Analysis of Electromagnetic Pulse Effects Under
High-Power Microwave Sources
Bestin Binu Swapna P N
[Link] Lecturer in Electronics Engineering
Department of Electronics Engineering Department of Electronics Engineering
Government Polytechnic College Kottayam Kerala,India
Kerala,India swapnapnelx@[Link]
bestinbinu7@[Link]
Abstract—The study investigates the application of high-power this technology and can be applied to new applications. A
microwave (HPM) technology in electronic warfare, focusing on quantum leap with respect to the level of microwave power can
its impact on electronic systems and the development of pro- be used to guide physics in new directions with conventional
tection mechanisms. A magnetically insulated transmission line
oscillator (MITL), a vacuum electronics device, was constructed microwave equipment or new interaction mechanisms in the
to emit 3 GW microwave pulses at L-band with 10-15 power microscopic world. Conventional microwave electronics can
efficiency. A Vlasov antenna was designed to convert microwave reverse the current trend toward miniaturization of solid-state
modes for effective targeting. Experimental evaluations included devices. They inherently exhibit limited output capacity . HPM
testing protection systems against intense microwave radiation generation can lead to generation of enormous power, and
using various electronic devices such as drones, mobile phones,
and cameras. Field measurements and effect analyses were thus it can be considered as a significant factor in the future
performed with high-power D-dot probes and fluorescent lamps as an energy source for modern relativistic electron beam
to assess radiation patterns and electronic disruptions. The results technology. These high-power microwaves are applied to mil-
demonstrated that composite hybrid absorbers effectively shield itary weapons, such electromagnetic pulses (EMPs), based on
against electromagnetic pulse effects, supporting the feasibility directed-energy weapons (DEWs). Over the past two decades,
of directed-energy weapons for future deployment on mobile
platforms like ground vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles. extensive research has been conducted on EMP weapons that
directly transmit energy as opposed to other transmission
Index Terms—High power microwave (HPM), directed-energy methods . HPM devices have been developed since 1960s,
weapon (DEW), electromagnetic pulse (EMP), magnetically in- starting with gyrotron, free electron laser (FEL), vircator,
sulated transmission line oscillator (MILO) klystron, magnetron, and relativistic magnetron (RM), which
can handle electrons in a relativistic realm by accelerating
I. I NTRODUCTION exces- sively high-voltage electrons. HPM based high-power
The development of pulse power machines (PPMs) led to elec- tromagnetic wave pulse generators, such as magnetically
the emergence of high-power microwave (HPM) sources that insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO), backward wave
create a relativistic beam. The process of generating an electric oscillator (BWO), and traveling wave tube (TWT) have been
field via HPM sources that generate a relativisticelectron beam proposed and developed. Furthermore, the impulse source that
requires the development of a more intensive and high-voltage enables RF radiation of high-power electromag- netic waves in
pulsed power generator. HPM generation is of significant a wider area through an antenna has been continuously devel-
interest in a laboratory because a PPM, which is stored as oped. Moreover, the pulsed electron beam (e-beam) accelerator
a capacitor and generates a high voltage, occupies a large required to generate the HPM presents a major concern, and
volume and has a large mass. Hence, PPM, which stores compression of the pulses within the PPM can result in a
high voltage as a capacitor, is mainly used as a HPM source relativistic electron beam. Hence, this principle can be applied
because it requires a generator with a con- stant impedance of to EMPs termed as an electronic bomb . Most recently, drone
several tens of hundreds to thousandsof kV for 100 ns. The strikes have dramatically changed the face of warfare. This
energy circuit stored in the capac- itor is highly suitable for presents a new opportunity, especially for terrorists, as it can
pulses of approximately 100 ns with high voltage and high transform small commercial drones into weapons of terrorism.
