IT & APPLICATION

-SOHIL SHRESTHA

[UNIVERSAL COLLEGE]
-BBM (BACHELOR IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT)
Introduction to
Computer
DEFINITION
❑ The term Computer is derived from Latin Word ‘Computare’ which means to calculate.
❑ All over the world Computer is been used in every field such as IT (Information
Technology), Science & Technology, Engineering, Banking, Schools, Hospitals,
Agriculture, Health, Medicine, Researches, Astronomy, Telecommunication, Aviation,
Geography and many more.
❑ Computer is known as an Electronic Device that can accept Data, processes it and gives
meaningful results, according to users Instruction.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER

• Speed
• Accuracy
• Versatile
• Diligence
• Storage
TYPES OF COMPUTER

Computers are classified into various types.

• On the basis of work
• On the basis of size
• On the basis of brand
• On the basis of model
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
Analog Computer
The Computer that processes data in the form of values/quantities is known as Analog Computer. Voltage, Current, air Pressure, Linear Distance & Temperature

Digital Computer
The Computer that processes data in Binary form (0 & 1) is known as Digital Computer. Digital Clock, Digital Meter are some example of Digital
Computer.
Mainly based on digital Computer, it is of four kinds. Such as
• 1. Super Computer
• 2. Mainframe Computer
• 3. Mini Computer
• 4. Microcomputer or Personal Computer

Hybrid Computer
The Computer that is especially designed by combining the best features of the Analog & Digital Computers is known as Hybrid Computer. This Computer
used both Analog & Digital Components. These type of Computers used ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) & DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) to convert data.
 SUPERCOMPUTERS

A powerful computer that can process large amounts of data and do a great amount of computation very quickly.
Supercomputers are used for areas related to: Science, Engineering, Education, Defense,Aerospace

Supercomputers are useful for applications involving very large databases or that require a great amount of computation.
Supercomputers are used for complex tasks, such as:

• Weather forecasting

• Climate research

• Scientific simulation

• Oil and gas exploration

• Quantum mechanics

• Cryptanalysis
MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

• A high-performance computer used for large information processing jobs.

• Mainframe computers are primarily used in : Institutions, Research, Academics, Health care,
Libraries, Large businesses, Financial institutions, Stock brokerage firms, Insurance agencies,

• Mainframe computers are useful for tasks related to:

• Census taking
• Industry and consumer statistics
• Enterprise resource planning
• Transaction processing
• e-business and e-commerce
 MINI COMPUTERS

A mid-range computer that is intermediate in size, power, speed,

storage
capacity, etc., between a mainframe and a microcomputer.
Minicomputers are used by small organizations.

“Minicomputer” is a term that is no longer used much. In recent

years, minicomputers are often referred to as small or midsize servers (a is
a central computer that provides information to other computers).

First mini computers – 1960s by DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

• A small computer designed for use by a single user at a time.

• A PC or microcomputer uses a single chip (microprocessor) for its
central processing unit (CPU).
• “Microcomputer” is now primarily used to mean a PC, but it can
refer to any kind of small computer, such as a desktop computer,
laptop computer, tablet, smartphone, or wearable.
 HISTORY OF COMPUTER

[Link]. Device/ Computer ReleasedYear Inventors

1 Abacus Around 1500 Century -
2 Logarithm 1614AD John Napier
3 Napier’s Bones 1617AD John Napier
3 Slide Rule 1620AD William Oughtred
4 Pascaline 1642AD Blaise Pascal
5 Stepped Reckoner 1671AD GottfriedWilhelmVon Leibnitz

6 Jacquard’s Loom 1801AD Joseph Marie Jacquard

7 Difference Engine 1823AD Charles Babbage
 HISTORY OF COMPUTER

[Link]. Device/ Computer ReleasedYear Inventors

8 Analytical Engine 1834AD Charles Babbage

9 ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) 1942AD JohnVincentAtanasoff & Clifford Berry

10 Mark I 1944AD HowardAiken

11 EDVAC (Electronic DiscreteVariableAutomatic Computer) 1944AD [Link] Eckert & John Mauchley

12 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) 1945AD Jon Presper Eckert & John Mauchly

13 EDSAC (Electric Delay Storage Automatic Computer) 1949AD MauriceWilkes

14 UNIVAC (UNIVersalAutomatic Computer) 1951AD John Presper Eckert & John Mauchly
THE GENERATION OF COMPUTER:FIRST

•The first generation computers were developed during 1946 to 1958A.D.

• The technology used in these computers was Vacuum Tube.
• This technology was first developed by Lee De Forest in 1908A.D.
• The Vacuum Tubes were large in size, produced a lot of heat, consumes a lot of power,
Computers were slow in speed and very low capacity as well as very expensive.
•The First Generation of Computers was Mark-I, IBM 1650, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer), EDSAC (Electric Delay Storage Automatic Computer), UNIVAC
(UNIVersal Automatic Computer), EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer) etc.
THE GENERATION OF COMPUTER:SECOND

• The second generation computers were developed during 1959 to 1964A.D.

