JR Compendium
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P GANESHJunior Compendium Prathibha Jr.
College IIT & Medical Academy
15. True Value
When n readings were taken to measure a value,
01. Units and Measurement, Errors then the mean of these n values is taken as the true
x1 x2 ... xn
value. xmean
01. The equation y = mx, represents a straight line n
passing through origin. 16. Absolute Error:
02. The equation y = mx + c, represents a straight line The difference between true value and the value of
individual measurement is called absolute error ( x )
not passing through origin.
17. Mean absolute error: The arithmetic mean of all the
1 k absolute errors is called mean absolute error
03. The e qua t i on o f the fo rm y or y et c.,,
x x ( xmean )
represents a rectangular hyperbola in first and third
quadrants. x1 x2 ... xn
xmean
1
n
04. The equation of the form y represents a 18. Relative error: The ratio of mean absolute error
x
re cta ng ular h yperb ol a in s ec o nd and fo urt h ( xmean ) to the mean valuexmean is called relative
error.
quadrants
xmean
05. The equa ti o n o f t he fo r m y x2 or y kx2 , Relative error = x
mean
represents a parabola passing through origin
19. Percentage error: Relative error x 100
06. The equation of the form y = x2 + a or x = y2 - a will
xmean
represent a parabola but not passing through origin. = x 100
xmean
07. The equation of the form y = Ae -Kx; represents
exponentially decreasing graph. 20. Error in sum of two physical quantities
08. The equation of the form y= A(1 - e-Kx), represents t t (x y)
an exponentially increasing graph. t x y
Percentage error in t x100 x100
09. If ax = N, then logaN = x t xy
10. If y is a function of x it is denoted mathematically as 21. Error in the case of subtraction:
y = f(x)then derivative of y with respect to x, t t (x x) (y y) = (x y) (x y)
dy f(x + Δx)- f(x) 22. Error in the case of multiplication:
= lim
dx Δx 0 (x + Δx)- x dz dx dy
z = xy then relate error in z is
11. The sign is in fact a long S. S is the first letter of z x y
the word sum. This is because integral was initially 23. Error in the case of division:
considered as the limit of sum. x
z then the percentage error in finding the value of z
12. Suppose y is a function of x. Or y = f (x). y
dy dz dx dy
Then 0 at maximum or minimum value ofy.. is given by x100 x100 x100
dx z x y
d2y 24. Error in the case of a quantity raised to some
y is maximum if is negative at this value of x. Power:
dx2
d2y xn
Similarly y is minimum if is positive. Thus, Let, t Then the maximum value of relative
dx2 ym
13. The roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0 are t x y
ertror in t is n m
-b± b2 - 4ac t x y
given by x = . If b2 < 4ac, then roots
2a 25. Applications of dimensional analysis:
are not real.
14. Errors are classified into two types: 1) Conversion of unit form one system to other
1) Systematic errors 2) Random errors 2) Checking of dimensional correctness of a given
equation
3) Deriving relation among the physical quantities.
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Dimensional formulae and SI units of some physical quantities frequently used in physics Dimensional Formula
[Link] Physical Quantity SI Units Dimensional Formula
1. Velocity = displacement/time m/s [M0LT-1]
2. Acceleration = velocity/time m/s2 [M0LT-2]
3. Force = mass x acceleration kg-m/s2 = newton or N [MLT-2]
4. Work = force x displacement kg-m2/s2 = N-m = joule or J [ML2T-2]
5. Energy J [ML2T-2]
6. Torque = force x perpendicular distance N-m [ML2T-2]
7. Power = work/time J/s or watt [ML2T-3]
8. Momentum = mass x velocity kg-m/s [MLT-1]
9. Impulse = force x time N-s [MLT-1]
10. Angle = arc/radius radian or rad [M0L0T0]
L V
11. Strain = or no units [M0L0T0]
L V
12. Stress = force/area N/m2 [ML-1T-2]
13. Pressure = force/area N/m 2
[ML-1T-2]
14. Modulus of elasticity = stress/strain N/m2 [ML-1T-2]
15. Frequency = 1/time period per sec or hertz (Hz) [M0L0T-1]
16. Angular velocity = angle/time rad/s [M0L0T-1]
17. Moment of inertia = (mass) x (distance)2 kg-m2 [ML2T0]
18. Surface tension = force/length N/m [ML0T-2]
force (dis tan ce)2
19. Gravitational constant = N-m2/kg2 [M-1L3T-2]
(mass)2
20. Angular momentum kg-m2/s [ML2T-1]
21. Coefficient of viscosity N-s/m2 [ML-1T-1]
22. Planck's constant J-s [ML2T-1]
23. Specific heat (s) J/kg-K [L2T-2-1]
24. Coefficient of thermal conductivity (K) watt/m-K [MLT-3-1]
25. Gas constant (R) J/mol-K [ML2T-2-1mol-1]
26. Boltzmann constant (k) J/K [ML2T-2-1]
27. Wein's constant (b) m-K [L]
28. Stefan's constant (a) watt/m2-K4 [MT-3-4]
29. Electric charge C [AT]
30. Electric intensity N/C [MLT-3A-1]
31. Electric potential volt [ML2T-3 A-1]
32. Capacitance farad [M-1L-2T4 A2]
33. Permittivity of free space CN m2 -1 -2
[M-1L-3T-4A2]
34. Electric dipole moment C-m [LTA]
35. Resistance ohm [ML2T-3A-2]
36. Magnetic field tesla (T) or weber/m (Wb/m )
2 2
[MT-2A-1]
37. Coefficient of self induction henry [ML2T-2A-2]
2 [Link]
Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
Rx Rx
02. Vectors cos l
R R Ry2 Rz2
2
x
01. Unit vector : A vector divided by its magnitude is a Ry Ry
cos m
unit vector. Unit vector for A is  (read as A cap or A R R Ry2 Rz2
2
x
hat).
Rz Rz
cos n
Since, Aˆ A A AA ˆ . R
A R Ry2 Rz2
2
x
Where l, m, n are called Direction Cosines of the
02. Orthogonal unit vectors ˆ j and kˆ are called or-
i,ˆ
vector R and
thogonal unit vectors. Then
l 2 m2 n2 cos2 cos2 cos2
x y ˆ z or
ˆ
i , ˆj , k x xiˆ, y yjˆ, z zkˆ Rx2 Ry2 Rz2
x y z
Rx2 Ry2 Rz2
03. Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition
1
Magnitude | A B | A2 B2 2 AB cos
08. When a point P have coordinate (x, y, z) then its
CN B sin
Direction tan position vector OP xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ
ON A B cos When a particle moves from point (x1, y1, z1) to (x2,
04. Polygon Law of Vector Addition y2, z2) then its displacement vector is given by
If a number of non zero vectors are represented by
r (x2 x1 ) ˆ
i (y2 y1)ˆj (z2 z1 )kˆ
the (n – 1) sides of an n-sided polygon then the
resultant is given by the closing side or the nth side
09. If P Pxˆi Py ˆj Pz kˆ and Q Qxˆ i Qy ˆ j Qz kˆ
of the polygon taken in opposite order. So,
05. Subtraction of vectors Then P Q Px Qx ˆ i Py Qy ˆj Pz Qz kˆ
Since, A B A (B) 10. Also if we are having a third vector
R Rxˆ j Rz kˆ present in component form
i Ry ˆ
Hence, | A B | A2 B2 2 AB cos
Then
B sin
Direction: tan 2
A B cos
P Q R Px Qx Rx ˆ
i Py Qy Ry ˆ
j
06. Resolution of Vector into Components Pz Qz Rz kˆ
If R R x R y 11. The scalar product is written as A B and is defined
Then R x Rxˆ i and R y Ry ˆ
j as A . B AB cos
The magnitude of the vector is R Rx2 Ry2 12. The angle between two vectors A and B can be
A.B
The direction of the vector is tan (R y / R x ) or found using the formula cos1
tan 1 (R y / R x ) AB
13. In terms of components the scalar product is
07. Rectangular Components of 3-D Vector
exressed as shown below.
ˆ
R R x R y R z or R R x ˆi R y ˆj R z k If A Axˆ j Az kˆ and B Bxˆ
i Ay ˆ j Bz kˆ then
i By ˆ
If R makes an angle with x axis, with y axis
and with z axis, then
i Ay ˆj Az kˆ Bxˆ
A B Axˆ j Bz kˆ
i By ˆ
Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz
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AB (i) If both the particles are moving in the same
14. The scalar component of vector A along B is
B direction then, r12 1 – 2 .
(ii) If the two particles are moving in the opposite
or ABˆ
direction, then, r12 1 2 .
15. The vector component of vector A along B is
AB ˆ (iii) If the two particles are moving in the mutually
B or A B
B
ˆ B
ˆ perpendicular directions, then, r12 12 22 .
AB
16. The scalar component of vector B along A is (iv) If the angle between 1 and 2 be , then
A
or
ˆ
B A
r12 12 22 – 21 2 cos 1/2
.
17. The vector component of vector B along A is
25. Relative velocity of rain : If rain is falling vertically
AB ˆ
B or B A
A
ˆ Aˆ
with a velocity v R and an observer is moving hori-
18. The component of A perpendicular to B in the zontally with speed v M the velocity of rain relative
ˆ B
same plane is C A A B ˆ to observer will be vRM vR vM .
which by law of vector addition has magnitude
19. The component of B perpendicular to A in the
ˆ A
same plane is D B B A ˆ vRM v2R v2M .
26. Direction tan 1 (v M / v R ) with the vertical as shown
20. If A and B are two vectors, then their vector
in fig.
product written as A B is a vector C defined by
C A B AB sin n
ˆ Crossing the river :
21. The direction of A B , i.e. C is perpendicular to
27. To cross the river over shortest distance :
To cross the river over shortest distance, or to cross
the plane containing vectors A and B
the river straight, the swimmer should swim mak-
22. In terms of components the vector product is
expressed as shown below. r
ing angle with the upstream given by cos .
If A A ˆ
i Aˆj A kˆ and B B ˆ j B kˆ then
i B ˆ m
x y z x y z
28. Time taken to cross the river : If w be the width of
ˆ
i ˆ
j kˆ the river, then time taken to cross the river will be
A B Ax Ay Az
w w
Bx By Bz given by t1 .
m2 – r2
ˆ
j Az Bx Ax Bz kˆ Ax By Ay Bx
i Ay Bz Az By ˆ [Link] cross the river in shortest possible time : The
23. Lami’s Theorem man should swim perpendicular to the bank.
In any A B C with sides a, b and c w
The time taken to cross the river will be: t 2 .
sin sin sin m
a b c 30. In this case, the man will touch the opposite bank
24. The relative velocity of a particle P1 moving with at a distance AB down stream. This distance will be
velocity v1 with respect to another particle P2 given by:
moving with velocity v 2 is given by, v 12 v 1 v 2
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10. If r xˆ
i yˆj zk
ˆ represents the position vector then
03. Motion in a Straight line
the velocity vector is given by
01. If the position vector of point A is
dr dx ˆ dy ˆ dz ˆ
v i j k vxˆi vyˆj vzk
ˆ
rA x1ˆi y1ˆj z1k
ˆ and that of point B is dt dt dt dt
11. And the acceleration can be obtained by
rB x2ˆi y2ˆj z2k
ˆ , then the displacement of the
differentiating velocity vector v with respect to
particle when it moves from point A to point B is time.
r rB rA x2 x1 ˆi y2 y1 ˆj z2 z1 k
ˆ dv dvx dvy
a ˆi ˆj dvz k
ˆ a ˆi a ˆj a k
ˆ
dt dt dt dt x y z
r rf ri
v
02. Average Velocity av
t tf ti 12. Accele ration vecto r can also be o bt aine d by
differentiating position vector twice with respect to
s Path Length time.
