1.
Static Data Member and Static Member Function
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Counter {
static int count;
public:
static void increment() { count++; }
static int getCount() { return count; }
};
int Counter::count = 0;
int main() {
Counter::increment();
Counter::increment();
cout << "Count: " << Counter::getCount() << endl;
return 0;
2. Abstract Class
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape {
public:
virtual void area() = 0; // Pure virtual function
};
class Circle : public Shape {
double radius;
public:
Circle(double r) : radius(r) {}
void area() override {
cout << "Area of Circle: " << 3.14 * radius * radius << endl;
};
int main() {
Circle c(5.0);
c.area();
return 0;
3. File I/O Operations
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// Write to a file
ofstream outFile("example.txt");
outFile << "Hello, File I/O!" << endl;
outFile.close();
// Read from a file
ifstream inFile("example.txt");
string line;
while (getline(inFile, line)) {
cout << line << endl;
inFile.close();
return 0;
4. Employee Details (File Read/Write)
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
class Employee {
string name;
int id;
float salary;
public:
void getDetails() {
cout << "Enter Name, ID, and Salary: ";
cin >> name >> id >> salary;
}
void displayDetails() const {
cout << "Name: " << name << ", ID: " << id << ", Salary: " << salary << endl;
void writeToFile() {
ofstream outFile("employee.txt");
outFile << name << " " << id << " " << salary << endl;
outFile.close();
void readFromFile() {
ifstream inFile("employee.txt");
inFile >> name >> id >> salary;
inFile.close();
};
int main() {
Employee emp;
emp.getDetails();
emp.writeToFile();
emp.readFromFile();
emp.displayDetails();
return 0;
5. Dynamic Polymorphism (Function Overriding)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base {
public:
virtual void display() {
cout << "Base class display" << endl;
};
class Derived : public Base {
public:
void display() override {
cout << "Derived class display" << endl;
};
int main() {
Base* b;
Derived d;
b = &d;
b->display();
return 0;
6. Dynamic Memory Allocation
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int* ptr = new int(10);
cout << "Value: " << *ptr << endl;
delete ptr;
return 0;
7. Exception Handling
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
try {
int a, b;
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> a >> b;
if (b == 0) throw "Division by zero!";
cout << "Result: " << a / b << endl;
catch (const char* msg) {
cout << "Error: " << msg << endl;
return 0;
