Affixes The meaning Examples

Ante Before Antedate

Re Again Replay
-ly Like Manly
-Er One who Keeper
unlikely/ /Unable
Un Not
unattractive
-Est Most Cheapest
In Not Inactive
Im Not Impossible
Malf Bad Malfunction
-y Rainy Marked by
prewar /Preview
Pre Before
preconceive
Post After Postwar/ postmortem
Sentiment/ sentient/
Sent Feel consent/ assent/ dissent/
resent
Audience/ audible/
Audi Hear
audition/ auditory
Suicide/ patricide/
cide Kill
matricide/ infanticide
Mouth/ Oral/ oration/ Oracle/
Ora
speak oratory
Aquaplane/ aquatic/
Aqua Water aquarium/ aquanaut/
aquapark
Photography/ xerography/
graphy Writing
biography/ calligraphy
Corps/ corpse/
Cor Body
corporation/ corporeal
Tenable/ tenant/ tenure/
Tena Hold
tenacious
 Pendulum/ pendant/
Pend Hang
suspenders/ impanding
Manual/ manicure/
Manu/ mani Hamd
manuscript
Eject/ inject/ reject/
Ject Throw
project
Phot/ photo Light
Xer/ xero Dry
Biology/biochemistry/
Bi/ bio Life
bigamy
Mis/ miso Hate
Ge/ geo Earth Geography/
Biblio Book Bibliophile/bibliography
Meter Measure
Tel/tele Distant
Phil/ phile Lover Bibliophile/ Francophile
Science/
Logy Biology/mythology
study of
En Verb Lighten/ brighten
Vene Come Convene/ intervene
Prehand Seize Apprehend/ comprehand
Cur Run Recur/ current
Spect Look Inspect/ spectacles
Pose Place/ put Depose/ oppose
Spire Breathe Respire/ inspire
Rod Gnaw Rodent/ erode
Port Carry Report/ portable
Rupt Break Erupt/ rupture
Annu Year Annuity/ annual
Carn Flesh Carnal/ carnage
Anti Against Antifreeze /antimissile
Gamy Marriage Polygamy/ bigamy
Circum Around Circumference/circumvent
Co With Copilot/ co curricular
 Col Collapse/collide
Com Comply/ compact
Con Convene/ convoke
Cor Correlate/ corrode/correct
Contra Against Contradict/ contravene
Do the
De Deactivate/ devitalize
opposite of
Dis Not Disagreeable/ dishonest
In Insecure/incompetent
Im Impossible/ imperfect
Not
Il Illegible/ illegal
Ir Irreverent/ irreplaceable
In Inspire/ inscribe
In/ on
Im Impale/ imbibe
Inter Between Intervene/ intercede
Intra Within Intramural/ intravenous
Ob Against/ Obstruct/ obstacle
Op opposite Oppose/ oppress
Pro Forward Proceed/ progress
Retro Backward Retroactive/ retrogress
Semiprofessional/
Semi Half
semisoft/ semicolon
Sub Under Subway/ substandard
Superhuman/
Super Over superabundant/
Superman/ superhero
Un Opposite Undress/ unfold
 Affixes Derivational or Examples
inflectional
]-Er N] Derivational [DS] Hunter/ Fisher/
Called the agent camper/ golfer/
-er "the action of thriller/ lover
the verb stem" teacher/ singer/
fighter
It be attached "
to nonverbal Probationer/ New
"stems Yorker/ tenen-
That which is ager/ freighter
related to
]-ER rp] Derivational [DS] Chatter/ mutter/
The meaning of flicker/ glitter/
repetition jabber /patter
shimmer/ flutter
]-ER cp] Inflectional [IS] Heavier/ tougher
Use "than" with Bigger
them
]-ING Vb] Inflectional [IS] Burning house/
crawling snake/
babbling brook/
running water/
barking dog/
shining sun/ maing
elephant
]-ING nm] Derivational [DS] Meetings/
And inflectional weddings/
suffix to close it readings/ fillings/
[ -S pl] sayings/ drawings
]-ING aj] Derivational [DS] Charming woman
comforting
thought/ exciting
movie/ interesting
snake/ convincing
 tale/ refreshing
shower/ moving
appeal→emotional
/ abliging fellow
]-D pp] Inflectional [IS] Printed statement
Chosen bride
Stolen picture
Invited guests
Reserved seat
]-D aj] Derivational [DS] Neglected child
Complicated
question
Reserved man
Celebrate painter
Worried look
]-LY av] Derivational [DS] Richly/ kindly/
lively/ formally/
happily/ softly/
quietly/ falsely
]-LY aj] Derivational [DS] Lovely/ friendly/
manly/ kingly/
beastly/ scholarly
motherly/leisurely
deadly/ lively/
kindly/ sickly/
daily/ hourly/
monthly/maidenly.
weekly/ heavenly/
timely/ mannerly/
cowardly
Immediate constituents:
1/ cheer | ful
2/ 1: un | gentlemanly
2: un | gentleman | ly
3: un| gentle| man |ly
3/ en large | ment
4/ in | depend ent
5/ in | support able
6/ pre conceiv | ed
7/ Mal formation | s
8/ rest | rain / star | chy→ wrong
Re | strain / starch | y → right