03. Average Speed c av
t tf ti
d2 r d2 x ˆ d2 y ˆ d2 z ˆ ˆ
04. Average speed in a time interval is greater than a 2
i j k axˆi ayˆj azk
dt dt 2 dt 2 dt 2
the magnitude of average velocity vector wherever
particle changes its direction during its motion. In 13. Motion with constant acceleration:
unidirectional motion, both of them are equal. In vector form
r dr
05. Instantaneous Velocity v limt 0 t
dt v = u + at
s ds v +u 1 1
06. Instantaneous Speed c lim Δr = r2 - r1 = s = t u t + at 2 = v t a t 2
t 0 t dt 2 2 2
v 2 u 2 2a s
07. If a body travels with a speed v1 for the first half of
1
the journey time and with speed v2 for the second sn = u + a n
2
half of the journey time, then the average speed is
In scalar form:
v1 v2
given by v ·
2 v u at
08. If a body travels with a speed v1 for the first half v u 1 2 1 2
s t ut 2 at vt 2 at
2
of the journey and with speed v2 for the second v 2 u2 2as
half of the journey, then the average speed is given 1
sn u a n
2
2v1v2
by v v v
1 2
14. Ratio of displacements in the 1 sts, 2nds, 3rds,... nths
dv
09. Acceleration a 1: 3: 5 :...: 2n 1
dt
15. Ratio of displacements in the first 1s, first 2s, first
3s, ... etc 1: 4 : 9 : ...
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16. A body moving with uniform acceleration attains a 22. When a body is dropped from a height h then the
equations of motion becomes
velocity v after a displacement x , then its velocity
v gt
becomes nv after a further displacement of
1 2 2h
h gt or t
n2 1 x . 2 g
v 2 2gh or v 2gh
17. A body moving with uniform acceleration, crosses
1
sn g n
a point x with a velocity u and another point y with 2
a velocity v, the object will cross the midpoint with 23. A freely falling body passes through two points A
and B in time intervals t1 and t2 from the start, then
v2 u 2
a velocity . the distance between the two points A and B is
2
g 2
18. A body starts from rest travels with acceleration 2
t1 t22
for some time, then with deceleration and finally 24. A freely falling body passes through two points A
comes to rest. If t is the total time of travel, then
and B at distances h1 and h2 from the start, then
t
vmax
(i). Maximum velocity attained is
the time taken by it to move A to B is
2
g
h2 h1
t 2
(ii). Displacement is s 25. A stone is dropped into a well of depth h, then the
2 sound of splash is heard after a time of t given by
(iii). Average velocity of the body is
2h h
v t t
g
v sound
vav max
2 2
26. When a body is projected vertically upward with a
19. A particle starts from rest and travels with uniform
velocity u then the equations of motion becomes
acceleration a and if the distance travelled by it in
the m th an d n th se co nd s ar e sm and sn , the n 1 2
v u gt h ut gt
2
sm sn 1
a v 2 u2 2gh sn u g n
2
mn
u2
1 / n
th
20. If a bullet looses of its velocity while passing 27. Maximum height reached by the object is Hmax
2g
though a plank, then the number of such planks
28. In the absence of air resistance the time of ascent
2
n u
required to just stop the bullet is and time of descent are equal t a tb .
n 1
2
g
21. When a body is projected vertically downward from
29. Time of flight of the body projected vertically
a height h with a velocity u then the equations of
motion becomes 2u
upwards is t t a t b
1 2 g
v u gt h ut gt
2
1
v 2 u2 2gh sn u g n
2
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Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
30. In the presence of air resistance, time of ascent
04. Motion in a Plane
mu mu
ta and time of descent td
mg R mg R
01. In a projectile vertical or y-component of motion
is accelerated motion following the equations
Here m is the mass of the object and R is the air
resistance. v y u y gt y u y t 21 gt 2
31. Acceleration given as function of time
v2y u 2y 2 gy
If a = f(t), then dv f (t )dt dv f (t )dt
02. Horizontal or x-component of motion is uniform
Then the above equation yield velocity as a function motion following the equation
of time if v = g(t). then dx g t dt dx g(t )dt x uxt
The above equation yield position as function of 03. Equation of trajectory
time.
g
32. Acceleration as function of position y x tan x2
2 u cos 2
2
If a = f(x),then use the equation a = vdv/dx to get
04. Time of flight.
vdv = adx.
2u y 2u y 2u sin
T or T
Then, vdv f x dx vdv f(x)dx
ay g g
Then the above equation yield velocity as function u 2y u 2 sin 2
of position. suppose if v = g(x), then use the 05. Maximum Height H or H
2g 2g
dx dx 2 uxuy u 2 sin 2
g(x)
relation v = dx/dt, to get dt dt
g(x) 06. Horizontal Range R u x T
g g
33. Acceleration as function of velocity u2
If a=f(v), by using equation a = dv/dt we can obtain 07. Maximum Range R m
g
dv dv 08. When the range is maximum, the height H reached
f(v)
velocity as function of time dt dt
f(v) Rmax
by the projectile H
4
Now using equation v = dx/dt we can obtain position
as function of time In other words, if a person can throw a projectile to
a maximum distance Rmax, The maximum height during
vdv vdv
dx dx R max
f(v) f(v) the flight to which it will rise is .
4
34. The slope of tangent on position-time graph
09. R 4H cot
represents the velocity of the particle.
10. If in case of projectile motion range R is n times the
35. If the graph is plotted between distance and time maximum height H
then it is always an increasing curve and it never
i.e. R = nH tan 1[4 / n]
comes back towards origin
The area covered between the velocity time graph
and time axis gives the displacement and distance 11. The angle of projection is given by tan 1[4 / n]
travelled by the body for a given time interval.
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Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
12. For complementary angles of projection and 90o– 2
18. If y Ax Bx represents equation of a projectile
T1 then
(i) Ratio of time of flight T tan
2 1) Angle of projection = tan-1(A)
2R g(1 A2 )
1 2
TT
(ii) 2) Initial velocity | u |
g 2B
(iii) Ratio of maximum height A
3) Range of the projectile R
H1 B
2
(iv) H tan A2
2
4) Maximum height H
u2 4B
(v)Sum of maximum heights H1 H2
2g 2A 2
5) Time of flight (T)
Rmax Bg
or H1 H2
2
(vi)Product of maximum heights
R2 19. If horizontal and vertical displacement of projec-
H1H2 or R 4 H1H2 tile are respectively x = at and y = bt-ct2 then
16
1 b
1) angle of projection tan a
13. Trajectory Equation
If range is known in advance, the equation of
trajectory can be written in an alternative form 2) velocity of projection u a2 b2
3) acceleration of projectile = 2c
x
involving horizontal range y x tan 1
R b2
4) maximum height reached =
4c
14. If t1 is the time taken by projectile to rise upto point
p and t2 is the time taken in falling from point p to ab
ground level then 5) horizontal range =
c
2u sin g t1 t2
t1 t2 time of flight or u sin
g 2
g t1t2
And height of the point p is given by h 20. If the particle passes two points situated at equal height
2
[Link] B and C are at the same level on trajectory and y at t t1 and t t2 , then
the time difference between these two points is t1,
similarly A and D are also at the same level and the gt1t2
Height (y): y
time difference between these two positions is t 2 2
8h Time (t1 and t2):
then t22 t12
g 2
usin 2gy
t1 1 1
16. If angle of projection is changed from to
g usin and
= (90 – ) then range remains unchanged.
2
usin 2gy
17. For angle of projection 1 = (45 – ) and 2=(45+), t2 1 1
g usin
range will be same and equal to u2 cos 2a/g. 1 and
2 are also the complementary angles.
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Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
21Displacement of projectile ( r ) : gt
2
gt
and tan
1
Ther efo re r ut 1 or
1 2u 2u
r (u cos )ti (usin )t gt2 j
2 gy 2y
tan1 u ast
1 2u sin gt
Angle of elevation tan 2u cos 2 g
22. The angle of elevation of the highest point of the
29. Instantaneous velocity: v vx iˆ v y ˆj u iˆ g t ˆj
projectile and the angle of projection are related
2
gt
That is v u gt u 1
2
1 2
to each other as tan tan u
2
30. Direction of instantaneous velocity :
23. Instantaneous velocity v: vy v 2 gy gt
tan v tan
1 y 1
tan or tan 1
vi v xˆi v yˆj vx x u u
or vi v2x v2y
u2 cos2 (u sin gt)2 vi 2h
31. Time of flight : T
u2 g2t2 2ugt sin g
24. Direction of instantaneous velocity 2h
32. Horizontal range : R u
gt g
tan1 tan sec
u
25. Change in velocity:
Motion on an inclined plane
When body reaches the ground after completing its
motion is u uf ui 2usin ˆj
2 uy 2 u sin( )
33. Time of flight T a g cos
y
26. Change in momentum:
Change in momentum (Between projection point and
2u2 sin( ) cos
highest point) p p f pi mu sin ˆi 34. Range on the plane. R
g cos2
Change in momentum (For the complete projectile
35. The maximum range along the inclined plane when
motion) p p f pi 2mu sin ˆj the projectile is thrown upwards is given by
u2
R max
g(1 sin )
Horizontal projectile
36. The maximum range along the inclined plane when
1 g x2 the projectile is thrown downwards is given by
27. Trajectory of horizontal projectile: y
2 u2 u2
R max
g(1 sin )
1
28. Displacement of Projectile (r ) : r ut iˆ gt 2 ˆj
2
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Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
Various velocity -time graphs and their interpretation
= 0°, a = 0, v = constant
i.e., line parallel to time axis represents that the particle is moving with constant
velocity.
= 90o, a = , v = increasing
i.e., line perpendicular to time axis represents that the particle is increasing its
velocity, but time does not change. It means the particle possesses infinite
acceleration. Practically it is not possible.
= constant, so a = constant and v is increasing uniformly with time
i.e., line with constant slope represents uniform acceleration of the particle.
increasing so acceleration increasing
i.e., line bending towards velocity axis represent the increasing acceleration in
the body.
decreasing so acceleration decreasing
i.e. line bending towards time axis represents the decreasing acceleration in the
body
Positive constant acceleration because is constant and < 90o but initial velocity
of the particle is negative.
Positive constant acceleration because is constant and < 90o but initial velocity
of particle is positive.
Negative constant acceleration because is constant and > 90o but initial
velocity of the particle is positive.
Negative constant acceleration because is constant and > 90o but initial
velocity of the particle is zero.
Negative constant acceleration because is constant and > 90o but initial
velocity of the particle is negative.
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Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
14. Force exerted by the jet of liquid on the wall is F=AdV2
05. NLM 15. If the liquid bounces back with the same velocity ‘v’
then F = 2Adv2
01. Linear momentum p mv 16. If the liquid bounces back with velocity ‘v’ thenF =
02. Change in momentum of body = P P f Pi Adv(v+v')
P Pf Pi Pf2 Pi2 2PP
f i
cos 17. Impulse: J Ft m(v u) change in momentum.
