Production Technology for Vegetable and Spices 2 (1+1)

Syllabus
CONTENTS
Production Technology for Vegetable and Spices 2 (1+1)
Theory [Link] Topic Page
Importance of vegetables & spices in human nutrition and national economy, kitchen 1. Importance of vegetables & spices in human nutrition and
gardening, brief about origin, area, climate, soil, improved varieties and cultivation national economy
practices such as time of sowing, transplanting techniques, planting distance, fertilizer 2. Kitchen gardening
requirements, irrigation, weed management, harvesting and yield, physiological 3. brief about origin, area, climate, soil, improved varieties and
disorders, of important vegetable and spices (Tomato, Brinjal, Chilli, Capsicum, cultivation practices such as time of sowing, transplanting
Cucumber, Melons, Gourds, Pumpkin, French bean, Peas; Cole crops such as techniques, planting distance, fertilizer requirements, irrigation,
Cabbage, Cauliflower, Knol-khol; Bulb crops such as Onion, Garlic; Root crops such weed management, harvesting and yield, physiological
as Carrot, Raddish, Beetroot; Tuber crops such as Potato; Leafy vegetables such as disorders, of Tomato
Amaranth, Palak. Perennial vegetables). 4. brief about origin, area, climate, soil, improved varieties and
cultivation practices such as time of sowing, transplanting
techniques, planting distance, fertilizer requirements, irrigation,
weed management, harvesting and yield, physiological
disorders, of Brinjal
5. brief about origin, area, climate, soil, improved varieties and
cultivation practices such as time of sowing, transplanting
techniques, planting distance, fertilizer requirements, irrigation,
weed management, harvesting and yield, physiological
disorders, of Chilli and Capsicum
6. brief about origin, area, climate, soil, improved varieties and
cultivation practices such as time of sowing, transplanting
techniques, planting distance, fertilizer requirements, irrigation,
weed management, harvesting and yield, physiological
disorders, of Cucumber , Melons, Gourds, Pumpkin,
7. brief about origin, area, climate, soil, improved varieties and
cultivation practices such as time of sowing, transplanting
techniques, planting distance, fertilizer requirements, irrigation,
weed management, harvesting and yield, physiological
disorders, of Cole crops such as Cabbage, Cauliflower, Knol-
khol;
8. brief about origin, area, climate, soil, improved varieties and
cultivation practices such as time of sowing, transplanting
techniques, planting distance, fertilizer requirements, irrigation,
weed management, harvesting and yield, physiological
disorders, of Bulb crops such as Onion, Garlic;
9. brief about origin, area, climate, soil, improved varieties and
cultivation practices such as time of sowing, transplanting
techniques, planting distance, fertilizer requirements, irrigation,
weed management, harvesting and yield, physiological
disorders, of Root crops such as Carrot, Raddish, Beetroot;

10. brief about origin, area, climate, soil, improved varieties and
cultivation practices such as time of sowing, transplanting

techniques, planting distance, fertilizer requirements, irrigation, Lecture: 1

weed management, harvesting and yield, physiological
Importance of vegetables & spices in human nutrition and national economy
disorders, of Tuber crops such as Potato
11. brief about origin, area, climate, soil, improved varieties and Introduction
cultivation practices such as time of sowing, transplanting
techniques, planting distance, fertilizer requirements, irrigation, After green revolution, our country has made a tremendous progress in vegetable
weed management, harvesting and yield, physiological
production. India is now, the second largest producer of vegetables in the world after
disorders, of; Leafy vegetables such as Amaranth, Palak.
12. Perennial vegetables China.

Vegetables form an integral part of staple diet in India where about 42% population is
vegetarian and being a rich sources of daily requirement of nutrients, vitamins and
minerals Now days the whole world is converting into vegetarian. Its need of hour to
supplement our food bowls with vegetable and move towards attaining a healthy
nation. From the last few years, the use of vegetables has received remarkable large
adoption. The vegetables not only grow quickly but also give higher yields in
comparison to other crops. Realizing the worth of vegetables in human health, Indian
Council of Medical Research (ICMR) recommends that an average man with
vegetarian or non vegetarian food habit should consume total 300 gram ( 125 g leafy
vegetables, 100 g roots and tubers and 75 g others vegetables) per capita per day.
Consumption of adequate amount of vegetables helps in maintaining health and
vigour of an individual.

Vegetable: Vegetable is an herbaceous plant or plant part which is mostly consumed

in the unripe form after cooking. These are grouped according to plant part used that
is leaves (lettuce, chauli, palak), stem (celery), tuber (potato), bulb (onion, garlic) etc.

Importance of vegetables in human nutrition

Olericulture has been one of the most important branches of horticulture. In

the past, vegetables were considered to be the luxury but now these are being
considered as an asset providing a vital constituent of human diet and a good source of
income to the growers. Vegetables, which are mostly short duration crops enable a
farmer to take larger numbers of crops from a given area of land as compared to other
agronomical crops. Due to urbanization, industrialization and shrinkage of agricultural
land, cultivation of vegetable crops will be more [Link] are
considered as “Protective supplementary food” as they contain large amount of amino
acids, which are required for proper functioning of various metabolic processes in
human body. They are rich source of minerals like phosphorus, iron and calcium,
vitamins and other nutraceutrical substances, which are essentially required for Calcium Agathi 1130 mg/100 g
maintaining good health and vigor of human body. Curry leaves 813 mg/100 g
Amaranthus and fenugreek 395 mg/100 g
They produce taste, increase appetite, maintain good health and protect against
leaves
degenerative diseases. The nutrient source and deficiency symptoms are shown in
Phosphorus Amaranthus 800 mg/100 g
Table 1 & 2
Garlic 187 mg/100 g
Table 1: Nutritive value of vegetables Iron Agathi 83.9 mg/100 g
Amaranthus 22.5 mg/100 g
Nutrients Vegetables Quantity present in
Potassium Spinach 605 mg/100 g
vegetable
Amaranthus 230 mg/100 g
Vitamin A Bathua leaves 11300 IU/100 g
Colocassia leaves 10278 IU/100 g
Beet leaves 9770 IU/100 g Table 2: Functions and deficiency symptoms of various nutrients

Vitamin B1 Thiamine Chillies 0.55 mg/100 g

Nutrients Functions Deficiency symptoms
Colocassia leaves 0.22 mg/100 g
Tomato (Red) 0.12 mg/100 g
Supply energy (4 Kcal/g) and help in Loss of energy and
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Fenugreek leaves 0.31 mg/100 g
Carbohydrates the assimilation of other nutrients. weakness
Amaranthus 0.3. mg/100 g
Fibres improve digestion, prevent
Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Drumstick leaves 220 mg/100 g constipation and reduce the level of
Coriander leaves 135 mg/100 g
cholesterol
Chillies 111 mg/100 g
Help in the formation and Retard growth of children,
Broccoli 109 mg/100 g
maintenance of tissues, body growth; cause irritability, apathy
Tomato 31 mg/100 g
Proteins provide energy (4 Kcal/g). Form and retard mental
enzymes and hormones to regulate development. Skin and
Carbohydrate Tapioca 38.1 % various physiological processes in the hair losses colour. The
Sweet potato 28.2 % body. swelling of face, lower
potato 22.6 % parts of legs and feet.
Protein Lima bean 7.9 g/100 g Fats Supply essential fatty acids and Lack of energy and
Peas 7.2 g/100 g energy ( 9 Kcal/g).in concentrated weakness
Cowpea 4.3 g/100 g form
Fat Potato 118 mg/100 g Vitamins
Fiber Potato 752 mg/100 g Vitamin A Helps in growth and provides Night blindness,
Chilli 6.8 g/100 g protection against infections and night susceptibility to diseases
Amaranthus 1.0 g/100 g blindness. It increases longevity and retardation of growth
Beet leaf 0.7 g/100 g in young stage.
Spinach 0.6 g/100 g
Vitamin B-

Complex
Thiamine B1 Maintains appetite and keeps the Cause Beriberi, loss of
Vegetables as general medicines:
nervous system healthy and helps in appetite, enlargement of
the release of energy. throat, loss of sensitivity of Many of the vegetables have curative properties such as:
skin, loss in weight and
• Being a rich source of proteins, minerals, vitamins, water and low in fat
fall of body temperature.
vegetables helps in checking obesity.
Riboflavin B2 Helps in cell respiration, essential for Cracks at the corners of
• It is said that juice of cabbage act as an antidote against poisonous mushroom
growth, helps in maintenance of skin mouth, raw red cracked
• Bitter luffa juice is known as an effective anti-jaundice medicine.
lips, soreness of the
• Carrot has a therapeutic effect on intestinal disorders in children due to the
tongue, ulcers in oral
presence of chemicals in the terpene chain in the essential oils found in this
cavity, swollen of the nose
plant.
and redness of eyes.
• It is believed that the extraction of carrots from the carrots prevents pregnancy
Niacin or Essential for growth and release of soreness of the tongue,
by preventing the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus.
Nicotinic acid energy pellagra and skin changes
• Onions, garlic, and other vegetable-containing sulfur have antiseptic
B5 in hands, feet, legs and
properties. There is a triterpene compound, garlic inotoldiol, which is reported
neck
to inhibit fungal growth under vitro conditions.
Ascorbic acid Necessary for healing of wounds and Scurvy, bleeding in gums
• Sweetpotato contains a bitter substance known as ipomeamarone. Indigenous
or Vitamin C absorption of iron. To make and mucous membrane,
New Zealanders use these herbs as an antipyretic.
cementing substances to hold cells tooth decay and
• Pungent extract (capsaicin) of red pepper has been used to treat neurogenic
together and to strengthen walls of susceptibility to common
bladder
blood vessels to resist infection. cold
• The role of various ginger and turmeric treatments is well documented
Essential for calcification of bones
and teeth. Role of Vegetables in National Economy
Vitamin D Helps in building strong bones and Cause rickets and dental
Horticulture sector has proved beyond doubt its potentiality for gainful economy
teeth and essential for the absorption diseases
especially in most fragile ecosystem. Realizing the significance of services it renders
of calcium
to mankind, Horticulture has been projected high-up in the national agricultural
Vitamin E Helps in normal reproduction Cause sterility
[Link] ensure livelihood security to the native population Vis-à-vis nutritional
Minerals
security to the mass at large, horticulture sector has been recognized as the best viable
Calcium Essential for the formation of bones Cause rickets and
alternative. Vegetables are important constituents of Indian Agriculture and nutritional
and teeth. Helps in the clotting of osteomalacia in women
security due to their short duration, high yield, nutritional richness, economic viability
blood after repeated pregnancies
and ability to generate on-farm and off farm [Link] is estimated that domestic
Iron Acts as oxygen carrier in the body Anaemia, pale and smooth
demand for vegetables will rise. Therefore, increasing the production and productivity
and helps the formation of tongue, in paleness of lips,
of vegetables is of paramount importance for meeting the ever increasing demand of
haemoglobin eyes and skin and spoon
vegetables at reasonable price. Vegetables played a significant role in improving land
shaped nails
productivity, generating employment, improving socio-economic conditions of rural
Iodine To form thyroxin hormone Cause goiter
peoples and providing nutritional security to people. The horticultural scenario of the great significance in providing food and nutritional security. Being effective
country is fast changing in the recent years. supplements of nutrition, vegetables form a balanced diet of rich and poor people.
According to UN food organizations, about 25 million people die from hunger and
A large number of vegetable crops are being cultivated in India in temperate, tropical
exhaustion every year. Under these circumstances of hunger and under nutrition,
and sub tropical regions.
particularly in developing countries, vegetable crops acting as protective food, can
Most vegetables grow fast, produce a lot and offer a very high income. Current play an important role in alleviating the malady by providing good amount of
production is not enough to meet the needs of 300 g of vegetables on an average per minerals, vitamins and energy in balance diet. Vegetable production also provides
person per day. Currently the per capita intake is about 145g / day. By the end of 2030 good opportunity for unemployed youths. These are highly beneficial for the
on average we need 151-93 million tons of vegetables to meet our need. Since the maintenance of health as well as for diseases prevention. They contain valuable food
daily supply of vegetables per person is very low, it is important that the production ingredients which can be successfully utilized to build up and repair the body.
and consumption of vegetables in India should be increased three to four times. The Vegetables play a crucial role in crop diversification, employment generation and
vegetable industry contributes significantly to the country's economy. Millions of socio-economic upliftment of the farming society. Vegetable provides carbohydrate,
farmers, entrepreneurs (marketing) and industries (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals and water along with roughages which are the essential
herbicides, machinery producing etc.) rely directly or indirectly on vegetable farming. constituents of balanced diet
Vegetables have a great deal of direct impact on income, employment and nutrition.
Due to its diverse local climate and favorable climates, India can grow into one of the
world's leading exporters of fresh vegetables and [Link] are increasingly
seen as important for food safety and nutrition. Vegetable production provides a
promising economic opportunity to reduce rural poverty and unemployment in
developing countries and is an integral part of farm-segregation strategies. To affect
the economic power of vegetables, governments will need to increase their investment
in farm production (including improved varieties, alternative pesticides, and the use of
protected agriculture), better harvest management, food security, and market access.
To touch on the nutritious power of vegetables, consumers need to know how
vegetables contribute to health, and get them at low prices or be able to grow them on
their own. Vegetable consumption should therefore be nourished by a combination of
supply side effects and behavioral change interactions that emphasize the importance
of eating a healthy and healthy vegetarian diet. To fully tap into the economic and
nutritional potential of vegetables, governments and donors will need to deliver
vegetables much earlier than they currently receive. Now is the time to prioritize
vegetables, provide increased economic opportunities for emerging farmers and
provide healthy food for all.

Conclusion: The importance of vegetables in human diet is well known since time
immemorial as they supply all main components of human diet. It is correctly said that
“Vegetables are friends of doctors and glory of cook”. It is one of the important
components of human diet and also the important component of horticulture; assume

Lecture: 2 5. Flat beds can also be formed instead of ridges and furrows.

Kitchen gardening/Home Garden/Nutritional Garden Sowing and planting

Definition: It is the growing of vegetable crops in residential houses to meet the
requirements of the family all the year around. The main objective of a kitchen garden is the maximum output and a continuous
supply of vegetables for the table throughout the year. By following certain
Importance of vegetables procedures, this objective can easily be achieved.

1. Direct sown crops like bhendi, cluster beans and cowpea can be sown on one
1. Vegetables occupy an important place in our daily life particularly for
side of the ridges at a spacing of 30 cm. Amaranthus (meant for whole plant
vegetarians
pull out and clipping) can be sown after mixing 1 part of seeds with 20 parts of
2. Vegetables are the only source to increase not only the nutritive values of
fine sand by broadcasting in the plots. Small onion, mint and coriander can be
foods but also its palatability.
planted/sown along the bunds of plots.
3. For a balanced diet, an adult should have an intake of 85 g of fruits and 300 g
2. Seeds of transplanted crops like tomato, brinjal and chilli can be sown in
of vegetables per day as per the dietary recommendation of nutrition
nursery beds or pots one month in advance by drawing lines. After sowing and
specialists
covering with top soil and then dusting with 250 grams neem cake so as to
4. But the present level of production of vegetables in our country can permit a
save the seeds from ants. About 30 days after sowing for tomato and 40-45
per capita consumption of only 120 g of vegetables per day
days for brinjal and chilli and big onion the seedlings are removed from
nursery and transplanted along one side of the ridges at spacing of 30-45 cm
Why Kitchen Garden?
for tomato, brinjal and chilli and 10 cm on both the sides of the ridges for big
onion. The plants should be irrigated immediately after planting and again on
1. Considering the importance of vegetables, to produce our own vegetable 3rd day. The seedlings can be watered once in two days in the earlier stages
requirements in our backyards using the available fresh water as well as the and then once in 4 days later.
kitchen concept has emerged 3. The perennial plants should be located on one side of the garden, usually on
2. This will only facilitate successful production of our own requirement of the rear end of the garden so that they may not shade other crops, compete for
vegetables. nutrition with the other vegetable crops.
3. Cultivation in a small area facilitates the methods of controlling pests and 4. Adjacent to the foot path all around the garden and the central foot path may
diseases through the removal of affected parts and non-use of chemicals. be utilised for growing different short duration green vegetables like
4. This is a safe practice, which does not cause toxic residues of pesticides in the Coriander, spinach, fenugreek, Alternanthera, Mint etc
vegetables produced.
Vegetable Seeds Sowing Calendar
Kitchen Garden Site Selection

1. There will be limited choice for the selection of sites for kitchen gardens and Name of Vegetable Growing Season Days to Maturity
the final choice is usually the backyard of the house. Onion May-Jun 150-160 days
2. This is convenient as the members of the family can give a constant care to the Bottle Gourd Feb-Mar Jun-Jul 55-60 days
vegetables during leisure and the wastewater from the bathrooms and kitchen
can easily be diverted to the vegetable beds. Carrot Aug-Sept-Oct 75-80 days
3. The size of a kitchen garden depends upon the availability of land and number Tomato Jun-Aug Nov-Dec 110-115 days
of persons for whom vegetables are to be provided.
Melon Feb-Mar Jun-Jul 70-85 days
4. There is no restriction in the shape of the kitchen garden but wherever possible
rectangular garden is preferred to a square one. Potato Oct-Dec 70-120 days
5. With succession cropping and intercropping, five cents of land would be Cabbage Sept-Oct 90-100 days
adequate to supply vegetables for an average family of four to five persons.
Beans Feb-Mar 45-50 days
Land preparation Broccoli Aug-Sept 90-100 days
Cauliflower (Late) Aug-Sept-Oct 120-125 days
1. Firstly a through spade digging is made to a depth of 30-40 cm. Cauliflower (Mid-season) Sept-Oct 120-125 days
2. Stones, bushes and perennial weeds are removed.
3. 100 kg of well decomposed farmyard manure or vermicompost is applied and Apple Gourd Feb-Mar Jun-Jul 70-80 days
mixed with the soil. Cucumber Feb-Mar Jun-Jul 50-70 days
4. Ridges and furrows are formed at a spacing of 45 cm or 60 cm as per the Corn Oct-Nov 60-100 days
requirement.
 Lettuce Sept-Oct 45-55 days
Radish Aug-Jan 40-45 days
Pumpkin Jan-Mar Sept-Dec May-Jun 70-75 days
Bitter Gourd Feb-Mar Jun-Jul 55-60 days
Okra Feb-Mar Jun-Jul 45-50 days

Cauliflower (Early) Mid-June 120-125 days

Capsicum Nov-Jun May-Jun 95-100 days

Spinach Sept-Nov Feb 60 days

Peas Sept-Oct-Nov 55-60 days
Beetroot Oct-Nov 80-90 days
Turnip Oct-Nov 40-50 days
Perennial plot

1. Drumstick, Banana, Papaya, Tapioca, Curry leaf and Agathi.

2. 2. It may be observed from the above crop arrangements that throughout the
year some crop is grown in each plot without break (Succession cropping) and
where ever possible two crops (one long duration and the other a short
duration one) are grown together in the same plot (companion cropping).

Layout of Kitchen Garden

Average yield 300-320 q/ha.