Allomorphs:
[-D pt]
1/ the sound is /ed/→ parted "after an alveolar
stop /t/ or /d/"
2/ the sound is /t/ →"after a voiceless consonant"
passed / laughed / walked
3/ the sound is /d/ → "after a voiced sound"
seemed / begged.
 -S pl]
1/ the sound is /ez/ → "sibilant" churches/
gorges/ fizzes/ passes/dishes/ garages.
2/ the sound is /s/ → "after a voiceless
sound" sacks/ staffs/ heaths/ naps.
3/ the sound is /z/→ "after a voiced sound"
sums/ gongs/ hoes/ hogs/ sons.

Homophones:
Which sound alike but differ in meaning: heir/
air. pare/ pair/ pear. Meat/ meet/ mete.
Might/might/ mite. You/ y/ Ewo. It's/ its.
Too/ to/ two/toe.
 Type The word
Simple Slay/ flea/ long/ Spirit/ knave/
A single free /gragh/ pure/ oyster/ mete
morpheme act/ apparatus/ beauty /cannibal
Complex Marticide/ exclude/ televise
Two bound lioness/ eraser / Cosmonaut
Complex Dipsomania/ telephone
Bound and free Knavish/ telegraph/ aquanaut/
bicycle/ purist/ misanthrope/
philosophy/ refusal/ dental/
enable/ meter/ hydrometer/
/react /discography/ skinik
import/ unearth/ Rat-a-tat/
beautify/ geometry/ biochemical/
inaccessible
Compound words Greenhouse/ undergo/ outside/
These have free override/ spicandspan/ happy-go-
forms, usually two. hardtop/ sweetheart / lucky
Jack-in-the-box/ hót dòg/ dog in
the manger/ stronghold/ father-in-
law/ black market/ desígning
teàcher/ shárpshòoter/
rattlesnake/ glowworm/ ripcord/
búll's èye/ outlast
Grammatical Éarthquake/crýbaby/ kílljoy/
structure stópover/ dównpour/ stáy-at-
hígh chair/ /home/ underéstimate
íngroup/ Gírl friend/ extrasénsor/
treetop/ workman/ afternoon/
pickpocket/ quicksand/
knockdown/ airtight/
praiseworthy/ outgo/ fly-by-night/
booster shot/ overheat/
downtrend/ hard top/ plant in the
box/ hôt dóg/ strong hold/ father
in trouble/ desîgning téacher/
shârp shóoter/ bûll's éye.
 Processes of word formation:
Process Definition Examples
Airstrip/cornflakes
busybody/ cutoff/
Is simply the downpour/skywarn
joining of two or alongside/ breakfast/
Compounding
more words into long-haired/high
a single word school devil-may-
care/ roughneck/
cream puff
Is the forming of Disadvise/emplane
new words by deplane/ teleplay
combining ecosystem/ re-ask
Derivation derivational coachdom/
affixes or bound counselorship/
bases with codgerhood/exflux
existing words weirdoism
Kodak/ nylon/
Now and then
dingbat/ floosy/ goof/
Invention new words are
moron/ blurb
totally invented
doodad/ dacron
Echoism Hiss and peewee
The meaning is Roar of waterfall
usually a sound, clang of a bell
either natural, Bobwhite/ moon,
and may also be click/ murmur quack/
the creature that thunder, whisper/
produces the lisp, chickadee/ pop
sound bobolink/ clink/
wheeze
