Signals and Systems Analysis

Chapter 1:- Introduction

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OUTLINE

• Signals and systems

• Classifications of Signals

• Classifications of Systems

• Useful Signal Operations

• Elementary Signals

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INTRODUCTION
Signals

• A signal is a set of data or information

• Examples: audio signal, a video signal audio signal

• A signal may be a function of time or other variables

Systems
• A system processes a set of signals (inputs) to yield another set of signals (outputs).
• A system may be made up of physical components, as in electrical and mechanical
systems (hardware realization)
• Or a system can be a computer program such as an automatic speech recognition
system that processes speech signals (software realization)
• The purpose of a system depends on the application area and the system is
characterized by its inputs(excitation) and output(response)
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INTRODUCTION
• Examples of signals and systems (Biomedical Instrument)
– EEG (Electroencephalography) Sensors
• Input: brain signals
• Output: electrical signals
• Converts brain signal into electrical signals
EEG signal collection

– Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• Input: when apply an oscillating magnetic field at a certain frequency,
the hydrogen atoms in the body will emit radio frequency signal,
which will be captured by the MRI machine
• Output: images of a certain part of the body
• Use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to form images of the
body.

MRI 4
INTRODUCTION
• Signals and Systems
• Even though the various signals and systems could be quite different,
they share some common properties.

• In this course, we will study:

o How to represent signal and system
o properties of signals
o properties of systems
o How to process signals with the system

• The theories can be applied to any general signals and systems,

whether electrical, biomedical, mechanical, etc.

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OUTLINE
• Signals and Systems

• Classifications of Signals

• Classifications of Systems

• Useful Signal Operations

• Elementary Signals

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF SIGNALS

• Classification of signals: signals can be classified as

– Continuous-time signal v.s. discrete-time signal

– Analog signal v.s. digital signal

– Even signal v.s. odd signal

– Periodic signal v.s. Aperiodic signal

– Power signal v.s. Energy signal

– Deterministic and Random signals (Reading Assignment)

– ……

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CLASSIFICATION: CONTINUOUS-TIME V.S. DISCRETE-TIME

• Continuous-time (CT) signal

o a signal is defined over continuous time

• E.g. sinusoidal signal s(t) = sin( 4t)

• E.g. voice signal

p(t)
• E.g. Rectangular pulse function
A
 A, 0  t  1
p(t) = 
 0, otherwise
0 1 t
Rectangular pulse function

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CLASSIFICATION: CONTINUOUS-TIME V.S. DISCRETE-TIME

• Discrete-time signal
o A signal that is defined at discrete values of time

o E.g. the monthly average precipitation

Ts =1month
k =1, 2,…,12

Monthly average precipitation

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CLASSIFICATION : ANALOG V.S. DIGITAL

Analog:
• A signal whose amplitude continuous-time, Analog
can take on any value in a
continuous range
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2 2
1 1
Continuous-time, Digital 0 0
Digital:
• A signal whose amplitude
3
can take on only a finite 2 2
Discrete-time, Digital 1 1
number of values 0 0

• Discrete-time, Analog
(samples of analog signal)
Different types of signals
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CLASSIFICATION: EVEN V.S. ODD

• Even v.s. odd

o x(t) is an even signal if: x(t) = x(−t)
• E.g. x(t) = cos(2t)
o x(t) is an odd signal if: x(−t) = −x(t)
• E.g. x(t) = sin( 2t)
o Some signals are neither even, nor odd
• E.g. x(t) = et x(t) = cos(2t), t  0
o Any signal can be decomposed as the sum of an even signal and an odd signal

y(t) = ye (t) + yo (t)

even odd

• proof: Assignment

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CLASSIFICATION: EVEN V.S. ODD
• Example
– Find the even and odd decomposition of the following signal

x(t) = et

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CLASSIFICATION : PERIODIC V.S. APERIODIC

• Periodic signal v.s. aperiodic signal

– A signal is periodic if
• There is a positive real value T such that f(t) = f(t + nT )
• It is defined for all possible values of t, −   t   (why?)

– Period T0 : the smallest positive integer T0 that satisfies

f(t) = f(t + nT0 )

T1 = 2T0
f(t + T1 ) = f(t + 2T0 ) = f(t)

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CLASSIFICATION : PERIODIC V.S. APERIODIC

• Example
– Find the period of s(t) = ASin(ω0t + 0) −t 

– Amplitude: A
– Angular frequency: ω0
– Initial phase: 0
– Period: T0 =𝜔2𝜋0
1
– Linear frequency: f0 =
𝑇0

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CLASSIFICATION: ENERGY V.S. POWER
• Energy of signal x(t) over t [−,+]

E= x(t) 2 dt
−

A signal with finite energy is called an energy signal.

• Average power of signal x(t)
1 T
P = lim 
2
x(t) dt
T → 2T −T

A signal with finite and non-zero power is called a power signal.

Example: sin(t), cos(t)

• A signal with finite energy has zero power

• A signal with finite power has infinite energy
• A signal can be an energy sign or a power signal, or neither NENP(Ramp signal), but not
both.