output. High-power microwave technology is one of the most Without any armament, only the kinetic energy of the drone
recent technologies, and new innovations and applications in is sufficient to attack a person or collide with an aircraft
near an airport. Therefore, prevention of drone attacks and
terrorism is emerging as a new security challenge. Hence, a
wide array of ideas, including lasers and anti-aircraft guns observed via the waveguide at the output stage and microwave
to attack drones, electromagnetic jammers and even nets for B-dot sensor installed in each resonator. In the observed
capturing drones, and eagles have emerged. Specifically, the mode competition phenomenon, in contrast to normal mode
use of electromagnetic waves in a drone shooting system is competition, the fast-growing axial mode close to the desired
not a new idea. Some systems, such as guns, can be carried mode grows initially, but eventually shifts to a slow-growing
and fired by an individual. However, considering the power
and range, a stationary system that can also move in a vehicle
can block drones more effectively. The EMP attack system
is the safest method for preventing simultaneous attacks from
multiple drones, especially when protecting facilities that are
sensitive to the use of firearms or facilities with civilians
nearby . In this study, the EMP effect on electronic devices
was analyzed by designing and manufacturing a narrowband
oscillator termed as MILO. Hence, based on theory, design,
manufacturing, and testing of pulse power devices, a Marx
generator with an electron beam acceleration energy of up
to 1 MeV, which can generate GW-class high-output pulse
power from a relatively low voltage (of several tens of kV),
was designed and manufactured. Furthermore, a pulse form- Fig. 1. MILO system as a representative HPM source for application to an
EMP generator; (a) Outline of 3D modeling design applicable to EMP, (b) 3D
ing device, Blumlein pulse forming line device, was designed aerial view of MILO system with Vlasov antenna center view, (c) top view
and manufactured. High output pulse power of GW-level was of the MILO system, and (d) side view of the MILO system
generated from this system . The power level was confirmed
with diagnostic devices such as voltage probe and magnetic- stable mode. We determined that the kinetics of this mode
variable probe. Based on the design and fabrication of MILO, competition is highly dependent on the temporal change of
a device was designed and manufactured to gener- ate high- the magnetically insulated electron beam drift velocity. This is
power microwaves from the electron beam generated by the related to the dependence on the pulse shortening phenomenon
pulse power device via theoretical calculations and simula- according to the output power. The influence of the anode
tions. Additionally, to test this device, a microwave diagnostic plasma generated between the cathode and anode of the diode
device was designed and manufactured. To ensure accurate was confirmed in a previous experimental study . To verify
targeting, TM01 mode, which is the basic mode that occurs the performance of MILO, a pulse power device capable
in the MILO circuit, was converted to TE11 mode. Hence, a of accelerating an electron beam to a maximum of 1 MeV
Vlasov antenna with optimal gain was designed, manufactured, with a maximum acceleration voltage of 800 kV and variable
and demonstrated. Additionally, the perfor- mance of the impedance control based on the property con- servation law
antenna was evaluated. A maximum output of approximately were used. In the case of a diode impedance characteristic
3 GW of L-band (1.15 GHz) was obtained for 50 ns with an of approximately 14 , MILO can generate up to 45 GW
output efficiency in the approximate range of 10–15. Finally, of electron beam. By using this electron beam to generate
by conducting analysis of radiation patterns and effects on electromagnetic waves with a power efficiency of 10–15, it was
electronic devices. guidelines and blueprints are presented for possible to create an RF output power of 3 GW. Additionally,
application to EMPs in future studies. based on previous research results, the rise time of RF output is
formed in several tens of ns. Therefore, based on the 100–150-
II. MILO SYSTEM ns pulsed electron beam accelerator used in this experimental
As mentioned earlier, we adopted the MILO system as a study, an RF output power of 20–50 ns can be realized . Fig.
source of HMP for EMP application research. MILO is con 1 shows the three-dimensional model of the MILO system.
sidered as a vacuum element that can generate the highest Fig. for the theoretical study, design data, and produc- tion
level of power among the existing sources of HPM. Further performed in advance. Based on the 3D modeling results
more, other organizations worldwide are also developing it shown in the reproducibility of the MILO system is sufficiently
as an EMP device. The performance specifications of the secured through more than 1000 shots. This was conducted
pulsed electron beam accelerator, applied in this study, were in a prior study to build a reliable database for performance
verified in our previous study. Additionally, the reproducibil ity verification. Fig. 1-(a) shows a Marx genera- tor filled with
of design, circuit fabrication, and performance experi mental insulated oil and trigger generator consisting of R-L-C circuits
studies based on theoretical research on MILO was confirmed for high-voltage applications and compo- nents of spark-gap
in prior research. In this study, we focus on mode competition gas switches, which serve as an impor- tant overall system
in MILO, which is considered as an HPM gen erator. It controller for remote and synchronous control. Specifically,
has been experimentally and theoretically proven that this acceleration voltages of up to 800 kV can be generated. By
mode competition can lead to unstable operation, an important using the Blumlein pulse forming line (Blumlein PFL), the
issue in HPM generators. Specifically, mode competition was underdamping sinusoidal waveform generated via the Marx
generator maintains the applied max- imum acceleration volt- implies that when the electric filed is analyzed with a three-
age. This proceeds as a square pulse and aids the electron dimensional radiation pattern, the radiation pro- ceeds in a
beam to accelerate favorably. Simulta- neously, 1500 liters donut shape. Hence, it is impossible to reach a desired target
of deionized water is contained inside the Blumlein PFL to when the electromagnetic waves are radiated in air through the
ensure that the relative permittivity is 78 and specific resistance antenna. To overcome this limitation in this study, an antenna
is maintained at approximately 18 M cm. This ensures that design with a mode conversion function to transform TM01
there is no insulation break- down problem. The red velvet mode to TE11 mode, in which the electric field is the highest in
cathode in the MILO circuit shown in Fig. 1-(a) has a very low the center, is required. It is necessary to design an optimized
concentration of impu- rities in the plasma state in vacuum. design via computational simulation studies. Based on Fig.