03. If a ball hits a wall normally and comes to rest, 18. For constant force, J=Ft
19. Impulsive force is a variable, then
P mv i; P mv
dp t2
04. If the ball rebounds with same speed ‘v’ then F , average impulse J Fdt
dt
P 2mv
t1
P (2mv)i,
20. The area bounded by the force-time graph mea-
05. If the ball hits a rigid wall normally with speed v1 sures Impulse.
and rebounds with speed v2 then
21. If several external forces F1 , F2 ..... Fi ..... and Fn
P (mv2 )i (mv1 )i , P m(v2 v1 )
act simultaneously on a body and the body is in
06. If the ball hits a rigid wall at an angle of incidence
and
re bo unds
wi th s ame s pe ed ‘ v’ translational equilibrium, the F i 0
then P P x P y = 2mv cos (-i) ,
F ix 0, F
iy 0, F iz 0
P 2mv cos
F1 F F
07. In the above case if is the angle made with wall 22. Lami's theorem : 2 3
sin A sin B sin C
then P 2mv sin , along the normal and away
from the wall.
08. In case of projectile motion the change in momen-
tum of a body between highest point and point of 23. Two blocks are connected by a string passing over
projection is P (mu sin )j
a pulley fixed at the edge of a horizontal table
09. The change in momentum of the projectile between
the s t riki ng po int a nd p oi nt o fpro je cti o n is M2g M1M2g
then (M2 > M1 ) a (M M ) T M1a (M M )
P (2mu sin )j
1 2 1 2
24. Acceleration and Tension in the string when
10. A particle moves from A to B in a on a circular path
bodies are connected as shown in the figure
with uniform speed ‘v’ then the magnitude of
change in momentum is 2mv sin(/2), is the angle (M1 M3 )g
a
subtended by arc AB at the centre. (M1 M2 M3 )
d M3g(2M1 M2 ) M g(2M3 M2 )
T2 ; T1 1
11. Force F (mv) ma M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3
dt
25. Masses are attached to a string passing through
12. Newton’s first law provides concept of force and the pulley attached to the edge of an inclined plane,
the second law provides the quantitative definition if M2 moves down
of force.
M M1 sin
13. When a machine gun fires ‘n’ bullets each of mass a 2 g;
‘m’ with a velocity v in a time interval 't' then force M1 M2
M M (1 sin )
nmv T 1 2 g
needed to hold the gun steadily is F .
t (M1 M2 )
Resultant Tension Tg T 2(1 sin )
[Link] 11
Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
26. For the below figure, If M2 slides down then M1 moves Body projected up on a smooth inclined plane:
up on smooth inclined planes then 34. Distance travelled by the block up the plane
u2 u
S , Time of ascent t
2gsin gsin
M sin M2 sin
a 2 g Motion of a body down the rough inclined plane:
M1 M2 35. At limiting equilibrium (about to slide)
M1M2g angle of repose = tan-1(s)
T (sin sin )
(M1 M2 )
1. When Angle of inclination 1 < ; block remains
at rest. Frictional force mg sin 1, acceleration a=0
Resultant Tension TR 2T 2[1 cos( )]
2. When angle of inclination 2 = ; the block re-
27. Three Types of Friction mains at rest on inclined plane
Dry Friction, Fluid Friction, Internal Friction mg sin 2 = smg cos 2 (at time t=0)
28. Angle of Friction Here 2 > 1 and fs = f1 acceleration a=0
3. When angle of inclination 2 = and (t > 0) the
fsm s N
tan s ,For smooth surface = 0 same inclination is continued the block moves down-
N N wards with accleration a.
mg sin 2 > kmg cos 2 acceleration
29. Maximum length of the chain which can hang from
a g cos 2 (s k )
L 4. When > , the body slides fk = kmg cos The
the table without sliding is y
1 resultant force on the body FR =mg (sin - k cos )
And a = g (sin - k cos )
30. The maximum height to which the insect can crawl
up on the surface of bowl is 36. Velocity of the body at the bottom of the plane
1 V 2g(sin k cos )l
h r 1
1 2
2l
37. The time taken to travel t g(sin k cos ) , l is
31. A body of mass m rests on a horizontal floor with the length of the inclination.
which it has a coefficient of static friction . 38. The time taken by a body to slide down on a rough
The minimum possible force F to make the body move inclined plane is 'n' times the time taken by it to
slide down on a smooth inclined plane of same in-
mg
is Fmin with = tan–1 () clination and length, then coefficient of friction is
1 2
1
k tan 1 2
n
Body slidng down on a smooth inclined plane:
2l 1 2h
32. The time taken to slide down t Body projected up a rough inclined plane:
gsin sin g
39. acceleration a = - g(sin + µk cos )
33. Velocity of the block at the bottom 40. Time taken to stop after travelling a distance l along
v 2glsin 2gh 2l
the planet, t g(sin k cos )
12 [Link]
Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
41. Force required to drag with an acceleration 'a' is
F=(µkmgcos + mg sin + ma) 06. Work Energy and Power
42. The net horizontal pushing force on Lawn Roller is
F1= F(cos sin) - rmg 01. Work W Fx x F cos x F x
rf
02. Work of a Variable Force i f r F dr
W
43. The net horizontal pulling force on Lawn Roller is i
03. Work done on a particle moving in three dimensional
F2= F(cos+sin)- rmg
Block on Block: space. W Fx x2 x1 Fy y2 y1 Fz z2 z1
04. Workdone by a conservative force over a closed
F dr 0
Case I : Bottom block is pulled and there is no friction
curve is zero
between bottom block and the horizontal surface.
Applications of Work
44. Then amax = sg for two blocks to move together 05. If a force is changing linealy from F1 to F2 over a
without slipping. And Fmax =sg (mu + mB) F1 F2
displacement S then work done is W 2 S
45. If a < sg blocks move together and applied force is 06. Work done by a force for a displacement from ri to
F =(mB+mu)a.
rf is W F.S F.(rf r)
i
46. If a > sg, blocks slip relative to each other 07. Work done in pulling the bob through an angle to
vertical is W = FL sin
F kmug Work done by tension T in the string is zero.
Then au = kg and aB
mB 08. Work done by gravitational force in pulling a uniform
l
rod W mg (1 cos )
2
Case - II: Upper block pulled and there is no friction
09. Wo r k do ne b y pul l ing a bucke t wit h a ro pe
between bottom block and the horizontal surface.
l
Wg Mgl mg W.
47. Then the two blocks to move together without slip- 2
mu mu 10. Work done by the pulling force to bring the hanging
ping amax s m g and Fmax s m g(mu mB ) part of a chain onto the table with uniform speed is
B B
MgL M
W Mass of hanging part is
2n2 n
48. If a < amax , blocks move together and f = mBa. The 11. Work done in pulling the chain with uniform speed
applied force on the upper block is F =(mB+mu)a
partially W MgL 1 1
2 2
2 n1 n2
49. If a > amax blocks slide relative to each other then, 12. Work done when the lower end of the chain is lifted
mu F kmug MgL
aB k g au upto point of suspension Wg
mB mu 4
13. The Work done in lifting a body of mass ‘m’ having
density ‘d1’ inside a liquid of density ‘d2’ through a
50. A number of blocks of identical masses m each are
height ‘h’ with uniform speed, is W mgh 1 d2
placed one above the other. Force required to pull d
1
out Nth block from the top is F = (2N - 1) mg
14. The work done by the frictional force
W = f S = (F-ma)S F is force applied, a is acceleration
and f is friction force
If the body moves with uniform velocity then
[Link] 13
Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
W=fS=mgS U F 2 U
15. Work done by gravitational force on an inclined plane Neutral Equilibrium: F(r) 0; 0; 0
r r r 2
is Wg=F S =(mgsin)L
work done
16. Work done when a body move u an inclinde plane is 31. Pavg , Power is a scalar
time
W =(Fcos- mgsin)L 32. The area under P-t graph gives work done
17. Work done when a body sliding down on rough
dW
inclined plane is W = mgL (sin - k cos) P W [Link]
dt
18. Work done by applied force to turn a cylinder such [Link] slope of W-t curve gives instantaneous power
that its circular face is in contact with ground is
dW
P tan
l l dt
W mgh mg r h r
2 2 Applications on power
19. Grav it ati o na l po te nti al e nerg y fo r uni fo rm 34. The power of a machine gun firing ‘n’ bullets each
gravitational force U = – mgh. of mass ‘M’ with a velocity ‘v’ in a time interval
20. Gravitational potential energy for non-uniform
1
GMm N mv2
gravitational force Ur ‘t’ is given by p 2 nmv
2
r t 2t
21. Po t ent ial e ne rgy as so ciated wi th sp ring
35. Additional force required to maintain speed v of
force U 12 kx2
dm
1 a conveyor belt is F v and additional power
22. Kinetic Energy KE mv
2 dt
2
2 dm
1 required to, drive the belt is, P Fv v
In vector form KE m(v .v ) dt
2
36. Power exerted by the liquid coming out of hose
1 2 2
23. Work-energy theorem: W m[v u ] 1 mv2 i
2 pipe is P Av3
2 t 2
1 1 p2 2E 37. If a motor lifts water from a well of depth 'h'
24. E mv2 Pv and P 2mE
2 2 2m v and delivers with a velocity 'v' in a time t then
mv2 1
26. Stopping distance is given by x mgh mv2
2F power of the motor P 2
mv t
27. Stopping time is given by t 38. If a body of mass 'm' starts fromrest and accel-
F erated uniformly to a velocity v0 in a time t0, then
28. Conservation of mechanical energy the work done on the body in a time 't' is given
2
E = K + U = constant 1 v 0t
by W m
E = 0 K + U = 0 2 t 0
29. Potential energy and the associated conservative
v 02
Instantaneous power, P m t
dU dU t 02
force F
ds cos dr 39. Mass of liquid coming out per second from a motor
dU dm
force vector F is given by F eˆ pump Av
dr r dt
U F 2 U To get 'n' times of water force must be increased
30. Stable Equilibrium: F(r) 0; 0; 0 n2 times while power n3 times.
r r r 2
40. Position and velocity of an automobile with respect
U F 2 U 1/2 1/2
Unstable Equilibrium: F(r) 0, 0 ; 0 2Pt 8P
r r r 2 to time v S t3/2
m 9m
14 [Link]
Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
n
07. COM, Collisions, Circular motion 06. pCM p
i1
i
n
Center of Mass
m a m2a2 ....... mnan
ma i i
07. aCM 1 1 , aCM i 1
01. Then Centre of Mass for two - particle system along M M
m2 d m1d 08. F cm F external
a line r1 , r2
m1 m2 m1 m2
09. If two masses strating from rest move under mutual
force of attraction towards each other, then they
02. Centre of mass of a system of particles in Space : meet at thei r centre of ma [Link] n
n
m1x1 m2x2 ...... mnxn mx V cm 0, a cm 0
i i
x cm i1
m1 m2 ...... mn M a) As vcm 0 hence, m1 v1 m 2 v 2 .
