Online Presentation

on

“Unit-II”

Presented by
Dr. Vadthya Jagan,
M. Tech & Ph. D (IIT Roorkee),
Associate Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology.
2-Nov-21 1
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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

Contents…..
✓ Introduction to Rectifiers

✓ Single-phase Line Commutated Converters

❖ (a) Single-phase Half wave Controlled Converters
❖ (b) Single-phase Full wave Controlled Converters

✓ Effect of freewheeling diode

✓ Ideal and Practical Dual Converters

❖ (a) Single-phase dual converters

✓ Three-phase Line Commutated Converters

❖ (a) Three-pulse Controlled Converter or three-phase half wave bridge rectifier
❖ (b) Six-pulse Controlled Converter or three-phase full wave bridge rectifier

✓ Effect of Source Inductance

❖ (a) Effect of Source Inductance on Single-phase Rectifiers
❖ (b) Effect of Source Inductance on three-phase Rectifiers

✓ Numerical Problems

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Rectifiers
It is a static Power Electronic Converter (PEC) or device which converts
fixed AC power to a variable DC power and vice-versa.
PEC

Fixed AC Input Variable DC Output

(Constant voltage and (Variation in voltage)
constant frequency)
Applications of Phase Controlled Rectifiers.: Many Industrial applications make use of
controllable dc power

✓ Steel-rolling mills, paper mills, printing presses and textile mills employing dc
motor drives.
✓ Traction systems working on dc power supply.
✓ Electrochemical and electrometallurgical processes.
✓ High voltage dc transmission.
✓ Magnet Power supplies and
✓ Portable hand tool drives Source: Power Electronics – Dr. P. S. Bimbhra

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Types of Rectifiers
Rectifiers are broadly classified into 2 types.
1) Uncontrolled Rectifier:
2) Controlled Rectifier:

1) Uncontrolled Rectifier: e.g: Diodes

PEC

Fixed AC Input Fixed DC Output

(Constant voltage and (Constant in voltage)
constant frequency)

2) Controlled Rectifier: e.g: fully controlled devices such thyristors, BJT,MOSFET,

IGBT, GTOs and semi controlled devices like SCR and SCS,…etc
PEC

Fixed AC Input Variable DC Output

(Constant voltage and (Variation in voltage)
constant frequency)

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 4

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Types of Rectifiers (cont..)

Diode

1) Uncontrolled Rectifier A
VD
K
I0

Operating Principle: 230V, 50Hz

Mode-1 (0 ≤ wt ≤ π)
R Load V0
1-Φ AC Vac Vin AC

Supply
Diode anode terminal is connected to positive terminal
and cathode is connected to negative terminal of the supply
therefore, the diode D is in forward biased condition and it 1:1
Transformer
will start conducting from wt = 0 onwards.
Mode-2 (π ≤ wt ≤ 2π) Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
Diode anode terminal is connected to negative Vm
terminal and cathode is connected to positive terminal of the 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
supply therefore, the diode D is in reverse biased condition
and it will be in OFF state during this interval. V0 V0
I0
I0
1 2 1  V sin wtd ( wt ) + 0d ( wt ) 
 2
=  Vm sin wtd (wt ) V0( avg ) =  0 m 
V0( avg ) V0(avg)
2 0 2 
 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
1  Vm
 − cos wt 0

V0( avg ) =  Vm sin wtd (wt ) V0( avg ) = VD
2 0 2
V Vm π
= m 1 + 1 0 2π 3π 4π
V
= m  − cos  + cos 0 V0( avg ) V0( avg ) = wt
V0( avg ) 2 
(1-2)V Drop
2
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Types of Rectifiers (cont..)

2) Controlled Rectifier

Earlier, dc power was obtained from motor-generator (MG) sets or ac power

was converted to de power by means of mercury-arc rectifiers or thyratrons. The
advent of thyristors has changed the art of ac to dc conversion.

In phase-controlled rectifiers, a thyristor is turned off as ac supply voltage

reverse biases it, provided anode current has fallen to a level below the “holding
current. The turning-off, or commutation, of a thyristor by supply voltage itself is
called natural, or line commutation.

As phase-controlled rectifiers need no commutation circuitry, these are

simple, less expensive and are therefore widely used in industries where controlled dc
power is required.

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 6

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PRINCIPLE OF PHASE CONTROL

T G

A K
I0
A firing angle may thus be defined as the angle between VT

the instant thyristor would conduct if it were a diode and 230V, 50Hz
1-Φ AC AC
Vac Vin
R Load V0

the instant it is triggered. Supply

A firing angle is measured from the angle that gives the 1:1
largest average output voltage, or the highest load voltage. Transformer

Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt

Firing angle may be defined as the angle measured from Vm
the instant SCR gets forward biased to the instant it is 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
triggered. Gate
pulse Firing angle
The angle measured from the reference point, to the α α
where the SCR goes to the conduction/on state. 0 wt
V0 V0
I0
I0
Thus, by varying the firing angle α, the phase V0(avg)
relationship between the start of the load current and 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
the supply voltage can be controlled; hence the term VT
phase control is used for such a method of controlling (1-2)V Drop

the load currents. 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt

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Converters classifications
Controlled converters

Single-phase converters Dual converter Three-phase converters

Half wave Full wave

1-φ half wave 1-φ full wave Semi converter converter
converter
converter converter

Mid-point type converter Bridge type converter

Semi controlled converter Full controlled converter

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1-φ Half wave Controlled Converters

A K T G

A K
G I0 I0
T VT

230V, 50Hz L 230V, 50Hz

R Load V0
1-Φ AC Vac
O V0 1-Φ AC AC
Vac Vin
Vin A
Supply D Supply

1:1
Transformer
Transformer
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
(1) 1-φ half wave-controlled Rectifier with R-Load Vm

Operating Principle: 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Mode-1 (0 ≤ wt ≤ π) Gate
pulse Firing angle
Thyristor anode terminal is connected to positive α α
terminal and cathode is connected to negative terminal of the
supply therefore, the Thyristor T is in forward biased V0
0
V0
wt
condition and it will start conducting from wt = α onwards. I0
I0

Mode-2 (π ≤ wt ≤ 2π) V0(avg)

π
Thyristor anode terminal is connected to negative 0 2π 3π 4π wt
terminal and cathode is connected to positive terminal of the VT
supply therefore, the Thyristor T is in reverse biased (1-2)V Drop

condition and it will be in OFF state during this interval. 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 9

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1-φ Half wave Controlled Converters

T
(1) 1-φ half wave-controlled Rectifier with R-Load
G

A K
I0
VT
(a) Derivation of average output voltage 230V, 50Hz
R Load
1-Φ AC Vac V0
AC
Vin
2 Supply
1
V0( avg ) =  Vm sin wtd (wt )
2 0
1:1
1  2
 Transformer
V0( avg ) =  V sin wtd ( wt ) +  0d ( wt )
2  
m Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt

Vm
1  V
= V0( avg ) = m  − cos wt 
π

 0 2π 3π 4π wt
V0( avg ) Vm sin wtd ( wt )
2  2 Gate
pulse Firing angle
V α α
V0( avg ) = m  − cos  + cos   V
V0( avg ) = m 1 + cos  
2 2 0 wt
V0 V0
I0
The maximum value of average output voltage Vo I0
V0(avg)
occurs at α = 0. V 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
V0( avg ),max = m
 VT
(1-2)V Drop

Vm
Average load current, I 0( avg ) = 1 + cos   0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
2 R
2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 10

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1-φ Half wave Controlled Converters

T
(1) 1-φ half wave-controlled Rectifier with R-Load
G

A K
I0
VT
(b) Derivation of root mean square (RMS) output voltage 230V, 50Hz
R Load
1-Φ AC Vac V0
AC
Vin
Supply

1 2 2 2 V  2

V0( rms ) =  Vm sin wtd ( wt ) = m  sin wtd ( wt ) +  0d ( wt )

2

2 0 2   1:1
Transformer
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
Vm 
Vm 
 1 − cos 2 wt 
V0( rms ) =  sin wtd ( wt ) =
2
  d ( wt )
Vm

2  2   2  0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Gate
pulse Firing angle
 