Means cutting
Lab/ dorm/ prof/
off the
exam/ gym/ prom/
Clipping beginning or the
porno/ gas/ taxi/ cab/
end of a word,
 or both, leaving frat/ photo/ gin/
a part to stand brandy/ curio/ memo
for the whole.
Plane, phone, sport/
Fore-clipping Less common
pike/ bus/ cello/ coon
A very few
words are Flu→influenze
Fore and aft
formed by both Liz → Elizabeth
clipping
fore and aft Still → distiller
clipping
It is often cut off
Paratrooper →
from the first
Grammatical parachutist trooper
part. Also, the
units- clipping Sitcom → situation
two parts may
comedy
be clipped.
MP "military police/
or Member of
Parliament" →
pronounced as
A word is individual latters.
formed from the VIP.
initials NATO "North Atlantic
Acronymy
segments of a Treaty
succession of Organization"→
words pronounced as a full
word. Also, "radar"→
radio detecting and
raining. UNESCO.
Laser. Scuba.
Brunch →breakfast
and lunch.
Is the fusion of
Stagflation→
two words into
stagnation and
Blending one, usually first
inflation
part with the
Smog→ smoke and
second part.
fog.
Transistor/ autobus
 Speakers Peddler/ beggar/
Back- created verbs swindler/ editor →
formation from these peddle/ beg/
nouns swindler/ edit.
Changing a
word, in part or
Cold cream, cold
in whole, to
Folk wave, cold chisel.
make it more
etymology Coleslaw → cold
understandable
slaw
and more like
familiar words
The formation of Sideburns from
a common Ambrose E.
noun, a verb, or Burnsides.
Antonomasia an adjective Vandal from the
from the name Vandals
of a person or a Sandwich/ guy
place. Hamburger/ jeans
1/ without change →
Pooh-pooh/ clop-
clop/ tick-tick/
quack-quack.
2/ with change of
initial consonant→
Is forming a new
hanky-panky/ nitwit/
word by
super-duper/ hugger-
doubling a
mugger/ lovey-dovey
morpheme,
Reduplication fuddy-duddy/ roly-
usually wiTh A
poly/ teen-weeny/
change of vowel
tootsie-wootise/
or initial
razzle-dazzle/
consonant
heebie-jeebies/
hootchy-kootchy/
rowdy-dowdy/ hosty-
tasty/ hocus-pocus/
humdrum/ helter-
skelter
 3/ with a change of
vowel→ wiggle-
waggle/ tiptop/ pitter-
patter/ chitchat/
criss-cross/ zigzag
ticktock/ pingpong/
knick-knack/ ding-
dong/ wishy-washy/
flipflop.
Italian→ soprano/
piano/cello/ solo/
Rondo/casino/
studio/ canto/
abandon/ mechanic/
outlandish/ pedantic
Titanic.
P.142
Spanish→ patio/
Foreign words
Borrowing mosquito/ barbecue/
are borrowed
cafeteria/ guitar/
into English
cigar/ lariat/ canyon/
alligator/ tornado.
Datum-data "Latin"
Concerti→ concertos
Curricula→
curriculums
syllabi→ syllabuses.
 InflectIonal paradIgms:
noun paradIgm
pronoun paradIgm
Verb paradIgm
comparable paradIgm

the noun paradIgm:

This four-form paradigm is maximal, and all
nouns have all the four.