n
my
m1y1 m2y2 ...... mnyn b) As a cm 0 hence, m 1 a 1 m 2 a 2
i i
y cm i1
m1 m2 ...... mn M
n c) If s1 and s2 are the distances travelled before
m1z1 m2z2 ...... mnzn mzi i they meet, then m1s1 = m2s2
zcm i1
m1 m2 ...... mn M 10. If two circular discs of radii r1 and r2 of same material
Also, distance of centre of mass from origin in space are kept in contact then the distance of centre of
mass of system from centre of a disc of radius r1 is
is d x 2cm y cm
2
z cm
2
r22 (r1 r2 )
given by xcm
r12 r22
03. The sum of the moments of the masses of particles
in a system about its centre of mass is always zero. r23(r1 r2 )
11. For two spheres xcm
Mr cm m i r i r13 r23
12. Shift in Centre of Mass when a wire is bent in the
1
M
04. For continuous mass distribution xcm x dm ,
form ring : x r
2
1
M
1
ycm y dm , zcm z dm
M 13. Shift in Centre of Mass when a wire is bent at
L
n
midpoint at an angle : x cos
m v m2v2 ....... mnvn
vCM 1 1 mivi 4 2
05. or vCM i 1
M M 14. Shift in centre of mass when a small portion of mass
m1v1 +m2 v 2 md
a) If particles move in same direction. v cm = m1 +m2 is removedis, x shift or
Mm
m1v1 +m2 -v 2 mremovedd
b) Move in opposite direction then v cm = x shift
m1 +m2 Mtotal mremoved
c) If they move perpendicular to each other then
15. If the centre of removed plate and the original plate
m1v1 + m2 v 2
2 2
v cm = coincide then shift is zero then d = 0 and x 0
m1 +m2
[Link] 15
Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
Collisions 20. In inelastic collision loss in kinetic energy of the
16. Elastic Collision in one dimension (or) perfectly 1 m1m2 2
sytem is Ek 2 m m 1 e u1 u2
2
elastic head-on Collision 1 2
v2
2m1u1
m2 m1 u2 v 2m2u2 m1 m2 u1 m1u1 m2u2
m1 m2 m1 m2 1 m1 m2 m1 m2 21. Common velocity after collision is, v m1 m2
m1m2
u1 u2
2
17. A body of mass m1 moves with kinetic energy K 22. K.E
undergoes head on elastic collision with another 2 m1 m2
body of mass m2 at rest :
2 23. The ratio of loss of energy of the system and its
m1 m2 initial energy, if u2 is zero, is given by
a) KE of m1 after collision. K1 K
m1 m2 Ek m2
2
K1 m1 m2 Ei m1 m2
b) Fraction of KE retained by m1 is
K m1 m2
4m m 24. The ratio of final energy to initial energy of the
K
KE of m2 after collision, K2
1 2
c) Ef m1
1 2
2
m m
system, if u2 is zero, is given by Ei m1 m2
d) Fraction of KE transfered to m2
25. In the above case, if the two bodies move in
K2 4m1m2
opposite dirctions before collision, then Loss in KE
K m m 2
1 2
m1m2
of the system is given by K.E 2 m m u1 u2
2
P1 m1 m2 P2 2m2 1 2
e) f) P m m
P m1 m2 1 2
26. If the two bodies undergoing plastic collision the
common velocity of the compound body after collision
v 2 v1
m u m u
18. Coefficient of restitution e V 1 1 2 2
u1 u2 is given by
m1 m2
relative velocity of separation after collision along the line of impact
e= 27. A bullet of mass m gets embedded in the block of
relative velocity of approach before collision along the line of impact
mass M and the system rises to a height ‘h’ Then
19. For a small sphere is dropped on to the plate from a mM
height ‘H 1 ’. If it rebounds to a height ‘H 2 ’ , a) Velocity of the bullet, u 2gh
m
H2 mM
then e H1 2g 1 cos
m
a) Height reached after the nth rebounce Hn e2nH0 1 mM 2
b) Loss of K.E of the system K.E u
b) Dist ance t ravell ed before 2 m M
1 e 2
28. If the bullet emerges out of the block with velocity
stoping: D H0 1 e2
‘v’ then mu = mv + MV where V 2gh
2H0 1 e
c) Time taken to stop bouncing: T Oblique collision
g 1 e
29. m1u1 cos 1 m2u2 cos 2 m1v1 cos 1 m2v2 cos 2
d) Average speed of the ball during its entire
and m1u1 sin 1 m2u2 sin 2 m1v1 sin 1 m2v2 sin 2
gh 1 e
2
journey is given by v1 cos 1 v2 cos 2
2 1 e 2 30. Coefficient of restitution e u cos u cos
1 1 2 2
e) Velocity after nth collision. Vn enV
16 [Link]
Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
Circular Motion 43. Equations of circular motion and comparision with
arc length equations of translational motion
31. angle = Translatory motion Circular motion
radius
(when linear (when angular
2 1
avg acceleration is acceleration
32. Average angular velocity t 2 t1 t constant) is constant)
1) v = u + at 1) 2 1 t
33. Instantaneous angular velocity.
d u v 1 2
inst Lt 2) S t 2) t
t 0
t dt 2 2
34. When a body performs ‘N’ rotations in a time interval 1 2 1 2
3) S ut at 3) It t
2N 2 2
't', then its average angular velocity is
t 4) v2 u2 2aS 4) 22 12 2
35. If a particle makes ‘n’ rotations per second (rps), a
then 2n
5) Sn u
2
2n 1 5) n 1
2
2n 1
36. If T is the time period of revolution of a particle, 2 V2
44. Centripetal Acceleration : ac r V
r
2
then
T 45. Non – Uniform circular motion : a r
37. If two particles are moving on same circle or
different coplanar concentric circles in same direction a) r is the tangential component of
Here
with different uniform angular speeds A and B acceleration (a t ) and v is the radial component
respectively, the angular velocity of B relative to A for
an observer at the centre will be (a c ) .
T1 T2
2
2
rel B A and T T ~ T
a a a r
2 2 2
1 2
38. In the above case if the two paticles are revolving
b) a ac at c
r
t
in opposite directions in a circular path, then
c) The direction of the net acceleration, with radial
T1 T2
rel B A and T T T
1 2
component is given by tan a t / a c
39. If two particles are moving on two different
concentric circles with different velocities then 2 mV2
46. Centripetal Force: Fc mr mV
r
vrel v vA
rel B
rrel rB rA
47. If K is the kinetic energy of a particle moving in a
40. Average angular acceleration is given by horizontal circular path of radius ‘r’, then
1 2 n2 n1 2K
avg 2 Fc =
t t2 t1 t2 t1 r
41. Instantaneous angular acceleration
d 48. Centrifugal force : Fc mr2 mV 2 r mV
inst Lt
t 0
t dt 49. The magnitude of net force acting on the particle in
non - uniform circular motion (F) is given by
42. Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity
mv 2
2
r v F F F mr
2 2 2
V r 2
r
C
r
t
[Link] 17
Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
F makes an angle ' '
60. A metal ring of mass ‘m’ and radius ‘R’ is placed on
The direction of net force a smooth horizontal table and is set rotating about
its own axis in such a way that each part of the
F
tan t
ring moves with a speed ‘v’. Then the tension in
Fc
with radial component. It is given by
mv2
the ring is T
50. Rate of work done by net force in non – uniform 2R
circular motion = rate of work done by tangential Vertical Circular Motion
force. P dw / dt F t .V 61. Velocity of the body at any point on the verticle
51. The cycli st sho uld bend t hro ugh an angle V V1 2 gr 1 cos
2
circle :
V2
tan 1 to get the necessary centripetal mV
2
rg 62. Tension in the string : T mg cos
r
force.
52. The safe maximum velocity of the vehicle on an 2
mV1
63. At the lowest point V = V1 and TL= mg
unbanked rough road is vmax srg . r
53. The safe maximum velocity of the vehicle on a
2
mV2
smooth banked road : v rg tan . 64. At the highest point, V = V2, and TH = mg
r
v2 65. The difference in maximum and minimum tension in
For a given , r the string is Tmax–Tmin= 6 mg
g tan 66. Ratio of maximum tension to minimum tension in
Motion of a vehicle on a rough banked road :
V2 rg 2
V2 V12 4gr
Tmax
mv 2 the string is 12
54. If N sin ,The safe maximum speed for Tmin V2 rg
r 67. In a vertical circular motion if velocity at the highest
rg tan
avoiding skidding vmax V1 n4
1 tan
po int is ngr , th en
V2 n
a nd
2
mv
55. If N sin , The minimum speed for avoiding
r Tmax n 5
rg tan Tmin n 1
slippling down the plane is vmin
1 tan 68. Motion in Vertical Circle (Condition for looping a loop)
gr V2 gr V1m in 5 rg .
56. Inside a deathwell Vmin
rg
.
69. The minimum tension to be maintained in the string
Conical pendulum at the lowest point to just complete the vertical
circle is
57. Time period t 2 2 r
2
L cos
2
h
g tan g g
58. The te nsi o n de vel o ped in t he st ring T1min 6mg
2 70.
v2
Vmin gr 3 2 cos , Tmin 3mg 1 cos
2
is T m g
r
59. A small block kept in the bowl rotates with the bowl 71. Condition for oscillating about the lowest position.
If velocity of the body at the lowest position is
g
without slipping on its [Link] . 2gr it oscillates with angular amplitude of
r cos
18 [Link]
Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
900 . 08. Rotational Dynamics
v12
a) If VL < 2gr , then h1= . 1. Torque o r F
2g 2. Moment of inertia of a small object of mass dm that
is rotating at a distance ‘r’ from the axis is dI0 =
v 2L r2dm
b) cos 1 .
2gr 3. Moment of inertia of a rigid body I z I y I x
72. Condition for leaving the circular path without 4. Theorem of Perpendicular Axes I z I y I x
looping : 5. Theorem of Parallel Axes IO I C Mx C2
If the velocity given to the body at the lowest
I
position is 2gr and 5gr then the body 6. Radius of Gyration k
m
crocess horizontal position but can not reach the 7. The radius of gyration has dimensions of length
highest position. and is measured in appropriate units of length such
73. The angle made by the string with the vertical at as meters.
this position is then
VL2 gr 2 VL2
h = r (1 – cos ) r 1 cos , cos
3g 3 3gr
74. Uniform Vertical circle Motion :
mv2
a) TL mg max imum
r
mv2
b) TH mg minimum
r
mv2
mg
Tmax Tm ax v 2 gr
c) r2 2
Tmin mv Tm in v gr
mg
r
d) Tmax – Tmin = 2mg.
75. A bucket containing water is made to revolve in a
vertical circle, such that water does not fall even in
the inverted position at the highest point of the path.