V Vm 1 α α
 wt  − sin 2wt 
 
V0( rms ) = m  1d ( wt ) −  cos 2 wtd ( wt ) =
2    2  
2 0 wt
V0 V0
I0
I0
Vm 1 Vm 1
V0( rms ) =  −   − sin 2 − sin 2  =  −   + sin 2 π
V0(avg)

2  2  0 2π 3π 4π
2 2 wt

VT
(1-2)V Drop

Vm 1
RMS load current, I 0( rms ) =  −   + sin 2 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
2R  2

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 11

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1-φ Half wave Controlled Converters

(1) 1-φ half wave-controlled Rectifier with R-Load
(c) Power delivered to the load and input power factor
Power delivered to resistive load = (rms load voltage) (rms load current)
V 2 0( rms )
P = V0( rms ) * I 0( rms ) P= = I 2 0( rms ) * R
R
Input voltamperes = (rms source voltage) (total rms line current) = VS * I 0( rms )

Vm 1 2V 2 S 1
= VS  −   + sin 2 =  −   + sin 2
2R  2 2R  2

Power delivered to the load V0( rms ) * I 0( rms )

Input power factor = = Vm 1
Input volt − ampere VS * I 0( rms ) V0( rms ) =  −   + sin 2
2  2

V0( rms ) 1 1
Input power factor(IPF) = Input power factor(IPF)=  −   + sin 2
VS 2 2

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1-φ Half wave Controlled Converters

T G

(2) 1-φ half wave-controlled Rectifier with R-L Load A K

I0
VT
Operating Principle: 230V, 50Hz
Mode-1 (0 ≤ wt ≤ π)
R-L Load V0
1-Φ AC AC
Vac Vin
Supply
Thyristor anode terminal is connected to positive terminal
and cathode is connected to negative terminal of the supply
therefore, the Thyristor T is in forward biased condition and it 1:1
Transformer
will start conducting from wt = α onwards. Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
Mode-2 (π ≤ wt ≤ 2π) Vm
Thyristor anode terminal is connected to negative 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
terminal and cathode is connected to positive terminal of the Gate
supply therefore, the Thyristor T is in reverse biased condition pulse Firing angle
α α
and it will be in OFF state during this interval.
The firing angle α (alpha) is measured from the reference point to 0 wt
V0 V0
the point where the SCR goes to the conduction/on state. I0
I0
The extinction angle β (beta) is measured from the reference V0(avg)
γ π
point to the point where the current extinguishes to zero/current 0
β
2π 3π 4π wt
reaches to zero. VT
The conduction angle γ (gamma) is measured from the SCR
conducting point to the point where the current extinguishes to 0
(1-2)V Drop
π 2π 3π 4π wt
zero/current reaches to zero.
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1-φ Half wave Controlled Converters

T G

(2) 1-φ half wave-controlled Rectifier with R-L Load A K

I0
VT

(a) Derivation of average output voltage 230V, 50Hz

R-L Load V0
1-Φ AC AC
Vac Vin
Supply
1 2
V0( avg ) =  Vm sin wtd (wt )
2 0
1:1
Transformer
1  2
 Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
V0( avg ) =  V sin wtd ( wt ) +  0d ( wt )
2   

m

Vm
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
1  V
V0( avg ) = V0( avg ) = m  − cos wt 


Gate
Vm sin wtd ( wt )
2  2
pulse
α
Firing angle
α

Vm
 − cos  + cos  
0 wt
V0( avg ) = V0 V0
2
I0
I0
V0(avg)
0 γ π 2π 3π 4π wt
V β
V0( avg ) = m  cos  − cos  
2 VT

Vm
Average load current, I 0( avg ) = cos  − cos   0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
2 Z (1-2)V Drop

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1-φ Half wave Controlled Converters

T G

(2) 1-φ half wave-controlled Rectifier with R-L Load A K

I0
VT

(b) Derivation of root mean square (RMS) output voltage 230V, 50Hz
R-L Load V0
1-Φ AC AC
Vac Vin
Supply

1 2 2 2 V 2

V0( rms ) =  Vm sin wtd ( wt ) = m  sin wtd ( wt ) +  0d ( wt )

2

2 0 2  
1:1
Transformer
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
Vm 
Vm 
 1 − cos 2 wt 
V0( rms ) =  sin wtd ( wt ) =
2
  d ( wt ) Vm
2  2  2  0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Gate
  pulse Firing angle
V Vm 1
 wt  − sin 2wt 
 
V0( rms ) = m  1d ( wt ) −  cos 2wtd ( wt ) =
α α
2  2  
2
0 wt
V0 V0
Vm 1
  −   − sin 2 − sin 2 
I0
V0( rms ) = I0
2  2
γ π
V0(avg)
0 2π 3π 4π wt
β
Vm 1
V0( rms ) =   −   + sin 2 − sin 2  VT
2  2
Vm 1
RMS load current, I 0( rms ) =   −   + sin 2 − sin 2  0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
2Z 
(1-2)V Drop
2
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Problem on 1-φ Half wave Converters

Problem 2.1: A single-phase 230 V, 1kW heater is connected across 1-phase 230 V,
50 Hz supply through an SCR. For firing angle delay s of 45° and 90°, calculate the
power absorbed in the heater element.
V 2 0( rms )
Solution:Power delivered to resistive load = (rms load voltage) (rms load current) P =
R
V 2 ( 230 )
2
Vm 1
Heater Resistance , R = = = 52.9 V0( rms ) =  −   + sin 2
P 1000 2  2
2 * 230  1
V0( rms ) = 1800 − 450  * + sin(2* 450 ) V0( rms ) = 155.071V
For firing angle delay of 45° 2  180 2
V 2 0( rms ) (155.071)2
Power delivered to heater, P = = = 454.57Watts
R 52.9
2 * 230  1 V0( rms ) = 115V
For firing angle delay of 90° V0( rms ) = 2  1800 − 900  * + sin(2*900 )
180 2
V 2 0( rms ) (115)2
Power delivered to heater, P = = = 250Watts
R 52.9
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1-φ full wave bridge type converters

(1) 1-φ full wave bridge controlled rectifier with R-Load
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
T1 T2 T1-ON
T2-OFF Vm
1-φ + 1-φ + +
AC supply AC supply 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
50Hz 50Hz Gate
R-Load R-Load
V=Vmsinwt v0 V=Vmsinwt v0 Pulse,
Firing angle
T1&T3
T4 T3 T4-OFF T3-ON
α 2π +α

0 π Firing 2π
angle 3π 4π wt
Gate
Pulse, π +α 3π +α
Operating Principle: Mode-1 (0 ≤ wt ≤ π) T2&T4
Thyristors T1 and T3 anode terminals are connected to V 0 V0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
0 I0
+ve and cathode terminals are connected is connected to -ve I0
terminal of the supply therefore, thyristors T1 and T3 are in V0(avg)
π
forward biased condition and they will start conducting from 0 2π 3π 4π wt
VT1
wt = α onwards. (1-2)V Drop
Where as T2 and T4 anode terminals are connected to -
ve terminal and cathode is connected to +ve terminal of the π
0 Vm 2π 3π 4π wt
supply therefore, the T2 and T4 are in reverse biased condition
and they will be in OFF state during this interval. Source: Power Electronics – Dr. P. S. Bimbhra
2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 17

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1-φ full wave bridge type converters

(1) 1-φ full wave bridge controlled rectifier with R-Load

Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt

T1 T2
T1-OFF T2-ON
Vm
1-φ + 1-φ +
AC supply AC supply π
0 2π 3π 4π wt
50Hz 50Hz
R-Load
+ R-Load
Gate
V=Vmsinwt v0 V=Vmsinwt v0 Pulse,
Firing angle
T1&T3
T4 T3 T4-ON T3-OFF α 2π +α

0 π Firing 2π
angle 3π 4π wt
Gate
Pulse, π +α 3π +α
Operating Principle: Mode-2 (π ≤ wt ≤ 2π) T2&T4
Thyristors T2 and T4 anode terminals are connected to 0 V0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
+ve and cathode terminals are connected to -ve terminal of the V0 I0
I0
supply therefore, the thyristors T2 and T4 is in forward biased V0(avg)
condition and they will start conducting from wt = π + α 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
onwards. VT1
(1-2)V Drop
Where as T1 and T3 anode terminals are connected to -
ve terminal and cathode is connected to +ve terminal of the π
0 2π 3π 4π wt
supply therefore, the thyristors T1 and T3 are in reverse biased Vm

condition and they will be in OFF state during this interval.