★Is more likely to say: "the ceiling of the room"

than "the room's ceiling".
Plural+
Possessiv
Forms: Stem Plural possessiv
e
e
Inflectiona [-S pl] +
]-S pl] ]-S ps]
l suffixes: [-S ps]
Models: Cattle Cattle Cattle's Cattle's
Duck Ducks Duck's Ducks'
Deer Deers Deer's Deers'
Student Students Student's Students'
Woman Women Woman's Women's
Man Men Man's Men's
Doctor Doctors Doctor's Doctors'
 Type Examples
The words in this group have the form Tennis, courage,
of thee stem haste
This group doesn't have a singular Clothes, environs,
form but only that of the -s plural trousers, scissors.
Economics,
This group ends in an -s, but these
linguistics,
take it as a pronoun substitute and go
mathematics,
with a singular form of the verb
physics, athletics.
Words in a certain ill-defined group
Ethics, oats, pliers,
end in -s, but may be either singular
suds, measles
or plural, depending on the context.
Collective nouns can be singular or
plural in meaning. Singular forms are Tribe, family, team,
used when viewing the group as one committee, faculty,
unit, while plural forms focus on choir.
individual members.
Molasses, summons,
Singular sugar, soap, the
P. 138, 139 species, poetics,
news, deer,
Hose, the police,
Plural pike, the goods,
P. 138, 139 mumps, quail, the
bass

determIner:
A determiner is a word that pattern with a noun.
It precedes the noun and serves as a signal that a
noun is soon to followed, if the noun precedes by
adjectives and nouns, the determiner precedes
these modifiers. Ex: The new brick gymnasium.
The absence of a determiner to signál a following
noun will sometimes produce "ambiguity".
Union demands increase.
An auxiliary would show that it is a verb: Union
demands will increase.
A determiner would indicate that it is a noun:
Union demands an increase.
Determiner: a, an, the/ my, your, his, her, it's, our,
their, any possessive of name/ this, that, these,
those.

★Six of them may also be used in place of a noun,

as noun substitute → his, possessive, this, that,
these, those.
Semantic relationships can exist between the
possessive noun and the one that follows:
Relationship Examples
Possession or John's hat/ Judy's
belongingness home/ Dickie's father
Characterization or A cowboy's walk/
description men's coat/ children's
games
Origin Raphael's paintings/
Cary's novely/ a
wren's song/ the
moon's beams/
Dickie's father.
Measure "time, value, An hour's wait/ a
space" dollar's worth/ a
stone's throw/a hair's
breadth/ a day's work
 Subject of act John's fight/ the
judge's decision/ the
boy's jump/ Willard's
arrival/ Jane's
winning
Object of act Jane's punishment was
deserved/ Eliot's
critics were many/
Richard's protection.

A noun possessive is ambiguous when it expresses

more than one of the above relationships at the
same time. Ex: "his son's loss grieved him"
The meaning: He lost his son/ his son lost
something.

★ Use the possessive with animate nouns, and the

"of" structure with inanimate nouns.
Ex: the dog's leg, but the leg of the table.

noun femInIne forms:

Suffix Masculine Feminine
-e Fiancé Fiancée
-enne Comedian Comedienne
-ess Patron Patroness
-Ine Hero Heroine
-ster Spinner Spinster
-stress Seamster Seamstress
the Verb paradIgm:
Verbs have three, four, or five forms. Those with
four are the most common.
Stem Present Present Past Past
third- participle tense participle
person
singular
]-S 3d] ]-ING vb] ]-D pt] ]-D pp]
Learn Learns Learning Learned Learned
Choose Chooses Choosing Chose Chosen
Set Sets Setting Set Set
Freeze Freezes Freezing Froze Frozen
Bid Bids Bidding Bid, bade Bid,
bidden
Bite Bites Biting Bit Bit, bitten
Rise Rises Rising Rose Risen
Sell Sells Selling Sold Sold
Tease Teases Teasing Teased Teased

