BFDI-071

Fundamentals of
Indira Gandhi National Open University
School of Vocational Education and Training Fashion Design

Practical Workbook 1 5
ACTIVITY 1
Types of Tools and Equipment for Drawing 7

ACTIVITY 2
Elements of Design 14

ACTIVITY 3
Principles of Design 22

ACTIVITY 4
Fashion Sketching, Grament Components and Categories 35

ACTIVITY 5
CAD - Photoshop 45
EXPERT COMMITTEE
Prof. Anjali Karolia Mr. Vijay Mathur Dr.R S P Singh
Professor and Director, Ex-Additional Secretary Associate Professor
Institute of Fashion Technology General APEC, New Delhi SOVET, IGNOU
M.S. University Vadodara New Delhi
Dr. Rachna Mohan
Vadodara, Gujrat Ms Urshla Kant
Associate Professor
Dr, Veena Gupta B.N. College Assistant Professor
Formerly Faculty University of Delhi SOVET, IGNOU
Lady Irwin College Delhi New Delhi
University of Delhi, Delhi Ms. Bhawana Khattar
Ms. Seema Mahajan
Ms. Nandita Abraham Dean-Academic Pearl Academy, Delhi
President Governance Pearl Academy, Prof. (Dr.) Ashok K Gaba
Pearl Academy, Delhi Delhi Director
Prof. Banhi Jha Dr. Indu Gupta SOVET, IGNOU
NIFT, Delhi Centre Manager J D IFT New Delhi
Hauz Khas, Delhi

COURSE PREPARATION TEAM

Course Contributors Unit Design and Course Coordination
Mr Prasanna Baruah Dr.RSP Singh
Pearl Academy Delhi SOVET, IGNOU
Activity 1 to 3
Programme Coordination
Ms Swati Agarwal
Format Editing Prof.(Dr.) Ashok K Gaba
Pearl Academy Delhi Programme Coordinator
Activity 4 and 5 Dr. R.S.P. Singh
Content Editor Programme Co-Coordinator

Prof. Banhi Jha Ms Urshla Kant

NIFT Delhi Programme Co-Coordinator
Format Editing Proof Reading
Dr.R.S.P. Singh
Associate Professor Dr. Divya Ojha
SOVET, IGNOU, New Delhi Academic Associate
Fashion Design
SOVET, IGNOU

PRODUCTION TEAM
Mr. Tilak Raj Mr. Yashpal
Asst. Registrar (Publication) Section Officer (Publication)
MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi

October, 2020
Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2020
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other
means, without permission in writing from the Indira Gandhi National Open University.
Further information on the Indira Gandhi National Open University courses may be obtained from
the University's office at Maidan Garhi, New Delhi.
Printed and published on behalf of the Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi by the
Registrar, MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi.
Laser Typeset by Tessa Media & Computers, C-206, A.F.E.-II, Okhla, New Delhi.
BLOCK INTRODUCTION

The Block 4 titled Practical Work Book 1. This workbook will help you to improve
your drawing skills by exploring options of various paper as well as colour
mediums. The various exercises planned in the workbook will help you to
understand various elements and principles of design. Through drawing and
sketching you will be able to explore their synergy.

We have given answers to all the exercises/activities.

Hope you benefit from this block.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The material (pictures and passages) we have used is purely for educational
purposes. Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders of material
reproduced in this book. Should any infringement have occurred, the publishers
and editors apologize and will be pleased to make the necessary corrections in
future editions of this book.
4
PRACTICAL (WORKBOOK) 1