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1-φ full wave bridge type converters

(1) 1-φ full wave bridge controlled rectifier with R-Load
(a) Derivation of average output voltage
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
1  2

V0( avg ) =  V sin wtd ( wt ) +  V sin wtd ( wt )d ( wt )
2   Vm
m m
 +

Due to symmetrical waveforms during both positive and 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt

Gate
negative half cycles, it is considered only positive half cycle, Pulse,
Firing angle
T1&T3
1  α 2π +α
V0( avg ) =  V sin wtd (wt ) Vm
 − cos wt 

 m
V0( avg ) = π

 
Gate
0 Firing 2π
angle 3π 4π wt
Pulse, π +α 3π +α
Vm
V0( avg ) =  − cos  + cos  1 + cos   V0( avg ) =
Vm T2&T4
  0 V0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
V0 I0
The maximum value of average output voltage Vo I0
V0(avg)
occurs at α = 0. 2V 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
V0( avg ),max = m
VT1
 (1-2)V Drop

Vm
Average load current, I 0( avg ) = 1 + cos   0 π
Vm 2π 3π 4π wt
R
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1-φ full wave bridge type converters

(1) 1-φ full wave bridge controlled rectifier with R-Load
(b) Derivation of root mean square (RMS) output voltage
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
1 2 2 2 Vm  2
Vm
V0( rms ) =  m
V sin wtd ( wt ) =  sin wtd ( wt ) +   sin wtd (wt )
2 2

2 0 2  + 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Gate
Pulse,
1 Vm 
 1 − cos 2 wt  T1&T3 Firing angle
V0( rms ) =  Vm sin wtd ( wt )
2 2
V0( rms ) =    d ( wt ) α 2π +α
    2 
0 π Firing 2π
angle 3π 4π wt
Gate
  π +α
Vm Vm 1
 wt  sin 2wt 
  Pulse, 3π +α
V0( rms ) =  1d ( wt ) −  cos 2wtd ( wt ) = − T2&T4
2  2 
2
0 V0 π 2π 3π 4π
V0 wt
I0
I0
Vm 1 Vm 1
 −   − sin 2 − sin 2  =  −   +
V0(avg)
V0( rms ) = sin 2 π
2 2
0 2π 3π 4π wt
2 2 VT1
(1-2)V Drop

Vm 1
RMS load current, I 0( rms ) =  −   + sin 2
R 2 2 0 π
Vm 2π 3π 4π wt

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 20

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

1-φ full wave bridge type converters

(1) 1-φ full wave bridge controlled rectifier with R-Load
(c) Power delivered to the load and input power factor
Power delivered to resistive load = (rms load voltage) (rms load current)
V 2 0( rms )
P = V0( rms ) * I 0( rms ) P= = I 2 0( rms ) * R
R
Input voltamperes = (rms source voltage) (total rms line current) = VS * I 0( rms )

Vm 1 2V 2 S 1
= VS  −   + sin 2 =  −   + sin 2
R 2 2 R 2 2

Power delivered to the load V0( rms ) * I 0( rms )

Input power factor = = Vm 1
Input volt − ampere VS * I 0( rms ) V0( rms ) =  −   + sin 2
2 2

V0( rms ) 1 1
Input power factor(IPF) = Input power factor(IPF)=  −   + sin 2
VS  2

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 21

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

1-φ full wave bridge type converters

(3) 1-φ full wave bridge controlled rectifier with R-L Load
Operating Principle: Mode-1 (0 ≤ wt ≤ π)
Thyristors T1 and T3 anode terminals are connected Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
to +ve and cathode terminals are connected is connected to Vm
-ve terminal of the supply therefore, thyristors T1 and T3 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
are in forward biased condition and they will start Gate
conducting from wt = α onwards. Pulse,
Firing angle
T1&T3
Where as T2 and T4 anode terminals are connected α 2π +α
to -ve terminal and cathode is connected to +ve terminal of
the supply therefore, the T2 and T4 are in reverse biased 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Gate Firing angle
condition and they will be in OFF state during this Pulse, π +α 3π +α
interval. T2&T4
0 V0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
T1-ON + V0 I0
T1 T2 + T2-OFF
I0
1-φ
γ
+
1-φ AC supply V0(avg)
AC supply 50Hz π 2π 4π
50Hz
R-L
Load
v0 0 β 3π wt
R-L v0 V=Vmsinwt VT1
V=Vmsinwt Load (1-2)V Drop
T4-OFF T3-ON
T4 T3
0 π 2π 3π 4π
Vm wt

Source: Power Electronics – Dr. P. S. Bimbhra

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 22

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

1-φ full wave bridge type converters

(2) 1-φ full wave bridge controlled rectifier with R-L Load
Operating Principle: Mode-2 (π ≤ wt ≤ 2π) Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
Thyristors T2 and T4 anode terminals are connected Vm
to +ve and cathode terminals are connected to -ve
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
terminal of the supply therefore, the thyristors T2 and T4 Gate
is in forward biased condition and they will start Pulse,
Firing angle
conducting from wt = π + α onwards. T1&T3
α 2π +α
Where as T1 and T3 anode terminals are connected
to -ve terminal and cathode is connected to +ve terminal 0 π 2π 3π 4π
Gate wt
of the supply therefore, the thyristors T1 and T3 are in Firing angle
3π +α
Pulse, π +α
reverse biased condition and they will be in OFF state T2&T4
during this interval. 0 V0 π 2π 3π 4π
V0 wt
I0
+ I0
T1 T2 + T1-OFF T2-ON γ V0(avg)
1-φ π
1-φ 0 β 2π 3π 4π wt
AC supply
AC supply
50Hz 50Hz + R-L v0
VT1
R-L v0 (1-2)V Drop
V=Vmsinwt Load V=Vmsinwt Load

T4-ON T3-OFF π
T4 T3 0 2π 3π 4π
Vm wt

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 23

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

1-φ full wave bridge type converters

(2) 1-φ full wave bridge controlled rectifier with R-L Load
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
(a) Derivation of average output voltage
Vm
2
1 π
V0( avg ) =  Vm sin wtd (wt ) 0 2π 3π 4π wt
2 0 Gate
Pulse,
1  2
 T1&T3 Firing angle
V0( avg ) = 
 V sin wtd ( wt ) +  V sin wtd ( wt ) 
α 2π +α
2
m m
+

Due to symmetrical waveforms during both positive and 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt

Gate Firing angle
negative half cycles, it is considered only positive half cycle,Pulse, π +α 3π +α

T2&T4
1 Vm
 − cos wt  π

V0( avg ) =  V sin wtd (wt ) V0( avg ) = 0 V0 2π 3π 4π wt
 m
  V0 I0
I0
Vm γ V0(avg)
V0( avg ) =  − cos  + cos   π 2π 4π
 β
0 3π wt
VT1
Vm
cos  − cos  
(1-2)V Drop
V0( avg ) =
 0 π 2π 3π 4π
V Vm wt
Average load current, I 0( avg ) = m  cos  − cos  
Z
2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 24

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

1-φ full wave bridge type converters

(2) 1-φ full wave bridge controlled rectifier with R-L Load
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
(b) Derivation of root mean square (RMS) output voltage
Vm
2  2
1 V 0 π 2π 3π 4π
0 V sin wtd (wt ) = 2m  sin wtd (wt ) + 
V0( rms ) = 2 2 2
sin 2 wtd ( wt ) Gate wt
2
m
  
+
Pulse,
Firing angle
T1&T3
 
α 2π +α
Vm Vm  1 − cos 2 wt 
V0( rms ) =  sin wtd ( wt ) =   2  d ( wt )
2

   0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Gate Firing angle
Pulse, π +α 3π +α
 
V V 1
 wt  − sin 2 wt 
 
 1d ( wt ) −  cos 2wtd ( wt ) = 2m
V0( rms ) = m T2&T4
2 2 0 V0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
V0 I0
I0
Vm 1 γ
V0( rms ) =   −   − sin 2 − sin 2  V0(avg)
2 2 0 β π 2π 3π 4π wt
VT1
Vm 1
  −   + sin 2 − sin 2 
(1-2)V Drop
V0( rms ) =
2 2
0 π 2π 3π 4π
Vm wt
Vm 1
RMS load current, I 0( rms ) =   −   + sin 2 − sin 2 
Z 2 2