Hence, the probabil- ity of a break-down inside the vacuum 3, the actual fabrication was conducted by securing the data
is very low. Self without external magnetic field characteristic from the simulation. As shown in Fig. 3, the Vlasov antenna is
of the MILO circuit It is characterized as a very advantageous basically com- posed of a circular waveguide and can be used
material for forming magnetization. After the formation of with a reflector or a lens that can provide a phase difference
field emis- sion on the surface of velvet cathode through the according to the application. The Vlasov antenna cuts the end
MILO cir- cuit, RF oscillates through the beam–wave. of the circu- lar waveguide at a certain angle and connects the
end with
Fig. 2. MILO circuit (synchronism condition: Vbeam = VRFphase).
several cavities between a relativistic electron beam and
slow wave structure. Simultaneously, the resonant frequency
is determined (approximately 1.15 GHz) due to the specially Fig. 3. 3D modeling of a vlasov antenna
designed cavities and its dimension characteristics, and it can
radiate to the exterior in the air while intactly propagating a polyethylene-based lens. Additionally, it interacts with the
or converting a specific mode through the antenna. As shown low-speed structure in the MILO circuit, exhibits a resonant
in Fig., MILO is composed of several con tinuous resonators frequency, converts the mode of the electromagnetic wave that
in a vacuum coaxial diode composed of a cathode and an travels, and plays an important role in radiating the elec-
anode. when a negative input pulse is transmitted from the left, tromagnetic wave in air via the lens. Given that the Vlasov
electrons flow through the central conductor and are emitted antenna operates as an antenna using the cross section of
through the cathode. At this time, this flow of electrons creates the waveguide, it is generally suitable for cases with large-
a magnetic field in the direction of rotation, and if the current is diameter waveguide, which is widely used in L-band with
sufficiently high, then it acts together with the electric field in a relatively low operating frequency or resonant frequency.
the given radial direction to form E B drift motion in the axial Additionally, the Vlasov antenna, which has a small aperture
direction. Eventually, the electrons do not reach the anode and when compared to the wavelength according to frequency,
flow in the axial direction, which is termed as self magnetic exhibits the advantage of reducing the area of electric field
insulation. This electron beam is decelerated or accelerated in distribution because of its relatively low gain. However, given
this manner by a specific mode of the resonator. Specifically, that electromagnetic waves radiate in a tilted propagation
this corresponds to the mode with a phase difference of for direction, they exhibit frequency dependence due to ellipti-
each vane. If the speed of the electron beam is similar to cally polarized light. This serves as a disadvantage for the
the phase speed of this mode, then an electron beam bunch Vlasov antenna. Furthermore, it has the characteristic of a
is formed in this manner, and this bunch releases energy to narrowband antenna, in which the direction of the antenna
generate strong coherent radiation (synchronism condition). should be changed by the resonant frequency because the
direction and tendency of the radiation pattern vary according
to the operating frequency. Based on the modeling-based
A. VLASOV ANTENNA
design optimization data in Fig. 3, the radiation pattern in
The fundamental mode of electromagnetic waves generated the air was predicted and analyzed via simulation. In Fig.