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CLASSIFICATION: ENERGY V.S. POWER

• Example:

• Exercise 1: x(t) = Aexp(−t) t0

• Exercise 2: x(t) = Asin( 0t +  )

• Exercise 3: x(t) = (1 + j)e jt 0  t  10

1 T
• P= 
All periodic signals are power signal with average power: 2
x(t) dt
T 0

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OUTLINE
• Signals and Systems

• Classifications of Signals

• Classifications of Systems

• Useful Signal Operations

• Elementary Signals

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF Systems
• Classifications
o Linear v.s. non-linear

o Time-invariant v.s. time-varying

o Dynamic v.s. static (memory v.s. memoryless)

o Causal v.s. non-causal

o Invertible v.s. non-invertible (Reading Assignment )

o Stable v.s. non-stable (Reading Assignment)

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CLASSIFICATIONS: LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR

• Linear system
– Let be the response of a system to an input x1 (t)
y1 (t)

– Let y2 (t) be the response of a system to an input x2 (t)

– The system is linear if the superposition principle is satisfied:
1. the response to x1 (t) + x2 (t) is y1 (t) + y2 (t)

2. the response to x1 (t) is y1 (t)

x1 (t) + x2 (t) y1 (t) + y2 (t)
Linear
System
Linear system
• Non-linear system
– If the superposition principle is not satisfied, then the system is a
non-linear system

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CLASSIFICATIONS: LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR

• Exercise: check if the following systems are linear

– System 1: y(t) = exp[ x(t)]
1 t
– System 2: capacitor. Input: i(t), output v(t) v(t) =
C −
i( )d

– System 3: inductor. Input: i(t), output v(t) v(t) = L

di(t)
dt
– System 4:

– System 5: y(t) =| x(t) |

– System 6: y(t) = x 2 (t)

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CLASSIFICATIONS: TIME-VARYING V.S. TIME-INVARIANT

• Time-invariant
o A system is time-invariant if a time shift in the input signal causes
an identical time shift in the output signal

x(t) y(t) x(t − t0 ) Time-invariant

y(t − t0 )
Time-invariant
System System

• Examples
– y(t) = cos(x(t))

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CLASSIFICATIONS: MEMORY V.S. MEMORYLESS

Memoryless system (Instantaneous)

• the present value of the output depends only on the present value of the input
o Example: input x(t): the current passing through a resistor output y(t): the
voltage across the resistor
y(t) = Rx(t)
o The output value at time t depends only on the input value at time t.

System with memory

• the present value of the output depends on not only the present value of input,
but also previous input values.

o Example: capacitor, current: x(t), output voltage: y(t)

1 t
y(t) =  x( )d
C 0

o the output value at t depends on all input values before t

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CLASSIFICATIONS: MEMORY V.S. MEMORYLESS

• Exercise: determine if the system has memory or not

N
– y(t) =  ai x(t − Ti )
i=0

– y(t) = sin( 2x 2 (t) +  )x(t)

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CLASSIFICATIONS: CAUSAL V.S. NON-CAUSAL

• Causal system (Physical/non-anticipated)

• A system is causal if the output y(t 0 ) depends only on values of
input for t  t0
• The output depends on only input from the past and present
• Example
y(t ) = x(t-3) + x(t)

• Non-causal system
– A system is non-causal if the output depends on the input from the
future (prediction).
– Examples: y(t ) = x(t-2) + x(t+2)

– The output value at t depends on the input value at t + a (from future)

– All practical systems are causal.

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OUTLINE
• Signals and Systems

• Classifications of Signals

• Classifications of Systems

• Useful Signal Operations

• Elementary Signals

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OPERATIONS: TIME SHIFTING
• Time Shifting operation: shifting a signal with respect to time
• –x(t − T ) : represents x(t )shifted by T seconds

• If T is positive, the shift is to the right (delay)

• If T is negative, the shift is to the left (Advance)

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OPERATIONS: TIME SHIFTING
• Exercise
t +1 −1  t  0
1 0t 2
x(t) = − t + 3 2t 3
0 𝑜. 𝑤

– Find x(t + 3)

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OPERATIONS: TIME REVERSAL/REFLECTION
• Time Reversal: a signal’s time is multiplied by -1
• In this case, the signal produces its mirror image about Y-axis.

• Mathematically, this can be written as x(−t)

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OPERATIONS: TIME REVERSAL/REFLECTION
• Exercise:
t +1 −1  t  0
1 0t 2
x(t) = − t + 3 2t 3
0 𝑜. 𝑤

– Find x(-t)

• The operations are always performed w.r.t. the time variable t directly!

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OPERATIONS: TIME-SCALING
• Time-scaling: compression or expansion of a signal in time x(at)
In time scaling the time t is multiplied by a constant which is not equal to zero
• a  1 , Time compression
• a  1 , Time expansion

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OPERATIONS: TIME-SCALING
• Exercise: t +1 −1  t  0
1 0t 2
x(t) = − t + 3 2t 3
0 𝑜. 𝑤
– Find x(3t )

Combined operation x(at + b)

Method 1:
1. Time scale the signal by a: x(at)
2. Time shift the scaled signal by b/a: x(a(t+b/a))=x(at+b)

Method 2:
1. Time shift the signal by b: x(t +b)
2. Time scale the shifted signal by a: x(at +b)
• The operations are always performed w.r.t. the time variable t
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OPERATIONS: COMBINED OPERATION

Exercise
t +1 −1  t  0
1 0t 2
x(t) = − t + 3 2t 3
0 𝑜. 𝑤

Find x(3t+3)

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OUTLINE
• Signals and Systems

• Classifications of Signals

• Classifications of Systems

• Useful Signal Operations

• Elementary Signals

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ELEMENTARY SIGNALS

• Elementary functions are also called singularity functions/switching functions

• They are functions that are either discontinuous or have discontinuous

derivatives. (that is when the function jumps from one value to another without
taking on any intermediate value)

• They are very useful in representing switching operations.

• The three most widely used singularity functions are: unit step, unit impulse
and, unit ramp functions

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End of class

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