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 25

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Problems on 1-phase full wave rectifier

(a) A single-phase controlled rectifier bridge consists of one SCR and three diodes as shown in
below figure. Sketch output voltage waveform for a firing angle a for the SCR and hence obtain an
expression for the average output voltage under the assumption of constant current. Show the
conduction of various components as well.
(b) Draw waveforms of current through Tl, Dl, D2 and D3 assuming constant load current.
(c) For an ac source voltage of 230 V, 50 Hz and firing angle of 45°, find the average output current
and power delivered to battery in case load consists of R = 5Ω, L = 8 mH and E = lOOV.

i0
T1 D3
1-φ +
AC supply L
50Hz
O
V=Vmsinwt A v0
D
D2 D1

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 26

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EE501PE: POWER ELECTRONICS

Effect of Freewheeling Diode

1-φ full wave bridge controlled rectifier with R-L Load and freewheeling diode
Operating Principle: Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
Mode-1 (0 ≤ wt ≤ π) Vm
Thyristor T1 anode is connected to +ve terminal and π
0 2π 3π 4π wt
cathode is connected to -ve terminal of the supply therefore,
Gate
thyristor T1 is in forward biased condition and it will start Pulse, T1
Firing angle
conducting from wt = α onwards. α 2π +α
Where as T2 anode is connected to -ve terminal and
cathode is connected to +ve terminal of the supply therefore, 0 Firing angle wt
thyristor T2 is in reverse biased condition and it will be in Gate
π +α 3π +α
Pulse, T2
OFF state during this interval.
0 V0 wt
V0 I0
T1 - ON + I0
T1 T2 + vT1
T2 -OFF
V0(avg)
vT1 1-φ
1-φ
AC supply 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
AC supply VT1
50Hz R-L v0
50Hz R-L v0
Load V=Vmsinwt Load
V=Vmsinwt

0 π 2π 3π 4π
D1 D2 D1 - OFF D2 - ON (1-2)V Drop Vm wt
T1, D2
T2, D1
T1, D1 T2, D2
2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 27

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EE501PE: POWER ELECTRONICS

Effect of Freewheeling Diode

1-φ full wave bridge controlled rectifier with R-L Load and freewheeling diode
Operating Principle: Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
Mode-2 (π ≤ wt ≤ 2π) Vm
Thyristor T2 anode terminal is connected to +ve 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
terminal and cathode is connected to -ve terminal of the Gate
supply therefore, thyristor T2 is in forward biased condition Pulse, T1 Firing angle
and it will start conducting from wt = π+α onwards. α 2π +α
Where as T1 anode is connected to -ve terminal and
cathode is connected to +ve terminal of the supply therefore, 0 Firing angle wt
Gate
the T1 is in reverse biased condition and it will be in OFF Pulse, T2 π +α 3π +α
state during this interval.
0 V0 wt
V0 I0
I0
+ T1 -OFF T2 - ON + V0(avg)
T1 T2
vT1 1-φ
vT1 0 π 2π 3π 4π
1-φ wt
AC supply
AC supply VT1
50Hz 50Hz R-L v0
R-L v0
Load V=Vmsinwt Load
V=Vmsinwt
0 π 2π 3π 4π
(1-2)V Drop Vm wt
D1 D2 D1 - ON D2 - OFF
T1, D2
T2, D1
T1, D1 T2, D2

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 28

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

Effect of Freewheeling Diode

1-φ full wave bridge controlled rectifier with R-L Load and freewheeling diode
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
(a) Derivation of average output voltage Vm
1  2
 π
V0( avg ) =  V sin wtd ( wt ) +  V sin wtd ( wt )d ( wt ) 0 2π 3π 4π wt
2  
m m
 + Gate
Due to symmetrical waveforms during both positive and Pulse, T1 Firing angle
α 2π +α
negative half cycles, it is considered only positive half cycle,
0
1 Firing angle wt
V0( avg ) =  V sin wtd (wt ) Vm Gate
 − cos wt  π +α

 m
V0( avg ) = Pulse, T2
3π +α

 

0 V0 wt
Vm V0 I0
V0( avg ) =  − cos  + cos  1 + cos   V0( avg ) =
Vm I0
  V0(avg)
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
The maximum value of average output voltage Vo VT1
occurs at α = 0. 2V
V0( avg ),max = m
π
 0
(1-2)V Drop Vm
2π 3π 4π
wt
T1, D2
V
Average load current, I 0( avg ) = m 1 + cos   T2, D1
Z T1, D1 T2, D2

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 29

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Effect of Freewheeling Diode

1-φ full wave bridge controlled rectifier with R-L Load and freewheeling diode
Vac =Vin = Vmsinwt
(b) Derivation of root mean square (RMS) output voltage Vm
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
1 2 2 2 Vm  2

V0( rms ) =  m
V sin wtd ( wt ) =  sin wtd ( wt ) +   sin wtd (wt ) Pulse,
2 2 Gate
2 0 2 + T1 Firing angle
α 2π +α

1 Vm 
 1 − cos 2 wt 
V0( rms ) =  V sin wtd ( wt )
2 2
V0( rms ) =   d ( wt ) 0 Firing angle wt
 m
   2  Gate
π +α 3π +α
Pulse, T2
  0 V0 wt
Vm Vm 1
 wt  − sin 2wt 
 
V0( rms ) =  1d ( wt ) −  cos 2wtd ( wt ) =
V0 I0
2   2 2 I0
V0(avg)
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
VT1
Vm 1 Vm 1
V0( rms ) =  −   − sin 2 − sin 2  =  −   + sin 2
2 2 2 2
0 π 2π 3π 4π
(1-2)V Drop Vm wt
Vm 1
RMS load current, I 0( rms ) =  −   + sin 2 T1, D2
Z 2 2 T2, D1
T1, D1 T2, D2

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 30

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Dual converters v0 0 0
v0
α : 0 to 180
α2< 900 α1< 900
For R-L load
I II I
(a) 1-φ semi controlled rectifiers -I0 I0 -I0 I0
Vm
V0( avg ) = cos  + 1 IV
 III

(b) 1-φ full controlled rectifiers α2> 900 α1> 900

2Vm -v0 V0,avg

-v0
V0( avg ) = cos  v0
 2Vm

α : 00 to 900  Semi converter

(c) 3-φ full controlled rectifiers Vm


I Full converter
3Vm
V0( avg ) = cos  -I0 I0
 00 450 900 1500 1800
Firing angle, α
V
− m
IV 

2Vm
−


-v0 α :900 to 1800 −V 0,avg

Source: Power Electronics – Dr. P. S. Bimbhra

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 31

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Dual converters (cont…) v0

α2< 900 α1< 900
Two single-phase or three-phase fully controlled
II I
converters connected in antiparallel to a common load, is -I0 I0
known as dual converters.
III IV
Two-types : (1) Ideal dual converter
α2> 900 α1> 900
(2) Practical dual converter
Con-1 Con-2 -v0
±
T11 T12
T23 T24
L
P P
v0 O
N
A
N
D
T14 T13
T22 T21

±
α1 α2
Fig. 24. Single-phase dual converter
2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 32

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

Dual converters (cont…)

(1) Ideal dual converter 2Vm
D1 D2 V01( avg ) = Vmax cos 1 (1) Vmax = for 1- full wave converter
Converter-1 Converter-2

±
3VmL
V02( avg ) = Vmax cos  2 (2) Vmax = for 3- full wave converter

L
v01 v0 O
v02 V01( avg ) = V0 = −V02( avg )
A
D
From equation (1) and (2) Vmax cos 1 = −Vmax cos  2
±
v0
cos 1 = − cos  2
α1 α2 v01 v02
Firing angle control
α1+ α2 = 180
0
cos 1 = cos(1800 −  2 )
90
00 1800 α1
0
α2
1 = 1800 −  2
1800 0
900

-v02 -v01
-v0 1 +  2 = 1800
Rectification
Inversion
Source: Power Electronics – Dr. P. S. Bimbhra
2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 33

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Dual converters (cont…)

v0
(2) Practical dual converter α2< 900

(a) Dual Converter without Circulating Current.

