ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

UNIT-5 Electromagnetic wave: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

• A time varying Electric field produce
Define displacement current and what is
time varying magnetic field and vice
need for displacement current:
versa which regenerate each other to
Ans: The current developed due to time
produce a transverse waves called
varying electric field is called displacement
Electromagnetic waves.
current and is given by
𝒅∅𝑬 • In electromagnetic waves the direction
𝐈𝒅 = 𝝐 𝒐 of vibration of EF and MF are mutual
𝒅𝒕
perpendicular to each other and also
perpendicular to the direction of
Time varying Magnetic field gives rise to
propagation of EM waves. Thus EM
time varying electric field and Also time
waves are transverse in nature
varying EF produce time varying MF due to
which displacement current is developed.
Properties of EM waves:
So Maxwell modified the ampere circuital
1. They do not required any medium to
law as below:
propagate and hence can even
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮ ⃗𝑩 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝒐 (𝑰𝒄 + 𝐈𝒅 ) propagate in vacuum.
𝒅∅𝑬 2. They are transverse in nature.
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⟹ ∮ ⃗𝑩 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝒐 (𝑰𝒄 + 𝝐𝒐 ) 3. They can be reflected, refracted and
𝒅𝒕
where ∅𝑬 = varying E. Flux diffracted.
Source OF electromagnetic waves: 4. They are not deflected by M.F and E.F.
• Accelerated electric charge or 5. They shoe the phenomenon of
oscillating electric charge is the basic interference, polarization etc.
source of EM waves.
Some Important Formulae:
• Neither charge at rest or moving with
1
constant velocity produce E.M waves
• The Charge oscillation with some
frequency produce time varying electric
field and magnetic field which
regenerate each other which results in
the production waves in the region
• Hertz Experiment support the If the wave is propagate along along z axis
production of E.M waves by oscillating then,
Charge. Ex and By are represented as follow:
• The frequency of the E.M waves is 𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸0 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧)
equals to the frequency of the And
oscillating charge. 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐵0 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧)
𝐸0
Where 𝐵0
= 𝑐 ; 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

2. Speed of EM waves in vacuum is

Prepared by Sir Bikesh( 8800239312) Lecturer Photon school
[Link](Hons) Physics, Delhi University Part Time Lecturer Bethel School (Higher secondary)
M,sc Physics, Manipur University Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
𝟏 Microwaves:-
a. 𝒄 =
√𝝁𝒐 𝝐𝒐
𝑬𝟎
• Produce by special vacuum tube
b. 𝒄 = 𝑩 Klystron Magnetrons and Gunn diode.
𝟎
3. Speed of EM waves in other medium: • Uses:
𝟏 1. Radar System and Aircraft
𝒗=
√𝝁𝝐 Navigation
Electromagnetic spectrum: 2. Microwaves Oven
The whole range of frequency or
wavelength of the electromagnetic wave Infrared Rays:
arranged in an order is known as • Produce by hot bodies and molecules.
Electromagnetic Spectrum • Also known as heat waves.
• Uses:
1. In warming earth
2. In earth satellite
3. Electronic device emits Infrared
rays and are used in remote
switches of TV, video recorder, hi-
fi System etc.

Visible Rays
• Frequency : 4 × 1014 𝐻𝑧 − 7 ×
1014 ℎ𝑧
•
• It enables us to see objects around
us and our eyes are sensitive to
these range.

Ultraviolet Rays:
Radio Waves: • Produce by Special like sodium lamp
• Generally produce by the accelerated and very hot bodies
motion of charge in conducting wire • Sun is the very important source of
• Uses: UV rays and fortunately mostly
1. Radio and TV communication absorbed by ozone layers.
System. • Exposure to UV radiation induces the
2. In cellular phone to transmit production of more melanin, causing
voice communication. tanning of the skin.
• TV waves ranges from 54MHz-890MHz • UV radiation is absorbed by ordinary
• FM radio band extend from 88MHz- glass. Hence, one cannot get tanned
108MHz or sunburn through glass windows.