Each of these five forms has its own uses:

1/ Stem: this occurs after "to", after "auxiliaries"
.such as can and will, and in the present tense
2/ The present third-person singular: used with
singular nouns, with "he, she, it", and words for
which these pronouns will substitute, and with
word group.
3/ The present participle: it combines with seven
of the eight forms of be "am, is, are, was, were, be,
been" to make verb phrase, it also used as a
subjectless verbal.
A few verbs "referring to mental activitie" are
seldom heard in the "ING" form as main verb in
the sentence → own, need, prefer, know, hear, like,
remember, understand. / But they are in common
use as "subjectless verbals.
4/ The past tense: takes on numerous forms, the
most usual ones end in the allomorphs /-t/, /-d/,
or /-ed/.
5/ The past participle: has numerous forms, and it
is used with "has, have, had, having" to form
verbal phrase. It also used with the forms of "be"
to form possessive .

suppletIon: "Very Important"

Such a total Change within a paradigm is called
suppletion, and the new form is a suppletive form.
The suppletion→ /went/ = /go > wen/ + /t/
Verb be has suppletive forms→ am, is, are, was, were.
★ Cut has two homophones→ "verb, noun"
If word can fit into three or more slots of the
paradigm, we classify it as a verb.
auxIlIarIes: "Very Important" are
three kInds:
1/ fIrst kInd: modal auxIlIarIes, or
Verb markers "ten":
Can → could
May → might
Shall → should
Will → would
Must "past tense is had to/ Neg. is do not have or
need not"
Ought (to) "past tense is: (ought to/ should) plus have/
Neg. is ought not to or (hadn't ought to " is used in
speech only") or (shouldn't "the most common")"
They don't have participle forms, and the present
tense form doesn't take an -s in the third-person
singular.

2/the second kInd : "prImary

auxIlIarIes "haVe, be":
When immediately preceding a main verb,
"have" is followed by a past participle, and "be"
is followed by either past participle, or present
participle.
In main-verb sequences only one "modal
auxiliary" is used, with "have" only one form is
used. But "be" may be "doubled"
When auxiliaries are employed in groups of two
or three, an "obligatory sequence" is followed:
modal + have+ be.

Examples Moadal Have Be ING vb]

]- /
]-D pp]
I might have been Fishing/
shot
They had been sleeping/
seen
George may be reading/
startled
She must have quit

3/ the thIrd kInd: "perIphrastIc

auxIlIary "do": it carries "tense, negative "like
modal auxiliaries", provides: the inversion that
signals in a question, and emphasis. It replaces a
main verb, and expresses the tense.

aspect: "Very Important"

1/ IndefInIte aspect: "sImple"
He wrote a letter.
The form of the indefinite is the verb alone, without
auxiliaries
1/ progressIVe aspect: "V.Ing"
He was writing a letter
The form is: be+ verb+ -ing.
The event is thought of as progressive, going on,
without any indication of an end. And it tends not to
be used with verbs of mental activity and feeling or
verbs of nanction→ {know/ understand/ remember/
prefer/ want/ need/ like/ own/ consist of/ seem/
include}

3/ completIVe aspect: "V.to.haVe"