Con-2
II
Con-1
±
-I0 I0

T11 T12
T23 T24 III
L
P P
v0 O α2> 900
N
A
N
-v0
D
T14 T13 Con-1 Con-2
T22 T21
±
±
T11 T12
α1 α2 v0 0 0
T23 T24
α1 : 0 to 90 L
P P
v0 O
I N
A
N
D
-I0 I0 T14 T13
T22 T21

IV ±
α1 α2
-v0 α1 :900 to 1800
2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 34

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Dual converters (cont…)

(2) Practical dual converter
(b) Dual Converter with Circulating Current.

Reactor
Con-1 Con-2
v0
± α2< 900 α1< 900
T11 T12
T23 T24
II I
L
P
v0 O P -I0 I0
N
A
N
D III IV
T14 T13
T22 T21

α2> 900 α1> 900

± -v0
α1 α2

Source: Power Electronics – Dr. P. S. Bimbhra

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 35

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

Dual converters (cont…)

S.N0 Consideration With circulating current Without circulating current
1 Current Mode Converters operates in continuous Converters operates in discontinuous
current mode current mode
2 Transfer Linear transfer characteristics are Non-linear transfer characteristics due to
characteristic obtained with constant gain discontinuous current with reduced gain
3 Regulator Response is fast Response is sluggish
response
4 Cross over It is simple It is complex
technique
5 Fault- (a) Since one converter is always (a) Inversion takes place only during
susceptibility inverting. There is higher possibility of regenerative braking and hence fault
converter faults. susceptibility is less
(b) Fault current between converters (b) Faults between converters caused by
caused by spurious firing are restricted spurious firing results in dead short circuit
by presence of reactors condition
6 Converter loading The converter loading is higher than the The converter loading is same as the output
output load load
7 Cost Reactors are needed to limit the Reactors may be needed to make load
circulating current. these reactors are current continuous and to reduce ripple
costly current
8 Efficiency Circulating current increases losses and Efficiency is higher
2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 36
hence, decreases the efficiency
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3-φ controlled converters

The converter operating from a single-phase supply produces a relatively high proportion of
ac ripple voltage at its d.c terminals. This ripple is generally undesirable because of its heat
producing effect. Therefore, a large smoothing reactor is necessary to smoothen the output voltage as
well as to reduce the possibility of discontinuous operation.
The need for smoothing can be minimized by increasing the number of pulses in the output
waveform.
R VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
B VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
VR =Vmsinwt

Vm
300
0
0 wt
0
1200
240

Note: The firing angle, α is measured from the cross-over

point, i.e., from wt = 300 onwards, at this point α = 00
Y Source: Power Electronics – Dr. M. D. Singh
2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 37

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3-φ half wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
VR =Vmsinwt
(1) 3-φ half wave controlled rectifier with R Load
A Vm
R
T1
0
wt
3-Φ
B v0
AC
+ V0 I
Supply N Continuous conduction mode (α≤300)
i0 v0 α = 00 0
R-Load
C
T2
Y
B
0 wt
T3

Operating Principle:
V0 I
Mode-1 (300 ≤ wt ≤ 1500) v0 α = 300 0

Thyristor T1 is in FB condition, T2 & T3 are in RB

condition and they will be in OFF state during this 0 wt
interval. A R
T1 - ON

3-Φ v0 α = 600
V0 I
0
Discontinuous conduction mode (α>300)
B
AC v0
+
Supply N
R-Load
i0
C 0 wt
T2 - OFF
Y
B
T3 - OFF
Source: Power Electronics – Dr. M. D. Singh
2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 38

Prepared by: Dr. Vadthya Jagan – M. Tech & Ph. D (I.I.T Roorkee)
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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ half wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
VR =Vmsinwt
(1) 3-φ half wave controlled rectifier with R Load
Mode-2 (1500 ≤ wt ≤ 2700)
Vm

T2 is in FB condition, T3 & T1 are in RB condition. 0

wt
A
R T1 - OFF

V0 I Continuous conduction mode (α≤300)

3-Φ v0 α = 00 0
B v0
AC
+
Supply N
R-Load
i0 0
C wt

T2 - ON
Y
B
V0 I
T3 - OFF v0 α = 300 0

Mode-3 (2700 ≤ wt ≤ 3900)

T3 is in FB condition, T1 & T2 are in RB condition.
A 0 wt
R T1 - OFF

3-Φ V0 I Discontinuous conduction mode (α>300)

B v0 v0 α = 600 0
AC
+
Supply N
R-Load
i0
C
0 wt
T2 - OFF
Y
B

T3 - ON

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 39

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ half wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
VR =Vmsinwt
(1) 3-φ half wave controlled rectifier with R Load
Vm

0
A wt
R
T1

3-Φ v0 α = 00
V0 I
0
Continuous conduction mode (α≤300)
B v0
AC
+
Supply N
R-Load
i0
0 wt
C
T2
Y
B
T3 V0 I
v0 α = 300 0

0 wt

With resistive load, there are two modes of conduction;

V0 I Discontinuous conduction mode (α>300)
v0 α = 600
(i) Continuous conduction mode (α≤300) 0

(ii) Discontinuous conduction mode (α>300)

0 wt

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 40

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ half wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
VR =Vmsinwt
(1) 3-φ half wave controlled rectifier with R Load
Vm

(i) Continuous conduction mode (0 ≤ α ≤300) 0

wt

(a) Derivation of average output voltage

V0 I Continuous conduction mode (α≤300)
v0 α = 00 0

1  +150 
0
Vm
 
 +150
=
0

V0( avg ) 
2 / 3   +30
V sin wtd ( wt )  = − cos wt
 2 / 3
m  + 30 0
0
0 wt
3V
V0( avg ) = m  − cos( + 1500 ) + cos( + 300 ) 
2 α = 300
V0 I
v0 0
3 3Vm
V0( avg ) = cos 
2
0 wt

The maximum value of average output

voltage Vo occurs at α = 0. v0 α = 600
V0 I
0
Discontinuous conduction mode (α>300)
3 3Vm
V0( avg ),max =
2
0 wt
3 3Vm
Average load current, I 0( avg ) = cos 
2 R

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 41

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ half wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
VR =Vmsinwt
(1) 3-φ half wave controlled rectifier with R Load
Vm

(i) Continuous conduction mode (0 ≤ α ≤300) 0

wt

(b) Derivation of rms output voltage

V0 I Continuous conduction mode (α≤300)
v0 α = 00 0

1   1  
 +150 0
 +150 0

 1 − cos 2 wt 
=   Vm sin wtd ( wt )  = Vm    d ( wt ) 
2 2
V0( rms )
2 / 3   +300  2 / 3   +300  2   0 wt

3  
 +150 0
 +1500
1 cos 2 wt
V0( rms ) = Vm   d ( wt ) −  d ( wt )  V0 I
2   +300 2  + 300
2  v0 α = 300 0

1  +150 
0

3 1  sin 2 wt 
  wt  +300 − 
 +1500
V0( rms ) = Vm 
2  2  +300
0 wt
2  2 

V0 I Discontinuous conduction mode (α>300)

v0 α = 600
3 1 1  0
V0( rms ) = Vm  2  + 150 −  − 30  − 4 sin 2( + 150 ) − sin 2( + 30 )  
0 0 0 0

2

1 3 3  0 wt
V0( rms ) = Vm  + cos 2 
 2 8 

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 42

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ half wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
VR =Vmsinwt
(1) 3-φ half wave controlled rectifier with R Load
Vm

(ii) Discontinuous conduction mode (300≤α≤1200) 0 wt

(a) Derivation of average output voltage

V0 I Continuous conduction mode (α≤300)
v0 α = 00 0

1  180 
0

V0( avg ) =  V sin wtd ( wt )

2 / 3  +30 

m
0
0 wt

V
= m  − cos wt  +30
0
180
V0 I
V0( avg ) v0 α = 300 0
2 / 3
0

3Vm
V0( avg ) =  − cos(1800 ) + cos( + 300 ) 
0 wt

2
3V V0 I Discontinuous conduction mode (α>300)
V0( avg ) = m 1 + cos( + 300 )  v0 α = 600 0

2

Average load current, 0 wt

3Vm
I 0( avg ) = 1 + cos( + 300 ) 
2 R
2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 43

