Surveying and leveling assignment 1
Q1. Define Surveying. Give objectives of Surveying.
Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative positions of points on, above,
or beneath the surface of the Earth, and presenting this information in a usable form, such
as maps, plans, and charts.
Objectives of Surveying:
• To determine the relative positions of existing features on the Earth's surface.
• To prepare maps and plans that represent the area being surveyed.
• To establish boundaries of land plots and provide data for engineering projects like
roads, dams, and buildings.
• To compute areas, volumes, and other quantitative aspects of land.
• To layout construction projects by determining the precise locations of structures,
roads, and other facilities.
Q2. Write various uses of Surveying.
Surveying is used in various fields, including:
• Construction: To plan, design, and execute construction projects like buildings,
bridges, roads, and dams.
• Mapping and Cartography: To create maps that represent land, water bodies, and
other physical features.
• Land Division: To establish property boundaries, subdivide lands, and manage land
records.
• Agriculture: For land leveling, irrigation planning, and farm management.
• Mining: To determine the volume of mineral deposits and layout mining operations.
• Transportation: To design and build transportation systems like roads, railways,
and airports.
Q3. Explain principles of surveying with a sketch.
Principles of Surveying:
1. Working from Whole to Part: Begin by establishing a framework of control points
and then survey details within this framework. This ensures errors are confined to
smaller areas.
2. Location of a Point by Measurement from Two Points of Reference: Use at least
two reference points (usually established by triangulation) to determine the position
of a new point.
A sketch illustrating these principles would include:
• A framework of control points marked on a map.
• The process of subdividing this area into smaller sections.
• An example of locating a new point by measuring from two known points.
Q4. Give Classification of Surveying.
Surveying can be classified based on different criteria:
3. Based on Nature of the Survey:
o Geodetic Surveying: For large areas, considering the curvature of the Earth.
o Plane Surveying: For small areas where the Earth's curvature is negligible.
4. Based on Object of Survey:
o Topographical Survey: To determine the natural features of the land.
o Cadastral Survey: To determine property boundaries and land divisions.
o Engineering Survey: For the planning and design of engineering projects.
5. Based on Instruments Used:
o Chain Surveying: Using chains or tapes.
o Compass Surveying: Using a compass and a chain.
o Theodolite Surveying: Using a theodolite for measuring angles.
Q5. Define Scale. State Characteristics of an ideal scale.
Scale is the ratio of the distance on a map or drawing to the corresponding distance on the
ground. It represents how much the real world is reduced to fit on the map or drawing.
Characteristics of an Ideal Scale:
• Accuracy: The scale should represent true distances and proportions without
distortion.
• Clarity: The scale should be easy to read and understand.
• Flexibility: The scale should be versatile, allowing for easy conversion between
map and real-world distances.
• Simplicity: The scale should be simple enough to be used by various users,
including those without specialized knowledge.
Q6. State types of scales. Discuss Representative Fraction (R.F.).
Types of Scales:
6. Plain Scale: For measuring units in one dimension (e.g., meters, kilometers).
7. Diagonal Scale: For measuring small subdivisions of a unit (e.g., centimeters).
8. Vernier Scale: For precise measurements, often used in theodolites and
micrometers.
9. Comparative Scale: Used to compare two different units of measurement (e.g.,
inches to centimeters).
10. Graphical Scale: A line or bar scale drawn on the map for easy reference.
Q7. A plan represents an area of 14143 sq.m. and measures 8.5 cm x 6.5 cm on the
map. Find out R.F. of the scale.
Solution:
Q8. Construct diagonal scale for R.F. = 1/300 and measure 23.7 m length on diagonal
scale.
Solution:
11. Constructing the Diagonal Scale:
o Choose the length of the scale to represent a certain unit (e.g., 30 cm to
represent 300 meters).
o Mark equal divisions on the scale to represent smaller units (e.g., every 1 cm
for 10 meters).
o At the left end, draw vertical lines and divide them diagonally to create a
diagonal scale.
12. Measuring 23.7 m:
o Locate the 20-meter mark on the main scale.
o From this mark, move 3 full divisions (3 meters) on the scale.
o Finally, locate the 0.7 m mark using the diagonal divisions for precision.
This will give you the exact 23.7 meters measurement on the diagonal scale.