Lecture: 3
Pusa Ruby This is an early maturing variety. Plants
Tomato are indeterminate with a height of 80-85 All over India
Botanical name : Solanum lycopersicum cm and spreading habit with few hardy
Primary centre of origin: Peru branches. Fruits are flat to round, slightly
Secondary centre of origin: Mexico lobed (4 -5 locules), medium sized,
uniform red at maturity with slightly acidic
Popularly known as: Poor man‟s Orange
pulp, suitable for fresh consumption and
Importance and uses: processing. It is ideal for autumn, winter
➢ The fruits are eaten raw or cooked and spring summer seasons. Average yield
➢ Its large quantities is used to produce soup, juice, ketchup, puree, paste and 280-300 q/ha.
powder
➢ It supplies Vitamin A, C, B1, B2 and dried tomato juice retains Vitamin C. Pusa Sheetal Plants are determinate, fruit set Bihar, Punjab,
successfully under low night temperature Rajasthan, U.P.,
➢ It adds variety of colour and flavours to the food.
(up to 8°C) and suitable for early spring West Bengal, Delhi,
Area and production season, fruits are flattish round with Haryana, H.P. and
The estimated world production of tomato is about 127.92 million tones and area of yellow stem end, smooth, J&K
about 47.19 lakh ha. China ranks first with production of 33.64 million tones leaving attractive,medium size, red colour and
USA to second place. The area and production of tomato in our country was about uniform ripening. Harvesting starts from
6.34 lakh ha and 124.33 lakh tones respectively in 2009-10. The leading tomato early March in northern plains. Average
growing states are UP, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Haryana, Punjab and Bihar. yield 350 q/ha.
Climate and soil
Pusa Gaurav Plants are dwarf, bushy with moderate Punjab, U.P., Bihar,
Tomato is a warm season crop. It thrives in temperatures between 1°-30°C and is foliage cover. Fruits are smooth, elliptical Rajasthan, Gujarat,
neither tolerant to frost, nor to waterlogged condition. The optimum range of (egg-shaped) and borne in clusters. The Haryana and Delhi
temperature is 20°-24°C, mean temperature below 16°C and above 27°C are not unripe fruits are firm with thick flesh (0.6
desirable. Lycopene, which is responsible for red colour, is highest at 21°-24°C while cm) with twowell filled locules facilitating
the production of this pigment drops off rapidly above 27°C. Soil which is well easy transportation over long
drained, fairly fertile, rich in organic matter with a fair water-holding capacity is ideal. distances. Whole fruit is suitable for
processing and canning as it is without
For early crop, a sandy loam soil is the best, however, for higher yield
neck constriction and has higher TSS (6%)
and better keeping quality at room
Description of popular varieties and hybrids
temperature. It has average
A large number of tomato determinate and indeterminate varieties have been evolved yield potential of 330-350 q/ha.
by various organizations of the country. According to the growth habit, tomato is
characterized by two types of plant. Pusa Uphar Plants are indeterminate, prolific bearer, Punjab, U.P., Bihar,
Determinate type dwarf or bush type: upright, compactwith dark-green foliage; Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Inflorescence occurs more frequently in almost every internode until terminal ones are fruits in bunches with 4-6 fruitsper bunch, Haryana and Delhi
formed and elongation ceases at this point, in otherwords, it may be defined as self attractive, round, medium in size, thick
skinned and uniform in ripening. Average
topping and the main stem terminates with a flower cluster.
yield 370 q/ha.
Indeterminate type tall type: Inflorescence cluster occurs at every third internodes
and main axis continues to grow indefinitely. Pusa Rohini Fruits with thick pericarp, suitable for long NCR
Variety/Hybrid Salient Features Recommended Areas distance transportation. Maturity in 80
IARI, New days. Average yield 415 q/ha
Delhi Pusa Sadabahar Determinate, thermo insensitive, fruit set NCR
takes place almost round the year, both hot
Pusa-120 Plants are semi determinate, spreading, All over India and cold set, Maturity in 60 days. Average
late maturing with dark green foliage. yield 350 q/ha.
Fruits are flattish round, attractive,
medium to large, uniform red, less acidic, Pusa Hybrid-2 Plants are compact, semi determinate with H.P., J&K,
less seeded, resistant to nematode and good foliage cover having prolific bearing. Uttarakhand
suitable for winter and summer seasons. Fruits are round to flattishround, firm, (Garhwal and
 smooth and attractive with uniform red Kumaon), Average yield 65 t/ha in 140 days Arunachal Pradesh,
atmaturity. Plants are highly tolerant to Punjab, U.P., Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat,
root knot nematode. Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Delhi,
Average yield 600-625 q/ha. Maharashtra,Daman Karnataka,
& Diu, Dadra & Tamil Nadu and
Nagar Haveli, A.P., Kerala
Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka and Arka Vikas Fruits are medium large (80-90 g), oblate H.P., J&K, Hills of
Haryana with light green shoulder, which develop U.P., Punjab, Tarai
deep red on ripening. Developed for fresh region of
Pusa Hybrid-4 Plants are determinate, compact with good Maharashtra, market Adapted to both rainfed and U.P., Bihar,
dark green foliage. Fruits are attractive, Jharkhand, irrigated conditions. Average yield 35 t/ha. Jharkhand,
round, smooth, average fruit weighing 70- Chhattisgarh, A.P., Chhattisgarh,
80 g with three locules, thick pericarpand M.P., Odisha, Bihar, Odisha,
uniform ripening. It has field resistance to Karnataka,Rajasthan, A.P., Rajasthan,
root knotnematode. Average yield Punjab, Gujarat and Gujarat,
potential of 425-450 q/ha. Tamil Nadu Haryana, Delhi,
M.P.,
Pusa Hybrid-8 Plants are determinate, with green compact Punjab, U.P., Bihar Maharashtra,
foliage and heavy fruit bearer. Fruits are and Jharkhand Karnataka,
round, medium (75-80 g) withuniform Tamil Nadu and
ripening. Average yield 430-450 q/ha. Kerala

Pusa Divya It is a cross between Long style x Roma. Punjab, U.P. and Arka Abha Fruits are oblate with light green shoulder. All over India
Plants are indeterminate, profusely Bihar IIHR Fruits have stylar end scar with average
branched; fruits thick skinned,round to Bengaluru fruit weight of 75 g. Develops deep red
oval; first picking in 80 days after colour on ripening. Resistant to bacterial
[Link] yield 350 q/ha. wilt caused by
Arka Ananya High yielding F1 hybrid with combined Punjab, Tarai region Ralstonia solanacearum. Developed for
resistance to Tomato Leaf Curl Virus of U.P., Bihar, fresh market and average yield 43 t/ha.
(TLCV) and bacterial wilt. Fruits are Jharkhand,
oblate-round, medium (65-70 g), deep red, Chhattisgarh, Arka Saurabh Fruits are medium large, (70-80 g), round H.P., J&K, Hills of
medium firm fruit Odisha, with light green shoulder, deep red in U.P., Punjab, Tarai
suitable for fresh market. Average yield Arunachal Pradesh, colour, firm with nipple tip. Developed for region of
65-70 t/ha in 140 days. Rajasthan, Gujarat, both fresh market and processing. Average U.P., Bihar,
Haryana, Delhi, M.P. yield 30-35 t/ha. Jharkhand,
and Maharashtra Chhattisgarh,
Odisha, A.P.,
Arka Vardan High yielding F1 hybrid with root knot H.P., J&K, Hills of Rajasthan,
nematode resistance. Developed for fresh U.P., Punjab, Tarai Gujarat, Haryana,
market. Average yield 75 t/ha in 160 days region of U.P., Delhi,
Bihar, Jharkhand, M.P., Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Tamil Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu and Kerala Nadu
and Kerala
Arka Vishal High yielding F1 hybrid for fresh market. Punjab, Tarai region
Average yield 75 t/ha in 160 days. of U.P., Bihar, . Fruits on the lower clusters square round, H.P., J&K, Hills of
Jharkhand, Arka Alok large in size, cluster oblong, firm with U.P.,
Karnataka, Tamil light green shoulder. Resistant to bacterial Punjab, Tarai region
Nadu wilt. Developed for fresh market. Average of
and Kerala yield 46 t/ha. U.P., Bihar,
Jharkhand,
Arka Abhijit High yielding F1 hybrid with bacterial wilt Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Tamil
resistance. Developed for fresh market. Odisha, Nadu

and Kerala
Kashi Vishesh This variety is resistant to TLCV and has J&K, H.P., Nursery raising
been developed using L. hirsutum f. Uttarakhand, A net area of about 225m- may be required to raise the seedling for one hectare land.
glabratum B’6013’ as donor parent Punjab, U.P., Generally the nursery beds are prepared in the size of 7.5m long, 1.00m width and 10-
following backcross pedigree selection Bihar, Jharkhand,
15cm height. Well decomposed farmyard manure is properly mixed into top soil of
method. Plants are determinate, dark Chhattisgarh,
green, fruits are red, spherical, medium to Odisha, the bed at rate of about 3kg/mf. A fertilizer mixture of 0.5kg NPK of 15: 15: 15 per
large size. First harvest at 70-75 days after A.P., Karnataka, bed is mixed in the soil at least 10 days before sowing the seeds. Normally 400-500g
transplanting. Average yield 400-450 q/ha. Tamil and 125—175g seeds for open pollinated and hybrid respectively are required for the
Nadu and Kerala planting of one hectare land. For raising good and healthy seedlings, treatment of the
seeds with fungicide like Captan or Cereson or Thiaram @2§/kg seed is essential.
Kashi Amrit Fruits are round, attractive red and fleshy U.P., Bihar and Similarly, the seed beds are also treated with steam or Vz litre of 40% formalin/m2
with an average weight of 108 g. Suitable Jharkhand
soil. Soon after fumigation the beds are covered with polythene for 24 hours. If the
for cultivation during TOLCV infested
period. Average yield 620 q/ha. fumigation is not done in the nursery bed, solanzation should be done to minimize the
attack of insect pests and diseases. For solarization, cover the nursery bed with a
Kashi Hemant The plants are determinate, fruits are Chhattisgarh, transparent, plastic sheet during the day hours for 10 days. If beds are not sterilized,
attractive red and round, weight varies Odisha, drench with 0.2% Brassicol or Captan. The seeds are sown in bed either broadcast or
from 80 to 85 g. Average yield 400-420 A.P. and M.P in row, at a distance of 7.5cm between the rows. After the sowing, the rows are
q/ha. covered wnh a thin layer of the compost. Thereafter, the beds are irrigated with a rose
can. Light watering is required daily in evening. Nowadays the nurseries are being
Kashi Sharad Plants are indeterminate, leaves broad, J&K, H.P. and
fruits are attractive red, slightly oval, firm, Uttarakhand raised in low tunnel and low-cost polyhouse. Use of transparent plastic sheet as low
thick pericarp, longer shelf life, weight 90 tunnel provides an ideal condi¬ tion for successful raising of seedlings than the
to 95 g. Average yield 400-500 q/ha. conventional method. The utility of low-cost polyhouse for raising of seedling in
winter months facilitates trans¬ planting in short time for spring planting in plains.
Kashi Anupam Plants are determinate, fruits are large, Rajasthan, Gujarat The use of agronets protects the seedlings from insect and reduces the vector borne
flattish round (slightly indented at blossom and viruses infestation and damage by other insects. The beds are covered with straw or
end of fruit), attractive red with 5-6 Haryana
polythene sheet until the seed germinate. Every week, if required a fungicide such as
locules, medium maturity in 75-80 days HAU, Hisar
after transplanting. Average yield 500-600 Dithane M 45 or Difolation 0.25% should be sprayed to reduce the post-emergence
q/ha. damping off
Soil preparation and transplanting: Tomato should be planted in well pulverized
HS-101 Plant are determinate sturdy, multi- field by ploughing first with soil turning plough and afterwards with 4 to 5 ploughings
branched, fruit in clusters of 2-3, round, All over India with country plough. Ploughing should be followed by leveling. Tomato is normally
small to medium in size, red at ripening planted in raised beds of 60-75 cm width. Transplanting should be done during late
and suitable for winter season. Average
afternoon and the seedlings are placed on side of the beds. This provides ample
yield
250-275 q/ha. moisture for the plants to survive.
HS-102 Plant are determinate, fruit in clusters of 3- All over India Seed Rate: Open pollinated varieties: 400-500g and Hybrids: 150-200g
4, small to medium in size, uniform in Spacing: Determinate varieties should be transplanted at a spacing of 60cm between
ripening and suitable for winter and rows and 45cm between plants to plant. On the other hand, indeterminate varieties
summer seasons. Average yield 250-275 should be planted at a spacing of 90cm between rows and 30cm with in rows.
q/ha. Manures and fertilizers: Apply well rotten/decomposed farmyard manure (FYM) @
200-250 quintals per ha at the time of field preparation. In addition, apply 75-100 kg
Hisar Lalit Plants are determinate, fruit maturity in All over India
65-70 days after planting, average fruit N, 50-75 kg phosphorus (P2O5) and 50-60 kg potassium (K2O) kg per hectare. Apply
weight 50 g, resistant to root knot one third of nitrogen, full dose of phosphorus and half of potassium at the time of
nematode. Average yield 250-300 q/ha. planting. Another one third of nitrogen is to be applied after one month of
transplanting. Remaining half of potassium should be applied along with one third
Hisar Arun Plants are determinate, heavy bearer, early All over India nitrogen after two months of transplanting.
and high yielding. Average yield 275-300 Table: Recommended dose of N, P and K fertilizers and their time of application
q/ha.
Recommended Farmyard Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
dose
Open pollinated 250 75-100 50-75 50-60 4. Pink stage: 3/4th of the surface shows pink colour
varieties 5. Hard ripe stage: Nearly all red or pink with firm flesh
Hybrids 250 150-180 100-150 80-120 6. Over ripe: Fully coloured and soft. Suitable for processing and ensure desired
Intercultural and weed control: Tomato is widely space planted crop. Hence, scope quality and red colour in product. Fruits at turning stage (1/4th of the fruit especially
of weeds is more in initial stages. The most critical period of crop for weed at blossom end shows pink colour), pink stage (3/4th of the surface shows pink
competition is between 30-50 days after transplanting. Therefore, herbicides can be colour) and hard ripe stage (nearly all red or pink with firm flesh) are harvested for
used to control weeds in initial stages of plant growth while hand weeding can be local market. Over ripe fruits (Fully coloured and soft) are suitable for processing
practiced in later stages of plant growth alongwith fertilizer top dressings. Application which ensure desired quality and red [Link] in processed products.
of Alachlor (Lasso) @ 2kg a.i./ha (4 litres/ha in 750 litres of water) before Fruit Yield: Open pollinated varieties: 250 – 300 quintals per hectare
transplanting is beneficial for controlling annual and broad leaved weeds. Hybrids: 500-800 quintals per hectare
Pendimethalin (Stomp) @1.2 kg a.i./ha (4 litres/ha) or Fluchloralin (Basalin) @ 1.32 Physiological disorders in tomato:
kg a.i./ha (2.5 litres/ha) can also be used before transplanting if there is problem of Physiological disorders differ from disease infestation as they are non-parasitic and
annual weeds only. are the result of abiotic stresses which may be due to adverse weather conditions or
Use of growth hormones: nutritional deficiencies or improper cultural practices.
Flower cluster and whole plant sprays with GA3 at 50 and 100 ppm hastens fruit 1. Blossom End Rot: A very common and destructive disorder. Rotting of fruits starts
set and advanced harvesting by one week. at blossom end of the fruit. Deficiency of Mg and Ca is the main cause. It can be
Seedling treatment with NAA (0.1 ppm) gave better quality fruits. Seedling managed by spraying calcium chloride @ 0.5% at fruit development stage. Also apply
treatment by soaking them for 24 hours in dark in NAA at 0.1 ppm showed higher balanced irrigation and ensure proper staking.
fruit set, early and increased total yield. 2. Cracking of fruits: Cracking of fruits at stem end is common and often results in
Irrigation: Careful irrigation is required for better growth of tomato crop which large losses. Cracks appear to develop at maturity or ripening stage than mature green
should be sapplied at right time. Both over-watering and insufficient irrigation is or turning stage. Deficiency of boron and long dry spell followed by heavy watering
harmful. Insufficient irrigation in tomato arrests flower development, dropping of are the main reason of cracking. Soil application of 20-30 kg of borax per hectare is
flowers and cease fruit growth. Flowering and fruit development are the most critical beneficial. Application of proper irrigation at right stage is also very important.
stages of irrigation. 3. Puffiness/ Hollowness: The outer wall continues to develop but the growth of
Harvesting: Tomato fruits are harvested at different maturity stages depending upon remaining internal tissues is retarded. This results in light weight fruits which lack
the purpose for which it is used and distance over which they are to be transported. firmness and are partially filled. High or low temperature, low soil temperature and
Fully developed mature green fruits are harvested for long distance transportation. high soil moisture are predisposing factors. Single application of 4-CPA @ 20mg/litre
Such fruits ripen after reaching the market and develop good colour under favourable or CPPU @ 20-25mg/litre results in reduction of this problem.
conditions. The following stages of maturity have been recognized in tomato: 4. Sunscald: Exposed fruits either green or nearing ripeness scald readily during
extreme heat. White or grey colour appears on green or yellowish red fruits. More sun
1. Immature green stage: Fruits are green but have attained the normal size. The intensity cause injury to fruits in May & June (11-3 pm) during peak heat period.
seeds are not fully developed and not covered with jelly like substances. The fruits do Grow varieties having heavy foliage which provide greater protection to fruits from
not give the actual colour. The fruits are harvested at this stage when they are to be sun rays.
transported over a long-long distance. 5. Cold Injury or Low temperature injury: Tomato is very sensitive to frost. At
2. Mature green stage: the fully grown fruits with a brownish ring at stem scar, near freezing temperature, vines freeze, get withered and desiccated. Fruits show
removal of calyx, light green colour at blossom end changes to yellowish green and much severe symptoms as they become soft, water soaked and dull coloured. Cover
seeds are surrounded by jelly like substances filling the seed cavity. Fruits develop the fruits with foliage to manage this problem. Planting should be adjusted in such a
good colour when ripen under favourable conditions. Harvested for long distance way that it does not coincide with frost.
transportation and ripen after reaching the market 6. Blotchy Ripening: Ripening of fruits is not uniform as certain portion develop
3. Turning stage (breaker stage): 1/4th of the fruit especially at blossom end shows colour while in others greenish-yellow or whitish patches can be seen on ripe fruits
pink colour. These fruits are harvested for local market. particularly in stem end portion. The possible reasons are imbalance of N and K
nutrition especially when K is deficient. Even, more days or weeks of alternate sun
and cloud during fruiting also lead to blotchy ripening. Balanced fertilization and
proper irrigation help in managing this problem.