from MILO circuit in is either TEM or TM01 mode. In the 4, the center is 0 in the vertical plane, and the angular
electric field distribution, the central electric field is zero. This width is 100. With respect to the horizontal plane, the
center is 45 and angular width is 38. The three-dimensional
radiation pattern can be expected as elliptical. Based on the
aforementioned results, a Vlasov antenna is manufactured and
externally configured for a cold test as shown in Fig. 5. With
respect to the combination of the separately manufactured
mode converter and Vlasov antenna, the operating frequency
of MILO is 1.15 GHz, the input of the mode converter is TEM
mode, and the output corresponds to the circular waveguide in
TE11 mode, which is converted by the mode converter. The
measurement items of the com- bination of the mode converter
and Vlasov antenna include reflection coefficient, radiation
pattern, and gain. Given that the measurement of the reflection
coefficient of the antenna should be obtained independently
of the surrounding environ- ment, the measurement cable of
Fig. 5. Cold test of a vlasov antenna
the calibrated vector network analyzer should be fixed to
Fig. 6. Cold test result of vlasov antenna: reflection coefficient
an antenna with a known gain. Hence, the radiation pattern
is normalized. Given that the cut-off frequency of the mode
converter and antenna assembly in the cold test is 1 GHz,
applying to the formula of 2D2/, which is a long-distance
condition, is about 2 m. First, the reflection coefficient of the
Vlasov antenna was measured. The result is shown in Fig. 6.
The reflection coefficient measurement result showed an error
of approx- imately 4 dB when compared to that of the design
case. Fig. 7 shows the result of the cold test measurement in
terms of the radiation pattern and antenna gain. The radiation
Fig. 4. Simulation (CST) results of a vlasov antenna pattern and gain were measured at 1.0 GHz and 1.2 GHz
with the operating (resonant) frequency of 1.15 GHz as the
eliminate the phase change error due to the cable. Hence, it center. The results in Fig. 7 show that the gain of the Vlasov
is necessary to install a radio wave absorber around the cable antenna is maximum at the center with an approximate value
to reduce the influence of the signal reflected on the ground of 10 dB. This shows that the mode conversion was performed
or surrounding objects. To measure the radiation pattern and correctly from TM01 to TE11. Hence, the targeting is expected
gain, a long-distance measurement method was used. Given to function accurately on the desired object. The main beam
that the distance measurement is performed by only using and formation angle was compared with the design value and
-direction glottal gates, as there is no radial component in the experimental value for each frequency in Table 1.
spherical coordinate system, the measurement process is sim-
ple. However, a loca- tion that satisfies the distance condition III. EXERIMENTAL PERFORMANCE RESULTS
is required. In the measurement method, the radiation pattern As shown in Fig. 2, the MILO system was fabricated and
is measured via an antenna operating in the same frequency the experimental configuration for performance test was com-
band, and the gain is calculated by comparing the relative pleted. shows the overall MILO system, in which the Marx
value with the data measured under the same conditions with generator and Blumlein PFL are assembled with a Vlasov
antenna that modulates electromagnetic waves and radiates
them outward. Fig. 8-(b) shows the cathode that covers the
velvet. Hence, the velvet is mounted on the sur- face of the
anode to facilitate the emission of electrons The output power
facilitates the emission of electrons as the work function value
is lowered when compared to the material of the existing
cathode by mounting the velvet. Finally, a dielectric material,
Fig. 8. TABLE 1. Main beam forming angle from the cold test of vlasov
such as velvet, was attached to the surface of the cathode antenna
to generate high-quality electron beams on the surface of the
cathode. This was performed using a shape that facilitated
uniform electron emission by forming fine gas columns. Based of electromagnetic waves under a resonant frequency mode
on these results, the weak- ness of MILO, which has a due to the beam–wave inter- action from the cathode to the
relatively low output conversion efficiency of 10 or less, can be central anode via the Vlasov antenna. This leads to a circularly
compensated to some extent When connected to each other, symmetrical mode via the circularly symmetrical central anode
when the monopole’s electromagnetic field affects the inner
core conductor under the influence of the separation distance
between the central anode and velvet cathode, which has the
characteristics of an inner conductor. the performance test
results of the MILO system. In the applied acceleration voltage
can be approximated as 600 kV considering the full width
at half maximum, and the RF output power is observed at
3- GW level. Furthermore, the range for the beam current
can be calculated by using a diode impedance of 14 . the
maximum beam current is observed approximately at 40 kA. In
the study, the beam current was measured with a B-dot probe.