If ‘r’ is the radius of the circle then the maximum
r
time period of revolution of the bucket is T 2
g
Reaction of Road On Car:
76. When car moves on a concave bridge then
mv2
Centripetal force = N mg cos
r
mv2
77. And reaction N mg cos
r
78. When car moves on a convex bridge
mv2
Centripetal force = mg cos N
r
2
mv
79. And reaction N mg cos
r
[Link] 19
Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
8. Pure centroidal rotation: Rotation about fixed axis
through mass centre C IC 09. Gravitation
9. Rotation about fixed axis not passing through mass
Gm 1 m 2
center P IP 01. Newton's law of Gravitation F
r2
f 02. Vector form of Newton's law of Gravitation :
10. Work in rotation motion W i f o d
ˆr21 Gm 1 m 2 r
i
Gm 1 m 2
11. Kinetic Energy of a rigid body in rotation motion F12 2
r2 1 r3
21 , F12 F21
21
K 12 Mv C2 12 IC 2 03. The total gravitational force on one particle due to
12. If location of the instantaneous axis of rotation number of particles is given by F F 1 F 2 F 3 ............
(IAR) is known, kinetic energy K 1
I IA R 2
2 04. Gravitational Field Intensity [Ig or Eg]
13. Kinetic Energy of a rigid body in rotation about fixed GM
axis no t pass ing thro ugh t he mas s ce ntr e (a) Due to a point mass at Ig =
r2
K 12 IP 2 (b) Due to a Solid Sphere
14. Kinetic Energy of a rigid body in pure centroidal GM GM GMr 4
Iout = , Isur = , Iinside = Gr
r2 R2 R3 3
rotation K IC 2 1
2 (c) Due to a Spherical shell
GM GM
15. Angular Impulse J o ,1 2 o t 2 t 1 Iout = , Isur = , Iinside = 0
r2 R2
05. At the surface of Earth, acceleration due to gravity
16. Angular momentum of a particle L o r m v
GM
17. Angular Momentum about a point and about an g 9.8 m/ s2
R2
axis L z dL z I z
06. In form of densityg =
4
GRe
18. Angul ar Mome ntum i n general plane motion 3
1
L o rC Mv C IC If is constant theng Re ,If M is constant g
R2
19. Angular momentum in rotation about fixed axis 07. If mass (M) and radius (R) of a planet, if small
L P IP GM
change is occurs in (M) and (R) then byg= ;
20. Angular momentum in pure centroidal rotation R2
L C IC g M R e
= –2
21. Rotational Equivalent of the Newton’s Laws of g M Re
Motion o rC MaC IC g M
22. Angul a r Impul se Mo ment um Prin ci ple If R is constant = and
g M
t2
o dt L o 2 L o 1 J o ,1 2 L o 2 L o 1
t1 g R e
if M is constant =–2
t2 g R e
23. If
t1
o dt 0 , we have L o 1 L o 2
08. Variation in Acceleration due gravity
24. If we denote the moment of inertias in two con- 2
figurations by I1 and I2 and angular velocities by 1 gh 1 h
(a) Due to Altitude (height) R e
g
and 2, we can write I1 1 I2 2
25. Rolling without slipping on stationary surface ve- 2h
locity vector of an arbitrarily chosen point B If h << Re, then g h g 1
Re
v B v C r sin iˆ r cos ˆj
20 [Link]
Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
15. Maximum height reached by the body projected
d
(b) Due t o dept h : g d g 1 v2 R e
Re by velocity "v" from the Earth surface h=
2 gR v2
(c) Due to shape of the Earth
GMe GMe 2GM
gp = & g e= ge < gp 16. Escape Velocity (ve) ve
R 2p (R p 2 1)2 R
Escape velocity at : Earth surface ve = 11.2 km/s
gp – ge = 0.02 m/s 2 Moon surface ve = 2.31 km/s
(d) Due to Rotation of the Earth GMm 1
g' = g – Re2 cos2 17. Escape energy mv2e
R 2
at equator. g'min= ge = g – Re2
(a) First Law (Law of Orbits) :
at poles. g'max. = gp = g gp > ge All planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits,
grot. = gp – ge = 0.03 m/s2 having the Sun at one focus of the orbit.
0.02 m/ s
2
(due to shape) (b) Second Law (Law of Areas) :
gtotal = gp – ge = (0.05 m/ s ) A line joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out
2
2
0.03 m/ s (due to rotation)
equal areas in equal times, that is, the areal speed of
the planet remains constant.
W
09. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL V = dA 1 2 d 1 2 dA J
m r r or
10. Relation between gravitational potential and dt 2 dt 2 dt 2m
gravitational intensity (c) Third Law : (Law of Periods) : The square
of the period of revolution (time of one complete revolu-
dV tion) of any planet around the Sun is directly propor-
V =– I. dr and I=– = –ve potential gradient tional to the cube of the semi–major axis of its elliptical
dr
11. Gravitationa potential 4 2 m 2 a 3
orbit. T 2 or T2 a3
GM J2
(a) Due to a point mass at VP = – GM
r
17. Orbital velocity (v0) : v0 = Re
= gR e
(b) Due to a Solid Sphere
18. Bound and Unbound Trajectories
GM GM GM Velocity Trajectory
Vout = – , Vsurface = – , Vin = – [3R2 – r2]
r R 2 R3
ve Does not orbit the Earth. It falls back
3 GM 3 v
|Vcentre| = , Vcentre = V 2
2 R 2 surface
(c) Due to a Spherical shell ve
v= Orbits the Earth in a circular path.
GM GM GM 2
Vout = – , Vsurface = – , Vin = –
r R R ve
12. Gravitational Self Energy of a Uniform Sphere < v < ve Orbits in an elliptical path.
2
2
3 GM v = ve Does not orbit. Escapes the gravitational
U=
5 R field of Earth in a parabolic path.
13. Work done by Gravitational force in shifting a v > ve Does not orbit. Escape the gravitational
field of Earth in a hyperbolic path.
GMm
mass from one place to another place. W=U=– 4 2 3
Time Period of a Satellite T
2
r 19. r
14. Velocity (v) required to project a body to reach GM
T2 r3 (r = R + h)
2 gh 20. For Geostationary Satellite
a height "h" is given by v2 =
h T = 24 hr, h = 36,000 km 6 Re (r 7 Re),
1 v0 = 3.1 km/s
Re
[Link] 21
Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
21. For Near by satellite 10. Gravitation
GMe
01. In linear S.H.M. :F – x or a –x
Re
(a) v0 = 8 km/s
02. In angular S.H.M. : – or –
Re 03. Comparison between linear and angular S.H.M.
(b) TNs = 2 = 84 minute = 1 hour 24 minute
g Linear S.H.M. Angular S.H.M.
= 1.4 hr = 5063 s F – x F= –kx – = – C
where k is the restoring where C is the restoring
3 force constant torque constant
TNs =
G k d2 x k C d2 C
a x 2 x 0 2 0
Time period of near by satellite only depends upon den- m dt m I dt I
sity of planet. It is known as differential It is known as differential
equation of linear SHM equation of angular SHM.
22. Energies of a Satellite
x = A sin t; a = – 2 x = 0 sin t; = – 2
1 GMm L2 where is the angular
(a) K.E. = mv20 frequency
2 2r 2 mr 2
k C
2 2
GMm L2 m I
(b) P.E. = mv20 2
r mr k 2
C 2
2n
2 n I T
(c) Total mechanical energy m T
where T is time period and where T is time period and
mv20 GMm L2 n is frequency n is frequency
T.E. = P.E. K.E.
2 2r 2 mr 2 m 1 k I 1 C
T 2 ,n T 2 ,n
23. Binding energy of satellite (system) k 2 m C 2 I
This concept is valid for all This concept is valid for all
P.E.
B.E. = K.E. = – T.E. = types of linear S.H.M. types of angular SHM
2
04. ENERGY OF PARTICLE IN S.H.M.
1 GMm L2
= mv20 (a) Potential Energy (U or P.E.)
2 2r 2 mr 2
1 2
24. Work done in Changing the Orbit of Satellite ( i) I n t erms of displacement U = kx + U0
2
GMm 1 1 (ii) In terms of time
W = E2 – E1 = – 1 1
2 r1 r2 U = kA2sin2t= m2A2sin2t
2 2
25. Condition of weightlessness on Earth surface (b) Kinetic Energy (K)
(i) In terms of displacement
1 g 1 1 1
cos R e K= mv2 = m2 (A2 – x2) = k(A2 – x2)
2 2 2
At equator = 0° 1
(ii) In terms of time K = m2A2 cos2t
g 1 2
= = rad/s 1
Re 8 00 (c) Total energy (E) E= kA2
2
= 0.00125 rad/s =1.25×10–3 rad/s 05. Average energy in S.H.M.
26. If Earth rotates about its axis with 17 times of (i) The time average of P.E. and K.E. over one cycle
present angular speed then bodies lying on equator may 1 1 2
fly off into the space. Time period of Earth's rotation in (a) <KE>t= kA 2 (b) < PE>t = kA U 0
4 4
this case = 1.4 hr.
1
(c) < TE>t = kA U 0
2
22 [Link]
Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
(ii) The position average of P.E. and K.E. between x = (b)Parallel Combination of springs kP = k1 + k2
-A to x=A
m m
1 1 Time period T = 2 = 2 ;
(b) < PE>x = U 0 kA2 k 1 k2
2
(a) <KE>x = kA kP
3 6
1 1 kP k1 k 2
(c) <TE>x = kA 2 U 0 Frequency n = ; And
2 2 m m
06. When spring is given small displacement by 11. Expression for time period of simple pendulum
stretching or compressing it, then restoring elastic force
is developed in it because it obeys Hook's law. displacement
F–x F = – kx Here k is spring constant T = 2 = 2
g acceleration
07. When spring is compressed or stretched then work
done on it is stored as elastic potential energy. 12. If is comparable to radius of earth then time period
1 2 Re
U=W= kx T = 2
2 Re
08. When spring is stretched from 1 to 2 then Work 1 g
done
13. The time period of oscillation of simple pendulum of
1
W= k(22 – 12) R 1
2 84 .6 minute 1
infinite length () T 2
g 2
09. SPRING PENDULUM
hour (It is maximum time period)
2 m
(a) Time period T = = 2 , 14. If angular amplitude (0) is large (0 > 15°) then time
k
1 k 20
(b) Frequency n =
period is given by T 2 1 here 0 is in
2 m g 16
(c) If two masses m1 and m2 are connected by a radian.
spring and made to oscillate then time period 15. If a simple pendulum of density is made to oscillate
m1m 2 in a liquid of density then its time period will
T = 2 Here, increase as compare to that of air and is given by
k m 1 m 2 = reduced mass
(d) If the stretch in a vertically loaded spring is T 2
y0 then for equilibrium of mass m.
1 g
m y0
time period T = 2 = 2
k g 16. Second's pendulum Time period is 2 second
Length of second pendulum at the surface of earth
(e) If two particles are attached with spring in 1 meter
which only one is oscillating
17. compound pendulum
mass of oscillating particle
Time period = 2 mg
force constant d2
(a)
dt 2
+ Is = 0
10. VARIOUS SPRING ARRANGEMENTS K2
(a) Series combination of springs Is
(b) Time period T = 2 T = 2
1 1 1 k k mg g
ks 1 2
k s k1 k 2 k1 k 2 dT
(c) For minimum time period = 0 then K =
m m(k1 k 2 ) d
Time period T = 2 2
ks k1 k 2 K2
K 2K
1 ks ks Tmin = T = 2 K = 2
Frequency n = , Angular frequency g g
2 m m
[Link] 23
Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
18. If a mass m is suspended from a wire of length L, 28. The differential equation of damped oscillator
cross section A and young's modulus Y and is pulled
d2x dx
along the length of the wire then restoring force is m b Kx 0
will be developed by the elasticity of the [Link] dt2 dt
29. Displacement of damped oscillator is given by
1 k 1 YA
the frequency of oscillation n= = x x m e bt /2 m sin( t ) where angular
2 m 2 mL
19. If the lower surface of a cube of side L and of frequency of the damped oscillator = 02 (b /2m )2
modulus of rigidity fixed while fixing a particle of The amplitude decreases continuously with time
mass m on the upper face, a force parallel to upper
according to x x m e (b/2 m )t
face is applied and withdrawn;
30. The differential equation of forced oscillator is
m m
Then T = 2 = 2 d2x dx
k L m2 Kx b F0 cos d t
d2 dt
20. Motion of a liquid in a V-shape tube when it is The displacement of forced oscillator is
slightly depressed and released x x0 sin(dt ) , with amplitude
m F0 /m ( 2 02 )
x0
T = 2 and tan
Adg(sin 1 sin 2 ) ( 2
02 ) (b /m )2 b / m
21. If the tube is a U-tube and liquid is filled to a height
11. Mechanical Properties of Solids
h
h, Time period T = 2
g
01. INTERATOMIC FORCES
22. When a partially submerged floating body is The forces acting between the atoms due to
slightly pressed and released : electrostatic interaction between the charges of the
m m atoms are called interatomic forces.