He has written a letter.
The form is: have+ past participle.
It presents us with two ways of interpreting the
continuity of time: First, the event began in the past
and has been completed. Second, the event continues
up to the present.
The completive aspect combines with the progressive
in verb phrases like: George has been working.
This verb phrase is completive for three reasons: 1/ it
has the form of "have+ past participle". 2/ it can't take
an adverbial of general past time, like "yesterday". 3/
it can take an adverbial of duration "all week".
the comparable paradIgm
Stem Comparative Superlative
]-ER cp] ]-EST SP]
Sweet Sweeter Sweetest
Deadly Deadlier Deadliest
Friendly Friendlier Friendliest
Soon Sooner Sonnest
Angry Angrier Angriest
Heathy Healthier Healthiest
Bitter Bitterest
Common Commoner Commonest
Cruel Crueler Cruelest
Foolish Foolishest
Handsome Handsomer Handsomest
Dusty Dustier Dustiest
Dirty Dirtier Dirtiest
Lively Livelier Liveliest
Gentle Gentler Gentlest
Good Better Best
Bad, I'll, badly Worse Worst
Will Better Best
Old Older/elder Oldest/eldest
Little Littler/ less Littlest/ least
Much, many More Most
Few Fewer/ less Fewest/ least
There are some adjectives and adverbs taking a
preceding more or most in lieu of the inflectional -er
and -est.
A few adjective have suppletive and irregular forms,
like "good": good→ better→ best.
The morpheme "good" has three allomorphs.
The capacity to take the inflectional suffixes -er and -
est is one of the signals that enables us to distinguish
adjectives from noun.
Adjective (Adj) P.167 Nonadjective (NA)
The light plane A stone fence
The night plane A glass vase
My close friend His steel file
Her red davenport That clay pot
A strange idea A dull volume
A bound volume

new word classes: "three groups"

1/ the first group: consists of the "form-classes",
there are five of these: nouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs, and uninflected words.
Membership in a class is determined by the form
of a word.
2/ the second group: is "position-classes". There
are four main position-classes: nominal, verbal,
adjectival, and adverbial.
Membership in these classes is determined by
position or word order.
3/ the third group: consists of the "positional
structure-classes", like determiners and
auxiliaries.
Each structure-class is very small and the
membership is fixed and closed.

noun:
Nouns are identified not only by inflectional
morphemes but also by noun-forming derivational
suffixes add to verbs, adjectives, nouns, adverbs,
and bound forms.
Examples: p.173/ 174.
Question true or false: Why aren't the personal
pronouns included among the form-classes? The
personal pronouns resemble nouns in that they are
inflected for the plural and the possessive and they
occupy most noun positions in the basic patterns.
They differ from nouns in that they have object
forms and do not pattern in some ways like
nouns.

Verb:
Verbs have a maximum of five different inflectional
forms, and the minimum of three forms. ★ verb is
a single word not a word group.
The derivational suffixes by which a verb is
identified are few. P.176
Adjective:
A word that is inflected with -er and -est and that
is capable of forming adverbs with -ly and/or
nouns with -ness is called an adjective.
In addition to the adjective test jest described we
can identify adjectives by derivational suffixes
alone. P. 177/ 178
These adjective-forming suffixes and others are
frequently added to bound forms:
1/ pens- +I've > pensive
2/ cred- + ible > credible
3/ loc- + al > local
4/ splend- + id > spendid
5/ frag- + ile > fragile
6/ cert- + ain > certain
7/ domest- + ic > domestic
8/ curi- + ous > curious
9/ terri- + fic> terrific
Adverbs:
The adverb has only three suffixes to set it apart from
other form classes "-ly, -wise, -ward" and the free
form, like:
Fortunate→ fortunately
Student → studentwise
North → northward
Student → studentlike
Casual →casual-like.

Uninflected words:
Words that can't be kenneled in one of the four form-
classes, are known as uninflected words "UW"
1/words that are traditionally called nouns:
Pathos, advise, tennis, evidence, botony, charisma.
2/ words traditionally called adverbs:
Often, seldom, also, never, perhaps.
3/ words traditionally known as adjectives:
Antic, menial, only, tired.
4/ most of the words in the structure classes:
The, must, quite, from, and, since, which, all.
 Prefix Stem Word
Foot Afoot
a- +noun Ground Aground
Kin Akin
Gape Agape
a- +verb Wake Awake
Sunder Asunder
Loud Aloud
a- +adjective Fresh Afresh
Weary Aweary
Mok Amok
a- +bound form Jar Jar
Gog Agog

These are UW's because they take no inflectional

ending. Although they do have the prefix -a in
common, it seems unwise to Label them formally as
either adjectives or adverbs since positionally they
appear in both adjectival and adverbial slots.
Therefore we shall bin them as UW's.