confirms the oscillation frequency via fast Fourier transform
(FFT) operation based on the RF power signal measured by the
power meter. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the resonance
frequency for the main mode oscillates at 1.15 GHz. As for
the phenomenon that the RF pulse is shorter than the applied
beam voltage in the anode plasma generates an ion flow toward
the cathode. As these ions neutralize with electrons near the
cathode, they reduce the space charge limitation, and the
emission current increases. An increase in emission current
leads to strong and fast insulation and prevents the growth
of 5/6 mode, which competes with mode in the early stage
of the diode operation. This leads to a reduction in the RF
pulse when compared to the length of the applied voltage
pulse . Fig. 10 shows the database obtained through hundreds
of experiments to secure reliability and reproducibility, which
are indicators of the performance guarantee of the MILO
system. Fig. 10-(a) shows the RF output power with respect
to the applied beam voltage, and Fig. 10-(b) shows the power
efficiency with respect to the applied beam voltage. In both
plots, as the applied beam voltage increases, the predicted
values of simulation and experimental results tend to differ.
This is related to the phase velocity of electromagnetic waves
wherein the beam –wave interaction should be considered as
the applied beam voltage increases. This is closely related to
the axial mode competition with respect to the formation [1].
Fig. 7. Distributions of radiation pattern and gain for vlasov antenna; (a) 1.15 IV. OUTLINE OF THE THREAT
GHz, (b) 1.0 GHz, and (c) 1.2 GHz.
Electronic warfare (EW) is a type of military operation that
as shown in Fig. 8-(c) and Fig. 8-(d), the velvet cathode (to falls within a new category of conflict, namely information
which the velvet is attached) and central anode are positioned warfare (IW). These are any military operations involving the
at a certain distance. This enables mode-converted radiation use of electromagnetic energy or directed energy weapons to
gain control over the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack impact can be observed, caused by the formation of a standing
a hostile . Electronic warfare includes three main forms of wave and the overlapping of reflections in the hull recesses.
action UAVs are also used in the modern battlefield. Their small
size and relatively quiet operation allow them to be used for
• electronic attack,
observation or intelligence purposes. Due to manoeuvrability
• electronic reconnaissance,
and achieved speeds, interception of hostile UAVs and their
• electronic protection [1]. Directed energy weapons
neutralisation is a technically demanding task, both due to the
(DEW) are systems including:
inability to have an effective impact on UAVs using kinetic
• laser technologies,
weapons and the difficulties in detecting them. Protection of
• technologies using high-power
critical infrastructure, including airports, against the intrusion
• electromagnetic pulse (high-power EMP),
of UAVs will most likely be carried out using microwave
• technologies using charged particles beams or neutral
weapons for jamming and disabling intruder vehicles.
particles beams
Currently, weapons systems such as HPM weapons, laser V. DIRECTED MICROWAVE ENERGY (HPM)
systems or microwave-based disabling weapons are in the area WEAPON
of interest of armies in most countries, including Poland (”New HPM anti-aircraft systems are developed in the coun-
weapons and defence systems in the field of directed energy”, tries leading in the work on directed energy electromagnetic
National Centre for Research and Development, Competi- weapons, primarily the USA, Russia, China and India. An
tion no. 1/PS/2014).The longstanding competition among the example of the USA work on the HPM anti-aircraft system is
military forces of different nations to establish supremacy the Phaser system from Raytheon, whose tests were conducted
has been a driving force behind the continual improvement back in 2013 at the U.S. Army Fires Center of Excellence
of design solutions in weapons technology. This emphasis in Fort Sill, Oklahoma. An example of a Russian system
on developing advanced weaponry is crucial, especially in is Ranets-E, which operates in the X-band, has an HPM
the field of aviation, where it plays a vital role in defend- source of 500 MW and generates pulses with a duration of
ing against terrorism and military operations. This includes 20 nanoseconds and a repetition rate of 500 Hz. The antenna
the deployment of unmanned aircraft (UAVs) for combat or has a gain of 50 dBi shows the results of estimated EM field
reconnaissance missions and safeguarding manned aviation intensity calculations based on the abovementioned emission
against countermeasures. Aircraft are particularly vulnerable parameters and assumptions, with a source frequency of 10
to the effects of exposure to HPM weapons. In their case, GHz and a 4 metre antenna diameter. it can be noticed that the
the threat caused by high-power microwave pulses is dispro-
portionately high, because disturbance of the operation of the
engine control systems, information display, aerometric and
gyroscopic systems, and navigation equipment and systems
may cause loss of steering and stability, and thus the pilot’s
control over the aircraft. The aircraft usually cannot stop
flying in the air, so the impact of HPM weapons most often
ends in its destruction. In the case of vehicles and vessels,
there is a greater chance of resetting the electronic systems,
which usually allows the system to be restored and continue
to function properly, unless the pulse has caused permanent Fig. 9. Peak electric field intensity generated by the Ranets-E anti-aircraft
damage to the components. The conclusions of the project HPM system at distances above 3,000 metres.
