ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
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Tran Thi Ngoc Dung – Huynh Quang Linh – Physics A2 HCMUT 2016
SOME OF BASIC QUESTIONS ABOUT
NATURE
• What are the basic building blocks of matter?
• What is inside the nucleus?
• What are the forces that hold matter together?
• How did the universe begin?
• Will the universe end, and if so, how and when?
HISTORY
• In 1930 the known elementary particles were the
proton, the electron, and the photon.
• Thomson identified the electron in 1897, and Einstein
defined the photon in 1905. The proton is the nucleus of
the hydrogen atom.
• 1932, Chadwick proved the existence of the neutron, and
Carl Anderson identified the positron in cosmic rays.
Fundamental particles
• An elementary particle or fundamental particle is
a particle whose substructure is unknown, thus it is
unknown whether it is composed of other particles.[
Known elementary particles include
• fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks,
and antileptons), which generally are "matter particles"
and "antimatter particles",
• And the fundamental bosons (gauge bosons and
the Higgs boson), which generally are "force particles"
that mediate interactions among fermions.
Many bosons can exist in the same place at the same time, unlike fermions.
Elementary particles
Fundamental Bosons
Fundamental fermions (force particles)
(MATTER - ANTIMATTER
PARTICLES)
that mediate interaction
between fermions
QUARKS - ANTIQUARKS
GAUGE BOSONS
LEPTONS-ANTILEPTONS
and HIGGS BOSONS
- Gauge bosons are carrier particles
for four fundamental forces: Strong,
Electromagnetic, weak, and
gravitational forces.
1. W and Z bosons, which carry the weak
force.
2. Gluons, which carry the strong force.
3. Photons, which carry the
electromagnetic force
4. The only remaining fundamental force
that has no known gauge boson is
gravitational force. The theoretical gauge
boson for gravity is called a graviton.
- The Higgs particle is a boson. This
boson is thought to be particle which
are responsible for all physical
forces. However, it is still unverified.
6 QUARKS, 6 LEPTONS and their antiparticles
MATTER PARTICLES
QUARKS LEPTONS
A baryon is a composite Leptons and quarks are the basic
subatomic particle made up of building blocks of matter, i.e., they
HADRONS three quarks (a triquark, as are seen as the "elementary particles"
distinct from mesons, which are
composed of one quark and one
antiquark). Baryons and A lepton is an elementary,
MESONS BARYONS mesons belong to the hadron half-integer spin (spin 1⁄2) particle
family of particles, which are that does not undergo strong
the quark-based particles. interactions. Two main classes of
leptons exist: charged leptons (also
NUCLEI known as the electron-like
leptons), and neutral leptons (better
known as neutrinos).
ATOMS
MOLECULES
PROPERTIES
1. Mass
2. Charge
3. Spin
4. Baryon number (B)
5. Strange number (S)
6. Lepton number (L)
ANTI-PARTCLES
Have the same mass and lifetime as their associated particles
Have the same magnitude but are opposite in sign for such
physical quantities as electric charge and various quantum
numbers
All particles, even neutral ones (with some notable exceptions
like the neutral pion), have antiparticles.
Cosmic rays
• Cosmic rays are highly energetic particles, mostly
protons, that cross interstellar space and enter the Earth’s
atmosphere, where their interaction with particles creates
cosmic “showers” of many distinct particles.
Baryons are massive particles which are
made up of three quarks
Rest Lifetime
Decay
Particle Symbol Makeup mass Spin B S (second
Modes
MeV/c2 s>
Proton p uud 938.3 1/2 +1 0 Stable ...
Neutron n ddu 939.6 1/2 +1 0 920 pe-νe
2.6
Lambda Λ0 uds 1115.6 1/2 +1 -1 pπ-, nπ0
x10-10
0.8
Sigma Σ+ uus 1189.4 1/2 +1 -1 pπ0, nπ+
x10-10
Sigma Σ0 uds 1192.5 1/2 +1 -1 6x10-20 Λ0γ
1.5
Sigma Σ- dds 1197.3 1/2 +1 -1 nπ-
x10-10
0.6
Delta Δ++ uuu 1232 3/2 +1 0 pπ+
x10-23
/.. -
MESONS : are particles mades up of
1quark and 1 antiquarks.
Mesons are bosons, while the baryons
are fermions.
Rest
Anti- Make Lifetim Decay
Particle Symbol mass S C B
particle up e Modes
MeV/c2
2.60
Pion π+ π- ud 139.6 0 0 0 μ+νμ
x10-8
0.83
Pion π0 Self 135.0 0 0 0 2γ
x10-16
1.24 μ+νμ,
Kaon K+ K- us 493.7 +1 0 0
x10-8 π+π0
---
p uud
n udd
Each baryon is composed of three quarks (qqq)
each antibaryon of three antiquarks (qqq); Each
meson is composed of ( q,q)
The corresponding antiquarks have opposite
values of charge Q, , B and S.
Each quark also has a fractional value 1/3 for its
baryon number and each antiquark has a baryon-
number value -1/3.
In a meson, a quark and antiquark combine with net
baryon number 0 and can have their spin angular
momentum components parallel to form a spin-1 1
0 meson.
meson or antiparallel to form a spin -0
Similarly, the three quarks in a baryon combine with
net baryon number 1 and can form a spin 1/2 baryon
or a 3/2 baryon.
Lepton number
In all interactions, each lepton number is separately conserved.
For example
In all interactions, the total baryon number is conserved.
strangeness is conserved in strong interactions but it can change by zero or
one unit in weak interactions
Each baryon is composed of three quarks (qqq) each antibaryon of three
antiquarks (qqq); Each meson is composed of ( q,q)
4 Fundamental Interactions
Interaction Strength Range Mediating particle
Name Mass Charge Spin
Strong 1 Short (1fm) Gluon 0 0 1
Electromagnetic 1/137 Long (1/r2) Photon 0 0 1
Weak 10-4 short W+, W-, Zo0 80, 90 e,0 1
GeV/c2
0.001fm
Gravitational 10-38 long (1/r2) Graviton 0 0 2
44.4. quark–antiquark pair annihilation
• A proton and an antiproton annihilate, producing two
photons. Find the energy, frequency, and wavelength of
each photon (a) if the p and p are initially at rest and (b) if
the p and p collide head-on, each with an initial kinetic
energy of 830 MeV.
a)
p p 2 b)
Consevation of Energy : 2E 2
2m p c 2 2 Eo EK 939.4MeV 830MeV 1769.4MeV
2 27 8 2 1.24
m p c 1.67 10 3 10 ( m)
1769.4 10 6 eV
1.503 10 10 J 939.4MeV 7.008 10 16 m
1.24
( m) f c/ 4.28 10 23 Hz
939.4 10 6 (eV)
1.32 10 15 m
f c/ 2.27 10 23 Hz