Structure
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objectives
Activity 1: Types of Tools and Equipment for Drawing
1.1 Paper
1.2 Pencil
1.3 Pen
1.4 Marker
1.5 Water Soluble Colours
1.6 Brushes
1.7 Eraser, Sharpener, Scale, Colour Palette
Activity 2: Elements of Design
2.1 Line
2.2 Shape
2.3 Texture
2.4 Space
2.5 Colour
Activity 3: Principles of Design
3.1 Balance
3.2 Emphasis
3.3 Movement
3.4 Repetition
3.5 Proportion
3.6 Rhythm
3.7 Unity
Activity 4: Fashion Sketching, Garment Components and Categories
4.1 Drawing Garment Components - Necklines, Collars, Pockets, Plackets,
Sleeves And Cuffs
4.2 Drawing Flat Sketches of Garments
4.3 Drawing Draped Garments On Fashion Figures
4.4 Understanding Fashion Figure Templates
4.5 Photo Analysis of Fashion Templates
Activity 5: Cad – Photoshop
5.1 Exploring Various Cad Tools
5.1.1 Type Tool
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 5.1.2 Adjustment Library For Creating Collage
5.1.3 Layer Masking
5.1.4 Creating Digital Painting By Exploring Pen Tool
5.1.5 Logo Design With Custom Shape Tools
5.1.6 Page Composition And Layout
5.1.7 Developing Patterns By Using Define Pattern
5.1.8 Making 3D Objects With Text Application

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Drawing or sketching is an instinctive creative activity. Some of the best ideas
start with a sketch; this enables the exploration of creative thinking. Drawing is
the preliminary pictorial representation of the design. It is a powerful creative
process that helps to conceptualize ideas, which is why sketching continues to
be an important step in the design and development process.

Fashion drawing is considered to be the designer’s handwriting. Fashion sketching

is not about high artistry; its purpose is to help in exploring and communicating
design concepts. Every budding designer should therefore, sketch the initial ideas
as the first step in the design process prior to the design development stage.
Sketching also leads to finding the best solutions to a design problem.

Fashion sketching may be limited to an imaginative level without technical details,

or may the precursor to the design of actual garments supplemented with detailed
technical specifications. It is important to understand that developing and
improving drawing skills to express design concepts both manually and through
CAD tools.

This workbook will help you to improve your drawing skills by exploring options
of various paper as well as colour mediums. The various exercises planned in the
workbook will help you to understand various elements and principles of design.
Through drawing and sketching you will be able to explore their synergy.

1.2 OBJECTIVES
After completing various activities as given in this workbook, you will be able
to:
Develop familiarity with various tools and equipment used in drawing.
Select paper that will be appropriate for the color medium.
Understand different elements and principles of design.
Improve fashion-drawing skills in terms of garment details, components
and figure templates.
Understand CAD as one of the options for further editing of manual drawings
and developing design boards as per requirement.

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ACTIVITY 1 TYPES OF TOOLS &
EQUIPMENT FOR DRAWING

Activity 1: Types of Tools & Equipment for Drawing

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Drawing is an instinctive activity to express our thoughts or ideas. As a new
learner in drawing, you can express your design ideas most effectively through
drawing techniques. For this purpose, drawing requires the selection of appropriate
tools and equipment.

Overview and Purpose: To expose you to the basics of different varieties of

drawing tools and equipment, and their various uses.

Materials: Sketchbook, Pencil, Notebook

1.1.1 Paper
Paper is the most common material for drawing. Nowadays there is a vast array
of papers available, each with its own unique characteristics. It can be handmade
or machine-made in different types of materials, weights, and surface textures
that make them suitable for different dry and wet mediums.
Cold Pressed Paper
This type of paper has a textured, uneven surface and is thicker. The absorbency
of this quality of paper is high because of the ‘bumpy’ texture. This the reason
why water and paint quickly and easily soak into the paper, making it a very
good choice for water-based coloring mediums. It is also suitable for showing
depth and texture through pencil shading.
Hot Pressed Paper
This paper has a smooth finish, appropriate for drawing and colour rendering
with dry medium such as colour pencil, wax and chalk crayons.
Cartridge Paper
This paper has a slightly grainy surface texture which makes it a convenient
choice for pencil drawings, wax crayons and water colour washes. As this paper
absorbs water quickly, there are less chances of patchy surfaces while using
water colours.
Ivory Paper
This is a very smooth, flat finish and glossy paper that lends itself to pencil
sketches, thin-nib pen outlines, inks and dry medium such as chalk pastels.
Charcoal Paper
This paper is available in a variety of surface textures, some of which are quite
pronounced and therefore enhance the textural quality of charcoal-based art. It is
a heavier and stronger paper that catches a lot of charcoal dust on its surface, and
can withstand vigorous smudged sketching and erasing with an eraser.
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 Tracing Paper

This paper is like cloudy tissue – transparent yet firm and strong. It is available
in two weights. Tracing paper is generally used as overlays and correction wherein
it is convenient to place it on top of other images and to trace it. It is also possible
to make corrections on the drawings and also to transfer drawings on new sheets.
Due to its transparent quality, it is possible to see the lines from the reverse side
and to trace the drawing on the other side.

