volume. Calculate the final
pressure when it is compressed to 3L volume at constant temperature.
Initial condition Final condition
V,=5L Vv,
P,=3atm P,
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According to Boyle's Law
P,V, =P) Vp
= 3*5=P,%3
5x3
= P= 25S = 5 aim
Final pressure = 5 atm
2. Charles’ Law (Temperature-Volume Relationship)
1
Charies' Law states that the volume of a given mass of a gas increases or, decreases by 574-75 of the
volume at 0°C for each degree rise or fall in temperature respectively, provided pressure is kept constant.
(273.15 +t)
MoM rare)
Charles’ Law can otherwise be stated as the volume occupied by a given mass of a gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas al constant pressure.
rs 0 perature CC}
V=T (keeping P constant)
Example 2: 450 mL of oxygen gas at 20°C is heated to 50°C. What is the new volume of the gas at constant
pressure?
Solution: Initial conditions Final conditions
V, = 450 mL Vy
T, = 20°C T, = 50°C
= 20 +273 = 50 +273
= 293 K = 323K
‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 Chemistry - NSEJS Gas Laws 203
According to Charles’ Law
MoM
oT
450_V,
= 293 323
= V, = 496.0 mL
3. Gay Lussac’s Law (Pressure -Temperature Relationship) :
At constant volume, the pressure of a fixed amount of a gas is directly proportional to the tempera-
ture.
VcV.
Example 3: The cylinder of propane gas at 25°C exerted a pressure of 10 atmosphere. When exposed to
sunlight it warmed up to 45*C)What pressure does the container now experience?
PLP,
Solution As volume of the container is constant. So, applying
T, = 25°C T,= 45°C
5 + 273 = 45 + 273
98 K 18 K
P, = 10 atm P, =?
[Link], 10x 318
Pp t= Sg 10.67 atm
4. Avogadro's Law (Volume-Amount Relationship) :
Avogadro's Law states that the equal volume of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pres-
sure contain equal number of moles or molecules.
Ven
Vy _ Va Vom
m me % Vy
This is the basis of Avogadro's law which states that
“Equal volumes of all gases at same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules”
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Example 4: Deepa was studying properties of gases. She took a flask and filed it with sulphur dioxide gas,
and weighed it at temperature T and pressure P. The weight of the flask containing the gas was
found to be W,. She then flushed the flask, cleaned and filled it with methane at
the same temperature and pressure. The weight of the flask containing oxygen was found to be
W,. She repeated the process with oxygen under the same conditions and
found the weight to be W,. The ratio of the weights W, : W, : W, is
() 22424 (Q [Link]
( [Link] () [Link]
Solution: According to Avogadro's law, “Equal volume of all the gases under identical condition of temperature
and pressure contain equal number of molecules".
According to the question
Number of moles of O,, =
Wy We. Ws
NOW. 6446 32
(On comparing these
W,:W,:W,=[Link]
Ideal Gas Equation
On combining the Boyle's law, Charles’ law and Avogadro's law we get an equation known as ideal gas
equation which correlate P, V, T of a gas.
We have
1
Va (according to Boyle's law at constant T)
‘VecT (according to Charles’ law at constant P)
Veen (according to Avogadro's law at constant P and T)
val
P
PV «nT
PV _= ART] ideal gas equation, where, R is a constant known as universal gas constant.
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Numerical Value of R
R= 0.0821 litre atm Kt mot
= 0,0831 litre bar Kt mor
= 8.314 J Kt molt
1.987 = 2 cal K molt
= 8.314 x 107 erg K-*Imor
Other forms of ideal gas equation
Ww
PV= [RT| where, W is the weight and M is the molecular weight of the gas.
dRT
P
= M
where, d is the density of the gas. (This is not the vapour density!)
‘On combining Boyle's law and Charles’ law, we get
KT
P
v.
PY. constant
aan
PM _ Pe
2 [Tt
This is known as combined gas law.
Example §: 30 om’ of a gas at 2.02 atmland 25°C was compressed to 15 cm’ at 35°C. Calculate the final
pressure of the gas.
Solution: Py = 2.02 atm P) =?
V, = 30.cm3 Vz
Ty =25°CT, = 35°C
25 + 273 = 36 + 273
298K = 308K
5 com>
(2.02%30 x308)
= Poe 45298
= 106648
* F2* “garam
= P,= 4.17 atm
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DALTON’'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE
“The total pressure exerted by a mixture of non reacting gases is equal to the sum of partial pressure of each
gas present in the mixture”
One gas
leal gas) behaves like vacuum for other ideal gas.
i.e. Ptotat = Py + Po + Pg ....(Keeping V & T constant)
where P,, P2 and P are partial pressure of three gases.