T = 2 = 2 02. INTER MOLECULAR FORCES
k Ag The force between the molecules due to electrostatic
interaction between the charges of the molecules are
2 R called intermolecular forces.
23. Motion of a ball in a bowl T 2
g 03. It is found that foce of attraction between the
24. Motion of a ball in a tunnel through the earth molecules varies inversely as the seventh power
If the tunnel is along a diameter and a ball is of intermo lecular di stance r, i.e.,
R 1 a
released from the surface. T = 2
Fa 7
orFa 7 The negative sign indicates that
g r r
25. Conical Pendulum the force is attractive in nature.
04. It is found that repuslive force varies inversely as
h
T = 2 where h = L cos 1 b
g the ninth power of r, ie. Fr 9
or Fr 9
r r
g
h= L2 r 2 = Internal restoring force
L cos
0 5 . Stress
Area of cross section
26. Torsional Oscillator : (Angular SHM)
Fint ernal Fexternal
r 4 = =
T = 2 where C = A A
C 2
27. Oscillation of piston in a frictionless gas chamber 0 6 . Different types of stress
(a) Longitudinal Stress
Vm (i) Tensile Stress
piston : T = 2 or T = 2 Vm / PA 2
A2 E (ii) Compressive stress
(b) Volume Stress
(c) Tangential Stress or Shear Stress
24 [Link]
Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
change in size of the body 15. Young's modulus of elasticity.
0 7 . Strain = original size of the body
longitudinal stress F/A FL
Y = = =
0 8 . Types of strain longitudinal strain /L A
16. Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of wire
L
(a) Longitudinal strain= Mg / r
2
Y1 F A e
L
Y=
MgL 1 1 2 2
V
/ L = r 2 Y2 F2 2 A2 e1
(b) Volume strain= F2
V 17. In terms of volume V of a wire. Y
Ve
F 2 d
(c) Shear strain tan or 18. Interms of density y
L me
displacement of upper face MgL
= = 19. Increment of length due to own weight=
L distance between two faces 2 AY
09. Relation Between angle of twist and Angle of
20. If a force ‘F’ is applied at the lower end in addition
r to its weight then the total elongation is
shear where = angle of twist, = angle of shear
2dg F
e
10. Stress – Strain Graph 2Y AY
F/ A P
Breaking B
21. Bulk modulus of elasticity.K or B =
strength Elastic
Region
V V
Elastic
Limit P E Y C V V
K solids K liquids K gases
Lim rtion
22.
it
po
Plastic Region
Pro
Stress
0 Strain
23. Bulk modulus of an ideal gas is process
dependence.
11. Elastic Hysteresis : For isothermal process Bulk modulus = P
For adiabatic process Bulk modulus = P
For any polytropic process Bulk modulus = nP
g
sin
load or stress
rea
g
sin
nc
1 1 V
rea
di
ec
loa
V P
Compressibility : C
dd
24.
K
loa
extension or strain
25. Density of compressed liquid :
12. Breaking Stress :
The stress required to cause actual facture of a If a liquid of density ' ', volume V and bulk modulus
material is called the breaking stress Breaking stress = 'K' is compressed, then its density increases according
F/A P
to the
1
re lati on 1
K
or 1 1 C P
13. Hooke's Law Within elastic limit :
where ‘C’ is the compressibility.
stress
stress strain
strain
=constant 26. Modulus of rigidity (or) shear modulus
shear stress F / A F
14. Types of modulii
(i) Young’s modulus shear strain A
(ii) Bulk modulus
(iii) Modulus of Rigidity
[Link] 25
Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
lateralstrain
27. Poisson's ratio.= longitudinalstrain = , 12. Mechanical Properties of Fluids
D d D L m dm
where = = & a= 01. Density Lim
V 0 V dV
D D L
density of given liquid
28. Relation among volume strain, Lateral strain and 02. Relative density =
density of pure water at 4°C
V 03. Specific gravity
poisson's ratio : 1 2
V
specific weight of given liquid
specific weight of pure water at 4°C (9.81 kN m3 )
g
29. Work done in stretching a wire (Potential energy
w g w
YA( )2
of a stretched wire) W= 04. Density of a Mixture of substance in the
2L o
M1 M2 M3....
1 proportion of mass
M1 M2 M3
W = × Y × (strain)2 × original volume ....
2 1 2 3
1 For two substances the density of the mixture
= (stress) (strain) (volume)
2 12 M1 M2
1M2 2M1
30. To estimate the maximum height of a mountain : 05. Density of a mixture of substance in the
1V1 2 V2 3 V3
3 108 3 108 proportion of volume V V V ....
h< < < 104 m
g 3 103 10
1 2 3
1V1 2V2
r 4 For two substances we can write
31. Torsion constant of a wire C = V1 V2
2
06. The pressure P is defined as the magnitude of the
(a) Toque required for twisting by angle = C
F
1 normal force acting on a unit surface area. P =
(b) Work done in twisting by angle , W = C2. A
2
07. Types of Pressure
Atmospheric pressure Po = 1.013 × 10 5 N/m2
32. Y 3K 1 2 Gauge Pressure Pgauge = hg or Pgauge h
Absolute Pressure Pabs =Patm + Pgauge Pabs = Po +
hg
33. Y 2 1
dP
08. pressure gradient = g
9 nK dy
34. Y 09. Pressure exerted by a liquid P2 = P1 + hg
3K n P2 is the absolute pressure at depth h below the
3K 2 n free surface of the liquid.
35.
2 3K n 10. Pressure in case of accelerating fluid
(i)Liquid placed in elevator : P h g a 0
(ii) Free surface of liquid in case of horizontal
acceleration : P1–P2 = g (h1– h2) = gtan = a0
(iii) Rotating Vessel P2 – P1 = gdy
The equation for surfaces of constant pressure
26 [Link]
Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
2 r 2 1 2
is y + constant 20. Bernoulli's Theorem P + gh v constant.
2g 2
11. Force on the side wall of the vessel Containing a
2m gh
gbh2 21. Venturimeter v1
A 2
fluid is F 1 1
2
A 2
1
12. Average pressure on side wall P gh av 22. Torricelli's Law of Efflux (Fluid Outflow)
2
13. Torque on the side wall due to fluid pres- Velocity of effluxvB = 2gh
1 2 (H h )
gbh3
sure Time of fall t
6 g
14. PASCAL's LAW
Horizontal range R = 2 h(H h)
• The pressure in a fluid at rest is same at all the
points if gravity is ignored.
H
Range R will be maximum when h =
2
• A liquid exerts equal pressures in all directions.
H H
• If the pressure in an enclosed fluid is changed at Rmaximum = 2
2 H 2 = H
a particular point, the change is transmitted to
every point of the fluid and to the walls of the v x
container without being diminished in magnitude. 23. Viscous force F = A where is a constant
y
15. For the hydraulic lift called coefficient of viscosity of the liquid.
F1 A2 2 r 2 ( )
Upward force on A2 is F2 = × A2 = 24. Terminal Velocity vT = g
A1 A1 × F1 9
16. Net upward force on a body that is partially or
totally immersed in a liquid is F = F2 – F1 = Ag[h2 – vd
25. Reynolds Number (Re) Re =
h1]
17. Floatation
Case I Density of the body () is greater than Re < 1000 >2000 between 1000 to 2000
that of liquid ) body will sink to the bottom of the
liquid. Type of flow laminar often turbulent maybe laminar or turbulent
WApp = W (1 – /).
Case II Density of the body is equal to the density Pr 4
of liquid (= ) WApp = W – Th = 0 26. Poiseuille’s formula V
Case III Density of the body is lesser than that of
8 l
liquid ( < )body will float partially submerged in 8 l
the liquid. WApp = W – Th = 0 When a fluid 27. R is called fluid resistance.
moves in such a way that there are relative motions r 4
among the fluid particles, the fluid is said to be 28. Arrangement of Capillary tubes :
flowing. a) In series : fluid resistance R = R1
18. TYPES OF FLUID FLOW : + R2.
Steady and Unsteady Flow
Streamline Flow b) Capillary tubes in parallel : Fluid
Laminar and Turbulent Flow 1 1 1
Compressible and Incompressible Flow resistance R is given by
R R1 R 2
Rotational and Irrotational Flow
19. Equation of continuity 1A1v1 =2A2v2 F
Since1 = 2 A1v1 = A2v2 or Av = constant 29. Surface tensionT =
L
[Link] 27
Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
30. When any needle floats on the liquid surface then [Link] of angle of contact of various solid–liquid pairs
2T sin = mg Solid - Liquid Pair ° C
31. If the needle is lifted from the liquid surface then Glass -Normal water 8°
required excess force will be Fexcess = 2T Glass -Distilled water 0°
Minimum force required Fmin = mg + 2T Glass - Alcohol 0°
32. Required excess force for a circular thick ring (or
Glass - Mercury 135°
hollow disc) having internal and external radii r1
Paraffin wax - Water 108°
and r2 is dipped in and taken out from liquid Fexcess =
Silver - Water 90°
F1 + F2 = T(2r1) + T(2r2) = 2T(r1 + r2)
33. Required excess force for a circular ring (r1 = r2 = r)
Fexcess = 2T( r + r) = 4 r T 42. Shape of Liquid Surface
convex surface
34. Required excess force for a circular disc Fexcess = 2 Relation
between FA
conca ve surface
FA horizontal surface FA
rT cohesive and
FC FC FC
adhesive force FR FR
35. Work done (surface energy) in formation of a drop water water
FR
me rcury
glass silver glass
of radius r = Work done against surface tension FC
FA
FC FC
FA FA
W = Surface tension T × change in area A = T × 2 2 2
Shape of Concave Plane Convex
4r2 = 4r2T meniscus
Angle of C < 90° C = 90° C > 90°
36. Work done (surface energy) in formation of a soap contact (Acute angle) (Right angle) (Obtuse angle)
bubble of radius r :
Shape of
W = T × A or W = T × 2 × 4r2 = 8r2T liquid drop C
C
C
37. If bigger drop of radius R is spitted into n smaller Level of liquid Liquid rises up Liquid neither Liquid falls
nor falls rises
R Wetting Liquid wets the Liquid does not Liquid does not
droplets each of radius r then r= 1/ 3
property solid surface wet the solid wet the solid
n surface surface
Example Glass – Water Silver – Water Glass – Mercury
Change in area A = n4r2 – 4R2 = 4(nr2 – R2)
Therefore the amount of surface energy absorbed i.e. 2T cos
43. CAPILLARY TUBE AND CAPILLARITY h
E = Ef – Ei = 4T (nr2 – R2) rg
Magnitude of work done against surface tension 44. Zurin's Law : rh = constant.