Fig 1: Ivory paper Fig 2: Textured paper Fig 3: Tracing paper

1.1.2 Pencil
Though we often refer to the ordinary writing pencils as lead pencils, they are
actually made of graphite. The quality of the pencil is determined by the content
of graphite. As a rule, pencils with thicker lead will produce softer and darker
pencil lines. Harder lead will always give sharper line quality. Graphite can be
mixed with fillers to create different degrees of hardness. The increased or reduced
pressure on the pencil enables different qualities of dark or light lines while
drawing. Pencils are ranked on a graded scale to differentiate between harder
and softer pencils:
H - Indicates hard lead ranging from 2H to 12H. The number in front of the
letter indicates the degree of softness or hardness of the pencil. For example
a 6H pencil is harder than a 2H pencil. A 2H produces a light line and
smudges less. This quality makes it the most suitable for working on strong
paper surfaces and for making paper patterns.
B – Indicates soft lead ranging from 2B up to 12B. For example a 6B pencil is
softer than a 2B pencil. The 2B pencil is useful for initial drawings as it
leaves comparatively less impression on paper. The 6B pencil is widely
used for shading as it produces intense blackness.
HB – Indicates a blend of both hard and soft lead. HB pencils give middle value
tones of dark and light.

Fig 4: Graphite quality in pencils

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 Fig 5: Range of light and dark line

Microtip Pencil

This pencil looks like a pen but is actually a clutch pencil with ‘lead’ made of
graphite at the core. When its length becomes shorter with regular use, the length
can be extended mechanically by pushing the end with the thumb. This graphite
core ranges from hard to soft and can be refilled. The microtip pencil is a good
choice for technical and precision-based drawing and detailing as its line quality
is very consistent in terms of thickness and darkness.

Fig 6: Microtip pencil

Charcoal Pencil and Charcoal Stick

Charcoal pencil and the shorter charcoal stick are made of compressed natural
charcoal grain. At the core of the charcoal pencil is powdery charcoal ranging
from grades of very soft to hard; this produces a wide range of deepest of blacks
to medium tones to the lightest of greys. However, the charcoal stick does not
have a wood casing or ‘barrel’. This not only makes it break easily with minimum
pressure but is also more difficult to sharpen than the charcoal pencil. As charcoal
smudges easily, the completed work is often sprayed with a fixative to ‘fix’ it to
the paper.

Fig. 7: Charcoal stick 9

 Coloured Pencil

The colour pencil has a core of pigment encased in a wooden cylinder. These are
of three different types, (i) the core may be wax-based, or (ii) the core may be
oil-based, or (iii) may be water-soluble, which are also called water-coloured
pencils. Artist-grade coloured pencils are of superior quality than that of student-
grade pencils because of the differences in the amount of pigment at the core and
lightfastness of the pigment

Fig. 8: Coloured pencil

1.1.3 Pens
Pens are available in many types - gel, rollerball, felt-tip, ballpoint, and fountain
pen. The nib or point may be thin as in fine-liner pens, medium point, or broad as
in marker pens. The nib may be made of felt, metal or plastic. Pens are also
valued for their waterproof quality, which means they do not run or bleed when
used with any other medium.

Fig. 9: Pens with varying nib thicknesses

Marker Pen
There are different types of marker pens in the market. They may be (i) dry-erase
markers used on classroom whiteboards, or (ii) wet-erase markers used on
transparency sheets, or (iii) permanent markers used on non-porous surfaces
such as glass, plastic, wood, metal, and stone. Highlighters are marker pens used
to highlight portions of the written text while keeping the text readable. The felt
tip is made of compressed synthetic fibres. They are generally produced in neon
colours to enable colour coding. Markers are available in a wide range of colours,
which makes it very useful for rendering by design students.