RT
Py=n, SE
y=
RT
P, =n, SE
2 = Me Fp
RT
Py =n, SE
3 = Ma Fp
RT
PAP, +P, = (my tp +g) a
Also, PV = nRT
P
RT
Pee (mtme +m) Ail)
From (j) & (i) we get
P=P, +P, +P3
Dividing P,, P2, P3 by equation (i), we get
Ph m4
= Pont, thy
aoe fin tg
Ry tNg +My tng +My iy +My +g
Wat ha* he
Similarly P, =——®2__x P.
yen, +My
h
P, Ss _xp
3 yen, +My
Parlial pressure of a gas = Mole fraction = Total pressure of gaseous mixture|
Example 6 : 400 mL of CO, gas at 0.892 bar pressure and 600 mL of CH, gas at 0.921 bar pressure are put
into a 2L flask. Calculate the total pressure of the mixture, assuming temperature is kept
constant.
Solution: Partial pressure of CO, in the mixture
PAV, = PoVo
P, = 0.892 bar ;
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Gas Laws 207
Note = Upp ° U,
Example 7 :
Solution :
‘Aakash Education:
V4 = 400 mL; Vp = 2L = 2000 mL ;
0.892 x 400
2000
PY
Vv,
178 bar (pCO,)
Partial pressure of CH,
PV; = PoV>
Py = 0.921 barP, =?
V4 = 800 mL Vp = 2L
2000 ml.
Px, _ 0921x800
Ve = 300g = 0.388 bar (PCH,
Total pressure of the mixture = pCO, + pCH,
= 0.178 bar + 0.368 bar
= 0546 bar]
Imp Yaw?
Yoms
_ RT, [BRT . [SRT
MN aM Mu
11.128: 1.224
Thus, Uns” Yay > Ump
A gas is found to possess root mean square velocity of 5.16 x 10* cm per second at 27°C.
Calculate
(2) Molecular weight of the gas.
(6) Volume of 10 g of this gas’at a pressure of 0.5 atm.
() Number of molecules present in 10 ml of this gas at STP,
(a)
7
(6.16 « r00p = 3%8:914% 107 «300
M
M = 28.10
() Further, PV = nRT
P=[Link],n= 52> = 0.956, T = 300K, V=7
= 08 alm. = Fe 79 ~ 0986. T= "
ART _ 0,356 x 0.0821 x 300
vee 08 17.54 litres
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= 273K
10
(6) Furthermore, P= 1 atm, V = 755g = 0.01 litre,
py _ _1x0.01
n= Rr = 000821% 273
Number of molecules = 2.687 « 107°
4.46 x 104
GRAHAM'S LAW OF DIFFUSION
According to Graham's Law “at constant pressure and temperature, the rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas
is inversely proportional to the square root of its vapour density or molecular mass’
T
he gy for gas 4
i
fee Vg for gas 2
te. fe _ |i
= wove “Vw where, V, & V; are the Volume of gases diffused in time t, & ty.
te. fe _ [Me hh & th {moles of diffused &
= Te Tae 7 ig where, n, &’nlarethe no. of moles of gases difused in time ty & ty
hte
= ie where) fy & Jp are the-distance travelled by the gases in time t; & ty
Further rate of dif t const Hence “= 2: Me at constant temperat
‘urther rate of ciffusion (7) =F at constantitimp.. Hence (= ii at constant temperature
Example 8: The volumes of ozone and chlorine diffusing during the same time are 35 ml and
29 mi respectively. If the molecular weight of chlorine is 71. Calculate molecular mass of ozone.
(Qs) _ |M(Cl)
(Cl) YM(O3)
Rate of diffusion in same time is proportional to volume diffused so
Solution :
V(Os) _ fMMCR) 35 _ [71
ViCl,) VM(O3) > 29 ~ YM(O3)
(35) 71 _
(a “Os) M(O,) = 48.74
gaa
‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 re Assignment
Single answer type questions:
1. Two litres of oxygen gas diffused through a
membrane in 600 seconds. 0.6 litre of an unknown
gas diffused through the same membrane in half
the time required for oxygen to diffuse. The
molecular weight of the unknown gas is
() 16
@) 89
(2) 44
(4) 64
2, The rms speed of hydrogen is’ /7 times the rms,
speed of nitrogen. If T is the temperature of the
gas, then
(1) Thy = The 2) Ty > Te
@) Ty T, Q) Ty) t
= PL v
(1) PM = DRT (2) M DRT @
(3) P +M=DRT (4) P-M=DRT yr.
aaa
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