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ half wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
VR =Vmsinwt
(1) 3-φ half wave controlled rectifier with R Load
Vm

(ii) Discontinuous conduction mode (300≤α≤1200) 0 wt

(b) Derivation of rms output voltage

V0 I Continuous conduction mode (α≤300)
v0 α = 00 0

1   1  
0 0

 1 − cos 2 wt 
180 180
=   Vm sin wtd ( wt )  = Vm    d ( wt ) 
2 2
V0( rms )
2 / 3  +300  2 / 3  +300  2   0 wt

3  
0 0
180 180
1 cos 2 wt
V0( rms ) = Vm   d ( wt ) −  d ( wt )  V0 I
2  +300 2  + 300
2  v0 α = 300 0

1 
0
180
3 1  sin 2 wt 
  wt  +300 − 
1800
V0( rms ) = Vm 
2  2  +300 
0 wt
2  2 
V0 I Discontinuous conduction mode (α>300)
3 1 1  v0 α = 600
   4 sin 2(180 ) − sin 2( + 30 )  

0
V0( rms ) = Vm  2 180 0
− − 30 0
− 0 0

2 

Vm 3  5 − 6  1 0 wt
V0( rms ) =   + sin ( 2 +  / 3)
2   6  2

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 44

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ half wave controlled converters

(2) 3-φ half wave controlled rectifier with R-L Load
V =V sinwt
V =V sin(wt+120 )
V =V sin(wt+240 )
Y m
0

B m
0
R m
A
R
T1
Vm

3-Φ 0
B v0 wt
AC
+
Supply N
R-L Load
i0
V0 I Continuous conduction mode
C
v0 α = 00 0
T2
Y
B
T3
0 wt
Operating Principle:
Mode-1 (300 ≤ wt ≤ 1500)
V0 I
Thyristor T1 is in FB condition, T2 & T3 are in RBv0 α = 300 0

condition and they will be in OFF state during this

interval. A R 0 T1 - ON wt

3-Φ
B v0
AC V0 I Discontinuous conduction mode
+ v0 α = 600 0
Supply N
R-L Load
i0
C
T2 - OFF
Y 0
B wt
T3 - OFF

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 45

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ half wave controlled converters

(2) 3-φ half wave controlled rectifier with R-L VLoad
=V sinwt
V Y =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
R m

Mode-2 (1500 ≤ wt ≤ 2700)

T2 is in FB condition, T3 & T1 are in RB condition. Vm

A
R T1 - OFF 0
wt

3-Φ
B
AC v0 V0 I Continuous conduction mode
+ v0 α = 00 0

Supply N
R-L Load i0
C
T2 - ON 0 wt
Y
B

T3 - OFF
V0 I
α = 300
Mode-3 (2700 ≤ wt ≤ 3900) v0 0

T3 is inAFB condition, T1 & T2 are in RB condition.

R T1 - OFF
0 wt

3-Φ
B v0
AC V0 I
+ v0 α = 600 0
Discontinuous conduction mode
Supply N

R-L Load
i0
C
T2 - OFF
Y
B 0 wt

T3 - ON

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 46

Prepared by: Dr. Vadthya Jagan – M. Tech & Ph. D (I.I.T Roorkee)
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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ half wave controlled converters

(2) 3-φ half wave controlled rectifier with R-L VLoad
=V sinwt
V
R m
Y =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)

Continuous conduction mode Vm

0
(a) Derivation of average output voltage
wt

1  +150  V0 I
0
Vm
 
 +150 0
v0 α = 600 Discontinuous conduction mode
=  = −
0
V0( avg ) V sin wtd ( wt ) cos wt
2 / 3   +30  2 / 3

 + 30
m 0
0

0 wt
3V 3 3Vm
V0( avg ) = m  − cos( + 1500 ) + cos( + 300 )  = cos 
2 2
(i) The maximum value of average output v0 α = 600
V0
Continuous conduction mode
I0

voltage Vo occurs at α = 00. 3 3Vm

V0( avg ),max =
2 0 wt
(ii) The zero value of average output voltage
Vo occurs at α = 900. v0 α = 900 V0 I0

(iii) The negative maximum average output

voltage Vo occurs at α = 1800. 3 3V 0 wt
V0( avg ),max = − m

2
2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 47

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ half wave controlled converters

(2) 3-φ half wave controlled rectifier with R-L VLoad
=V sinwt
V
R m
Y =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)

Continuous conduction mode Vm

0
(b) Derivation of rms output voltage
wt

V0 I
1   1  v0
 +150 0
 +150 0
Discontinuous conduction mode
 1 − cos 2 wt  α = 600 0
=   Vm sin wtd ( wt )  = Vm    d ( wt ) 
2 2
V0( rms )
2 / 3   +300  2 / 3   +300  2  
0 wt
3  
 +150 0
 +1500
1 cos 2 wt
V0( rms ) = Vm   d ( wt ) −  d ( wt ) 
2   +300 2  + 300
2  Continuous conduction mode
V0 I0
v0 α = 600
3 1 1  sin 2 wt 
 +1500 
  wt  +300 − 
 +1500
V0( rms ) = Vm 
2  2 2  2  +300 
0 wt

3 1 1 
V0( rms ) = Vm  2  + 150 −  − 30  − 4 sin 2( + 150 ) − sin 2( + 30 )  v0
0 0 0 0
V0
2 α = 900 I0

1 3 3 
V0( rms ) = Vm  + cos 2 
 2 8
0 wt


2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 48

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ full wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
(1) 3-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R Load VR =Vmsinwt

T1 T3 T5
A Vm
R
0
T1 T3 T5 wt
3-Φ T6 T2 T4 T6 T2
B +
AC Conducting
SCRs
Supply N R-Load
T5 T1 T3 T5 T1 T3 T5
v0 T6 T2 T4 T6 T2 T4 T6
C
Modes I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI
Y T4 T6 T2
B
Vm

0
wt
✓ In one complete input cycle (i.e., in 3600), there are
α = 00
six-pulses at the output terminal. V0 I0
v0
✓ Each SCR has to conduct for a duration of 1200. I0

✓ Each pair of SCRs will conduct for a duration of 600. 0

wt

✓ T1 – T2 – T3 – T4 – T5 – T6 – T1 – T2 and so on α = 300 V0 I0
v0
Note: The firing angle, α is measured from the cross-over I0
point, i.e., from wt = 600 onwards, at this point α = 00
0
wt

Source: Power Electronics – Dr. M. D. Singh

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 49

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ full wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
(1) 3-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R Load VR =Vmsinwt

T1 T3 T5
Vm
Operating Principle: 0
Mode-1 (600 ≤ wt ≤ 1200) T6 T2 T4 T6 T2
wt

Thyristor T6 & T1 are in FB condition, Conducting

SCRs
whereas thyristors T2, T3, T4 & T5 are in RB T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6

condition and they will be in OFF state during Modes I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI

this interval. Vm

Therefore, T6 and T1 are triggered 0

wt

simultaneously at firing angle, α. i.e., wt =600 +α

α = 00
V0 I0
v0
A
R I0

T1-ON T3 - OFF T5-OFF 0

3-Φ wt
B +
AC
Supply N R-Load α = 300 V0 I0
v0 v0
C
I0
Y T4-OFF T6-ON T2-OFF
B
0
wt

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 50

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ full wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
(1) 3-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R Load VR =Vmsinwt

T1 T3 T5
Vm
Operating Principle: 0
Mode-2 (1200 ≤ wt ≤ 1800) T6 T2 T4 T6 T2
wt

Thyristor T1 & T2 are in FB condition, Conducting

SCRs
whereas thyristors T3, T4, T5 & T6, are in RB T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6

condition and they will be in OFF state during Modes I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI

this interval. Vm

Therefore, T1 and T2 are triggered 0

wt

simultaneously at wt = 1200+α.
α = 00
V0 I0
A v0
R
I0
T1-ON T3 - OFF T5-OFF
3-Φ 0
wt
B +
AC
Supply N R-Load
v0 v0 α = 300 V0 I0
C
I0
Y T4-OFF T6-OFF T2-ON
B
0
wt

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 51

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ full wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
(1) 3-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R Load VR =Vmsinwt