• The technology used in these computers was Transistors.
• This technology was first developed by three scientists named, William Shockley, John
Bardeen and Walter Brattain in 1947A.D.
• This Generation of Computer were faster, more reliable, smaller, cheaper and easier to
operate than the First Generation Computers.
• Assembly Languages and high Level Languages such as ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language), COBOL
(COmmon Business Oriented Language) and FORTAN (FORmula TRANslation) were used. IBM
(International Business Machine)-650, IBM-1401, IBM-7070 NCR-300, GE-635 and Atlas are
the example of Second Generation Computer.
THE GENERATION OF COMPUTER:THIRD

• The Third generation computers were developed during 1965 to 1974A.D.

• The technology used in these computers was Integrated Circuit Chip (IC Chip).
• This technology was first developed by Jack Kilby in 1958A.D.
• This Generation of Computer were faster, more reliable, smaller, cheaper, easier to operate
and high capacity than the First and the Second Generation Computers.
• Low Level Languages and high Level Languages such as BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code) and FORTAN (FORmula TRANslation) were used.
• IBM (International Business Machine)-360, UNIVAC-1108, UNIVAC-1108-9000, ICL-2800, IBM-
370, Burroughs-5700, Digital Equipment PDP-8 series are the example of Third Generation
Computer.
THE GENERATION OF COMPUTER:FOURTH

• The fourth generation computers were developed during 1975 till present.
• The technology used in these computers was Microprocessor (LSIC=Large Scale
Integration Circuit, VLSIC=Very Large Scale Integration Circuit).
• This technology was first developed by American Intel Corporation (Intel
4004) in 1971A.D.
• This Generation Computers were ten times faster, ten times greater capacity and
with a size of one tenth than Third Generation Computers. High Level Languages
and 4GL (Fourth Generation Languages) were used.
• IBM (International Business Machine)-4341, IBM PC, DEC-10, Apple 2, Apple
Macintosh, Cray X-MP are the example of Fourth Generation Computer.
THE GENERATION OF COMPUTER:FIFTH

• The Fifth Generation Computers has been developing during 1991 to till now.
• These Generation Computers combined Hardware and Software to produce
AI (Artificial Intelligence), will be able to understand Natural Languages.
• These Generation Computer used ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) and
GA
• (Gallium Arsenide) or Biochips.
• These Generation Computers are more sophisticated the previous Generation
• Computers.
• These Computers are using in many applications.
GENERATION OF COMPUTER

Generation Duration Components

1st Generation 1946-1658 VacuumTubes

2nd Generation 1959-1964 Transistors

3rd Generation 1965-1974 IC (Integrated Circuits)

4th Generation 1975-1990 Microprocessor Chips

5th Generation 1991- till now Bio Chips

DATA AND PROGRAM REPRESENTATION IN
COMPUTER
• Data representation in computer science is about how a computer
interprets and functions with different types of information. Different
information types require different representation techniques. For
instance, a video will be represented differently than a text document.
REPRESENTATIONS CODE USED FOR
NUMBER AND TEXT
• Absolute Binary
• BCD
• EBCDIC
• ASCII
• UNICODE

*[Best in book]
APPLICATION OF COMPUTER

• Business and Finance: Computers are used for accounting, payroll, inventory management, financial analysis,
and trading on stock markets. They streamline operations, improve accuracy, and facilitate decision-making
processes.
• Education: Computers are utilized for research, teaching, and learning. They provide access to vast amounts of
information, interactive learning materials, and educational software. They also enable online courses and
distance learning.
• Healthcare: Computers are integral to patient management, medical imaging (like MRI and CT scans),
electronic health records (EHRs), telemedicine, and research in medical science and drug development. They
improve diagnosis, treatment, and healthcare delivery.
• Communication: Computers power various communication technologies such as email, instant messaging,
video conferencing, and social media platforms. They enable global connectivity, facilitating information exchange
and collaboration.
• Entertainment: Computers are used in the creation of movies, music, video games, and virtual reality
experiences. They also facilitate streaming services, digital art, and online platforms for content consumption.
APPLICATION OF COMPUTER

• Science and Research: Computers aid in simulations, data analysis, modeling complex systems, and conducting
experiments. They play a crucial role in fields like physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, and environmental science.

• Engineering and Design: Computers are used for CAD (Computer-Aided Design), CAM (Computer-Aided
Manufacturing), and CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering). They assist in designing buildings, bridges, cars, aircraft,
electronics, and other products.

• Government and Defense: Computers are utilized for managing government operations, data analysis, security,
surveillance, and military applications such as weapon systems, communication, and intelligence gathering.

• Transportation and Logistics: Computers control traffic systems, manage transportation networks, optimize supply
chains, and track shipments. They enhance efficiency, safety, and decision-making in logistics and transportation.

• Personal Use: Computers are used for personal productivity tasks such as word processing, spreadsheets,
presentations, and organizing personal finances. They also serve as entertainment hubs for gaming, streaming, and
socializing.