(Kashi Himani-Oblong fruited)

➢ PAU: Punjab Chamkila, Punjab Sadabahar, Punjab Barsati, Punjab Neelam,
PH-4, Selection-4,
Lecture: 4 ➢ GBPUAT, Pantnagar: Pant Samrat, Pant Rituraj, Pant Brinjal Hybid-1
➢ Others: Hisar Jamuni, Hisar Shyamal Azad Kranti, T-3, Annamalai, Surya,
Phule Hybrid 1, Aruna, Manjarigota
Brinjal
Botanical name: Solanum melongena Nursery sowing and planting time:
Family: Solanaceae
Origin: South East Asia-India. Crop/region Spring-summer Rainy Autumn crop
NI plain Nov(mid Jan-Feb) Mar-may(April- June-July(July-
Brinjal is also known as “Poor man‟s crop”. The other names of brinjal are
June) Aug)
“Aubergine”, “Guinea squash”, Egg plant. Bitterness in brinjal is due to Solasodine East and south Indian condition: year the round. Main season: July- August
Importance and uses
It is valued for its tender unripe fruits used as a cooked vegetable.
White brinjal is said to be good for diabetic patients. ➢ Shoot and fruit borer- serious problem in Spring-summer crop
It cures toothache if fruits are fried in sesamum oil. ➢ Little leaf and Phomopsis blight- Autumn winter and much more serious in
It acts as an excellent remedy for those suffering from liver complaints. rainy season crop
It is rich in vitamin A and B. Raising of nursery: As such Tomato
Distribution, area and production
Soil preparation and transplanting: Brinjal should be planted in well pulverized
In addition to India, other major bnnjal producing countries are China,Turkey, Japan,
field by ploughing first with soil turning plough and afterwards with 4 to 5 ploughings
Egypt, Italy, Indonesia, Iraq, Syria, Spain and Phillipines. India contributes 6,
with country plough. Ploughing should be followed by leveling.
44,3062mt to the global production of bnnjal and ranks second to China. Bnnjal
Seed Rate: 500-700g (OP), 350-400g (hybrids) 1g seed contains 250 seeds
covers 8.14/o of total vegetable area and produces 9% of total vegetable production in
Planting distance: Dwarf varieties- 60 × 45 cm, Tall variety- 90 × 60 cm
India.
In India it is well distributed in Orissa, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Andhra Manures and fertilizers: FYM @200-250 quintals per ha should be applied at the
Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. The total area, production and time of field preparation. In addition, apply 75-100 kg N, 50-60 kg phosphorus
productivity/ha as given in the Yearbook of National Horticultural Board, New Delhi (P2O5) and 50-60 kg potassium (K2O) kg per hectare. Apply half of nitrogen and full
is presented in Table dose of phosphorus and potassium at the time of sowing and remaining nitrogen after
Soil: It can be grown practically on all soils from light sandy to heavy clay. Silt loam one month of sowing.
and clay loam soils are generally preferred. The soil should be deep, fertile and well
drained. pH 5.5-6.8. Irrigation: Same as tomato crop. Apply Irrigation at an interval of one week in
Climate: It is a warm season crop and susceptible to severe frost. A long and warm summer season and 10-15 days during winter. In rainy season, it depends upon the
growing season is desirable for its successful cultivation. It grows best at a frequency and intensity of rain. About 100-110 cm of irrigation water is required.
temperature of 21-29 oC. Temperature below optimum (21oC) affects yield and Weed management: Like tomato, brinjal is also a widely space planted crop. Hence,
quality and result in deformed fruits. It can tolerate drought and excessive rainfall and scope of weeds is more in initial stages. The most critical period of crop for weed
remains vegetative under high temperature and humidity. competition is between 30-50 days after transplanting.

Improved varieties: Fruit set in brinjal is affected by flower type. Four types of flower are formed in
brinjal based on style length such as
➢ IARI: Pusa Shymala, Pusa Purple Long, Pusa Purple Cluster, Pusa Kranti, 1. True short style: Ovary rudimentary, stigma is at the base of anthers- no fruit set.
Pusa Bhairav, Pusa Anmol (H), Pusa Hybrid 5 (long), Pusa Hybrid 6 & 9 2. Pseudo short style: Ovary is not well developed (rudimentary), stigma is half way
(round), up the anthers- no fruit set but can set if growth regulators are applied.
➢ IIHR: Arka Sheel, Arka Shirish, Arka Kusumkar, Arka Navneet (Hybrid), 3. Medium styled: Ovary is well developed and pollination is normal. Stigma is near
Arka Nidhi, Arka Keshav, Arka Neelkanth tip of anthers (30-40% fruit setting).
➢ IIVR : 4. Long styled: Big size ovary, stigma proturate or exserted beyond the anther tip,
Long fruited: Kashi Manohar,Kashi Shyama,kashi Taru,Kashi green more fruit set under natural conditions (50-60%).
long,kashi ganesh
Round Fruited: Kashi Vijay,Kashi modak,(Kashi sandesh F1)
Medium and long style flowers form fruit under natural conditions. Therefore, PGRs a. Hot pepper: Pungent due to crystalline volatile alkaloid capsaicin, located mainly
can be sprayed to enhance fruit set in brinjal e.g. NAA (50ppm) after 30-35 days of in the placenta of fruit, cultivated for vegetables, spices and pickles etc., potential
transplanting or PCPA (20 ppm). foreign exchange earning crop, and rich source of vitamin A and C.
[Link] Pepper (Shimla Mirch): Bears bell shaped, non pungent/mild and thick
Harvesting: Fruits should be harvested when they attain a good size, attractive colour
pericarp/fleshed fruit, used as vegetable
and its surface should not loose its bright and glossy appearance. Timely harvesting of
c. Paprika: Mild in taste and slightly pungent than sweet pepper. Used as spice in
tender fruits increases the total growing period and number of pickings alongwith
European countries, gives colour and mild pungent taste
yield.
Yield: 300-500 q/ha (OP var.), Hybrids: 600-800 q/ha to food stuff, used in pickles and sandwiches
Importance and uses
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER Chillies
It is very important and indispensable items in every kitchen for its pungency, spicy
1. Calyx withering taste and appealing colour which adds to the food. Its demand in the pharmaceutical
This disorder occurs between mid-February and mid - April. The affected fruits industries is increasing day by day on account of its medicinal values since green
become reddish brown in colour and lacking in normal luster and thus marketability of chillies are rich in rutin. The fruits are rich in vitamins A and C.
fruits Bell pepper or Shimla Mirch
is hampered. The affected fruits have much higher calcium and nitrate content than Sweet pepper green, or red or yellow, may be eaten cooked or raw, sliced in salads
healthy and pizzas.
Ones.
They are also used for pickling in brine, baking and stuffing.
Sweet pepper imparts a novel flavour in stews

Area and production

Chillies and capsicums both belong to the same capsicum species of Capsicum
annuum. Chilli also known as hot pepper was introduced into India from Brazil in the
16th Century by the Portuguese. Within a span of over four centuries it has spread to
an area of around 0.8 million covering almost all states of the country. The major
chilli growing states are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharastra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu,
Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Rajasthan in that order and account for more than
80% of the total area and production. The area and production keeps varying
depending on price in the previous year and the weather conditions. Area has been
varying between 0.982-0.816 million ha and production 61,82,000 and 86,200 tonnes
of dry chilli. Andhra Pradesh has been leading both in area and production
contributing on an average of 25% of the total area and over 40-50% of the total
production. The major chilli growing districts in different states are given in Table 1.
Lecture: 5 Chillies have adapted very well to the Indian conditions so much so that India is
considered as secondary centre of origin.
Chilli and Bell pepper Climate: Chilli requires a warm humid climate and can tolerate extreme of climate
Botanical Name: Capsicum annuum var. hortense (chilli) better than tomato and brinjal. It is highly sensitive to frost. The most ideal
Capsicum annuum var. grossum (Bell pepper) temperature for its better growth and development is 20-25 oC. Temperature 16-32 oC
Family: Solanaceae is the most congenial for fruit set but maximum fruit set occurs at 16-21oC. It is
Origin: New world (American) – Mexico and surroundings of central America mostly grown as a rainfed crop in areas having moderate rainfall with in the range of
Red colour of chilli fruit is due to capsanthin which is used as natural colourant. 60-120cm. Excessive rainfall results in poor fruit set, rotting of fruits and defoliation
Oleoresin extracted from chilli is used in cosmetic products indicating its industrial of plant.
importance Soil: Chilli can be grown practically on all type of soils except on saline soils
provided the soil is well drained and well aerated. Sandy and sandy loam soils are
Types of Capsicum generally preferred for an early crop or where season is short. The soil should be deep,
fertile and well drained. It can be raised on the soil with a pH range of 5.8-6.5 for its
better growth and development. It is not very sensitive to soil acidity.

irrigation after 10 days of transplanting. The most critical stages for irrigation are
Varieties blooming (flowering), fruit setting and development
Chilli: G-3, Pusa Jwala, Pusa Sadabahar, Bhagya Lakshmi (G-4), HC-28, HC-44, Weed management: Weed intensity is generally more in red soils than in black soils
Andhra Jyoti, Punjab Lal, Punjab Surkha, Punjab Guchhedar, NP-46A, Pant-C-1, in the same locality. Weed intensity is high when the crop is grown during kharif
Sindhur, Pant-C-2, X-235, season than in Rabi or summer months. Though cultural methods of weed control is
Chilli hybrids: CH-1, CH-3, Arka Meghana, Arka Harita, Arka Sweta, CCH-2, CCH- widely followed, with the increase in labour wage and scarcity of laborers and some
3 times increased rains preventing these
Bell Pepper: California Wonder, Yolo Wonder, Arka Mohini, Solan Hybrid 2, Arka operations, using herbicides or combination of both herbicide and cultural operations
Basant, Arka Gourav, Bharat (hybrid), Solan Bharpur, Pusa Deepti (hybrid) are becoming more popular. A large number of herbicides have been tried, both for
transplanted and direct sown chilli crop. Among the herbicides tried, dephenamide,
Planting time under Indian condition: trifluralin, EPTC, Nitrofen had given good results in chilli crop. Various mulches such
Chilli as saw dust, gravels, crop residues, plastic films etc are used to control weed
In frost free areas [Link]-winter(oct-Nov) population.
[Link] –summer(Jan-Feb) Harvesting
[Link] season(June-July) Chilli: The picking of fruits depends upon the type and purpose for which they are
Northern Indian [Link] sowing (Feb) grown
plains [Link]-june(June-July) 1. Green fruits: Fruits are harvested when they are still green but fully grown. It needs
Bell pepper 5-6 pickings for harvesting the whole crop.
North Indian [Link]-winter(Sowing in Aug ) 2. Pickles: The fruits are harvested either green or ripe
[Link] –summer(Nov) 3. Drying: Red when fully ripe fruits are picked at an interval of 1-2 weeks and
South Indian Extreme of temperature does not prevail so can grown for harvesting continues for a period of about three months. The ripe chillies are dried
quite long from June- Feb. under sun for 8-15 days, while commercially it is dried at about 54.4 oC in 2-3 days.
Bell peppers: Fruits are usually harvested and sold when they are of suitable market
size and
Transplanting techniques: Seedlings are ready for transplanting when they attain a are green, and are relatively firm and crisp. There is a limited demand for the mature
height of 15cm with 4 leaves in 4-6 weeks. Plantation is done on flat or raised (rainfall red fruits. These are picked with an upward twist which leaves a piece of stem
prone areas) beds transplanting should be done during late afternoon attached. Young, immature peppers are soft and yield readily to mild pressure of the
fingers.
Seed rate:

Crop Seed rate

Chilli 1kg/ha
2-3kg/ha for direct seeded

Hybrid 400-500gm/ha
Capsicum 1.25kg/ha seed is bold
Hybrid 700gm/ha
Spacing: Lecture: 6
Chilli 45X45 or 60X45 cm
Capsicum: 60x45cm
Cucurbitaceous Crops
Manures and fertilizers: Apply FYM @250q/ha, Nitrogen @ 75 kg/ha, Phosphorus
@ 60-75kg/ha and Potassium @ 50 kg/ha. Full dose of farmyard manure, phosphorus Importance
and potassium and half of N should be applied at the time of transplanting. Remaining
part of N should be top dressed in two equal parts at an interval of one month each. ➢ Cucurbits form an important and a big group of vegetable crops cultivated
extensively during summer season.
Irrigation: Chillies are grown mostly as rainfed crop though crop should be irrigated ➢ This group consist as of wide range of vegetables which are used either as
when there is insufficient rainfall. A light irrigation is given during the third day of salad, pickling (cucumber) or for cooking (all gourds) or candied or preserved
transplanting and thereafter at weekly interval. Gap filling is done during second (ash gourd) or as desert fruits (musk melon and water melon).
 ➢ All cucurbits belong to the same family cucurbitaceae but genera may be
different. Ash Gourd (Benincasa Japan Pusa Pusa Ujjawal, Co-1, Co-2, S-
➢ The cultural requirements of all crops in this group are more or less similar. hispida) (2n = 24) and 1 (PAU),
Jawa
Soil: A well drained soil of loamy type is preferred for cucurbits. Lighter soils which
Snake Gourd (Trichosanthes India Co-1, Co-4, TA-19,
warm quickly in spring are usually utilized for early yields while heavier soils are
anguina) Chichinda
suitable for more vine growth and late maturity of the fruits. In sandy river beds,
(2n = 24)
alluvial substrata and subterranean moisture of river streams support the cultivation of
Water melon (Citrullus Africa Arka Jyoti (F1), Arka Manik,
cucurbits. The soil should not crack in summer and should not be waterlogged in the
lunatus) Sugar Baby, Durgapur
rainy season. It is important that soil should be fertile and rich in organic matter. The
(2n = 22) Meetha, Durgapur Kesar,
most suitable pH range is between 6.0 and 7.0
Asahi Yamato
Climate: Cucurbits are warm season crops. They do not withstand even light frost and
strong winds though cucumber tolerates a slightly cooler weather than melons. Seed Musk melon (Cucumis melo) North west Pusa Madhuras, Pusa
does not germinate below 11oC, optimum germination occurs at 18oC and (2n = 24) India and hot Sharbati, Hara Madhu,
germination increases with rise in temperature till 30oC. Cucurbits grow best at a valleys of Iran Punjab Rasila, Punjab
temperature range of 18-24oC. Proper sunshine and low humidity are ideal for the Sunheri, Punjab Hybrid, Arka
production of cucumber. Melons prefer tropical climate with high temperature during Jeet, Arka Rajhans, Hisar
fruit development with day temperature of 35-40oC. Cool nights and warm days give Madhu, Durgapur Madhu,
better quality fruits in melons. Kashi Madhu

Varieties:

Crop Name Botanical Origin Varieties:

name& [Link]
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) India Japanese Long Green, Pusa Agronomic practices
2n=14 Uday, Pusa Barkha, Pant Sowing Times:
Kheera-1, Pusa Sanyog (F1 ➢ In northern plains, most of the cucurbits are sown during winter season i.e. in
hybrid,) the month of November (in the riverbeds).
Poinsette,[Link] ➢ In the garden soils, sowing is done in February.
Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria Africa Pusa Naveen, Pusa Samridhi, ➢ Melons are grown only when the weather is warm and dry during fruit
siceraria) Pusa Sandesh, Pusa development i.e. November to February.
(2n = 22) Santushti, Pusa Hybrid 3, ➢ For rainy season, grow only those cucurbits which can tolerate rains. e.g.
Punjab Round, Punjab bitter gourd in June-July.
Komal, Punjab Long, Arka ➢ In north-eastern states most of the cucurbits are sown from November to
Bahar March when the weather is comparatively dry.
Bitter Gourd (Momordica Tropics of the Arka Harit, Pusa Do ➢ In southern and central India, winters are not severe and long, therefore, these
charantia) old world Mausami, Pusa Vishesh, Pusa can be grown throughout the year. November sown crop is over by March-
(2n = 22) Hybrid-2, Coimbtore Long, April
Kalyanpur Baramasi, ➢ In Northern Indian hills, sowings start from April-May and the crop is over
by August-September.
Sponge Gourd (Lufa cylindrica) India Pusa Sneha, Pusa Supriya, ➢ In western India, sowings are done from September upto February
(2n = 26) Pusa Chikni Methods of planting: Mostly in cucurbits, in situ method of sowing is followed. But
in certain areas of Northern India and hills where the main objective is to get early
Ridge Gourd (L. acutangula) India Pusa Nutan, Pusa Nasdar, fruit harvest, the seedlings are raised in polythene tubes and plantation is done in the
(2n = 26) Arka Sumeet, Arka Sujat, field when the conditions are favourable without disturbing the soil ball.
Satputia (hermophrodite Transplanting is done at 2 true leaves stage.
flower)

1. Furrow method: Furrows are made at 1 to 1.5 m in case of cucumber and bitter Chow –Chow (Sechium edule) is a perennial crops propagated by viviparous single
gourd. The sowing is usually done on the top of the sides of furrows and the vines are seed fruits. Vivipary: Seed germinates inside the fruit while still attached to the
allowed to trail on the ground especially in summer season. parent tree and nourished by it.
2. Bed method: In some regions, bed system is in fashion where the seeds are sown
on the periphery of beds. The width of the bed is almost double to the row to row Manures and fertilizers:
spacing. Farmyard Nitrogen (N) Phasphorus (P) Potassium(K2O)
3. Hill method or raised beds or raised point: The hills are spaced at a distance of manure (q/ha)
0.5-0.75m and 2-3 seeds are sown per hill, after germination retain only one or two Kg/ha
plants per hill. This method facilitates proper drainage especially in heavy rainfall 200-250 60-100 50-75 50-85
regions.
Full dose of farmyard manure, phosphorus and half of potassium and N should be
applied at the time of sowing. Remaining part of N should be top dressed in two equal
4. Pit Method: Generally, it is followed in southern India. The pit is lower than the
parts after one month and at flowering stage while half of K is applied when good
normal bed surface. Training is done by Pargolla or Pandal system.
growth takes place.
Seed rate, Spacing and yield:
Interculture and weed management: Thinning of plants should be done 10-15 days
Crop Name Season Seed Spacing (m) Yield (q/ha) after sowing retaining not more than 2 healthy seedlings per hill. The beds or ridges
rat(kg/ha ) are required to be kept weed free in the early stages before vine growth start. Weeding
Cucumber Summer/rainy 2.5-3.5 1.5 × 0.60- 250-300 and earthing up are done at the time of top dressing of split application of nitrogenous
0.90 fertilizers. Apply Fluchloralin or Trifluralin @ 0.75-1.0 kg/ha or Bensulide @ 5-8
kg/ha as preplant soil incorporation at 2 weeks before sowing. Butachlor @ 1 kg/ha or
Bottle Gourd Summer/rainy 4-5 2-3 × 1-1.5 300-400 chloramban @ 2-3 kg/ha aspre emergence & Naptalam @ 2-4 kg/ha as post
emergence after first weeding efficiently helps in controlling the weeds in
Bitter Gourd Summer/rainy 4-6 1.5-2.5 × 150-200 cucurbitaceous crops. In general, vertical training is more helpful in increasing the
0.60-1.20 yield of cucumber

Irrigation: In spring-summer crop, frequency of irrigation is very important, while in

Sponge Gourd Summer/rainy 2.5-3.0 2.50-3.00 × 150-200 rainy season crop, well distributed rainfall between July to September reduces the
0.60-1.20 frequency of irrigations. Ridges or hills or beds are to be irrigated a day or two prior
to sowing of seeds and then light irrigation is to be given 4 or 5 days after sowing.
Ridge Gourd Summer/rainy 3-3.5 2.50-3.00 × 150-200 Flooding of hills is to be avoided and crust formation of the top soil should be
0.60-1.20 prevented. Irrigation once in 5 or 6 days is necessary depending upon soil, location,
temperature etc. Irrigation water should not wet the vines or vegetative parts,
Ash Gourd Summer/rainy 3-3.5 1.5-2.5 × 200-250 especially when flowering, fruit set and fruit developments are in progress. Wetting
0.60-1.20 will promote diseases and rotting of fruits, so it is essential to keep beds or inter row
spaces dry as far as possible so that developing fruits are not damaged. In rainy
Snake Gourd Summer/rainy 5-7 1.5- 3 × 0.6- 100-150 season, therefore, these crops are trailed over supports to prevent rotting of fruits
1.2
Sex expression and sex ratio: It is of great significance in most of the cucurbitaceous
Water melon Summer 3-4 2.5-3.5 × 300-500 crops
0.90-1.20 which have monoecious plants that means they bear male and female flowers
separately on the same plant. In the beginning, monoecious plants bear only male
Musk melon Summer 1.5-2.0 1.50-2.0 × 150-200 flowers and female flowers appear late. The female to male ratio goes on increasing
0.60-0.90 with the age of the plant. Though sex expression and sex ratio are varietal
characteristics but they are influenced by environmental conditions. Low fertility,
high temperature, and long light periods induce maleness.
➢ Gibberellic acid (GA) at higher concentration induces maleness but at lower
concentration of 10-25 ppm increases the number of female flowers.
 ➢ Two sprays, first at 2-leaf stage and again at 4 –leaf stage with 100 ppm of Fruits from river bed are available 30-50 days before then the normal field sown
NAA, 200 ppm of etheral, 3 ppm of Boron or 3 ppm of Molybdenum can crop.
suppress the number of male flowers and increases the number of female
flowers, fruit set & ultimate yield. Problems: Leaching of nutrients, Risk if floods due to winter rains, Occurrence of
➢ Silver nitrate sprays induces male flowers. diseases & Fruits having undesirable quality due to inbreeding depression.
Harvesting:
➢ Harvesting of crop at right time is very important in cucurbits as in most
cases, seed
development is undesirable.
➢ Harvest cucumber, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, snake gourd, ridge gourd and
sponge gourd when they are still young, tender and have soft seeds inside.
➢ Harvest before fruit colour changes from green to yellow.
Musk melon: It is a climacteric fruit which ripe during transportation and storage.
Hence, it should be harvested before it attains fully ripe stage. Full slip stage i.e. a
crack develops around the peduncle at the base of the fruit and when fully ripe the
fruit slips easily from the stem. Half slip stage: Only a portion of the disc is removed
when the fruit is pulled out. The scar on the fruit is smaller than the full slip stage.
Water melon: It is harvested at fully ripe stage. Maturity signs are withering of
tendril, change in belly color or ground spot to yellow and the thumping test produce
dull sound on maturity and metallic sound in unripe fruits.
River bed cultivation

Cucurbits have following salient features which make them fit for river bed
cultivation:
1. Long tap root system which makes use of subterranean moisture.