10 Fig.10: Marker pens with varied nib edges

1.1.4 Water Soluble Colours
Water colour cakes – These are coloured cakes in circular or square shapes
available in tin boxes. When mixed with water and applied with brushes, they
produce translucent, luminous quality of hues.
Drawing Inks – These are liquids containing pigment or dye available in glass
bottles. Applied either with dip pens or brushes, inks produce transparent or
translucent hues.
Gouache – (pronounced ‘gwash’), this is thicker than water colour and available
in tubes. Applied with a brush, it produces almost opaque matte finish depending
on the amount of water added.
Poster Paints – These viscous paints with thick, creamy texture are available in
a wide range of colours in small bottles. When mixed with water and applied
with brushes, it produces a wide range of almost opaque colours.

Fig 11: Water colour cakes Fig. 12: Inks Fig 13: Gouache Inks Fig 14: Poster colours

1.1.5 Brushes
Brushes are the main hand-held tools for application of wet colour mediums.
These come in small-size, mid-size and large-size ranging from 000 to 12. The
tips of brushes may be soft or stiff. They may be made of natural animal hair
such as sable as well as synthetic fibers made of nylon or polyester. Natural
sable hair brushes are expensive because of their performance and suppleness
and are usually preferred by professional artists. Good performance of a brush
refers to the amount of paint or water that it can contain, and spread evenly on
the paper surface. Suppleness means that the brush tip should return to the proper
shape after each use and maintain that shape for a long time. Natural hair quality
brushes are considered to be best as these do not get permanently stained and
can be used for longer time. The brush tip can be round, pointed or flat in shape.
It is important to take good care of brushes by washing them after each use and
to dry them.

Figure 15: Basic shapes of brushes 11

 1.1.6 Eraser, Sharpener, Scale, Colour-mixing Palette
- Eraser is used for rubbing off the marks made by pencils on paper. It is not
only for correcting errors but also for lightening the darkness of lines to
create highlights.

- Pencil sharpener may be operated manually or battery-operated. It is useful

for sharpening the lead of a pencil when it becomes blunt.

- Scale or ruler is widely available in 12 inch/ 30 centimeters length with

markings along the edge to enable ease of measurement and to draw straight
lines. Usually made of plastic, the ruler can be made of wood and metal too.

- Colour-mixing palette is the surface on which the paint is squeezed out

and mixed. It can be made of plastic or wood.

Fig. 16: Scale, eraser, sharpener Fig. 17: Colour mixing palette

Exercise:
Answer the following questions:

1) What pencil type should be used for detailed drawings? Which kind of lead
should be used? Give reasons for your answers.
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2) Which paper type is helpful for making copy of design or making correction,
and why?
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3) Which kind of paper is appropriate for application of watercolors, and why?

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4) What are the preferred qualities of a good paintbrush, and why?

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5) Which of the following colour mediums gives translucence – Water colour

or Poster colour?
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 ACTIVITY 2 ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

2.1 LINE
2.1.1 Name the following lines according to their sequence below:

A B C D E F G

Answer: A ________________B ______________C _________________

D ________________E ______________F _________________

G ________________

2.1.2 Use any one of the lines above to depict one of the following
themes and use the next box for your drawing.
i) Bold ii) Uncertain iii) Focused Please refer to the example below:

2.1.3 Refer to the following pictures and develop a new drawing

by using various lines to depict one of the aspects

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Space for Exercise 2.1.3

2.1.4 : What is a line? Describe any three types of lines

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2.2 SHAPE
2.2.1. What is a shape? Draw two different types of shapes.
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 Drawing:

2.2.2 : Develop a composition using the Shape tool. (See the reference below)

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Space for Exercise to Q 2.2.2:

2.2.3 : Name the following forms:

A B C D
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 2.3 TEXTURE
2.3.1 What is Texture? Create three types of textures in the box below.
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Drawing:

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2.3.2 Name the following textures. Use your mobile camera to click
photographs of organic textures in your surroundings. Paste at least 5
textures in the given box C.