45. If a capillary tube is dipped into a liquid and tilted
1 1 at an angle from vertical then the vertical height
W = 4R3T of liquid column remains same whereas the length
r R
of liquid column in the capillary tube increases.
Decreases in temperature 3T 1 1 essure. h = cos
h
J s r R cos
• The height 'h' is measured from the bottom of the
2T meniscus. However, there exist some liquid above
38. Excess pressure inside the dropPex = Pi P0 = this line also. If correction of this is applied then
r
1
4T rg h r
39. Excess pressure inside soap bubble Pi–P0 = 3
the formula will be T
r 2 cos
40. For liquid surface, pressure on concave side is
always higher than convex side • If a hollow sphere of radius r which has a fine hole,
drowned in a vessel upto h depth, then liquid will
low
not enter upto critical height h, given by h g=
high
high 2 T cos
. [normally therefore cos
r
low
28 [Link]
Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
11. Error in scale reading due to expansion or
13. Thermal Properties of Matter 1 contraction:
0 a 0 SR a 0 a SR
01. Temperature scales
at at ' > at ' <
C 0 F 32 K 273.15
TV = SR TV > SR TV < SR
100 0 212 32 373.15 273.15
R 0 Ra 492
12. Two coefficients of volume expansion of liquids.
80 0 672 492 (i) Co–efficient of apparent expansion (a)
02. DIFFERENT TYPES OF THERMO-METERS
Apparent expansion in volume (V)
a
Initial volume V
1. Liquid Thermometers (ii) Co–efficient of real expansion (r)
2. Constant volume gas thermometer
P P0 Real increase in volume (V)
t t 100C r
Initial volume V
P100 P0
3. Constant pressure gas thermometer
13. Also co effici ent of expansi on of flas k
V V0 (V)Vessel
t t 100C Vessel
V100 V0 V
4. Resistance thermometers 14. Real = Apparent + Vessel
R R0 15. Vapp= V(Real – Vessel) = V(r – 3)
t t 100C = Coefficient of linear expansion of the vessel.
R100 R 0
5. Thermoelectric thermometers 16. Different level of liquid in vessel
6. Vapour pressure thermometer V Level
7. Radiation Thermometers Re al. Vessel ( 3 ) app 0 Vapp is positive
Level of liquid inVessel will riseon heating 1
Re al. Vessel ( 3 ) app 0 Vapp is negative Level of liquid in vessel will fall on heating 2
03. Linear expansion of solids : Re al Vessel ( 3 ) app 0 Vapp 0 Level of liquid in vessel will remain same
= 0 (1 + ) = 0
04. Superficial (areal) expansion : 17. Variation in density of a liquid with Temperature
0 t 1 R t
A = A0 (1 + ) =2
05. Volume expansion :
V = V0 (1 + ) , =3
18. Effect of temperature on upthrust (buoyancy) :
06. : : = 1 : 2 : 3
Th ' V11g 1 s
07. Effect of temperature on the time period of a Th Vg 1 L
T 1 T 1 19. Apparent weight :
simple pendulum : =
T 2 T 2 As s L Th1 Th with rise in temperature,
L thrust decreases and apparent weight of the body
08. Thermal strain = = increases.
L
20. Condition for unoccupied volume present in a
09. Thermal stress = Y
container containing liquid to remain constant.
10. Force on the supports F=YA VC C V
[Link] 29
Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
21. To compensate expansion of container using 30. MOTION OF AN AIR BUBBLE IN A LIQUID
mercury (Dilatometer) When an air bubble rises from bottom to surface of
a lake, its volume increases.
Vc c V
1 h
If V2 = nV1 then n = H
VHg g 1 1
3
22.
VC Hg 7 1 h
if r2 = nr1, then n =
H
23. Correction for barometric reading H0 H 1 t 31. If an air bubble rises from the bottom of a liquid
column of density 2 to the top at constant temperature
V2 V1
24. Volume coefficient of a gas 76 13.6n 1
V0 t2 t1 and its volume becomes 'n' times, h
L
P2 P1 Where L is the density of that liquid in CGS units.
Pressure coefficient of a gas
25.
P0 t2 t1 32. Charles' law at Constant Pressure V T
V1 V2
26. Absolute scale or Kelvin scale of temperature : V1 T1
or
TK (t 0C 273.15) V2 T2 T1 T2
27. Boyle's law, V
1( at constant temperature)
33. Charles'Law at Constant Volume PT
P
P1 T1 P1 P2
or PV = K (constant)
or or 1T1 2T2
P1 1 P2 T2 T1 T2
28. Boyle's law in terms of density : P or
P2 2
PV
29. QUILL TUBE :
34. Ideal gas equation = r or P V rT
T
r is called 'specific gas constant'
i) Whe n the open end o f the tube is ve rtically
upwards, then P1 = (H + h) cm of Hg 35. For a mass m of the gas PV = mrT .
ii) When the open end of the tube is vertically down-
wards, then P2 = (H – h) cm of Hg PV
36. For one mole of the gas
T
= R PV RT
iii) When the tube is horizontal, volume of the enclosed
'R' is called universal gas constant .
air, P3 = H cm of Hg
37. For 'n' moles of a gas, the ideal gas equation is
iv) When the tube is making an angle with vertical, PV = nRT
with open end upwards, thenP4= (H + h cos ) cm
of Hg 38. r = R/M
39. Ideal gas equation in terms of Boltzmann's
constant : PV NKT
30 [Link]
Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
09. The amount of heat crossing the area A of the slab
14. Thermal Properties of Matter 2 at position x in time t is given by
Q
KA
dT
t dx
W Q TH TC
01. Mechanical equivalent of heat = J or W = J H, = KA
L
10. If L is the length of the rod then
H t
J = 4.18 joule/cal or 4.18 × 10³ joule per kilo–cal. Here K is called Thermal conductivity
1 dQ L
02. Specific heat (s or c ) c = 11. THERMAL RESISTANCE R
m dT KA
1 dQ TH TC
03. Molar heat capacity C
µ dT 12. Slabs in series (in steady state) I =
R1 R 2
m M dQ R = R1 + R2 + R3 + .......
But µ = C L1 L2 L i
M m dT Keq = =
L1 L2 L
i
04. Thermal capacity = mass × specific heat K1 K 2 Ki
13. Slabs in parallel (in steady state):
05. Water equivalent= mass of body × specific heat of 1 1
the material (w = ms). I I1 I2 (TH TC )
1
R R 2
06. Latent heat of fusion 1 1 1 1
It is the quantity of heat (in kilocalories) required .....
R eq R 1 R 2 R 3
to change its 1 kg mass from solid to liquid state
at its melting point. Latent heat of fusion for ice : K1 A1 K 2 A 2 K i A i
K eq =
80 kcal/kg = 80 cal /g. A1 A 2 A i
14. Growth of Ice oN Lakes time taken by ice to grow
07. Latent heat of vaporization from thickness x1 to thickness x2 is
The quantity of heat required to change its 1 kg
mass from liquid to vapour state at its boiling point. 1 L
Latent heat of vaporisation for water : 536 kcal/ t = t2 – t 1 = (x 2 – x12)
2 KT 2
kg = 536 cal/g
15. Time taken to double and triple the thickness ratio
08. The transfer of heat from one body to another may
t1 : t2 : t3 :: 12 : 22 : 32 So t1 : t2 : t3 :: 1 : 4 : 9
take place by any one of the following modes :.
16. The rate of heat convection from an object is
Conduction Convection Radiation
proportional to the temperature difference () between
Heat Transfer Heat transfer Heat transfer
due to due to density with out any the object and convective fluid and the area of contact
Temperaturedi difference medium
fference dQ
A, i.e., = hA where, h represents a
Due to free Actual motion Electromagnetic dt convection
electron or of particles radiation
vibration constant of proportionality called convection coefficient
motion of
molecules 17. Phenomena Based on convection
Heat transfer Heat transfer in All (i) Land and sea breezes
in solid body fluids (Liquid + (ii) Formation of trade winds
(in mercury gas) (iii) Monsoons
also) (iv) Ventilation
Slow process Slow process Fast process (v) To regulate temperature in the human body
(3 × 108
18. Thermal Radiation
m/sec)
The process of the transfer of heat from one place
Irregular path Irregular path Straight line to another place without heating the intervening
(like light) medium is called radiation.
[Link] 31
Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
19. Types of thermal Radiation Q
31. Absorption power (a) =
a
10 0 %
Q
Pla ne Radiation D iffus e Radiatio n
Q
32. Transmission power (t) =
t
10 0 %
Q
Radiations which a re incide nt on a Incident on the surface at a ll angles
sur face at certain angle
e
33. KIRCHHOFF'S LAW E = constant
a
Qa
20. Absorptive power or absorptive coefficient a Good absorber Good emitter
Q
Bad absorber Bad emitter
Qa
Spect ral absorpt ive power a=
21. ( a)
z Q (at Low temperature) (at high temperature)
34. STEFAN'S LAW For a black body the radiation
22. At a given wavelength a a d . For ideal black
emitted E 5.67 x10–8 watt /m2 K4
0
body a and a = 1, 35. Total radiation energy emitted out by surface of
23. Emissive power (e) : The amount of heat area A in time t :
radiation emitted by unit area of the surface in one Ideal black body QIBB = A T4 t and
second at a particular temperature. For any other body QGB = erA T4 t
24. Spectral Emmisive power (e) Emissive power or 36. Rate of loss of heat of a blackbody
e e d dQ
total emissive power RH = A(T 4 T04 )
0 dt
25. Absolute emissivity or emissivity : Radiation 37. Rate of fall in temperature (Rate of cooling)
energy given out by a unit surface area of a body
d A 4
in unit time corresponding to unit temperature RF = (T T04 )
dt ms J
diffe re nce w.r.t. t he s urroundings is c alle d
38. Newton's law of cooling
Emissivity.
26. Relative emissivity (er) : dQ dQ d
(–0) = ms
dt dt dt
Q GB e emitted radiation by gray body
er= = GB = 1 2 1 2 4 A T03
emitted radiation by ideal black body
Q IBB E IBB t = – K 2 0 , K
msJ
27. range 0 < er < 1
39. For H ea ting, Newton's law of heating
Qr
28. Refle ctive Co effi cient r = , Abso rptive 1 2 1 2
Q H 0 2 H is heating constant.
t
Qa
Coefficient a = , and Transmittive Coefficient t 40. Spectral Energy distribution curve of Black Body
Q
radiations
Qt 1
= are related by r + a + t = 1 (i) m (ii) E m T 5
Q T
29. r = 1 anda = 0 , t = 0 Perfect reflector 4
A1 T1
Area E d E T
4
a = 1 andr = 0, t = 0 Ideal absorber (ideal (iii)
A T2
black body) 0 2
41. WEIN'S DISPLACEMENT LAW mT = b where b
t = 1 anda = 0, r = 0 Perfect transmitter
Wein's constant = = 2.89 x 10–3 mK.