2. These are more space planted crops, less no. of plants per unit area are to be
managed.
3. Hot & dry weather with maximum sunshine prevails right from March-June/July
which is an essential requirement for melons.
It is kind of vegetable forcing being used in India where cucurbits are sown during
winter season in the river beds.
➢ Pits or trenches are made during October-November.
➢ They are of convenient length, 30 cm wide and 60 cm deep or to a depth at
which the sand is moist.
➢ A distance of nearly 2-3 m is kept between the trenches.
➢ Normally, 3-4 pre-germinated seeds are planted/hill in pits or trenches.
➢ Before sowing, the trenches are manured with FYM.
➢ Sprouted seeds are carefully sown. Spot watering during the initial stages is
essential.
➢ Protection from low temperature/chilling winds during Dec-Jan (1-2 oC) is Lecture: 7
provided probably from Saccharam spp. on north side of the pit. It serves
following purposes:
French bean
i. Checks the sand drifting on dug up trenches.
Phaseolus vulgaris
ii. Provide protection against chilly winds.
2n = 22
iii. This grass spread over the sand later on & vines spread over this grass.
Brief about origin: South and central America
iv. Sand does not blow off in hot months.

The French bean (Pbaseolus vulguns L.), also known as kindey bean, haricot bean, Seed inoculation: Rhizobium culture can be used to inoculate the seed before sowing.
snap bean, navy bean, is one of the most important leguminous vegetable. It is grown This seed inoculation helps in quick nodulation on the roots which inturn fix
for the tender green beans and dry beans (Rujmahy The pods are slender, 10-25cm atmospheric nitrogen
long, straight or slightly curved with prominent beak. Seeds are kidney¬ shaped,
elongated but somewhat compressed and white, red, purple or blackish in color or Time of sowing:
There are two main growing seasons for french bean in the plains of India. The first
mottled. This vegetable is in great demand in citie's and is grown both commercially
sowing is done in July-September and may even extend up to October. The second
and in home gardens.
sowing is in early spring that is between January-February. In hilly regions, the
Brief about origin: Southern Mexico and central America are the primary centres of sowing is done from March to the beginning of May.
origin of french bean while Peruvian-Equadorian-Bolivian areas are considered to be Spacing (inter- row x intra-row) 45cm X 15 cm (Bush type) and 90cm X 10-15cm
secondary centres. Phaseolus aboriginens is the progenitor of Phaseolus vulgaris. (Pole type)
Manures and fertilizers: Farmyard manure @200-250 q/ha is applied at the time of
Climate: field preparation. The full dose of recommended fertilizers i.e. 30-50 kg N, 60-100 kg
Most of the french bean varieties are day neutrals except some semi-pole varie¬ ties P2O5 and 30-60 kg K2 O /ha should be applied at the time of sowing.
which are short-day types. It is a cool weather crop but thrives well in the optimum
temperature ranging between 15° and 25°C. The crop is sensitive to frost, high Irrigation: French bean is a shallow rooted crop. Water-stress has marked influence
temperatures and high rainfall. The plants shed their blossom or young pods in very on yield and quality of pods. About 6-7 irrigations during the growing season would
hot or rainy weather. The pole-types are generally grown in heavy rainfall areas of be requied at regular intervals. Flowering and pod development periods are the critical
Chhotanagpur and Uttar Pradesh. stages. Depending on the atmospheric conditions, the seasonal water requirement may
Soil: range from 300-350mm/ha of water. For higher yields, the crop should be irrigated as
French bean can be grown in all types of soils ranging from light sandy loam to clay soon as the soil-moisture tension reaches 0.5cm in the top10cm of the soil.
soils but it cannot withstand water-logging. The highest yield is obtained in soils with Weed management: Shallow cultivation during the early stages of crop is necessary
a pH between 5.3 and 6.0. Extremely acidic and alkaline Soils are not suitable. to check t e weeds and to facilitate earthing up. A pre-sowing application of
Improved varieties: Fluchloralin at the rate of 2 litre/ha checks the weed growth for 20-25 days. At least
two hand weedings are required before earthing up. At the later stages of crop growth,
French bean cultivars are classified into string and stringless based on the ex¬ tent of the weeds are kept under check due to the thick canopy of the crop.
fibre in the pod and into bush and pole-types according to the growth habit. Some Harvesting: The crop is ready for first harvest in about 45 days after sowing. It takes
commercially grown cultivars are given below. about 7-12 days after flowering for the pods to be ready for picking. About three
Kentucky wonder: It is a pole type introduced from USA with long, flat, string less pick¬ ings in bush beans and five pickings in case of pole beans are taken. 1 he green
pods, yields 10-12.5 tonnes/ha. pods are to be picked when they are immature and fully grown but still tender. As the
harvest is delayed, the total yield increases but the quality falls rapidly due to over
Contender: Pods are round, green stringless, slightly curved, introduced from USA, maturity of pods, fibre development and rough surface. Somtimes, fresh seeds from
yields 8-9.5 tonnes/ha, tolerant to powdery mildew and mosaic. over mature pods can be shelled and used..
Yield: The yield of tender pods vary from 8-10 tonnes/ha in bush varieties and 12-15
Pusa Parvati: Early bearing, string less, yield 8-8.5 tonnes/ha, resistant to mo¬ saic tonnes in pole types
and powdery mildew. Physiological disorders:
1. Transverse Cotyledon Cracking: This is a major disorder in French bean. It is
Arka Kornal: Straight, flat, tender pods yield 9 tonnes/ha. Pant Anupama, Arka
enhanced by planting dry seeds in wet soil. White seeded varieties are more prone.
Suvidha (IHR 909), IHR 220, Top Crop and Tweed Wonder are some of the im¬ Hard seed coat is essential for resistance to this disorder and seed coat shattering.
proved varieties cultivated in different states. Therefore, seed containing 12% moisture has better germination.
2. Hypocotyl necrosis: It means death of hypocotyls tissues. It is associated with low
TKD 1: It is a hybrid derivative of a cross between two pole types, viz Sel 1 and PV
Ca and Mg content in the seed.
118. The green tender pod yield ranges from 5-6 tonnes/ha and matures in 90-100
days.

KKL 1: it is a pole type best suited for elevation of 1,800-2,400m. It has a potencial
yield of 7 tonnes of pods or 3 tonnes of grains per hectare.

YED 1: It can give a green pod yield of 9.75 tonnes/ha. Seeds are bold, attrac¬ tive
and dark-purple in colour.

Seed Rate: (kg/ha): 80-90 (Bush type) and 30-40 (Pole type)
 It is an excellent food for human consumption taken either as a vegetable or in
soup.
Large proportion is processed (canned, frozen or dehydrated) for consumption in
the off-season.
Being N fixing legume, it is recognized as a soil building crop
Pea is being used in a growing snack market.
Brief about origin: Central Asia, the Near East, Abyssinia and the Mediterranean are
the centres of origin for peas (Vavilov, 1926). Pisum elatius, a wild species is
considered as the ancestor of pisum sativum.

Climate: It is a cool weather crop and grows best at the opdmum mean monthly tem¬
perature of 10°-18°C. The seed can germinate even at a minimum temperature of 5°C
and the optimum temperature for germinadon is about 22°C. At higer tem¬ perature,
the germination is rapid but plant stand is affected due to decay. The plants are able to
withstand reladvely low temperatures especially during the early stage but may not
withstand a severe continued frost. Hot dry weather interferes with pollination and
seed setting, affects the number of pods per plant, pod weight and lowers the quality
of pods produced due to the conversion of sugars into hemicellulose and starch.

Soil: Garden peas can be grown on a wide range of soils. However they thrive best on
well drained, loose and friable loamy soils. Early crop can be obtained in light soils
and higher yields are expected in heavy soils. The most favourable range of soil pH is
from 5.5-6.0. Application of domestic lime stone is recommended in acid soils.

Improved varieties: Varieties

Pea cultivars are grouped on the basis of seed into smooth or wrinlke seeded types;
bush, medium tall and tall types based on height and early, mid-season and late
cultivars according to maturity. I|n early types, pods mature in 50 days, in mid¬
season types in 60-65 days and in late types 70-75 days. Usually, dwarf types are
early, mid-season types are medium tall and late types are tall and require support.

Early group

Asauji: It is smooth seeded cultivar suitable for early sowing.

Arkel: It is a most popular exotic pea introduced from England and occupies a large
area in India, it yeilds 5 tonnes/ha and plants are susceptible to collar rot.

Jawahdr matar 3 and 4: These varieties have bold wrinkled seeds and yield 4—6
Lecture: 8 tonnes/ha.

Mid-season group

Garden Pea Bonneville: It is a popular variety in India introduced from USA and yield 10
Botanical Name: Pisum sativum L. tonnes/ha. Plants are susceptable to powdery mildew.
Family: Fabaceae
Arka Ajit: It was developed by IIHR, Bangalore as a variety resistant to pow¬ dery
meldew and rust and yield 10 tonnes/ha in 90 days.
Pea is highly nutritive containing high percentage of digestible protein (very valuable
for the vegetarians) alongwith carbohydrates and vitamins A and C. Jawahar matar 1 and2: These varieties have bigger pods and yield 10-12 tonnes/ ha.
It is also very rich in minerals Ca and P. The plants are susceptible to powdery mildew.

UN 53 (6): It is a snap pea (whole pod edible) line developed by IIHR, Bangalore, and spectively. As the pod attains marketing stage it turns dark- to light-green and the
yields 8-9 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 90 days. grains are well filled in the pod. In the processing industry, the maturity of pea is
tested with the help of tenderometer. If the harvesting is delayed, the pod surface
Ooty 1: It is a pure line selection from the accession PS 33 among the germplasm becomes coarse which brings down the market value of the produce and due to the
maintained at TNAU, horticultural Research Station, Ooty with a crop duration of 90 conversion of sugar into starch, the quality deteriorates especially when the
days. It is dwarf type with an yeild potential of 11.9 tonnes/ha. It is resistant to white temperature is very high. The quality also reduces fast if the harvested pods are left in
fly. the field. As such the produce needs to be removed and kept in a cool place. Usually,
Cultivation practices: four pickings are done during the season which is spread over 4-5 weeks at 10 days
interval.
Time of sowing: Generally, pea is sown from beginning of October to mid-November Yield: In early varieties the yield is 2.5-4.0 tonnes/ha of green pods while in mid-
in the plains of northern India. The crops sown earlier or later suffer from wilt and season varieties yield is 6-7.5 tonnes/ha. Late varieties yield 80-10 tonnes/ha. The
mildew attacks respecively. Peas can be grown as early as June-July in Peninsular shelling per cent ranges from 35-50.
India. In the hills, peas are sown in March for a summer crop and in May for an Physiological disorders
autumn crop.
Seed Rate (kg/ha): Early varieties: 120-130, Main season varieties: 75-100
Planting distance: Early varieties are sown at a closer spacing of 30cm between rows
and 5-10cm between plants within a row. In main season crop the spacing of 45x10cm
is recommended. In raised beds it can be sown on both sides of the bed which are 120-
150cm wide with furrows between them. Seeds are sown about 2.5cm deep.
Seed inoculation: Inoculation of seed with Rhizobium culture can be used. The
culture material is emulsified in 10% sugar or jaggery solution sufficient to moist the
seed. Mix the emulsified culture thoroughly with seed and dry in shade before sowing.
Seed inoculation helps in quick nodulation on the roots which in turn fix atmospheric
nitrogen.
Seed treatment: The seeds may be treated with fungicides like thiram or captan
(3g/kg of seed) or bavistin (2.5-3 g/kg of seed) to save the crop against wilt disease. If
both seed inoculation and fungicide treatments are to be given, then at first the seeds
are treated with fungicide followed by inoculation with Rhizobium culture.
Manures and fertilizers: Full dose of farmyard manure @ 20 tonnes, 20-50 kg
nitrogen, 30-
60 kg phosphorus and 30-60 kg potassium per hectare should be applied at the time of
sowing based on fertility status of the soil.
Irrigation: Irrigation: In general, pre-sown irrigation is essential for proper
germination. It is important to apply irrigations before flowering, during flowering
and at pod formation stage to obtain quality pods and good yield. It is possible to grow
pea under rainfed conditions but sufficient moisture must be present in the field at the
time of sowing.
Weed management: First hoeing and earthing up is to be done after 2-3 weeks of
sowing and second at flower initiation to get higher yield. Hoeing helps in removing
the weeds and pulverizes the soil for proper aeration. Herbicides have also been found
beneficial in controlling weeds. Pre-emergence application of Alachlor @ 3litres/ha or Lecture: 9
Pendimethalin @ 3litres/ha or Fluchloralin @ 2.5 litres/ha may take care of weeds in
the initial growth stages. Cole Crops
Harvesting: Garden peas must be harvested at the proper stage of pod maturity This group of vegetables includes cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, knolkhol, kale and
because they start losing their quality rapidly after reaching the edible stage. The Brussels‟ Sprout. The word “cole” seems to have derived from the abbreviation of the
green pods of the early varieties are ready for harvest in 50 days while mid- and late- word “caulis” meaning stem. It is a group of highly differentiated plants originated
vaneties, which are generally indeterminate, take 60-65 days and 70-75 days re¬ from a Single wild ancestor Brassica oleracea var. oleracea (sylvestris), commonly
known as wild cabbage. Cole crops are the most popular vegetables grown during plant growth. Earthing up is important in rainy season as roots get exposed after every
winter season and among these, cauliflower and cabbage are the important ones. shower and should be done 4-5 weeks after transplanting. Critical period for crop-
Broccoli is also gaining popularity due to its high medicinal value weed competition is between 30-50 days after transplanting. Use herbicides in initial
Crop name: Cabbage stages followed by hand weeding in later stages of plant growth along with fertilizer
Botanical name: Brassica oleracea var. capitata top dressings. Application of Alachlor (Lasso) @ 2kg a.i./ha or Trifluralin@ 0.5 kg/ha
Family: Brassicaceae or Fluchloralin @ 0.5 kg/ha before transplanting is beneficial for controlling annual
Origin: Mediterranean region and broad leaved weeds. Pendimethalin (Stomp) @1.2 kg a.i. /ha or Oxyflurofen
Varieties: White cabbage cultivars are divided into three groups on the basis of (Goal) @ 600 ml/ha) can also be used before transplanting if there is problem of
maturity of heads after transplanting. These are as under: annual weeds only.
Early Group: It takes 55-70 days for maturity. The commonly grown varieties are Water management: Cabbage is very sensitive to soil moisture. Maximum growth
Golden Acre, Pride of India, Copenhagen Market, Pusa Ageti, Pusa Mukta, and yield can only be obtained when sufficient quantity of water is available to the
Pusa Cabbage Hybrid-1 (KGMR-1). plants. First irrigation is given just after transplanting of seedlings. Irrigation may be
Mid season Group: The cultivars fall between early and late maturity groups. applied at 10-15 days interval according to the season and soil but optimum soil
September, and Pusa Drum Head are the common varieties from this group. moisture should be maintained regularly. Cabbage is usually irrigated by furrow
Late Group: It takes about 85-130 days for maturity e.g. Late Large Drum Head method of irrigation. Heavy irrigation should be avoided when the heads have formed,
Soils: The soil requirement for cabbage is almost same as that of cauliflower. as it results in cracking of heads.
On heavy soils, plant grows slowly and the keeping quality is improved because of Harvesting: In general, the heads are harvested when they are firm and solid. The
compactness. Most cabbages are somewhat tolerant to salt. heads are cut with a knife, frequently attached with some non-wrapper leaves. These
Climate: It can withstand extreme cold and frost better than cauliflower. It thrives non-wrapper leaves give protection to the heads from bruising injury.
best in a relatively cool and moist climate. The optimum seed germination is obtained Yield (q/ha): Early varieties: 250-300, Late season varieties: 400-500
at 12.6-15.6oC soil temperature. The optimum temperature for growth and head Pre and post harvest handling: Harvesting should be done preferably in the late
formation is 15- 20oC whereas, the growth is checked above 25oC. evening or early morning so that the product remains turgid and fresh. Trim diseased,
Planting time: In the Northern Indian plains, transplanting of different varieties can damaged, rotten and discoloured leaves. Avoid direct contact of heads with the soil
be done from October –January. and exposure to direct sunlight. Proper packing is to be done to avoid bruising.
Seed Rate: For raising nursery for one hectare area, early season varieties needs 600-
800 g/ha whereas the seed requirement for main season varieties is 200-500 g/ha.
Soil preparation and transplanting: Prepare the field for transplanting in the same Cauliflower
manner as described for cauliflower. Botanical Name: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.,
Spacing: The spacing depends upon the head size to be produced as per the demand Family: Brassicaceae
in the market. For getting small sized heads, transplanting is done at closer spacing Origin: Mediterranean region
while plants are transplanted at larger spacing for producing big size heads. General Cultivars: Cauliflower cultivars grown in India can be classified in two broad groups:
spacing which is recommended is as under: 1. Indian Cauliflower/tropical/hot weather/heat tolerant.
Early varieties: 45cm × 30cm or 30 cm × 30 cm (round & smaller heads) 2. European types/ Early temperate type known as Snowball or late cauliflower
Late varieties: 60cm × 45cm or 60 cm × 60 cm Indian Cauliflower European types
Annual and tolerant to heat Biennial and not tolerant to heat
Nutrient management: Manures and fertilizer requirements in cabbage depend upon Curd formation at and above 20oC. Curd formation at 5-20oC
fertility of soil. Mix 200-250q/ha farmyard manure thoroughly at the time of field Yellow to creamish curds, loose with Snow white curds with very mild or no
preparation. Application of 120-180 kg nitrogen, 75-80 kg phosphorus and 60-75kg strong flavour. flavour (better quality curds).
potassium per hectare is required to raise a healthy crop of cabbage. Half quantity of Plants are short having long stalk and Steady plants and long leaves giving
nitrogen and full quantity each of phosphorus and potash is applied at the time of loosely arranged leave protective
transplanting. Remaining quantity of nitrogen is applied after 30-45 days of jacket to curd.
transplanting. Early in maturity Late in maturity
Intercultural operations: Similar to cauliflower, cabbage is a shallow rooted crop, so More variable (heterozygous) Less variable (homozygous)
it is essential to perform shallow hoeing to remove weeds and to avoid any injury to More self-incompatible. Less self incompatible.
the roots. Regular hoeing operations keep crop weed free and provide aeration to the Small juvenile phase. Long juvenile phase.
root system. Crust formation in medium heavy and clay soils hinder water and air
penetration in root system. The crust should be broken otherwise it adversely affects

Soil: Cauliflower can be grown in all types of soil with good fertility and good water Late (IV) Sept end Oct end-mid 10-16 oC Snowball 16, Pusa
holding capacity. The mid season and late crop grow very well in medium, medium Snowball (Jan- to mid Nov Snowball-I, Pusa Snowball
heavy and heavy soils. For early crop, a light to light medium soil should be preferred March) Oct K-1, Pusa Snowball KT-
so that the drainage is easier in the rainy season. The water stagnation checks the 25,Dania, Ooty-1,
growth, which leads to disappointment to the growers. It prefers a soil reaction
ranging from pH 6 to 6.5.