show that the current state of technology enables remote
and deliberate exposure of electronic systems to microwave Ranets-E system is able to generate significant field intensity
radiation and causes a so-called soft-kill, i.e., some disturbance at a very large distance from the source. If the provisions
to its operation that lasts until the system is reset. Modern of the MIL-STD-464C standard specifying the requirements
aircraft structures increasingly consist of composite structures, for the resistance of military systems to external interference
which are characterised by a negligible level of screening, are used as reference, it is possible to determine the ranges
unlike the aluminium and its alloys used so far. In the Boeing at which the Russian system can effectively affect targets.
B787 aircraft, the composites are already 50 of the structure, The results of field intensity calculations and standard values
compared to 12 in the older Boeing 777. The electrical are presented in . They show that the system used against
can achieve shielding of 100 dB, provided that the galvanic aircraft secured as per the requirements of the MIL-STD-
continuity of the aircraft is maintained. However, methods of 464C standard can be effective when the target approaches
connecting structural elements using rivets or spot welds do at a distance of less than 6.5 [Link] the standard sets higher
not ensure electromagnetic integrity. In the case of a pulse with requirements to protect rotorcraft, the system will threaten
a sufficiently short wave (less than a single cm) penetrating helicopters approaching it at a distance of less than 5.5 km..
into the aluminium structure, a multiplication of the pulse The effective ranges of the Ranets-E system for various types
of targets. Comparison of MIL-STD-464C provisions for the significant. Our analysis has shown that EMP effects can
8.5-11 GHz band with calculation It should be noted that compromise ise critical systems, disrupt essential services,
and pose significant risks to national security, economy, and
public health. Effective risk management strategies, including
vulnerability assessi assessments, hardening, and mitigation
measures, are crucial to minimize the effects of EMP events.
By understanding the risks and taking proactive steps, we can
enhance our resilience and ensure the continuity of critical
operations in the face of EMP threats
Fig. 10. Table 2. The effective ranges of the Ranets-E system for various ACKNOWLEDGMENT
types of targets. Comparison of MIL-STD-464C provisions for the 8.5-11
GHz band with calculation I would like to thank my guide and all the other faculty
members in the department for their constructive criticism and
exceeding the field intensity specified by the standard does not input.
automatically mean that the target will be disrupted, disabled R EFERENCES
or destroyed. This means that above the intensity limits listed
[1] Min, Sun-Hong, et al. ”Analysis of electromagnetic pulse effects un-
in Table 2, the resistance to electromagnetic field effect was der high-power microwave sources.” IEEE Access 9 (2021): 136775-
not tested and there is a potential possibility of disruptive or 136791.
destructive impact of electromagnetic weapons on the target. [2] Karcz, Kacper, et al. ”New Electromagnetic Threat Protection Sys-
tems.” Problemy Mechatroniki: uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bez-
The Ranets-E system was offered by Russia at LIMA 2001 pieczeństwa 14 (2023).
Arms Fair in Malaysia in 2001 , as early as the first decade
of the 21st century. Therefore, it can be expected that as a
result of development works on similar systems, their current
capabilities are that much greater Analysis of data on HPM
Fig. 11. Peak powers of pulsed HPM sources
pulse source parameters , carried out by Benford, Swelge and
Schamilogl , leads to the assumption that the development of
microwave technology currently allows achieving a power of
a single GW and pulse times in single nanoseconds. The use
of a higher power generator or the use of pulse compression
techniques in the modern HPM system results in a three- to
four-fold increase in the distance between individual electro-
magnetic field values. Consequently, it becomes imperative
to develop safeguards against electronic warfare specifically
tailored for aviation applications [2].
VI. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the potential impact of Electromagnetic
Pulses (EMPs) on modern infrastructure and technology is