(daithermanons)
42. Solar constant S is taken to be 1340 watts/m2 or
Qr 1.937 Cal/cm2–minute
30. Reflection power (r) = 10 0 %
Q 1
S d2 4
43. Temperature of the Sun T = 2 = 5732 K
R
32 [Link]
Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
P–V diagram is a graph between the volume V
15. Thermodynamics and the pressure P of the system. The volume is
plotted against X–axis while the pressure is
01. Thermodynamical System plotted against Y–[Link].
The system which can be represented in of 12. Cyclic process
pressure (P), volume (V) and temperature (T), is Cyclic process is that thermodynamic process in
known thermodynamic system. which the system returns to its initial stage after
02. Surroundings undergoing a series of changes.
Anything outside the system, which exchanges 13. Non–cyclic process
energy with the system and which tends to Non–cyclic process is that process in which the
change the properties of the system is called its system does not return to its initial stage.
surroundings. 14. Quasi–static or equilibrium process
03. DIfferent types of systems Quasi–static is a thermodynamic process which
Heterogeneous System proceeds extremeply slowly such that at every
Homogeneous System instant of time, the temperature and pressure are
Isolated System the same in all parts of the system.
04. Thermodynamic variables of the system 15. If the change in volume of the gas is dV at a
(i) Composition () (ii) Temperature (T) pressure P, thrn work done dW = Pd
16. For a finite change in volume from Vi to Vf, this
(iii) Volume (V) (iv) Pressure (P)
equation is then integraptepd between Vi to Vf to
05. Thermodynamic state
The state of a system can be described completely Vf Vf
by co mpo siti o n, te mperat ure, vo lum e and find the net work done W Vi
dW
Vi
PdV
[Link] variables are interrelated by 17. Work done by a gas is equal to the area under P–
equation PV = µRT V graph.
06. Zeroth law of thermodynamics Following different cases are possible.
If objects A and B are separately in thermal (i) Volume is constant W = 0
equilibrium with a third object C (say thermometer), (ii) Volume is increasing W > 0
then objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium (iii) Volume is decreasing W < 0
with each other. Zeroth law of thermodynamics (iv) Cyclic process
introduce the concept of temperature. P P
07. Thermal equilibrium
Thermal equilibrium is a situation in which two
objects in thermal contact cease to exchange
energy by the process of heat.
08. Internal Energy
Inte rnal energy o f a s yst e m is t he e ne rgy
possessed by the system due to molecular motion
V V
and molecular configuration.
dU = dUk + dUp Wclockwise cycle = + Shaded area Wanticlockwise cycle = – Shaded area
m
For µ–moles of ideal gas dU µC v dT C v dT 18. Work Done in Clockwise Cycle
M
09. Thermodynamic Processes f
Wcyclic = a o th
Thermodynamic process is said to take place if are d pa
se
change occurs in the state of a thermodynamic clo
system.
19. First Law of Thermodynamics
10. Sign conv entio n us ed fo r the s tu dy of
Q = dU + W or Q = W + U
thermodynamic processes
20. ISOMETRIC OR ISOCHORIC PROCESS
Heat gained by a system Positive
Equation of state P = constant × T
Heat lost by a system Negative
The work done by a system Positive Work done W 0
Work done on the system Negative Form of first Law Q = U = µ C v T
Increase in the internal energy of system Positive dP
Decrease in the internal energy of system Negative Slope of the P–V curve
11. Indicator Diagram or P–V Diagram dV
[Link] 33
Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
Specific heat at constant volume (CV) Process Q U W
21. ISOBARIC PROCESS
Equation of state V = constant × T or V T Cyclic W 0 Area of the closed curve
Work done W P (V f Vi ) Isochoric U µCvT 0
Form of first Law Q = U + P (Vf – Vi) (µ mole of gas)
µ Cp dT = µ Cv dT + P(Vf – Vi)
Isothermal W 0 V
dP RT lo ge f
Slope of the PV curve : dV 0 Vi
isobaric
Specific heat at constant pressure (CP) P
= RT log e i
22. ISOTHERMAL PROCESS Pf
Equation of state P V = constant (µRT)
Adiabatic 0 –W µR(Tf Ti )
V
Work Done W µRT log e 2 1
V1
Isobaric µCPT CVT P (V f – V i) = µR(Tf – Ti)
P1 26. General expression for C (CP or CV) in the
Or W = 2.303µRT log10
P2 R R
process PVx = constant C
V2 1 1 x
Form of First Law Q = 2.303 µRT log10 27. Values of f, U, CV, CP and for different gases
V1 are shown in table below.
Atomicity of
dP P f Cv CP
Slope of the isothermal curve gas
dV isothermal V
3 5 5
23. ADIABATIC PROCESS Monoatomic 3 R R 1 .6 7
2 2 3
Equation of state : PV = constant
5 7 7
Diatomic 5 R R 1 .4
1 2 2 5
Work done W= [P V – P V ] Triatomic and
( 1) 1 1 2 2
Triatomic 7 9 9
linear 7 R R 1.28
µR
or W
( 1)
T1 T2 (at high 2 2 7
temperature)
Form of first law : dU = – W Poly atomic 6 8 4
Triangular Non- 6 R 3R R 4R 1.3 3
dP P linear 2 2 3
Slope of the adiabatic curve
dV adiabatic V
28. If 'f' is the degree of freedom per molecule for a
24. Slope of adiabatic is greater than the slope of
isotherm fkT
gas, then total energy of each molecule =
2
dP P dP
dV V dV f f
adia iso 29. Total energy per mole of gas = N 0 kT RT
2 2
slope of adiabatic changes 30. Fo r ' ' mole of a gas : Inte rnal energy a t
=
slope of isothermal changes
fR T
25. First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to temperature T is U C V T
2
Different Processes
31. Change in internal e ne rgy is given by
fR
dU (dT) C V dT
2
34 [Link]
Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
32. CP is greater than CV , CP – CV = R
16. KTG
33. Carnot Cycle
(i) Isothermal expansion 01. Intermolecular force
(ii) Adiabatic expansion Solid > liquid > real gas > ideal gas (zero)
(iii) Isothermal compression 02. Potential energy
(iv) Adiabatic compression. Solid < liquid < real gas < ideal gas (zero)
03. At a given temperature for solid, liquid and gas:
34. MAIN PARTS OF CARNOT'S ENGINE ARE (i) Internal kinetic energy Same for all
Source of heat (ii) Internal potential Energy : Maximum for ideal gas
Working substance (PE = 0) and Minimum for solids (PE = –ve)
Heat sink (iii) Internal Energy : Maximum for Ideal gas and
Insulating Stand Minimum for solid
04. At a gi ven temperature for rared and
W compressed gas :
35. Efficiency of Carnot Engine, (i) Internal kinetic energy Same
Q1 (ii) Internal potential energy ( P E ) Rared>
(PE)compressed
(iii) Internal Energy (U)Rared > (U)compressed
T1 T2 Q Q2
T1
10 0% 1
Q1
10 0%
S.T.P.
N.T.P. (Standard
36. CARNOT THEOREM (Normal t emperature) Temperature and
No irreversible engine (I) can have efficiency Pressure)
greater than Carnot reversible engine (R) working Temperature 0° C = 273.15 K 0.01° C = 273.16K
between same hot and cold reservoirs. 1 atm=1.01325×105 N/m2
Pressure 1 atm
= 1.01325 × 105 pascal
38. HEAT ENGINE Volume 22.4 litre 22.4 litre
Three parts of a heat engine:
(i) Source of high temperature reservoir at 05. EQUATION OF STATE FOR IDEAL GAS
temperature T1 PV = µRT where = number of moles of gas
(ii) Sink of low temperature res ervo ir at 06. EXPRESSION FOR PRESSURE OF AN IDEAL GAS
temperature T2
(iii) Working substance. 1 mv2
Pressure exerted by gas molecule P=
Effici ency of heat engine 3 V
work done (W) T1 T2 Q 1 Q 2 1M 2 1
Pressure exerted by gas P = vrms v2rms
heat taken from source (Q 1 ) T1 = Q 1 3 V 3
07. Degree of freedom for different gases according
39. REFRIGIRATOR It is inverse of heat engine. It to atomicity of gas at low temperature
A tomicity of
extracts heat (Q2) from a cold reservoir, gas
Translational Rotational Tot al
y
Monoatomic
40. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator.
Ex. Ar, Ne, 3 0 3
Ideal gas etc x
Heat extracted from cold reservoir 1 z
Work done on refrigerator Q1 Diatomic
1 Ex. O2 , Cl2,
Q2 3 2 5
N2 etc.
Triatomic
(linear)
T2 Ex. CO 2, 3 2 5
For Carnot reversible refrigerator = O=C=O
T1 T2 C2 H2
Triatomic
(Non–linear)
or
Polyatomic 3 3 6
Ex. H2 O,
NH 3 , CH4
[Link] 35
Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy Junior Compendium
vrms > vMean > vMP > vsound (always)
08. The total kinetic energy of a gas molecules is equally
distributed among its all degree of freedom and the vrms 3
16. For a gas at any temperature (T)
energy associated with each degree of freedom at v sound =
,
1
absolute temperature T is kT v rms 3
2
v MP = 2
09. For one molecule of gas
17. A temperature is not possible at which above order
1 can be changed
Energy related with each degree of freedom = kT
2 vrms vMean vMP vsound (always )
CRITICAL PARAMETERS OF REAL GAS
f
Energy related with all degree of freedom = kT 18. Critical temperature (TC)
2
10. DIFFERENT K.E. OF GAS (INTERNAL ENERGY) Gas He H2 N2 O2 CO2 Steam
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 3 Tc -268 C -240 C -147 C -118 C +31.1 C +365 C
2
Translatory kinetic energy (ET) ET = Mv rms = PV
2 2
19. Critical pressure (PC) Critical pressure for :
Energy per unit volume or energy density (EV)
1 2 3 He 2 atm ; CO2 76 atm ;O2 49.7 atm
EV vrms P
2 2 20. Critical volume (V C)
Critical volume for CO2 gas = 95 × 10-6 m3
Molar K.E. or Mean Molar K.E. (E)
1 3 3 a 8a
E Mw v2rms Or E RT N 0 kT 21. PC = , TC = , VC = 3b
2 2 2 27 b2 27 Rb
Molecular kinetic energy or mean molecular K.E. ( E ) PC VC 3 8
22. = = 0 .37 5 TC TB
E 3 RT 3 RTC 8 27
1
E Mw v2rms , E kT 23. Vander waal's constants 'a' and 'b'
2 N 0 2 N0 2
2
DIFFERENT SPEEDS OF GAS MOLECULES 27R 2 TC RTC
11. RMS speed of molecules a= b=
64 PC 8 PC
3P 3 RT 3kT kT 24. van der Waal’s Equation (For real gas)
v = = = = 1.73
rms Mw m m a
12. Mean speed of molecules : Preal V2 (VIdeal – b) = RT For one mole real gas
| v1 | | v2 | ..........| v n | 8P
< | v| > = v = = 2 a
mean N Preal V2 (VIdeal– µb) = µRT For µ mole of real gas
8 RT 8kT kT a
= = = 1.59 25. For real gas (dU)Real = CV dT + dV and
M w m m V2
13. Most probable speed of molecules (vmp) UReal = (T, P, V)
2P 2RT 2kT kT
(vmp) vmp = = = = 1.41
Mw m m
14. Velocity of sound in gas medium (vs )
P RT kT
vsound = = =
Mw m
15. At any temperature
36 [Link]
Junior Compendium Prathibha Jr. College IIT & Medical Academy
[Link] 37
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