Climate: Climatic factors play an important role during transformation from Seedlings become ready for transplanting in 4-6 weeks time. Seedlings 5mm in
vegetative to curding and curd development stages. Temperature 10-21oC is good for diameter and about 10-12cm in length are appropriate for transplanting in the field as
germination. It is highly sensitive to temperature i.e. temperature influences growth they have better crop stand with low mortality.
from vegetative to reproductive stages. Transformation from vegetative to curding Seed Rate: The seed requirement for raising nursery for one hectare area is as under:
takes place when plants are exposed to 5oC to 28-30oC, depending upon the cultivar Early varieties 600-750g
of a particular maturity group. Optimum temperature for growth of young plant is Mid-Early season varieties 500g
23oC in initial stages while for growth in later stages, favorable temperature range is Mid-late varieties 400 g
17-20oC. Plants continue to grow vegetatively without any curd formation if Late varieties 300g
temperature remains higher than optimum for curding. Late group cultivars require
15-20oC for optimum growth but the same temperature would cause curd formation in
the early cultivars. Temperature should not fluctuate too much during curd initiation Soil preparation and transplanting: The soil should be well prepared by ploughing
phase, otherwise curd quality deteriorates. first with soil turning plough and afterwards with 4 to 5 ploughings with country
plough. Ploughing should be followed by leveling and bringing the soil to a fine tilth.
Conclusion: Temperature higher or lower than optimum for curding results in The manure should be applied at the time of field preparation. Drainage is a problem
physiological disorders like riceyness, leafyness, blindness, loose and yellow curd. for early and some times for mid season crop when rains coincide with cropping
Accordingly, varieties of cauliflower have been divided into four different maturity period. Therefore, early crop should be transplanted on ridges or raised beds while the
groups (I-IV) on the basis of their temperature requirement for curd formation under mid and late cultivars can be planted on flat beds.
the northern Indian plains Transplanting should be done during late afternoon to avoid losses due to sun heat.
Spacing: Early varieties 45cm × 30cm
Maturity Nursery Transplan- Opt. Varieties Mid and Late season varieties 60cm × 45cm
group sowing ting time temp.
range for Manures and fertilizers: Manures and fertilizer requirements in cauliflower depend
curding upon fertility of soil. Mix 200-250 q/ha farmyard manure thoroughly at the time of
Early I (A) Mid May July 20-25 oC Early Kunwari, Pant field preparation. Application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash @ 120-180: 75-80:
Sept. maturity beginning Gobhi-3, Pusa Meghna, 60-75 kg per hectare, respectively is required to raise a healthy crop of cauliflower.
(mid Sept-mid Pusa Kartik Sankar Full dose of phosphorus and one-third of N and half of potassium should be applied at
Nov.) the time of transplanting. Remaining part of N should be top dressed at an interval of
Early I (B) May end Mid July 20-25oC Pusa Katki, Pusa Deepali, one month each while half of potassium is to be applied alongwith N during second
Oct. maturity to Mid Pant Gobhi-2 top dressing.
(Mid Oct-mid June Interculture and weed control: Cauliflower is a shallow rooted crop, so it is
Nov) essential to do shallow hoeing to remove weeds and to avoid any injury to the roots.
Mid Early (II) July end Sept 16-20oC Improved Japanese, Pusa Regular hoeing operations keep crop weed free and provide aeration to the root
Nov. maturity beginning Hybrid-2, Pusa Sharad, system. Earthing up is important in rainy season as roots get exposed after every
(Mid Nov-mid Pant Gobhi-4 shower and should be done after 4-5 weeks of transplanting. Critical period for crop-
Dec) weed competition is between 30-50 days after transplanting. Use herbicides in initial
Mid late (III) Aug end Sept end 12-16 oC Pusa Synthetic, Pusa stages followed by hand weeding in later stages of plant growth along with fertilizer
Dec maturity Subhra, Palam Uphar, Pant top dressings. Application of Alachlor (Lasso) @ 2kg a.i./ha before transplanting is
(mid Dec-mid Subhra, Pusa HimJyoti, Pb beneficial for controlling annual and broad leaved weeds. Pendimethalin (Stomp)
Jan) Giant 35, Pusa Paushja, @1.2 kg a.i./ha or Oxyflurofen (Gol) @ 600 ml/ha) can also be used before
Pusa Shukti transplanting if there is problem of annual weeds only.
Irrigation: Cauliflower needs very careful irrigation that should be applied at right sunlight at the surface of the curd. Temperature higher than the optimum during
time and in sufficient quantity as both overwatering and insufficient irrigation are curding leads to this disorder.
harmful to the standing crop. First light irrigation is given immediately after 5. Purple colouring: Some time various pigmentations develop on the curd which
transplanting of the seedlings. Regular maintenance of optimum moisture is essential deteriorates the quality of the final produce. Fluctuations in the temperature are the
during growth and curd development. main reason for this disorder.
Use of growth hormones: NAA 10ppm treatment to cauliflower seedlings as starter 6. Whip tail: It is caused by the deficiency of Molybdenum (Mo). Young plants
solution has been found effective in respect of plant stand in the field and vegetative become chlorotic and turn white particularly along the leaf margins. In older plants,
growth. Application of GA4 + GA7 @ 80 mg/l of water shortened the period from the lamina of the newly formed leaves is irregular in shape and leaves have only a
transplanting to the harvest. large bare midrib. This is because of this condition, the disorder is called as “Whip
Harvesting: The harvesting of curds is to be done as soon as the curds attain prime tail”. Apply molybdenum @ 1kg/ha to manage the deficiency.
maturity and compactness. It is better to harvest little early than late if there is any 7. Browning (Red or Brown rot): It is caused by boron deficiency. The stem become
doubt about the maturity. Delayed harvesting leads to the elongation of flowering hollow with water soaked tissues surrounding the walls of the cavity. In more advance
stalk, loose, ricey, fuzzy and over matured curds which deteriorates the quality of the stages, a pinkish or rusty brown area develops on the surface of the curd and hence is
curd. Such curds should be eliminated from the consignment to be sent to the markets known as red or brown rot. Application of borax @20kg/ha can manage this disorder.
as they wilt rapidly and spoil the appearance of the consignment. The curd should be
cut-off with stalk along with sufficient number of jacket leaves to protect the curd.
Severe trimming of leaves is to be done after unloading or before marketing.
Yield (q/ha):
o Early varieties: 100-150 Knol Khol
o Mid and late season varieties: 150-225. Botanical name: (Brassica oleraceae var. gongylodes)
o Snowball group may produce yield upto 500 q/ha. Family: Brassicaceae
Physiological disorders: Origin: Mediterranean region
1. Buttoning: It means development of small curds or buttons. The general basis is
that any check in the vegetative growth of the seedlings may induce buttoning. Knolkhol is characterized by the formation of tuber, which arises as thickening of the
Buttoning is the result of planting of over-aged seedlings which do not get sufficient stem tissue above the cotyledons. This tuber or knob develops entirely above the
time to initiate vegetative growth before transformation to curding or selection of ground. It is this portion that is used for vegetable, though young leaves are also used.
wrong cultivars means planting early variety late or root injury by insects or diseases. In India, mainly two cultivars are commonly cultivated.
Planting suitable variety at appropriate seedling growth stage and at optimum time Origin
helps in managing this disorder. The place of origin of cole crops is coastal areas of Mediterranean sea from where
2. Riceyness: A premature initiation of floral buds or elongation of peduncle stalk of these crops spread to Europe and other parts of the world. Introgression among
inflorescence is characterized by riceyness. The curds are considered to be of poor different types, mutation and selection have played major role in the evolution of
quality for marketing. Temperature higher or lower than the optimum required for present day forms. Knol khol was in cultivation much before it was known to the
curding or high application of nitrogen result in riceyness. Manage proper soil Romans and perhaps was in cultivation as early as 600 BC. Cultivation of broccoli
moisture and fertility during curd development stage. and Brussels sprouts started only in the beginning of 19th century.
3. Fuzzyness: It is the elongation of pedicels of the individual flower. Almost all the Cultivars of knolkhol: are White Vienna, Purple Vienna and Palam Tender Knob.
prefloral bud which develops precociously on the curd surface give the fuzzy Soil: It can be grown on all types of soil. However, good soil condition and fertility
appearance. The possible reasons for the occurrence of this disorder are same as that favour growth in a uniform manner.
of receyness in cauliflower. Climate: It is mainly grown as a winter vegetable crop and thrives well in relatively
cool moist climatic conditions. Seeds germinate well at 15-30oC. Optimum
3. Blindness: Blind plants are those, which are without terminal bud. They do not temperature requirement for its growth is between 15-25oC depending upon cultivars.
form curd. It is due to poor fertility of the soil or damage to the terminal portion Raising of nursery and sowing time
during handling at the time of planting or by insects, diseases etc. Healthy and Knoll khol is generally sown in raised nursery beds. The nursery beds are well
vigorous seedlings with terminal portion intact should be planted. prepared and 5kg sieved farmyard manure is added in the soil. Excessive nitrogen
4. Bracting: The bracts are underneath the prefloral meristem which corresponds to should be avoided. However, sowing is done in August-September in the plains of
axillary buds. These bracts or leaves come out of the curd resulted in poor quality of north India. After the final preparation of nursery beds 2 days before sowing, the
curds for marketing as they turn green or purple in colour on receiving the direct nursery beds are drenched with 0.3% Captan or Thiram solution @5 litre/m2 to
control the pathogens like Pythium, Rhizoctoma, Phytophthora and Fusanum which

are mainly responsible for damping off disease in the nursery. When the soil is
sterilized with formalin (1 : 48), it must be done 3—4 weeks before sowing. Treated
beds should be covered with alkathene sheet for about 6-7 days. It must be aerated by
turning the soil upside down and kept open for a week before sowing. The seeds are
treated with Thiram of Captan or Agrosan @3g per kg or Bavistin lg/kg before
sowing. About 300-400g seed is required for one hectare. Sowing is done in rows
spaced at 8—10cm apart and 1.5—2.5cm deep. For planting crop in one hectare,
about 60-80m" nursery area is required for raising the seedlings. After sowing, the
seeds are covered with fine soil and surface of the bed is made uniform. The beds are
covered with fine layer of dry grass. This helps in retaining moisture for longer time
and avoids crust formation. Watering with wateringcan will help in maintaining
uniform moisture. When the emerging seedlings have come to the soil level, dry grass
cover is removed, otherwise seedlings will become pale- and- lanky. Seedlings are
thinned properly and drenched with 0.2% Captan or Thiram solution to save them
from post- emergence damping-off disease. Proper mois¬ ture is maintained to get
healthy seedlings.
Transplanting
Seedlings are ready for transplanting after 4—5 weeks. Older seedlings generally give
poor yield. Under north Indian plains, planting is done in September-October to get Lecture: 10
better yield. The planting time should be adjusted in such a way that at the time of
sprout formation temperature is mild. Onion
Planting time: under North eastern plains is September-October. Botanical Name: Allium cepa L.
Seed rate: of 800-1000 g/ha is required to raise a crop of broccoli in one hectare area. Family: Amaryllidaceae
Spacing: The seedlings are transplanted at 30-40 cm between the rows and at 20-25 Origin: Central and South Western Asia
cm between plant-to-plants in a row. Proper moisture should be maintained during its Uses: The green leaves, and immature and mature bulbs are eaten raw. It is used in
growth. preparation of sauces, soups and seasoning of food on accounts of its
Weed control: Pre-planting application of herbicides followed by hoeing and special characteristic Pungency in onion is due to allyl-propyl-disulphide.
Also used in processed form e.g. flakes, powder and pickles. Onions are diuretic,
weeding in the later stages keep the crop free of weeds. Any check in the growth
applied on bruises, boils and wounds. It relieves heat sensation. Bulb juice is used as
results in the development of fibrous knobs.
smelling on hysterical fits in faintness. It is used to relive insect bites and sour throat.
Manure and fertilizer: Mix 200-250q/ha farmyard manure thoroughly at the time of
Onions play a part in preventing heart diseases and other ailments. Onions are given in
field preparation. Application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash @ 75-100: 60-80:
jaundice, spleen enlargement and dyspeptic after cooping in vinegar. Roasted onions
60-80 kg per hectare respectively is required to raise a healthy crop of knol-khol. Half
mixed with cumin, sugar candy and butter oil are a demulcent of great benefit in piles.
quantity of nitrogen and full quantity each of phosphorus and potash is applied at the
The essential oil contains a heart stimulant, increases pulse volume and frequency of
time of transplanting. Remaining quantity of nitrogen is applied after 30 days of
systolic pressure and coronary flow and stimulates the intestinal smooth musculature
transplanting.
and the uterus. It reduces blood sugar & has lipid lowering effect.
Irrigation
The crop is irrigated immediately after transplanting of seedlings and subsequent
irrigation depends upon the climate and soil conditions. Sufficient moisture is Climate: The onion is a cool season crop. Onion can be grown under wide range of
maintained during growing period to get better yield. In general, the crop requires climatic conditions. It grows well under mild climate without, extreme heat or cold or
irrigation at 8-10 days interval. excessive rainfall. The plant is hardy and in the young stage can withstand freezing
Harvesting: Tubers are harvested before they are fully developed as delayed temperature. It does not thrive well in places where the average rainfall ^exceeds 75-
harvesting make tubers fibrous. Generally bright colour tubers of 5-8 cm diameter 100cm in monsoon period. It requires about 70% relative humidity for-good growth.
along with the foliage are favoured in the market. For its marketing, the main root is For good vegetative growth 12.8°-23°C temperature before bulbing and for bulb
cut off and the enlarged stem along with the leaves are tied up. Individual tuber may development 20°-25°C are required. Very low temperatures in the beginning results in
weigh 200-250 g while the yield may vary from 12-25 t/ha under Indian conditions. bolting while sudden rise in temperature favours early maturity of the crop in rabi and
results in small sized bulbs.
The requirement of day length may differ with different varieties. Almost all cultivars Seedlings become ready for transplanting in 8-10 weeks time. Seedlings must be
grown in plains in India are short-day cultivars. Brown Spanish is long- day variety. about 15-20cm in length at the time of transplanting.
This requires day length of more than 14 hours and lower temperature for proper
development of bulbs. Kharif onion varieties require day length of 10- 11 hours where Nursery practices
as rabi varieties require relatively higher temperature and 12-13 hours day length. Onion seed is generally sown in raised nursery beds of 15-22.5cm height. The width
Long-day varieties do not bulb under short-day conditions, whereas, short-day of nursery bed should be 0.45 metre and length can be kept 3-4 metres. About 45-
varieties if planted under long-day condition will develop early bulbs. 60cm distance is kept between two beds to carry out the operations of watering,
Other factors being equal onion bulbs more quickly at warm temperature than at cool weeding [Link] surface of beds should be smooth and well levelled. The soil of
temperature. As temperature conditions are never exactly alike year after year in the nursery should be treated with Thiram or Captaf @ 0.2% or 4-5g/m2 area. Before
same district, onion varieties can not be expected to perform consistently even though sowing, seed should be treated with Thiram @ 2-3g/kg of seed to avoid damage from
cultural practices are similar. Temperature is more important than the day length in damping off disease. In case there is still problem of damping off disease the
seed production, while photoperiod is more important than temperature for bulb drenching with thiram or captaf @ 2—3g/litre of water should be taken twice once at
formation. 15 days after sowing and again after 30 days of sowing. Weeding and hoeing are
carried out to manage problem of weeds. Stomp (pendimethalin) @3.35 litres/ha is
Soil: applied before sowing to manage the weeds economically during rainy season.