A B

C
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 2.4 SPACE
2.4.1 What is meant by Positive and Negative Space? Explain and draw an
example.
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Drawing:

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2.5 COLOUR
2.5.1 Illustrate the Colour Wheel

2.5.2 Illustrate the difference between Complementary Colours and

Analogous Colours using any one basic shape

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 ACTIVITY 3 PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

Balance, Emphasis, Movement, Pattern, Repetition,

Proportion, Rhythm, Unity
3.1 Using the principle of Balance, draw a composition within
the space provided. Explain how this principle has been
used in your composition.

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3.2 Using the principle of Emphasis, draw a composition portraying
Dominance and Subordination within the given space. Explain how this
principle has been used in your composition.

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 3.3 Click a picture from your surroundings, identifying the principle of
Proportion within it. Place the picture in the space given below. Reflect
on the picture and write down your observations on the role of this principle.

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3.4 Using Lines, create four compositions, depicting the three Principles of
Design namely Rhythm, Pattern and Repetition, in each of the four boxes
below. And show the variations portraying the impact of all three mentioned
principles.

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3.5 Using the principle of Unity, identity examples from nature and/or your
surroundings. In the space provided make a composition with Unity as
most important principle. Explain how this principle has been used in
your composition.

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 3.6 Identify the Principles of Design in the images given below. Write your
observations on each.

A.

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 C.

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 E.

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ACTIVITY 4 FASHION SKETCHING,
GARMENT COMPONENTS
AND CATEGORIES

4.1 Drawing Flat Sketches of Garments

In reference to the illustration below, identify and analyze the garments on the
female fashion figure. Draw flat drawings of the same garments in the given
boxes.

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 4.2 In reference to the illustration below, identify and analyze the garments on
the male fashion figure. Draw flat drawings of the same garments in the
given boxes

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4.3 DRAWING DRAPED GARMENTS
4.3.1 Refer to the flat garment drawing and do the following
activities:
1) Develop a female figure template
2) Drape the given garment on the figure
3) Complete the illustration by using mixed media techniques to add colour
and dimension

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 Space to answer Exercise 4.3.1

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4.3.2 Refer to the following flat garment drawings and do the following
activities:
1) Develop a male figure template
2) Drape the given garments on it
3) Complete the illustration by using mixed media techniques to add colour
and dimension

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 Workspace for Exercise 4.3.2

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4.4 PHOTO ANALYSIS OF FASHION TEMPLATES
4.4.1 Observe the photograph given below in terms of the pose and proportion.
Do a photo analysis of the same.

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 Workspace for Exercise 4.4. 1

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Exercise 4.4.2: Analyze the photo of 2 children given below, focusing on the
pose and proportion. Choose any one of them and do a photo analysis of the
same.

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 Workspace for Exercise 4.4.2:

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ACTIVITY 5 CAD PHOTOSHOP

5.1 EXPLORING VARIOUS CAD TOOLS

5.1.1 TYPE TOOL IN PHOTOSHOP

Exercise: Based on your learning of Type tool in Photoshop, chose one word or
attribute that defines you. Write it in five different variations using type tool and
place the composition in the space given below.

Reference example – Word chosen ‘WISDOM’.

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 Workspace for Exercise 5.1.1

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5.2 ADJUSTMENT LIBRARY FOR CREATING
COLLAGE
Exercise: Based on your learning of image editing, create a photo collage. Select
any one photograph clicked by you and repeat it six times to make a collage.
Each time the image has to be manipulated using the Image > Adjustments tools.
Explore the Adjustment tools capabilities in Photoshop e.g Levels, Curves, Black
and White etc.
Finally, transform/scale each image to fit into an A-4 size canvas. Save the file
and print the exercise to be pasted in the space provided.
An example is provided for your reference:

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 Workspace for Exercise 5.2

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5.3 LAYER MASKING
Exercise: Combine Multiple images into One (Layer Mask)

Revising tool – Add Layer Mask, create a composition with your own clicked
photographs of different locations or elements fitting them into a theme. Import
these picture to Photoshop. Using layer masking, arrange and hide the edges and
irrelevant areas of images to make it look one. Use your creativity to complete
this exercise to create an interesting set of images.

Develop a board on A4 size using different intensities and roles of Layer masking
on all the images. Give a title to the board.