T1 T3 T5
Vm
Operating Principle: 0
Mode-3 (1800 ≤ wt ≤ 2400) T6 T2 T4 T6 T2
wt

Thyristor T2 & T3 are in FB condition, Conducting

SCRs
whereas thyristors T4, T5, T6, & T1, are in RB T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6

condition and they will be in OFF state during Modes I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI

this interval. Vm

Therefore, T2 and T3 are triggered 0

wt

simultaneously at wt = 1800+α.
α = 00
V0 I0
A v0
R
I0
T1-OFF T3 - ON T5-OFF
3-Φ 0
wt
B +
AC
Supply N R-Load
v0 v0 α = 300 V0 I0
C
I0
Y T4-OFF T6-OFF T2-ON
B
0
wt

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 52

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ full wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
(1) 3-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R Load VR =Vmsinwt

T1 T3 T5
Vm
Operating Principle: 0
Mode-4 (2400 ≤ wt ≤ 3000) T6 T2 T4 T6 T2
wt

Thyristor T3 & T4 are in FB condition, Conducting

SCRs
whereas thyristors T5, T6, T1, & T2, are in RB T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6

condition and they will be in OFF state during Modes I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI

this interval. Vm

Therefore, T3 and T4 are triggered 0

wt

simultaneously at wt = 2400+α.
α = 00
V0 I0
A v0
R I0
T1-OFF T3 - ON T5-OFF
3-Φ 0
wt
B +
AC
Supply N R-Load
v0 v0 α = 300 V0 I0
C
I0
Y T4-ON T6-OFF T2-OFF
B
0
wt

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 53

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ full wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
(1) 3-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R Load VR =Vmsinwt

T1 T3 T5
Vm
Operating Principle: 0
Mode-5 (3000 ≤ wt ≤ 3600) T6 T2 T4 T6 T2
wt

Thyristor T4 & T5 are in FB condition, Conducting

SCRs
whereas thyristors T6, T1, T2, & T3, are in RB T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6

condition and they will be in OFF state during Modes I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI

this interval. Vm

Therefore, T4 and T5 are triggered 0

wt

simultaneously at wt = 3000+α.
α = 00
V0 I0
A v0
R I0
T1-OFF T3 - OFF T5-ON
3-Φ 0
wt
B +
AC
Supply N R-Load
v0 v0 α = 300 V0 I0
C
I0
Y T4-ON T6-OFF T2-OFF
B
0
wt

2-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 54

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19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS

3-φ full wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
(1) 3-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R Load VR =Vmsinwt

T1 T3 T5
Vm
Operating Principle: 0
Mode-6 (3600 ≤ wt ≤ 600) T6 T2 T4 T6 T2
wt

Thyristor T5 & T6 are in FB condition, Conducting

SCRs
whereas thyristors T1, T2, T3, & T4, are in RB T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6

condition and they will be in OFF state during Modes I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI

this interval. Vm

Therefore, T5 and T6 are triggered 0

wt

simultaneously at wt = 3600+α.
α = 00
V0 I0
v0
A
R I0

T1-OFF T3 - OFF T5-ON 0

3-Φ wt
B +
AC
Supply N R-Load
α = 300 V0 I0
v0 v0
C
I0
Y T4-OFF T6-ON T2-OFF
B
0
wt

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3-φ full wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
(1) 3-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R Load VR =Vmsinwt

T1 T3 T5
Vm

(a) Derivation of average output voltage 0

wt
T6 T2 T4 T6 T2
1  +120 
0

V0( avg ) =  V
= m  − cos wt  +60
 +120 Conducting
0
V sin wtd ( wt )
2 / 6   +60  SCRs

m
2 / 6
0 0
T5 T1 T3 T5 T1 T3 T5
T6 T2 T4 T6 T2 T4 T6
Modes I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI
6Vm
V0( avg ) =  − cos( + 1200 ) + cos( + 600 ) 
2 Vm

6Vm 0
wt
=  − cos  cos120 + sin  sin120 + cos  cos 60 − sin  sin 60 
0 0 0 0

2  α = 00
3V V0 I0
V0( avg ) = m cos  v0
 I0

The maximum value of average output 0

wt

voltage Vo occurs at α = 0.
3Vm
V0( avg ),max = v0
α = 300 V0 I0

 I0
3Vm
Average load current, I 0( avg ) = cos  0

R
wt

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3-φ full wave controlled converters

VY =Vmsin(wt+1200)
VB =Vmsin(wt+2400)
(1) 3-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R Load VR =Vmsinwt

T1 T3 T5
Vm

(b) Derivation of rms output voltage 0

wt
T6 T2 T4 T6 T2

1   1  
 +120 0
 +120 0 Conducting
 1 − cos 2 wt 
=   Vm sin wtd ( wt )  = Vm   
SCRs

2 2
V0( rms ) d ( wt )
2 / 6   + 600  2 / 6   + 600  2  
T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Modes I II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI

 +120 1  +120 
0 0
6 cos 2 wt
V0( rms ) = Vm   d ( wt ) −  d ( wt )  Vm
2   + 600 2  + 600
2  0
wt

1  +120 
0
α = 00
6 1  sin 2 wt 
  wt  + 600 − 
 +1200
V0( rms ) = Vm  V0 I0
2  2 2  2  + 600 
v0
I0

0
6 1 1  wt
V0( rms ) = Vm 
 2  + 120 0
−  − 60 0
 4 sin 2( + 120 ) − sin 2( + 60 )  
 − 0 0

2 
α = 300 V0 I0
v0
I0
Vm 3   1 + 3 
V0( rms ) =  + sin  
2  3 2 
0
wt

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Quiz-10
25. In case of 1-φ controlled converters, the range of firing angle is……
(a) 00 to 900, (b) 0 0 to 1800 ,
(c) 300 to 900 , (d) 60 0 to 1800.
26. Irrespective of firing angle, the average output voltage of
half/semi controlled converters for any type of load is……
(a) always positive, (b) always negative,
(c) May be positive or negative, (d) Zero.
27. Single-phase full controlled converter is also called as….
(a) 1-φ one-pulse rectifier, (b) 3-φ three-pulse rectifier
(c) 1-φ two-pulse rectifier, (d) 3-φ two-pulse rectifier.
28. For a three-phase full controlled converter, the firing angle is
measured from….
(a) wt = 00 onwards, (b) wt = 300 onwards, (c) wt = 600 onwards, (d) wt = 900 onwards

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Homework-1
1. Draw the output voltage and current waveforms of three-phase six-
pulse converter for R-load at firing angles of 600, 900 and 1200.

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3-φ full wave controlled converters

(2) 3-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R-L Load

A
R

T1 T3 T5
3-Φ +
AC Y
Supply N
R-L v0
Load
B

T4 T6 T2
C
B

Source: Power Electronics – Dr. M. D. Singh

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Effect of load and source inductances

Vs = Vmsinwt
(1) 1-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R-L Load
Vm

0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Gate
I0 Pulse,
Firing angle
T1&T3
α 2π +α
T1 T2 +
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
1 Gate Firing angle
Pulse, π +α 3π +α
VS R-L v0 T2&T4
Load 0 V0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
V0 Discontinuous conduction mode
2 I0
I0
γ V0(avg)
T4 T3
π 2π 4π
0 β 3π wt
V0 Continuous conduction mode
V0 I0
I0
γ V0(avg)
0 π 2π 3π 4π
β wt

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Effect of load and source inductances

Vs= Vmsinwt
(1) 1-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R-L Load Vm

0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
I0 II00
Gate
Pulse,
T1 T2 + + T1&T3 Firing angle
T1 T2
LS LS
α 2π +α
1 1
VS R-L v0 VS R-L v00 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Load
Gate Firing angle
Load
Load 3π +α
2 2 Pulse, π +α
T4 T3 T4 T3
T2&T4
V0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
0 Continuous conduction mode
V0 I0
V0(avg)
0 π 2π 3π 4π
V1 LS T1 T3 wt

I0 I1 I2 I1 I2
V2 LS T2 T4
π 2π 3π 4π
0 αμ wt
v0 T1&T3
T2&T4
+

I0

R-L Load (T1,T2,T3,T4)

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Effect of load and source inductances

Vs= Vmsinwt
(1) 1-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R-L Load Vm