Soils for onion should be rich in humus with good drainage. Sandy soil needs more Sowing should be done in lines spaced at 5-7cm distance. The seeds after sowing
and frequent irrigation and favour early maturity, whereas heavy soils leads to should be covered with fine powdered farmyard manure or compost followed by light-
mishappened bulbs and there is problem in digging of bulbs. The most desirable soil is watering by rose can. The beds should be covered with dry grass or straw or
the one that retains enough moisture and at the same time be favourable enough to be sugarcane leaves to maintain required temperature and moisture. The watering should
easily cultivated and to allow proper development of bulbs. The optimum pH range is be done by water can as per the need till germination is complete. The grass cover is
between 5.8-6.5. Highly alkaline and saline soils are not suitable. removed immediately after germination. Any delay in removal of the cover results in
lanky seedlings. Time to time hoeing, weeding and irrigation are required for raising
Improved varieties: The onion varieties have been classified on the basis of size and healthy seedlings. If the seedlings are poor a spray of 0.5% urea can used. The nursery
skin colour. Further, onion has been classified as common and multiplier onion.
There are 4 classes on the basis of colour of bulb: – White, Yellow, Red and Brown. will be ready for transplanting when plants are of 6-7 weeks-old and 0.6—0.9cm. in
Red colour is due to anthocyanin pigment and yellow is due to quercetin pigment diameter for kharif and 8—9 weeks-old for rabi. If younger aged seedlings are
transplanted the establishment will be poor. If overaged seedlings are transplanted
1. Red Coloured: Agrifound Dark Red, Agrifound Light Red, Arka Niketan, Arka there will be a problem of pre-mature bolting. In the nursery about 8-10kg of seed is
Kalyan , Pusa Madhavi, Pusa Ratnar, Pusa Red, Pusa Riddhi ,Udaipur 101, Udaipur sown for one hectare. About 5% of area will be required to produce seedlings for one
103, Bhima Raj, Bhima Red
hectare.
2. Kharif Onion: Arka Kalyan, Arka Pragati, N-53, Arka Niketan
3. White skinned varieties: Pusa White Flat, Pusa White Round, Punjab-48, Udaipur- The best time for sowing of seed for early kharif crop is April-May in South; for
102 kharif season May-June in South, Maharashtra and part of Gujarat as well as north and
4. Yellow skinned varieties: Brown Spanish (Long day variety, suitable for growing
north-east India. The sowing of early rabi or late kharif is done in August-September
in hills), Early Grano (Good for salad, suitable for green onions).
5. Multiplier Onion: Agrifound Red, CO-1, C-2 (resistant to purple blotch), CO-3 in Maharashtra. For rabi crop sowing is done in September- October in South;
(resistant to thrips), CO-4 (moderately resistant to thrips), MDU-1. Novermber-December in Maharasthra and part of Gujarat; October-Novermber in
6. Small Onion: Agrifound Rose (pickling type, suitable for export), Arka Bindu North and North eastern part. The rabi sowing in hills is done September-October and
for summer (long-day type) October end and early November.

Time of sowing: For direct sowing of the variety Agnfound Rose, 22.5kg/ha seed is required. In case of
multiplier onion a sets, 1—1.2 tonnes or bulblets are required for planting one hectare
Season Time of sowing Time of transplanting Harvesting time
Northern India Seed Rate: 8-10 kg/ha
Rainy (Kharif) May-June(July) July-Aug(Mid Aug) Nov-Dec
Winter (Rabi) Oct-Nov (Nov) Dec-Jan(Jan-Early May-June Transplanting techniques: Onion should be planted in well-pulverized field by
Feb) ploughing first with soil turning plough and afterwards with 4 to 5 ploughings with
country plough. Leveling should follow ploughing. Onion is normally planted in flat
beds however kharif onion is planted on ridges. Transplanting should be done during
late afternoon

Planting distance: The onion seedlings are planted at a spacing of 15-20 cm between
rows and 5-10 cm between plant-to-plant. Transplanting on ridges is ideal for kharif
onion crop.
Fertilizer requirements: Apply well rotten farmyard manure@200-300 q/ha,
nitrogen @ 60-150 kg, phosphorus @ 35-150 kg and potassium@ 25-120kg per
hectare depending upon the soil test, cultivar and growing season. FYM is applied at
the time of field preparation. Apply 50% nitrogen and entire quantity of phosphorus
and potash at the time of transplanting or bulb sowing. Remaining half of the nitrogen
is top dressed 5-6 weeks after transplanting
Irrigation: Onion needs very careful and frequent irrigation as it is a shallow rooted
crop. Water requirement of the crop at the initial growth period is less and increases
during later growth stages. Irrigation should be applied at an interval of 10-15 days in
cool weather and at a weekly interval during hot weather. Bulb formation and bulb
enlargement stages (70-100 days after transplanting) are critical for water
requirement. Insufficient moisture tends to slow down bulb growth while over supply
causes rotting. Generally, 10-12 irrigations are given in rabi season. Stop irrigation
when the tops mature and start falling down.
Weed management: Onion is a closely planted and a shallow rooted crop and thus,
hand weeding is difficult to be performed which may damage the crop. Therefore, use
Lecture: 11
of chemical weedicides at initial growth stage followed by 1-2 hand weeding is
beneficial. The critical period of crop-weed competition is between 4-8 weeks.
Application of Alachlor (Lasso) @ 2 litres/ha or Pendimetalin (Stomp) @ 3 litres/ha Garlic
in 750 liters of water before transplanting is beneficial for controlling weeds. Botanical Name: Allium sativum L
Harvesting Family: Amaryllidaceae
Maturity of vegetables is usually determined by visual and physical methods, such as Origin: Central and South Western Asia
size, shape, color, firmness, and texture. the maturity index for potatoes and onions is Pungency in garlic is due to the compound diallyl-disulphide.
the drying up of the plant [Link] time to harvest rabi onion is one week after 50-
70% neck fall. In khanf season, since tops do not fall, soon after the colour of leaves
changes to slightly yellow and tops starts drying, the bulbs are harvested. Brief about origin: From its original home in central Asia, i.e. where it extends from
Curing: Onion bulbs should be adequately cured because curing or drying of bulbs is
mountainous (southern), Turkmenia north eastward in Pamir-Alai and Tien Shan
an important process to remove the excess moisture from the outer skin and neck of
onion bulb. Curing helps to reduce the chances of disease infection, minimizes regions, it spread in perhistoric times to the Mediterranean region, where its virtues
shrinkage due to loss of moisture from the interiors and helps to develop good skin are still cherished perhaps more than in any other region of the world. A. longicuspis
colour. [Link] believed to be its wild ancestor.
Bulbs are either cured in field or in open shades before storage. Onions are considered
cured when neck is tight and the outer scales are dried until they rustle. Bulbs are Soil:The soil requirements are the same as those for onion except that garlic needs a
cured in field for 3-5 days in wind row method. Then bulbs are placed in shade and richer soil than onion. It thrives better on fertile, well drained loamy soils. The pH of
cured for 7-10 days to remove field heat. This shade curing improves bulb colour and soil between 6-7 is suitable for good crop. Highly alkaline and saline soils are not
reduces losses during storage suitable for garlic cultivation.
Yield
The average yield of big sized common onion (big size) is 25-30 tonnes/ha, small Climate:Garlic is a frost-hardy plant, requiring cool and moist period and relatively
sized common onion is 16-20 tonnes/ha and multiplier onion is 15-18 tonnes/ha. dry period during bulb maturity. There are two types of varieties. One suitable for
Physiological disorders long-day conditions (around 30°N) and the other for short-day conditions. In India
mosdy short-day types are grown. In general cool growing period gives more yield
than warm. Garlic should be planted early to promote vegetative growth under short-
day conditions and cool temperature. The critical day length for bulbing is 12 hours.
Exposure of dormant cloves or young plants around 20°C or lower depending upon
the varieties for 1-2 months hastens subsequent bulbing.

Improved varieties:
The varieties developed are Godavari and Sweta at MPKV Rahuri; HG 1 and HG 6 at 2. Furrow planting: Cloves are dropped in the furrows by hand and covered lightly
CCSHAU, Hissar, Pusa Sel. 10 at IARI, New Delhi, LCC 1 at PAU, Ludhiana, ARU by loose soil.
52 at VPKAS, Almora and Agrifound White (G 41), Yamuna Safed (G 1). Yamuna Planting distance: 15-20cm between rows and 10 cm between plants to plant.
Safed 2 (G 50), G 282 and Agrifound Parvati at NHRDF. These varieties are mosdy Sowing depth is 2-4 cm.
small bulbed and have more number (20-30) of smaller cloves. G 282 and Agrifound Manures and fertilizers
Parvati have bigger bulbs with bigger cloves and cloves are fewer in number. The The manure and fertilizers requirement are 60-125kg N, 35—65kg P and 0- 100kg/ha
characters of some of these varieties are give below. K for different parts of the country. Besides, organic manure (farmyard manure) 10-50
tonnes/ha is recommended. Farmyard manure may be mixed thoroughly in soil at the
Agrifound White (G 41): The bulbs are compact, silvery-white skinned with creamy- time of land preparation, whereas, complete dose of phosphorus, potash and half of
flesh. Diameter of bulb is 3.5-4.5cm and number of cloves/bulb is 20-25. The variety nitrogen may be applied before planting. Another half dose of nitrogen may be
is susceptible to purple blotch and stemphylium- blight which are common in northern applied after a month of planting. Excessive nitrogen results in thick neck and
India. It is recommended for culdvation in the areas, where there is no much problem sprouting before harvest. Micro-nutrients are effective in increasing the yield.
of purple blotch or stemphylium blight in rabi season. TSS 41%, dry-matter 43% and MnSOij, 0.1%, boric acid 0.2%, CuSCL 0.02/o or ZnSCL, 0.02%, stimulate dry-
good storer. Average yield is 13 tonnes/ha. matter accumulation in the cloves. Borax up to lOkg/ha increases bulb size and yield.
Irrigation:
Yamuna Safed (G 1): The bulbs are compact, silvery-white skinned with 25-30
In general garlic needs irrigation at an interval of eight days during vegetative growth
sickle shaped cloves and creamy flesh. Diameter of bulb is 4.0-4.5cm. It is tolerant to
and of 10-15 days during maturation. As the crop reaches maturity (when crops first
insect pests and diseases like thrips, purple blotch and stemphylium blight. Total
begin to break over or become dry) irrigation should be stopped.
soluble solids (TSS) 38%, dry-matter 39.5%. The average yield is 15.0-17.5 tonnes/
Weed management: First weeding is done after onemonth of planting and second
ha. It is recommended for cultivation all over India.
after two months of planting. Pendimethalin @ 3.35 litre/ha after planting and before
Yamuna Safed (G 50): The bulbs are compact, attractive with 35-40 cloves/ bulb and first irrigation plus one hand weeding at 45 days after planting has been recommended
white-creamy flesh. Bulb diameter is 3.5-4.0cm; TSS 38-40%; dry-matter 40-41%. for effective weed control.
The average yield is 15-20 tonnes/ha. The variety is recommended for northern parts Harvesting: The crop is ready for harvesting when tops turn yellowish or brownish
of India. and show signs of drying up and bend over. The bulbs begin to mature 4-5 months
after planting depending on season and soil. Garlic is produced only in one season, i.e.
winter (rabi). In India harvesting is done manually by hand. Bulbs are taken out along
G 282: The leaves are wider than other varieties. Bulbs are creamy-white and big size with tops and windrowed gathering several rows in each row. Harvesting in Madhya
(5-6cm diameter), having 15-16 cloves/bulb. Total soluble solid 38-42% dry matter Pradesh is in February and continues up to March-Apnl. In most pockets garlic is
39-43%, medium storer yield 17.5-20 tonnes/ha, suitable for export purposes. It harvested during March-Apnl
performed very well in northern and central India. Yield: 100-150q/ha.
Physiological disorders
Agrifound Parvati (G 313): A selection from the material collected from Hong Kong
market. It is a long-day-type and as such is suitable for cultivation in hill of northern
states. Bulbs are of bigger size (5-6cm diameter), creamy-white with pinkish-tinge,
10-16 cloves/bulb, tolerant to common diseases. Average yield 17.5-22.5 tonnes/ha. It
is medium storer and suitable for export.

Some local cultivars are grown in different parts of the country. Two distinct types,
viz. Fawari and Rajalle Gaddi, are grown in Bellary district. Some other local strains
are Madrasi, Tahiti, T 56-4 and Jamnagar.

Time of sowing:
Region Sowing time
North India September- November
[Link],AP August-November
WB,Orrisa,Gujarat October-November
Transplanting techniques:
1. Dibbling: Cloves are dibbled 5-7.5 cm deep keeping their growing ends upwards.

farmyard manure at the time of final ploughing. Flat beds or ridges and furrows are
prepared.

Improved varieties: There are two distinct group of carrot

1. European or Temperate type: Require chilling temperature for bolting and seed
production and are biennial in nature. They are low yielding and they do not
produce seed under north Indian condition.

Nantes Half Long: Self coloured core

Early Nantes: Self coloured core
Chantenay: Excellent cultivar for canning and storage
Imperator: (Nantes X Chantaney), mid to late variety
Zeno: Introduced rom Germany, suitable for Nillgiri Hills, Self coloured core, exposed
portion is pinkish green.
Ooty: Self coloured core
Pusa Yamdagini:EC-9981 X Nantes
Danvers: Suitable for fresh market and processing
Lecture: 12 Early Horn
Early Gem Imperator
Carrot
Botanical name: Daucus carota 2. Asiatic or Tropical type: Can produce seed under north Indian conditions, yield is
comparatively high and are annual in nature.
Family: Umbeliferae

Chromosome number: 2n=18 Pusa kesar: Selection local red X nantes half long, scarlet incolour.
Pusa Meghali: Selection pusa keasr X nantes, self coloured core. Highest vitamin A
Origin: Afghanistan contenet.
Sel No. 233: free from splitting.
• Acid present: Mallic acid
Sel 21: Retains edible quality for a longer period in field without bolting.
• Fruit type: Schizocarpic
• The edible part of carrot is modified root (conical form) Cultivation practices:
• Highest inbreeding depression is present in carrot
Time of sowing: In north India carrot can be grown throughout the year but the main
• Kanji: Beverage is prepared from black carrot, an appetizer
season is from August- November. The European varieties can be grown for October-
• Protandary found in carrot
November.
• The orange colour carrots are rich in carotene, thiamine and riboflavin
• The taste of carrot is mainly due to the glutamic acid. Caffeic acid is Seed rate: About 8-10 kg seeds is sufficient to grow in one hectare.
predominantly phenolic acid in carrot
Planting distance: 25-30 X 8-10cm and sowing depth 2-2.5 cm.
• Pink and black colour contains anthocyanins
Fertilizer requirements:250-300q well rotten FYM, 120 Kg Nitrogen,60 Kg
Phosphorus and 60 Kg Potash per hectare.
Climate: Carrot is essentially a cool season crop. The Optimum temperature for seed
Irrigation: Irrigate the crop once in 6-7 days after sowing depending upon the rain
germination is 7.5-23.5 degree centigrade and 18-22 degree centigrade for best root
and weather condition.
growth and development whereas 15-21 degree centigrade for colour development.
Soil: It thrives best under well drained, sandy loam soil. The optimum soil pH range is Weed management: Generally, two weeding at 15-20 and 30-35 days after sowing
6-7. are sufficient to control the [Link] pre emergence application of Fluchloralin or
trifluralin 0.5-1.0Kg/ha and pendimethalin 1.0 Kg/ha as post emergence effectively
Field preparation: Land is ploughed to a fine tilth by thorough ploughing making it
control the weeds in carrot field.
loose and friable. Clods are to be removed completely. Apply well decomposed
Intercultural operations: Thinning is the most important operation
during carrot cultivation as thick sowing is done because of small sized seed. The
thinning operation is done 20-30 days after sowing to maintain 10 cm plant to plant
distance.

Harvesting: Roots become ready for harvesting in 65-85 days. The crop should be
irrigated before the pulling out of roots as it facilitates easy uprooting of the roots.

Yield: Asiatic type: 200-300 q/ha and European type:100-150q/ha

Physiological disorders

Carrot splitting; It is a major physiological disorder where roots crack and seems to
be controlled by genetic factors but a number of other factors like heavy side dressing
with nitrogenous fertilizers in the early stages, low chloride content in the soil, sowing
at wide spacing, large size of roots and fluctuation in soil moisture are also found to
be responsible for splitting.

Control: Grow resistant variety, sow the seeds at closer spacing, supply
recommended dose of nitrogen, maintain optimum moisture in the field, harvest the Lecture: 13
crop at right maturity stage

Cavity Spot:Appearance of cavity in the cortex and in most cases the subtending
Raddish
epidermis collapse to form a pitted lesion. This is caused due to calcium deficiency,
increased level of potassium and delay in harvesting.
Botanical name: Raphanussativus
Control: Incorporate calcium containing fertilizers in the soil and harvest the roots at
Family:Brassicaceae
optimum time.
Chromosome number: 2n=18

Origin: Europe (China and middle Asia)

• Sourness (pungency) is due to Isothiocynate

• Major sugar present in radish is Glucose
• The fleshy root of radish is modified form of root which is known as fusiform
• The edible portion of radish root develops from primary root and hypocotyl
• Radish is a suitable intercrop for companion planting
• It is a cross pollinated crop
• Sporophytic self-incompatibility found
• Pink colour of radish is due to anthocyanin
• Sinki is a kind of fermented product prepared from radish tap root
• Radish leaves are rich in minerals and vitamins (A & C)
• Radish has cooling effect and prevent constipation
• The tops (leaves) and roots are used as salad or cooked as vegetable in various
ways.

Climate: Radish is essentially a cool season crop. Long days coupled with high
temperature results in bolting after attaining marketable roots. The Optimum

temperature for best flavor, texture, root growth and development is 10-20 degree Seed rate: About 10 kg seeds for Asiatic or Tropical type and 12-14 kg for European
centigrade. or Temperate type is sufficient to grow in one hectare

Soil: It thrives best under well drained, sandy loam soil. The optimum soil pH range Planting distance: 45 X 6-8 cm and sowing depth 1.5-3.0 cm.
is 5.5-7.
Fertilizer requirements: 250-300 q well rotten FYM, 50 Kg Nitrogen,100 Kg
Field preparation: Land is ploughed to a fine tilth by thorough ploughing making it Phosphorus and 50 Kg Potash per hectare.
loose and friable. Clods are to be removed completely. Apply well decomposed
farmyard manure at the time of final ploughing. Flat beds or ridges and furrows are Irrigation: Irrigate the crop once in 6-7 days after sowing
prepared. Weed management: First weeding should be done 15-20 Days after sowing. The pre
Improved varieties: There are two distinct group of radish emergence application of Fluchloralin 0.5Kg/ha effectively control the weeds in
radish field.
1. European or Temperate type: Quick growing, short duration (25-30) days,
produce roots of good quality, less pungent and smaller in size. The yield is Intercultural operations: Thinning of plants must be carried out 15-20 days after
low (75-100q/ha). These require chilling temperature for bolting. Hence, the sowing keeping a distance of 5-10 cm between plants in a row. Earthing up is also
seed of these varieties may not be produced under the north Indian plain. necessary to get well developed, quality and elongated roots as generally the growing
White Icicle: Development of pithy roots if not harvested timely. Suitable for roots tend to push out of the soil.
late Kharif and rabi season. Harvesting: European varieties are harvested 25-30 days after sowing whereas the
PusaHimani: Developed by crossing tropical variety Black X Japanese White. Asiatic type varieties are uprooted 40-45 days after sowing. The crop should be
It can be grown throughout the year except November- January in hills and irrigated before the pulling out of roots as it facilitates easy uprooting of the roots.
mid-December to February in plains of India. Yield: Asiatic type: 250-300 q/ha and European type:75-100q/h
Rapid Red White Tipped: Produce short foliage, roots are small and reed in
colour with white top. It can also be grown in plains in November- December. Physiological disorders
Scarlet Globe, Scarlet Long etc.
Akashin:It is a disorder of radish caused due to boron deficiency. Also caused due to
2. Asiatic or Tropical type: More pungent, slow growing, long duration (45-55)
high day and night temperature (30/20oC) as well as by low soil moisture.
and produced large size roots. The yield is high 250-300 q/ha. They do not
require chilling temperature for bolting and set seeds freely under tropical
Control: Spray 1-2 ppm of boron to rectify this disorder.
conditions.
PusaChetki: Suitable for growing in hotter months.
Pithiness: It is characterized by death of xylem and collapse of paranchymatous tissue
PusaVrishti: Ist heat tolerant tropical variety.
in roots. It may lead to production of hollow roots. Pithiness is sign of senescence and
PusaDesi:Developed through selection from a local collection, more pungent
its degree varies from varieties. Pithiness may occur due to excess N, P and K, High
and tapering with green stem end.
temperature prevailing before harvesting and delay in harvesting.
Japanese White: Suitable for late Kharif and rabi [Link] is less bolting
Control: Select resistant variety, plant at proper spacing, maintain optimum soil
variety and produce seeds in only hills.
moisture, harvest at appropriate maturity stage and avoid excess fertilization and
ArkaNishant: Roots are mild, crisp and mild pungent. It is free from early
injury to the roots during intercultural operations and harvesting.
bolting, pithiness, splitting and forking.
Forking: A common disorder in radish and carrot formed by the enlargement of
Punjab Safed: Roots are long, thick, pure white, tapering, smooth, mild in
secondary root [Link] moisture during the root development. It occurs on
taste, medium pungent with good flavor and free from forking.
heavy soils due to soil compactness.
Kashi Hans: Moderately resistant to alternaria blight.
JaunpuriMooli: It is local variety of Jaunpur district of Uttar Pradesh. Roots Control: Avoid excessive moisture and avoid heavy soil for root production.
are much longer (40-45 cm), thick (7-10 cm) and white. Flesh is soft, crisp,
less pungent and sweet. On an average each root weights 2.5-3.0 Kg.

