MULTI DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEM - lowers the soil’s resistance to shear stress and causes

- structural systems that require two or more coordinates its mass to take on the characteristics of a liquid.
to describe their motion.
- simulates actual structure that consists of multiple 1964 NIIGATA EARTHQUAKE
stories. - June 16, 1964 in Niigata Prefecture
- buildings or other structural systems that have multiple - Magnitude 7.6, 36 killed and 385 injured
independent ways of moving or deforming in response - extensive damage to engineering structures occurred
to as a result of liquefaction of the sandy soil on which
seismic forces. they were supported.

ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM 1989 LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE

- assumes that the structure remains within its elastic - June 17, 1989 in Central Coast of California
limit. - Magnitude 6.9, 63 killed and 3,757 injured
- a graphical representation that shows the maximum - uncompacted artificial-fill deposits on the east side of
expected response of a series of idealized MDOF San Francisco Bay underwent moderate to severe
systems to a specific ground motion. levels of soil liquefaction.

MAXIMUM EXPECTED RESPONSES 1995 GREAT HANSHIN EARTHQUAKE

- acceleration - January 17, 1995 in Hyogo Prefecture (Kobe, Japan)
- velocity - Magnitude 6.9, 5,502 - 6,434 killed
- displacement - due to the increased pore pressure that pushed the
quay wall near the end of the bridge toward the river,
METHODS TO OBTAIN ELASTIC SPECTRA allowing the soil and pier to move.
- modal analysis
- time history analysis 1999 IZMIT EARTHQUAKE
- response spectrum analysis - August 17, 1999 in Kocaeli Province
- empirical or code-based spectrum (Adapazari, Turkey)
- direct integration methods - Magnitude 7.6, 12,127 – 18,373 killed
- simplified modal response spectrum method - a major cause of damage was liquefaction of the
recent alluvial deposits that underlaid large portions of
INELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM the city.
- assumes that the structure may undergo permanent
deformations due to high seismic forces. 1976 TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE
- the spectrum accounts for energy dissipation due to - July 28, 1976 in Tangshan, Hebei, China
material yielding. - Magnitude 7.6
- the shaking, which lasted 14 to 16 seconds,
USAGE OF INELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA transformed much of the region’s exceptionally
- performance-based design deep sandy soil into a fluidlike mass (liquefaction).
- ductility demand evaluation
- design for energy dissipation EFFECTS OF LIQUEFACTION
- seismic retrofitting - Building Failure: the bearing capacity of soil is being
- nonlinear dynamic analysis reduced and causes the buildings to
lose their equilibrium.
EIGENVECTORS - Foundation Crack: the uneven settlement of a raft
- normal modes, the displacements of the mass at the foundation may damage the
top foundation.
of the structure are equal to one. - Damage to Pile Foundation: when the liquefied soil
- describe the mode shapes. exerts lateral stress to the pile that
causes buckling.
MODAL MASS (M) & - Retaining Wall Failure: when the liquefied soil exerts
an additional force on the retaining
MODAL STIFFNESS MATRICES (K)
wall that causes it to fail.
- diagonal because of the orthogonality condition given
- Slope Erosion: when the soil flows down and settles
that all of the diagonal elements are zero.
on the flat ground.
- Damage to Utilities: the sewer manholes vertically
LIQUEFACTION
uplift in the liquefaction phenomenon.
- takes place when loosely packed, water-logged
- Sand Boiling: the water pressure beneath the surface
sediments at or near the ground surface lose
causes the water to escape in the
their strength in response to strong ground shaking.
form of a bubble.
- a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a
soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid
GROUND MOTION
loading.
- created by seismic waves that move through the Earth
- occurs in saturated soils.
and along its surface after being created by abrupt
- when the water in the soil, caused by the earthquake,
pressure at the explosive source by slippage on a fault.
pushes the particles apart, making it unstable.
SEISMIC SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION Engineers of the Philippine (ASEP) and is affirmed by
- the scales of socio-economic damages caused by an the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH),
earthquake depend to a great extent on the the national government organization ordered to uphold
characteristics of the strong ground motion. auxiliary norms in the Philippines.

FACTORS OF GROUND MOTION

- source characteristics
- propagation path of waves
- local site conditions

SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
- location
- depth
- magnitude

FREE FIELD MOTION

- ground motions that are not influenced by the presence
of structure.

FIXED BASE STRUCTURE

- structures founded on rock.

IMPEDANCE CONTRAST
- seismic waves travels faster in hard rocks in compare
to softer rocks and sediments.

REASONANCE
- the frequencies of spectral peaks are related to the
surface layer’s thickness and velocities.

DAMPING IN SOIL
- affects the amplitude of surface waves.

BASIN EDGE EFFECT

- interference of trapped waves generates surface
waves, which propagate across the basin.

BASEMENT TOPOGRAPHY
- results in focusing and defocusing effect.

TRAPPING OF WAVES
- results in increase in the duration of ground motion.

EFFECTS OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY

- Effect of Ridge: causes the strong generation of
surface wave near the top of the ridge
and their propagation towards the
base of the ridge.
- Effect of Valley: due to the defocusing effect, de-
amplification of the amplitude of
motion takes place.
- Slope Effect: hills with variable slope revels
complicated damage patterns.

NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE

PHILIPPINES (NSCP) 2015
- serves as a comprehensive framework for the design,
construction, and maintenance of structures in the
Philippines.
- incorporates procurements to steel, concrete, timber,
and masonry design and in addition for evaluating joint
impacts of dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic
loads, and other loads.
- produced and updated by the Association of Structural