Prepared by Sir Bikesh( 8800239312) Lecturer Photon school

[Link](Hons) Physics, Delhi University Part Time Lecturer Bethel School (Higher secondary)
M,sc Physics, Manipur University Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Uses: Uses inLASIK (Laserassisted in situ What is the expression for MF?
keratomileusis) eye surgery. UV lamps are
used to kill germs in water purifiers.

X rays: 5. The charging current for a capacitor

is 0.25Ω. What is the displacement
• Wavelength: 10-8 m -10-13 m.
current across its plates?
• One common way to generate X-
rays is to bombard a metal target by Ans: Displacement current is equivalent to
high energy electrons. and is the same as charging current 025 A .
• X-rays are used as a diagnostic tool
6. Write the following radiations in a
in medicine and as a treatment for
descending order of frequencies: red
certain forms of cancer
light, x-rays, microwaves, radio waves

Gamma rays Ans: Radiowave, Microwave, X-ray, red

• produced in nuclear reactions and light
also emitted by radioactive nuclei. 7. How does the frequency of a beam of
They are used in medicine to ultraviolet light change, when it goes
destroy cancer cells. from air into glass?
Ans: We know that the frequency of UV
Related Question: light is unaffected by the frequency of a
beam of ultraviolet light change and when
1. A plane electromagnetic wave of
it goes from air into glass.
frequency 25 MHz travels in free
space along the x-direction. At a
particular point in space and time, E
8. What is the ratio of speed of gamma
= 6.3 ˆj V/m. What is B at this point?
rays and radio waves in vacuum?
2. The magnetic field in a electromagnetic
wave is given by Ans: As we know that the ratio of speed of
By = (2 × 10–7) sin (0.5×103x+1.5×1011t)T. gamma rays and radio waves in vacuum is
a. What is the wavelength and one .
frequency of the wave?
9. It is necessary to use satellites for long
b. Write an expression for the
distance TV transmission. Why?
electric field
Ans: Because television signals are not
3. The amplitude of the oscillating reflected by the ionosphere layer of the
magnetic field in an em waves is atmosphere, TV broadcasts from air earth
2 × 10−[Link] is the amplitude of stations must be reflected back to the
the oscillating MF ground via an artificial satellite.
4. EF in a plane EM waves is given by
103 𝑥 3𝑡 [Link] is the role of ozone layer in the
𝐸𝑧 = 60𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( + 1011 ) 𝑉𝑚−1
2 2 atmosphere?
Prepared by Sir Bikesh( 8800239312) Lecturer Photon school
[Link](Hons) Physics, Delhi University Part Time Lecturer Bethel School (Higher secondary)
M,sc Physics, Manipur University Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School
 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Ans: The main role of ozone layer in the 16. State the condition under which a
atmosphere is that it absorbs all harmful microwaves oven heats up food items
UV rays and shield us from their containing water molecules more
detrimental effects. efficiently.
[Link] is the nature of waves used in Ans: Frequency of the microwaves must
radar? match the resonant frequency of the water
molecule
Ans: The characteristics of the waves
utilized in radar employs microwaves.
12. What physical quantity is the same
for X rays of wavelength 𝟏𝟎 ×
𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝒎, red light of wavelength 6800
A0 and radio waves of wavelength
500nm?
Ans: All of them will have same speed.

[Link] the application of Infra-red

radiations?

Ans: Following are the application of infra-

red radiations:
a. Photographs taken in hazy situations
are taken with infrared radiation.
b. Infrared radiations are employed to
uncover the old walls' secret writings.
[Link] constituent radiation of the
electromagnetic spectrum is used?
a. To photograph internal parts of
Human body-
b. For air aircraft navigation
Ans: The constituent radiation

of the electromagnetic spectrum

is (1) X – Rays are usually used

photograph internal parts of

Human body

(2) Microwaves are used for air aircraft

navigation

Prepared by Sir Bikesh( 8800239312) Lecturer Photon school

[Link](Hons) Physics, Delhi University Part Time Lecturer Bethel School (Higher secondary)
M,sc Physics, Manipur University Former Guest Lecturer Delta Advance School