Time of sowing: In north India radish can be grown throughout the year but the main
season is from August- January. The European varieties can be grown for September-
March.
 Field preparation: Land is ploughed to a fine tilth by thoroughly ploughing making
it loose and friable. Clods are to be removed completely. Apply well decomposed
farmyard manure at the time of final ploughing. Flat beds or ridges and furrows are
prepared.

Improved varieties

Detroit Dark Red: Roots perfectly round with smooth uniform deep red skin; flesh
dark blood red with light red zoning; heavy yielder with a duration of 80-100 days.
Crimson Globe: It produces round to flat round roots. Outer skin is medium red and
flesh is crimson red without zonations; duration 55-60 days.
Early Wonder: Roots flat globular with dark red skin and dark red flesh and light red
zoning.
Ooty-1: This TNAU variety has round roots with blood red flesh colour; yields 28
t/ha in 120 days; it sets seeds under Nilgiris conditions.
Crosby Egyptian: Roots flat globe with dark purplish red flesh; duration 55-60 days;
produces white zoning under warm weather.
Lecture: 14 Madhur, Ruby Queen and Ruby Red are a few of the varieties marketed by private
seed industry.
Time of sowing:In northern plains beet is sown from September- November.
Beetroot Seed rate: About 8-10 kg seeds is sufficient to grow in one hectare

Botanical name: Beta vulgaris Planting distance: 30-45 X 8-10 cm and sowing depth: 2-3 cm

Family:Chenopodiaceae Fertilizer requirements: 200-250 q well rotten FYM, 80 Kg Nitrogen, 100-120 Kg

Phosphorus and 60-70 Kg Potash per hectare.
Chromosome number: 2n=18
Irrigation: Irrigate the field immediately after sowing. Light and regular irrigations
Origin: Mediterranean region should be applied for proper seed germination, growth and yield. Total 4-6 irrigations
• Beet root are rich in protein, carbohydrate, mineral particularly calcium, are required by beet. Stagnation of water is harmful.
phosphorous and vitamin C Weed management: Generally first weeding should be done 15-20 Days after
• After sugarcane it is the second most important crop for the preparation of sowing. The pre emergence application of Fluchloralin or trifluralin 0.5-1.0Kg/ha and
sugar pendimethalin 1.0 Kg/ha as post emergence effectively control the weeds in field.
• Mallic acid is found
• Sporophyticself incompatibilityand protandry is present Intercultural operations: The seed of beetroot is multigerm which produce 3-4
• Colour of root due to: seedlings per seed ball hence, thinning is an essential operation to maintain optimum
Red violet pigment: beta cyanins plant population. About two shallow weeding and hoeings are sufficient to raise a
Yellow pigment: beta xanthins healthy [Link] at 20-25 days after sowing should be done to provide good
• A gram of seed ball counts about 50 seeds environment for proper root development.
• Inflorescence is spike Harvesting: Turnip is harvested when the roots are tender and attain marketable size
of 3-5 diameter. The crop is ready for harvest from 55-70 days after sowing. The crop
Climate: Beet is a cool season crop but can be grown in slightly warm weather. Cool
should be irrigated before the pulling out of roots as it facilitates easy uprooting of the
weather facilitates the accumulation of more sugar content. The optimum temperature
roots.
for root and colour development is 18-21 degree centigrade. At 30 degree centigrade
and above, the accumulation of sugar in the roots is checked. Yield: 250-500 q/ha depending on the variety, climate, type of soil and management
practices.
Soil: It thrives best under deep loam to clay loam soil. The soil should be deep,
friable, rich in organic matter and well drained. Neutral to slightly alkaline soils are Physiological disorders
best suited.

Heart rot or crown rot: This is caused by boron deficiency. The leaves die in the
crown which is covered with small deformed leaves. The older leaves wilt and become
necrotic. The entire crown becomes necrotic and starts to decay. The inner portion of
affected roots turn black and become unfit for consumption.
Control: Soil application of Borax 10-15 Kg/ha or spray of boric acid 0.2% at 2-3
times at vegetative stage, avoid the sowing of beet in acidic soil and avoid drought
conditions by supplying regular irrigation.
Zoning: Alternate dark and light coloured rings are formed on the beet [Link] is occur
due to high temperature above 30 degree centigrade, wide range fluctuation in day and
night temperature and irregular supply of moisture during root growth and
development
Control: Avoid drought conditions by supplying regular irrigation.

Speckled yellows: It is caused by manganese deficiency of boron. The leaves of Lecture: 15

affected plants show yellowish green chlorotic mottled areas. The chlorotic areas
become necrotic resulting into breaking of lamina. The leaf margins roll upward and
Potato
turn into an arrow shaped outline which remain upright. Generally the deficiency of
Botanical Name: Solanum tuberosum L.
Mn is observed in very sandy and very alkaline soils.
Family: Solanaceae
Control: Soil application of manganese sulphate @ 5-10 Kg/ha or foliar spray of
Origin: Peru and Bolivia in South America
manganese sulphate 0.25% at 2-3 times.
Importance and Uses: Potato is the staple food of many European countries of the
world and has proved its worth in feeding the nation in emergency. It is an important
source of starch. It is a rich source of body building substances such as carbohydrates,
vitamins (B1, B2, B6 and C), minerals (Ca, P and Fe) and protein. It contains all the
dietary substances except fat.
Soil: It can grow in almost all types of soil. The well drained clay loam soil is
considered as ideal for its cultivation. On sandy loam soil, crop can be successfully
grown provided manuring is done heavily and the crop is irrigated properly and
timely. It produces best when soil reaction is 6.0-6.5

Climate: It is a cool season crop and can tolerate moderate frost. It requires 20 oC soil
temperature for better germination. Young plant growth is good at 24oC but later growth
is favoured by a temperature of 18oC. No tuberization takes place when the night
temperature exceeds 23oC. Maximum tuberization occurs at 20oC. Tuber formation stops
completely at about 29-30oC.
Varieties: The varieties of potato are categorized into three groups on the basis of their
maturity. The important cultivars recommended for cultivation in different parts of India
are as under:

Early varieties: These varieties are ready for harvest in 70-80 days such as Kufri
Ashoka, Kufri Chandermukhi, Kufri Jawahar, and Kufri Lauvkar.
Main season varieties: They are ready for harvest in 90-95 days. Among the white
coloured varieties, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Sutlej, Kufri Pukhraj, Kufri Megha, Kufri
Badshah, Kufri Anand, Kufri Bahar, Kufri Sadabahar, Kufri Deva, Kufri Sherpa,
Kufri Swarna, Kufri Shailza, Kufri Surya, Kufri Himalini, Kufri Girdhari and Kufri
Khyati are important.
Late varieties: Kufri Jeevan, Kufri Neelamani, Kufri Khasigaro, Kufri Naveen
Varieties for processing: Kufri Chipsona 1, Kufri Chipsona 2, Kufri Chipsona 3, and
Kufri Himsona
AGRONOMIC PRACTICES: when the crop is about a month old followed by earthing up. Pre-emergence
Soil preparation and planting: A well prepared soil provides sufficient room for the application of fluchloralin@ 1 kg a.i. per ha or alachlor @ 1 kg a.i. per ha or
development of tubers and also helps to retain moisture. The fields are ploughed to a pendimethalin @ 1.8 kg a.i. per ha or atrazine @ 1.0 kg a.i. per ha can effectively
depth of20-35 cm first with soil turning plough and afterwards by 4 to 5 ploughings control the weeds. Post emergence application (only 5-10% plant emergence) of
with country plough/disc harrow. Clods must be broken to make the field well paraquat @ 0.36 kg a.i. per ha is also effective. Application of Tok-e-25 @ 2.5kg a.i.
pulverized and leveled per ha as post emergence application at about 2-3 leaf stage is also helpful in
managing the weeds.
Planting time
Irrigation: Pre-planting irrigation is advantageous for uniform germination. Second
Region Season Planting time Harvesting time irrigation is given after about a week and subsequent as and when required. Light and
North western plains (Jammu, Punjab, Western U.P., Haryana, Early Mid-Sept Mid Nov-Dec frequent irrigations are better than heavy and less frequent irrigations. Water is
Rajasthan, Plains of M.P Autumn Mid Oct Feb-March applied effectively and economically at critical stages in crop development i.e. stolon
Spring Jan April formation, tuber initiation and tuber development stages of the crop. Irrigation is
North Central Plains Winter Mid-Oct Feb-March stopped about 10 days before harvesting of crop to allow firming of tuber skin.

Harvesting: The crop is harvested when it is fully matured which can be

Seed Rate: 25-35 q/ha characterized byYellowing of haulms and no pulling out of skin on rubbing of tubers.
Potato is traditionally propagated through tubers. The eyes on the tuber surface At the time of harvesting, field should not be too wet nor too dry. Tractor operated
contain potato diggers are available for digging the tubers from the fields.
axillary buds. The tubers have a dormancy of nearly 8-10 weeks after harvesting. The
axillary buds on the tubers start germinating by producing sprouts only when this Yield:
dormancy is over. The sprouted tubers put up fast and vigorous growth when planted
Early varieties 200 q/ha
in the soil.
Late varieties 300 q/ha
Seed size and Spacing: Proper combination of seed size and spacing is essential to PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
get Potato
the required number of stems per unit area. It can be obtained by planting 40-50 g 1. Hollow heart: It is caused by rapid growth of tubers. Tubers become oversized and
tuber with 40-50 mm diameter at a spacing of 45-60 cm between rows and 20-25 cm remain empty inside leading to the formation of cavity in the centre with the death of
between the tubers with in the rows. Large tubers are cut into pieces and each should the small area of pith cells. This results in adjacent cracks and hollowness as the
contain atleast 1-2 eyes. Tuber cutting is not recommended especially for the centre expands during the growth of the potato. Maintain soil moisture conditions to
production of a seed crop as it transmits viruses and bacteria the optimum level. Avoid over fertilization particularly nitrogen. Grow those varieties
which are less prone to this defect.
Methods of Planting: Ridge and furrow method is the most popular method carried 2. Black heart: It is caused by sub-oxidation conditions under potato tuber storage as
out manually or mechanically. Care should be taken that seed tubers should not come there is no aeration in the centre of the piles. Due to high temperature and excessive
in direct contact with fertilizers. In mechanical method, furrows are made with the moisture, blackening of tissues in the centre occur. The appearance of the tuber affect
help of tractor drawn 2-4 row marker cum fertilizer drills so as to apply fertilizer in the consumers otherwise there is no decay. Provide proper ventilation. Keep potato
one sequence. This is followed by planting of tubers with the help of 2-4 row planter- tubers in layers. Do not store tubers in the heap.
cum-ridger. 3. Greening: The various factors which increase the glycoalkaloid contents are
Manures and fertilizers: Apply farmyard manure @100q/ha at the time of field mechanical injury, premature harvest, and excessive application of fertilizers or
preparation. Fertilizer dose varies depending upon the fertility of the soil. However, exposure of tubers to sunlight. High glycoalkaloid contents lead to solanin production
fertilizers are applied @ [Link] kg N: P2O5: K2O /ha, respectively. Full dose of which is slightly poisonous. Proper earthing up of tubers as the tuber formation takes
farmyard manure, phosphorus and potassium and half of N should be applied at the place. Store tubers in darkness after digging up.
time of planting. Remaining part of N should be top dressed at the time of earthing up
for effective utilization by the crop. 4. Knobbiness: It occurs due to uneven growth of tuber cells/tissues. Uneven
Interculture and weed control: Mulching helps in conserving soil moisture, watering conditions lead to an obstruction in tuber growth. Heavy irrigation after a
reducing soil temperature and inducing quick germination. Local available materials long dry spell leads to fast growth of some cells and as a result knobs are formed.
such as pine needles or leaf litters are quite effective in controlling run off losses and Ensure frequent and optimum irrigation.
conserving moisture. Weeds are effectively managed by cultural or chemical methods 5. Cracking: It is due to boron deficiency or uneven water supply. Application of
or combination of both methods. Weeds can be managed by hoeing and weeding Borax @ 20kg/ha. Ensure frequent and optimum irrigation.

6. Sun scalding: It occurs, generally, in the autumn crop when both the temperature
and sunshine are high. Emergence of sprouts and leaflets is drastically affected at that
time leading to tip burn. It appears when temperature is more than 30oC. Water
should be passed through the furrows to lower the soil temperature.
7. Black spot: It means the internal browning of potato tubers. It occurs in vascular
tissues with in 3 days of mechanical injury. Phenols are related to black spot in potato
tubers. Genetic make up of the varieties. Provide proper storage and growing
conditions.
8. Freezing injury: It occurs due to the exposure of tubers to freezing temperature
during or after harvest. It takes place at -1.5oC or below temperature. There is
discolouration of the tissues and affect the vascular tissues at the ring and this is called
as called ring necrosis and when fine elements or cells of vascular ring are affected, Lecture: 16
then it is called as net necrosis. Freezing injury render tubers unmarketable. Tubers
AMARANTH
show more damage towards proximal end. Avoid exposure of tubers to freezing
temperature during storage or harvest. Botanical Name: Amaranthus Sp.
9. Sprouting: It is often a serious problem in storage. It can be inhibited by spraying Family: Amaranthaceae
borax or iron sulphate @ 1000-1500 ppm about 2-3 weeks before harvesting. Origin: India
Chemicals like Chloro IPC (N-tetra chloro isopropyl carbonate) @ 0.5% and/or
Chromosome No.
nomyl/amyl alcohol @ 0.05-0.12mg/ha also help in inhibiting sprouting. Cultivated species of amaranth include Amaranthus dubius, A. tricolour, A.
tristis and A. blitum. A dubius is a tetraploid species having chromosome
number 2n = 4x = 64. All other species are diploid. A tristis and A. blitum
have chromosome number 2n = 2x = 32 where as A. tricolour has
chromosome number 2n = 2x = 34.

Introduction
Amaranth also known as pigweed and used primarily as potherb, is the
most common leafy vegetable grown during summer and rainy seasons in
tropical Asia and Africa. The leaves are usually green but they are
sometimes blotched with brownish purple. Amaranth is unique in many
respects. It fits well in multiple cropping systems because of its short
duration and large yield per unit area. Whole young plants can be uprooted
and harvested within a month after sowing or young tender leaves and
shoots can be harvested continuously from established plants over several
months. It is easy to cultivate in kitchen garden and on large scale, it
responds favourably to fertilizers and organic matter and more than one
crop can be grown in one year.
There are two types of amaranth, the leafy type and the grain type.
However, there is no distinct separation between the two types as the young
leaves of grain types are also eaten as greens. Among the leafy types, A.
tricolour L. is the main cultivated species in India. Other cultivated species
are A. blitum, A tristis and A. dubius.

Amaranth is a rich source of protein, vitamins A and C; minerals,

especially calcium and iron; and dietary fiber. Amaranth protein is rich in
lysine (5 per cent of total protein) and sulfur containing amino acids (4.4
per cent of total protein), both deficient in many vegetables and cereals. It Arka Suguma (IIHR, Bangalore)
can play an important role in meeting nutrient requirement of under- It has been developed by pure line selection from an exotic material
nourished population of tropical regions. Their moderately high level of introduced from Taiwan. Leaves are light green, succulent and broad. First
oxalic acid inhibits the absorptoion of calcium and also means that they harvesting is possible 20-30 days after sowing and total of 5-6 cuttings are
should be eaten in moderation by the people suffering from kidney possible. Average yield is 250-300 quintals per hectare. It is moderately
disorders. However, oxalate levels are significantly reduced by steaming or resistant to white rust.
boiling for about 10 minutes, which does not significantly reduce nutrient
levels. Per 100 g amaranth contains 85.7 per cent moisture, 4.0 g protein, A. dubius
0.5 g fat, 6.1 g carbohydrates, 9108 IU vitamin A, 0.03 mg thiamin, 0.30
mg riboflavin, 1.2 mg niacin, 99 mg ascorbic acid, 397 mg calcium, 83 mg Co.1 (TNAU, Coimbatore)
phosphorus and 25.5 mg iron. This cultivar has been developed by selection from a local type. The leaves
are dark green and broad with ridged appearance; stem is dark green, round
and succulent. It lacks initial vigour but make rapid growth after about one
Uses month of sowing. It is especially suitable for late harvesting. Its average
Amaranth is a leafy vegetable and cooked as a potherb. It is an excellent yield is 70 quintals per hectare.
hot weather substitute for spinach beet and spinach. It is also grown as a
A. tristis
high protein grain crop. The grain amaranths are popped or parched and
milled to make flour or gruel. A. tricolour is an ornamental and is often Co.3 (TNAU, Coimbatore)
grown in flower gardens. Yellow and green dyes are extracted from A.
The cultivar has also been developed by selection from a local type. This is
tricolour
suitable for clipping of tender greens. This is also locally named as
Araikeerai in Tamil. First clipping is possible 20 days after sowing and
total of about ten clippings spread over three months are obtained. The leaf:
Improved Varieties
stem ratio is high and this enhances the palatability of cooked vegetable. Its
A. tricolour average yield is 307 quintals per hectare.