Example for reference:

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 Space for Exercise: 5.3

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5.4 CREATING DIGITAL PAINTING BY
EXPLORING PEN TOOL
Exercise: Use the Pen tool to create a memorable portrait or a character of your
own. Take a photograph of yourself or you may choose a character sketched by
you. You are required to scan it (as discussed in Unit 1) and import it using
Photoshop. Create a path over the scanned image and fill it with color or gradient
to bring it close to the actual colors of the image (utilize the eyedropper for
colour sampling). Do not forget to make a transparent layer prior starting to
create a path over the image. This will help you have the two layers (sketch and
the image) separate from one another which will let you work on this assignment
more smoothly.

Finally print your portrait and paste it in the space given below. Example reference
for Exercise: 4

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 Space for Exercise: 5.4

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5.5 LOGO DESIGN WITH CUSTOM SHAPE
TOOLS
Exercise:

After working with Pen tool, you will now explore the Custom shapes included
in the vector tool segment of Photoshop. Custom shapes offer you a number of
interesting shapes that can be manipulated by adding colours, change of
orientation, scale and shape etc.
- Use one or a blend of two Custom shapes to create a new logo. You may
choose to re- invent an existing logo or create one of your own. Remember
for any of the two creations you have to support your designed logo with a
logical explanation stating why you feel that your design is appropriate for
the brand.
- Finally print your assignment and paste it in the space given below. Example
reference for Exercise 5:

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 Space for Exercise: 5.5

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5.6 PAGE COMPOSITION AND LAYOUT
EXERCISE: HOLIDAY POST CARD
In this assignment we will practice creating a both-sided holiday postcard using
the Clipping mask. Select any place/destination that you have recently visited or
the one that had been very memorable. Select any one of your favorite photographs
which shows the place or its identity. We will use that image on the front of the
postcard; and the reverse will be as a normal postcard with a division in the
center (using line) and then space for the addressee details as well as the postal
stamp. You may like to add a liner underneath specifying details about the place
or you may just like to name the place or destination. It is necessary to use the
Clipping mask to create this postcard either by clipping the image with the text
or shapes.

Finally print your assignment and paste it in the space given below. Example
reference for Exercise 6:

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 Space for Exercise 5.1.6

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5.7 DEVELOPING PATTERNS BY USING DEFINE
PATTERN
Exercise 7: Room Décor

In this assignment you will create a virtual room using Selection Tools or Pen
Tool and Free Transform Tool.

Imagine yourself as an interior designer who has been given the task to decorate
a room with furniture and necessary decorative elements.

Select an image of an empty room and fill it with your choice of settings. Use
Selection tools to select and drop/ arrange furniture in this room. You can use the
Free Transform tool to adjust the scale and positioning of the furniture and other
elements to make it look real. The Image adjustments can help you re-colour the
images to match the color scheme of the room.

Finally print your assignment and paste it in the space given below. Example
reference for Exercise 7:

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 Space for Exercise 5.7

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Exercise 5.8: Create and Apply a Pattern

You have learnt how to create and customize shapes. Through a sequential repeat
of a shape you can create an interesting pattern, which can be applied or filled on
different surfaces or fabric.

In this assignment you will create a seamless pattern using Photoshop and apply
it to completely cover an image or a select area of the image. You may choose to
have your pattern filled on an image of a garment, floor, furniture upholstery or
wallpaper. You may think of and experiment with more creative ideas for
application of your pattern. The use of shapes and colours in the pattern created
by you is a must.

Finally print your assignment and paste it in the space given below. Reference
example for Exercise 8:

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 Space for Exercise 5.8:

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5.9 MAKING 3D OBJECTS WITH TEXT
APPLICATION
Exercise 9: Make a 3D object and apply a name tag

This assignment will build on your previous learning of Photoshop and enable
further in-depth explorations to design a tag or brand label to be applied on the
3D object created on Photoshop. For example, if you choose to create a cylinder,
it can easily represent a soda can. It is possible to design and apply a tag or brand
label related to any cola or soda brand on it. Use your creativity to make a brand
and the 3D object of your own choice.

Finally print your assignment and paste it in the space given below. Example
reference for Exercise 9:

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 Space for Exercise 5.9

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