Derivation of average output voltage 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt

Gate
Pulse,
Due to symmetrical waveforms during both positive andT1&T3 Firing angle
α 2π +α
negative half cycles, it is considered only positive half cycle,
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
1  + Gate Firing angle
V0( avg ) =  V sin wtd ( wt ) Pulse, π +α 3π +α
  + m
T2&T4
V0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Vm
 − cos wt 
 + 0
V0( avg ) = V0 I0
Continuous conduction mode

  +

V0(avg)
Vm
V0( avg ) =  − cos( +  ) + cos( +  ) 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt

Vm I0
cos  + cos( +  )
I1 I2 I1 I2
V0( avg ) =

π 2π 3π 4π
Average value of output voltage at no load,
0 αμ wt
T1&T3
2Vm T2&T4
V0( avg ) = cos 
 (T1,T2,T3,T4)
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Effect of load and source inductances

Vs= Vmsinwt
(1) 1-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R-L Load Vm
V1 LS T1 T3
a b π 2π 3π 4π
0 wt
Gate
Pulse,
Firing angle
V2 LS T2 T4 T1&T3
α 2π +α
d c

v0 0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Gate Firing angle

+
I0 Pulse, π +α 3π +α
R-L Load T2&T4
Applying KVL in loop abcda, then V0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
0 Continuous conduction mode
V0 I0
di1 di di1 di
V1 − LS = V2 − LS 2 V1 − V2 = LS − LS 2 π
V0(avg)
dt dt 0 2π 3π 4π wt
dt dt
I0 I1 I2 I1 I2
 di di 
V1 − V2 = LS  1 − 2  V1 = Vm sin wt , then V2 = −Vm sin wt
 dt dt  0 αμ π 2π 3π 4π wt

 di di  T1&T3
T2&T4
2Vm sin wt = LS  1 − 2 
 dt dt  (T1,T2,T3,T4)
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Effect of load and source inductances

Vs= Vmsinwt
(1) 1-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R-L Load Vm

0 π 2π 3π 4π
As the load current is assumed constant throughout Gate
wt
Pulse,
i1 + i2 =I0. Differentiating this with respect to t, we get T1&T3 Firing angle
α 2π +α

di1 di2 π
+ =0 Gate
0 2π
Firing angle
3π 4π wt
dt dt Pulse, π +α 3π +α
T2&T4
π 2π 3π 4π
 di1 di2  2Vm V0 wt
 − = sin wt V0
0
I0
Continuous conduction mode
 dt dt  LS
V0(avg)
0 π 2π 3π 4π
di1 Vm wt
= sin wt
dt LS I0 I1 I2 I1 I2

Load current il through thyristor pair Tl, T3 builds up from 0 αμ π 2π 3π 4π wt

zero to i1 = I0 during the overlap angle μ; i.e., at wt=α, il =0 T1&T3
and wt= μ+ α, il = I0 T2&T4

(T1,T2,T3,T4)
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Effect of load and source inductances

Vs= Vmsinwt
(1) 1-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R-L Load Vm

0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
di1 Vm Gate
= sin wt Pulse,
dt LS T1&T3 Firing angle
α 2π +α
I0 ( +  ) / w
Vm
0 di1 = L  sin wtd ( wt )
( / w ) Gate
0 π 2π
Firing angle
3π 4π wt
S
Pulse, π +α 3π +α
T2&T4
Vm
i   − cos wt ( / w)
( +  ) / w
=
I0
V0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
1 0 0
LS V0 I0
Continuous conduction mode

V0(avg)
V
I 0 = m  − cos( +  ) + cos   0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
wLS
I0 I1 I2 I1 I2
Vm
I0 =  cos  − cos( +  ) π 2π 3π 4π
wLS 0 αμ wt

wLS  wLS  T1&T3

=  cos  − cos( +  )  cos( +  ) = cos  − I 0 T2&T4
I0 
Vm  Vm 
(T1,T2,T3,T4)
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Effect of load and source inductances

Vs= Vmsinwt
(1) 1-φ full wave controlled rectifier with R-L Load Vm
wLS
cos( +  ) = cos  − I 0 Gate
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Vm
Pulse,
Vm V  wLS 
cos  + cos( +  )
Firing angle
V0( avg ) = = m  cos  + cos  − I 0 
T1&T3
α 2π +α
   Vm 
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
Gate
V  wLS  V0( avg ) =
2Vm
cos  − I 0
wLS Firing angle
V0( avg ) = m  2cos  − I 0  Pulse, π +α 3π +α
  Vm    T2&T4
V0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
0 Continuous conduction mode
wLS V0 2Vm V0
cos  I0
D   V0(avg)
I0
0 π 2π 3π 4π wt
wLS
slope = −
 I0 I1 I2 I1 I2
2Vm V0( avg )
cos  2Vm
 I0 = cos  π 2π 3π 4π
wLS 0 αμ wt
T1&T3
T2&T4

I0 (T1,T2,T3,T4)
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Homework-2
1. Show that the performance of a three-phase full converter as
influenced by source inductance is given by the relation
Cos(α+μ)=Cosα-(2wLs/Vml)*I0
The symbols used have their usual meanings.
2. Describe the effect of source inductance on the performance of a
3-phase full converter with the help of phase voltage waveforms.
Indicate the sequence of conduction of various thyristors and sketch
load current waveforms for both positive and negative group of
thyristors. State the various assumptions made.
Derive an expression for its output voltage in terms of supply
voltage, source inductance, load current etc.
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Tutorial-2 Questions
1. A resistive load of 10Ω is connected through a half-wave SCR circuit to 220V, 50Hz, single-
phase source. Calculate the power delivered to load for a firing angle of 600. Also, find the
value of input power factor. [Ans. 1944.97W, 0.63421]
Ans: Power delivered to resistive load = (rms load voltage) (rms load current)
V 2 0( rms )
P = V0( rms ) * I 0( rms ) P=
R
Vm 1 
V0( rms ) =  −   + sin 2 V0( rms ) =
2 * 220
1800 − 600  * +
1
sin(2 * 600 ) Vm = 2VS
2  2 2 
0
180 2

V0( rms ) = 139.46V

V 2 0( rms ) 139.462
P= = = 1944.97W
R 10
1 1 1  1
Input power factor(IPF)=  −   + sin 2 I.P.F= 1800 − 600  * + sin(2 * 600 ) = 0.6341
2 2
0
2 180 2

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Tutorial-2 Questions (cont…)

2. A single-phase full converter feeding RLE load has the following data. Source
voltage = 230V, 50 Hz; R = 2.5Ω, E = 100 V, firing angle = 30°. If load inductance is
large enough to make the load current virtually constant, then (a) sketch the time
variations of source voltage, source current, load voltage, load current, current through
one SCR and voltage across it, (b) compute the average value of load voltage and load
current, (c) compute the input pf.
[Ans (a) Refer to page no:30 (b), 179.30 V, 31.72 A (c) 0.7796 lag]

1
V0( avg ) = V (cos  − cos  ) + E ( −  )
 m

1
V0( avg ) =  2 * 230(cos300 − cos  ) + E ( −  ) 


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Assignment-2 Questions
1. Analyze the below given circuit and determine the output voltage
expression. Also trace the waveforms across the load and the elements.
Assume the load is resistive-inductive-battery. G
I0
D1 T
R-
P L-
N E

D3 D2

2. Show that the performance of a single-phase full converter as effected by

source inductance is given by the relation cos(α+µ)=cosα-(wLsIo)/(Vm) , where
the symbols used have their usual meanings.
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Text Books & References

Edition and
Reference Title Author Publisher
Year
Tata
M. D. Singh, 2nd Edition,
T1 Power Electronics McGraw-Hill
K. B. Kanchandani 2008
Education
th
4 Edition,
T2 Power Electronics P. S. Bimbhra Khanna
2006
Power Electronics: Ned Mohan, T. M.
3rd Edition,
R1 Converters Applications Undeland, W.P. Wiley
2015
and Design Robbins,
Power Electronics-
4th Edition,
R2 Circuits, Devices and M. H. Rashid Pearson
2017
Applications
Springer
Fundamentals of Power R. W. Erickson, 2nd Edition, Science &
R3
Electronics D. Maksimovic 2001 Business
Media

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Think beyond the boundaries……

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