Co. 2 (TNAU, Coimbatore) A. blitum

It has been developed through selection from a local material. This cultivar Pusa Chhoti Chulai (IARI, New Delhi)
is particularly suited for early harvest. Its leaves are glossy green,
It was developed through selection from a local material. Its plants are
lanceolate, slightly elongated and stem is green and succulent. Its average
erect, dwarf with thin stem; leaves are small, green in colour; responds well
yield is 100 quintals per hectare.
to cutting. It is best suited for early summer and can be grown in rainy
Co. 5 (TNAU, Coimbatore) season also.
It has been developed through selection from an introduced material. The Pusa Kirti (IARI, New Delhi)
leaves are double shaded (green and pink) and have rosette appearance in
It was developed through selection from the material introduced from
early stages. The stem is tender and consumable. First harvesting is
Tamil Nadu and is suitable for summer season cultivation. The leaves are
possible 25 day after sowing. Average yield is 400 quintals per hectare.
green, broad with ovate lamina. First harvesting is possible 30-35 days
Pusa Badi Chulai (IARI, New Delhi) after sowing. It is heavy yielder and average yield is 500 quintals per
hectare.
It has been developed through selection from a local material. Its stem is
thick and green; leaves are large and green; responds to cutting and has Climate
longer growing period. First cutting is possible 35 days after sowing. It is
Amaranthus is a widely adapted genus. Though, a warm season crop
best suited for summer season.
adapted to the conditions of hot, humid tropics, but is also suitable for
Pusa Kiran (IARI, New Delhi) temperate climate during summer. Amaranth prefers temperature between
25-30 C and is susceptible to frost. Seed germination
It has been developed from the naturally occurring inter-specific cross
between A. tricolour A. tristis. Pusa Kiran has predominantly the is quicker and better when soil temperature is 20 C or above. Amaranthus
characteristics of A. tricolour. The species, which grow under varying climatic conditions, differ in their day
length requirements and respond differently to changes in photo and
leaves and stem are glossy green. First harvesting is possible 20-25 days
thermo-periodism. However, most species will flower when day lengths are
after sowing. It is a heavy yielder and is suitable for cultivation in rainy
shorter than 12 hours.
season. Average yield is 350 quintals per hectare.
Soil

Amaranth is susceptible to water logging, so well drained fertile loamy The general practice of harvesting amaranth is that the plants are pulled as
soils are ideal for its cultivation. The ideal soil pH range is between 5.5 to a whole, washed and sent to the market as tender greens. However, it is
7.5, but some strains of Amaranth can be grown in soils with pH as high as advantageous to make periodical cuttings of this crop. The first cutting is
10.0. Since the crop is directly sown and the seed size is small, the seedbed done 3-4 weeks after sowing and subsequent cuttings are made at weekly
should be thoroughly prepared and free from weeds and clods. intervals in ‘Chhoti Chulai’ and 10-day intervals in ‘Badi Chulai’. To
reduce water loss from leaf surface, harvest during cooler part of the day
Sowing Time, Seed Rate and Spacing
such as early morning or late afternoon.
Amaranth is planted either by direct seeding or transplanting. In North
India, summer crop is sown in February to March and the rainy season crop Yield
in June-July. In South India, amaranth is sown almost throughout the year.
Depending upon the variety and the growing conditions, yield in amaranth
The seed is sown by broadcast method or by drilling in lines 20-30 cm
apart, depending upon the variety. In the South, there is a practice of varies from 100-400 quintals per hectare.
transplanting amaranth especially the variety ‘Badi Chulai’ either as a pure Lecture: 17
crop or along the border of beds of other vegetables. When sowing direct,
PALAK
seed should be mixed either with fine soil or sand for its even
distribution. Because of its small seed size, shallow sowing, about 1-1.5 Botanical name: Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis
cm deep, is recommended. Plant spacing within the rows is maintained at Chromosome N0. : 18
about 10 cm at the time of thinning. Seed rate is about 2 kg per hectare for Origin: Indo-China
direct sowing and 1 kg per hectare for transplanted crop. Family : Chenopodiaceae
Manures and Fertilizers Introduction
Although amaranth is usually grown on marginal lands, application of Spinach beet is also known by other names like leaf beet, beet palak,
fertilizers considerably improves the yields. For optimum yields, apply palak etc. It is one of the most important leafy vegetables of tropical and
twenty-five tonnes of FYM, 50 kg nitrogen, 50 kg phosphorus and 20 kg sub-tropical regions. The leaves are long with entire margins and long
potash per hectare at the time of field preparation. For clipping type of petioles. It is closely related to beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and Swiss chard
amaranth (Co. 3), a higher fertilizer dose of 75 kg nitrogen and 25 kg per (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) and is a good substitute for spinach. It is rich
hectare each of phosphorus and potash is recommended. Excessive source of vitamins A and C and also contains appreciable amounts of
nitrogen application is not desirable as it leads to nitrate accumulation in protein, calcium and iron. Per 100 g leaves constitute 86.6 per cent
leaves. moisture, 3.4 g protein, 0.8 g fat,
6.6 g carbohydrates, 5862 IU vitamin A, 0.26 mg thiamin, 0.56 mg
riboflavin, 3.3 mg niacin, 70 mg ascorbic acid, 380 mg calcium, 30 mg
phosphorus and 16 mg iron. However, because of its high oxalates content,
Irrigation
people suffering from kidney stones are advised to restrict its consumption.
Amaranth is fairly tolerant to soil moisture stress and does not require as
much irrigation water as other leafy vegetables. For transplanted crop, first Uses
irrigation is given as early as possible. For direct sown crop, there should Spinach beet is primarily used as potherb. ‘Palak-paneer’, beet leaves stir-
be sufficient moisture in the soil. Otherwise, apply first irrigation fried with paneer (a fresh, pressed whole milk cheese) is a favourite Indian
immediately after sowing. Under assured irrigation conditions, subsequent dish. It is also reported to be mildly laxative. The leaves mixed with gram
irrigations are applied at 5-7 day intervals during summer. During rainy flour batter (besan) are fried to make pakoras, a north Indian delicacy.
season, irrigation is given only if rains fail. As a rule, the fields should be
irrigated if wilting occurs at noon time.
Improved Varieties
Weed Control
Weeding is important especially in early stages of crop growth due to its Punjab Green (PAU, Ludhiana)
small seed size and slow early growth. It is therefore important to sow It has been developed by selection from a local material. Plants are semi-
the crop in finely prepared seedbed. Weed control in amaranth is erect; leaves are succulent, shining dark green, thick, long and broad and
achieved by cultivation, hand weeding and by management of plant free from sourness. There is mild purple pigment on the stem. First cutting
populations using narrow row spacings. Narrow spacing helps to control is possible 30 days after sowing. It is slow bolter and has low oxalic acid.
the weeds by shading effect. Manually, one or two weedings are Average yield is 300 quintals per hectare.
adequate to keep weeds under check.
All Green (IARI, New Delhi)
Harvesting
It has been developed by selection from a local material. The leaves are
 green and tender. A total of 6-7 cuttings at 15-20 day intervals are possible. yields.
Average yield is 120 quintals per hectare.
Soil
Pusa Harit (IARI, Katrain) Spinach beet can be grown on any soil having good fertility and
The variety was developed from an inter-specific cross involving sugar proper drainage but sandy-loam soil is most suitable. Although, it can
beet and Local Palak. Leaves are upright, green, thick, large and crinkled. It tolerate slightly alkaline soil but superior yields of better quality leaves
is a heavy yielder and has very late bolting habit. First cutting is possible are produced in neutral soils having soil pH around 7.0.
40-50 days after sowing. Average yield is 150-200 quintals per hectare.
Sowing Time, Seed Rate and Spacing
Pusa Jyoti (IARI, New Delhi) The main sowing season in plains is from last week of August to second
It has been developed by polyploidy breeding using colchicine for doubling week of November. In places with mild climate, it can be grown
chromosome number of the cultivar ‘All Green’. Its leaves are large sized, throughout the year. In hilly regions, spinach beet is sown from March to
thick, tender, dark green, succulent and crisp. Plants are very vigorous, May. To improve germination, soak seed in water overnight before sowing.
quick growing and regenerate quickly after each cutting. It gives 6-8 Sowing is done either by broadcast method or by line sowing. Line sowing
cuttings and yields about 490 quintals per hectare. is more desirable as it facilitates weeding, hoeing and harvesting. Line
Pusa Bharati (IARI, New Delhi) spacing is maintained at 20 cm and thinning is done to maintain plant
spacing within lines at about 5 cm. Seed rate varies from 10-15 kg for
It has been developed by selection from the variety Pusa Jyoti. The leaves
winter crop and 25-30 kg for summer crop.
are green, tender, cordate-shaped, about 25 cm long and 15 cm broad. First
harvesting is possible 30-40 days after sowing. It is rich in vitamin C and Manures and Fertilizers
-carotene content. Average yield is 500 quintals per hectare.
Being a leafy vegetable, it requires more nitrogen for crown growth. It is
Jobner Green (University of Udaipur, Jobner) better to apply fertilizer based on the soil analysis. In the absence of soil
It has been developed by selection from a spontaneous mutation identified test, PAU recommends 25 tonnes of farmyard manure, along with 90 kg
from a local material, ‘Selection No. 5’. Leaves are green, thick, large and nitrogen and 30 kg phosphorus per hectare. Whole of FYM and phosphorus
tender with entire margin and strong flavour. Average yield is 300 quintals and half of nitrogen is applied at the time of seedbed preparation. The
per hectare. remaining half nitrogen is applied in two split doses, one after each
cutting followed by a light irrigation.
HS 23 (HAU, Hisar)
It has been developed by mass selection from a local material. Leaves are Irrigation
dark green, large, thick, tender and juicy. It is a quick growing variety and In case of insufficient soil moisture, apply first irrigation immediately after
is ready for first cutting 30 days after sowing. A total of 6-8 cuttings at sowing. Subsequent irrigations are given at an interval of 4-6 days during
two-week intervals can be obtained. summer and 10-12 days during winter. The rainy season crop does not
require much irrigation.
Arka Anupama (IIHR, Bangalore)
It has been developed by selection from the cross IIHR 10 IIHR 8. Harvesting
Leaves are medium large, dark green, succulent, crinkled and attractive. It The crop is ready for harvesting about four weeks after sowing. Subsequent
has vigorous initial growth, regenerates faster and is a slow bolter. First cuttings are taken at an interval of 20-25 days depending upon variety and
cutting is possible 35 days after sowing and subsequent at 10- 12 day season. In summer only one cutting is taken. Early morning harvesting is
intervals. Average yield is 410 quintals per hectare. It is resistant to avoided if there is dew on the crop.
Cercospora leaf spot disease.
Yield
Ooty 1 (TNAU, Ooty) Depending upon growing season, variety and other environmental factors,
It has been developed by selection from the material introduced from yield in spinach beet varies from 250 to 450 quintals per hectare. Yield and
Himachal Pradesh. Leaves are green, 50-60 cm long, 8-10 cm broad. First quality of leaves are affected adversely if harvesting is delayed. Winter
harvesting is possible 45 days after sowing and subsequent four cuttings at crop gives more cuttings and therefore higher yield than the summer crop.
15-day intervals. Average yield is 150 quintals per hectare.

Climate
Although spinach beet is a winter season crop, but can be grown
throughout the year under mild temperature conditions. It can tolerate
frost better than other vegetables. It can also tolerate warm weather but
high temperature leads to premature bolting without giving economic

Lecture: 18

Perennial Vegetables
➢ Perennial vegetables—crops that you plant just once and harvest year after year
➢ Perennial vegetables are those vegetables that are perennial meaning the plants can live Drumstick(Moringa oleifera)
more than 2 years.
➢ Perennial vegetables are an integral part of many cultural diets around the words,
particularly in tropical agriculture.
Bread fruit (Artocarpus altilis)

❖ It is also known as multipurpose tree or miracle tree.

❖ Chromosome no.: 28
❖ Family: Moringaceae
❖ Native: Africa
❖ Edible portion: Pods and sometimes leaves
❖ Native: Malaysia ❖ Flower colour: White or creamy white
❖ Chromosome no. : 2n=56
❖ Family: Moraceae ❖ Drumstick seeds contain an oil called ben oil or behen oil
❖ Edible portion: Fruit
❖ Optimum temperature: 25-35 degree centigrade
❖ It is a rich source of carbohydrates, calcium and fair source of vitamin A and B. ❖ Varieties: Jaffna, Moolanoor, Murangai, Kodikal Murangai, KM-1. PKM-1, PKM-2
❖ Propagation: Limb cutting, seeds
❖ Climate: Warm humid tropical climate with plenty of rainfall
❖ Harvesting: Pods are ready to harvest after 60 days
❖ Optimum temperature: 15.5-37 degree centigrade
❖ Yield: 200-500 fruits/tree/year
❖ Yellow Heart is the popular variety
❖ Sport is the seeded variety of
❖ Propagation: By seed, root cutting, air layering of root and suckers.
❖ Tree starts bearing from the 5 or 6 year after planting.
❖ Fruits are ready for harvest 60-90 days after emergence.
❖ Yield: One tree bears 50-100 fruits weighing 25-50 Kg annually.
 ❖ Family: Dioscoreacea
Cassava(Manihot esculenta) ❖ Dioesgenin is present
❖ Edible portion: Tubers
❖ Optimum temperature: 25-30 degree centigrade
❖ Varieties: Sree Keertbi, Sree Roopa, Sree Shilpa, Sree Latba
❖ Propagation: Tuber pieces
❖ Double harvesting is practiced in yam
❖ Yield: 200-400q/ha

Asparagus(Asparagus officinalis)
❖ Chromosome no. :36,72
❖ Family: Euphorbiaceae
❖ Native: Brazil
❖ Cassava byproduct: Sago
❖ Toxic substance present: Cyanide or Hydrocyanic acid
❖ Yellow colour of flesh due to the presence of carotene
❖ Propagation: seeds, stem cutting called as stakes or setts
❖ Varieties: H-97, H-165, H-226, Sree Vishakam, Sree Sahya, Sree Prakash
❖ Optimum temperature: 25-30 degree centigrade
❖ Chromosome number: 20
❖ Family: Liliaceae
❖ Edible part: Tender shoots called Spears are used as vegetable
❖ Origin: Europe, Asia
Yam(Dioscorea species)
❖ It is dioecious in nature
❖ White crystalline substances : Asparagine
❖ Propagation: Through seeds or crown
❖ Green coloured spears are more popular and produce for fresh market
❖ Light green or white spears are used mainly for processing
❖ Optimum temperature: 16-24 degree centigrade
❖ Varieties: Perfection, Selection-841, Palmetto, Aggent evil
❖ Seed rate: 2-3 Kg/ha
❖ Yield: 25-40q/ha

❖ Blanching: To obtain the whitish spears particularly for canning purpose, cover the plants
with soil up to a height of 25-30 cm

Rhubarb(Rheum rhaponticum)

Globe artichoke(Cynara scolymus)

❖ Chromosome Number: 44
❖ Family: Polygonaceae
❖ Chromosome number: 34 ❖ Origin: Asia(Siberia)
❖ Family: Compositae ❖ Edible portion: large thick leaf stalks and petiole
❖ Edible portion: Flower bud
❖ It’s a cold resistant plant
❖ Origin: Mediterranean region
❖ It is a acid tolerant vegetable
❖ It is a self pollinated crop
❖ Propagation: Division of crown
❖ The main active components of this plants are mono and dicaffeoyguinic acid.
❖ Varieties: Strawberry, Mcdonald, Valentine, Victoria, Cherry Red
❖ It has high content of poly unsaturated fatty acids. ❖ Flowers are protandrous

❖ The thick receptacles of flower bud is known as ‘heart’ which is used for canning
❖ Varieties: Green Globe, Purple Globe. Buli, Spinora Sarda. Imperial Star. Chow Chow(Sechium Edule)
❖ Propagation: Seeds and by suckers
❖ Optimum temperature: 12-18 degree centigrade
❖ It is useful for the person suffering from diabetes as flower buds contain insulin
❖ Sowing time: August-October –in plains
❖ March-May-in hills
❖ Average yield: 10-12 t/ha

❖ Family: Cucurbitaceae
❖ Monoecious in nature
❖ Single seeded fruit Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberoses)
❖ The fruit is vivipary in nature
❖ Unripe fruits are used as vegetable
❖ Optimum temp:18-22 degree centigrade
❖ Yield: 25-35 tonnes/ha

Curry leaf(Murraya koenigii) ❖ Chromosome number: 102

❖ Family: Compositae
❖ Edible part: Tuber
❖ It is a commercial source of levulose used as sweetning agent by diabetic patients

Seakale(Crambe maritime)

❖ Family: Rutaceae
❖ Edible portion : leaves
❖ Chromosome Number: 18
❖ Richest source of Calcium
❖ Family: Cruciferae
❖ It is a self pollinated crop ❖ Edible portion: Young leaves and shoots
❖ Ksenigin and muragin are crystalline glucosides present in leaves and flowers,
respectively
Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)
❖ Varieties: DWD-1,DWD-2, Suwasini
❖ Propagation: Through seeds and root suckers
❖ Planting time: May-June
❖ Yield: 20-25 t of leaves/ha

❖ Family: Polygonaceae
❖ Chromosome number: 14,28,42 ❖ It is known as 21st century vegetable and multivitamin green.
❖ Sorrel is a perennial herb with tart, lemon-flavored leaves used for soups, salads, and ❖ Family: Euphorbiaceae
sauces. ❖ Native: Indo-Burma
❖ Edible portion: Leaves and tender shoots
❖ Leaves contain small amounts of oxalic acid
❖ Propagation: Seeds and stem cutting
❖ Seed rate: 1 lakh cuttings/ha
❖ It is a highly cross pollinated crop
Horse radish(Armoracia rusticana) ❖ Yield: 30-50tonnes/ha

Ceylon Spinach (Talinum triangulare)

❖ Chromrosome number: 32
❖ Family: Cruciferae
❖ Fleshy cylindrical roots are used
❖ Native: Brazil
❖ Pungency is due to the presence of allyl isothiocynates and butyl thiocynate. ❖ Family: Portulacaceae

❖ Propagation: Root cutting and by suckers ❖ It is also known as water leaf.

❖ Edible part: Leaves and tender shoots

Chekurmanis (Sauropus androgynus) ❖ It is a short day and shade loving plant

❖ It is a soft mucilaginous leafy vegetable
❖ It is highly self pollinated crop Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis)
❖ Propagation: Seeds or herbaceous stem cuttings.

Basella (Basella Sp.)

❖ It is also known as Indian spinach, Malabar spinach,

❖ It is also known as little gourd, kundru, tondali, scarlet gourd
❖ Malabar night shade
❖ Chromosome number: 24 ❖ Family: Cucurbitaceae
❖ Origin: South Africa ❖ Chromosome number: 24
❖ Family: Basellaceae ❖ It is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, vitamin A and C
❖ Gintjoo: A bright red juice made from Basella ❖ Origin: India
❖ Edible Portion: Succulent leaves with petiole ❖ It is grown for its young and tender green fruits which are used as salad or cooked.
❖ Two species generally grown: ❖ It is a perennial dioecious plant.
❖ Basella alba: Dark green and round to oval leaves ❖ Vegetative parthenocarpy is found
❖ Basella rubra: Red colourleaves and stem ❖ Climate: Warm and humid climate with an ideal temperature of 20-30 degree centigrade.
❖ Propagation: Through seeds but stem and root cuttings are also used ❖ Improved varieties: Indira Kundru 5 and Indira Kundru 35
❖ Seed rate: 12-15 Kg/ha ❖ Propagation: It is propagated by stem cutting and tuberous root.
❖ Yield: 15-20 t/ha ❖ Yield: 100-125q/ha