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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

John Carver was one of the 41 signatories of the Mayflower Compact.
The Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
It was created in 1620 to establish a common government.
It states that the pilgrims who signed it wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia” under King James.
Carver became the first governor of Plymouth Colony.

The student wants to specify the reason the Mayflower Compact was created. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Stating that its signatories wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia,” the Mayflower Compact was a legal
A. agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.

B. Created in 1620, the Mayflower Compact states that the pilgrims wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia.”

C. The Mayflower Compact was created to establish a common government among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.

D. The Mayflower Compact had 41 signatories, including John Carver, the first governor of Plymouth Colony.
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Before it unveiled a massive new gallery in 2009, the Art Institute of Chicago was only able to display about 5% of its art collection.
______ the museum is able to display close to 30% of its collection.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Additionally,

B. For example,

C. Nevertheless,

D. Today,
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Pauline Hopkins (1859-1930) was an African American writer. In her career, she created many genre-defining stories.
Her serialized novel Hagar’s Daughter was published from 1901 to 1902 in The Colored American Magazine.
It is considered the first African American mystery novel.

The student wants to introduce Pauline Hopkins to an audience unfamiliar with her career. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Pauline Hopkins is the author of Hagar’s Daughter, a serialized novel published from 1901 to 1902.

African American writer Pauline Hopkins created many genre-defining stories during her career, including the first African American
B. mystery novel, Hagar’s Daughter.

C. Published in The Colored American Magazine from 1901 to 1902, Hagar’s Daughter is a serialized novel by Pauline Hopkins.

D. Hagar’s Daughter by Pauline Hopkins is considered the first African American mystery novel.
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Soo Sunny Park is a Korean American artist who uses light as her primary medium of expression.
She created her work Unwoven Light in 2013. Unwoven Light featured a chain-link fence fitted with iridescent plexiglass tiles.
When light passed through the fence, colorful prisms formed.

The student wants to describe Unwoven Light to an audience unfamiliar with Soo Sunny Park. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Park’s 2013 installation Unwoven Light, which included a chain-link fence and iridescent tiles made from plexiglass, featured light as
A. its primary medium of expression.

B. Korean American light artist Soo Sunny Park created Unwoven Light in 2013.

C. The chain-link fence in Soo Sunny Park’s Unwoven Light was fitted with tiles made from iridescent plexiglass.

In Unwoven Light, a 2013 work by Korean American artist Soo Sunny Park, light formed colorful prisms as it passed through a fence
D. Park had fitted with iridescent tiles.
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Every chemical compound has a spectroscopic fingerprint, a pattern of reflected light unique to that compound. ______ upon analyzing
the light reflected by the bright regions on the surface of the dwarf planet Ceres, Maria Cristina De Sanctis of Rome’s National Institute
of Astrophysics was able to determine that the regions contain large amounts of the compound sodium carbonate.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Regardless,

B. Meanwhile,

C. Thus,

D. In comparison,
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Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s 2013 novel Americanah chronicles the divergent experiences of Ifemelu and Obinze, a young Nigerian
couple, after high school. Ifemelu moves to the United States to attend a prestigious university. ______ Obinze travels to London, hoping
to start a career there. However, frustrated with the lack of opportunities, he soon returns to Nigeria.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Meanwhile,

B. Nevertheless,

C. Secondly,

D. In fact,
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In most deer species, males grow antlers, and females don’t. ______ reindeer are different. They are the only deer species in which the
females grow antlers, too.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Similarly,

B. Next,

C. However,

D. Thus,
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 1897, twenty Black US Army infantrymen rode bicycles from Montana to Missouri. The 1,900-mile journey took forty-one days.
The goal was to test the idea of forming a military bicycle corps.
In 2022, Erick Cedeño, a Black long-distance cyclist, reenacted the journey.
Cedeño wanted to honor the infantrymen on the journey’s 125th anniversary.

The student wants to emphasize how far the infantrymen traveled. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?

A. The US infantrymen rode their bicycles from Montana to Missouri—traveling a total of 1,900 miles.

B. The 125th anniversary of the infantrymen’s journey was in 2022.

C. The goal of the 1897 journey was to test the idea of forming a military bicycle corps.

D. Over a century later, Erick Cedeño honored the infantrymen by reenacting their 1897 journey.
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Most, but not all, of the Moon’s oxygen comes from the Sun, via solar wind.
Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada from Osaka University wondered if some of the unaccounted-for oxygen could be coming from
Earth.
In 2008, he analyzed data from the Japanese satellite Kaguya.
Kaguya gathered data about gases and particles it encountered while orbiting the Moon.
Based on the Kaguya data, Terada confirmed his suspicion that Earth is sending oxygen to the Moon.

The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes
to accomplish this goal?

A. As it orbited the Moon, the Kaguya satellite collected data that was later analyzed by cosmochemist Kentaro Terada.

B. Before 2008, Kentaro Terada wondered if the Moon was receiving some of its oxygen from Earth.

C. Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada set out to determine whether some of the Moon’s oxygen was coming from Earth.

D. Kentaro Terada’s study determined that Earth is sending a small amount of oxygen to the Moon.
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Freddie Wong (born 1985) is a director and special effects artist from the United States.
He is best known for the action-comedy web series Video Game High School (VGHS).
VGHS premiered in 2012 on RocketJump, a YouTube channel that Wong cocreated.
The series was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects.
VGHS was nominated for a Producers Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.

The student wants to begin a narrative about Wong’s award-nominated web series. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. In 2012, director and visual effects artist Freddie Wong launched a new action-comedy web series: Video Game High School.

Video Game High School was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects, and it was
B. nominated for a Producer’s Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.

C. Wong, cocreator of the YouTube channel RocketJump, would go on to see his web series be nominated for a Producers Guild Award.

D. In 2012, Video Game High School premiered on RocketJump; it would later be nominated for an award.
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In 1891, dancer and choreographer Loie Fuller first performed her celebrated Serpentine Dance, artfully twirling her long, flowing skirt to
create striking visual effects. ______ in 1896, cinema pioneers Auguste and Louis Lumière made a groundbreaking short film of Fuller’s
dance.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. However,

B. In conclusion,

C. Later,

D. In other words,
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Platinum is a rare and expensive metal. It is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions.
Platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be effective.
Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum with liquid gallium.
Their catalyst was highly effective and required only trace amounts of platinum (0.0001% of the atoms in the mixture).

The student wants to explain an advantage of the new platinum catalyst developed by Jianbo Tang and his colleagues. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum catalyst that combines platinum, a rare and expensive metal, with
A. liquid gallium.

B. Like other platinum catalysts, the new platinum catalyst requires a particular amount of the metal to be effective.

Platinum is a rare and expensive metal that is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions; however, platinum catalysts typically require
C. a large amount of platinum to be effective.

While still highly effective, the new platinum catalyst requires far less of the rare and expensive metal than do other platinum
D. catalysts.
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Gullah are a group of African Americans who have lived in parts of the southeastern United States since the 18th century.
Gullah culture is influenced by West African and Central African traditions.
Louise Miller Cohen is a Gullah historian, storyteller, and preservationist.
She founded the Gullah Museum of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, in 2003.
Vermelle Rodrigues is a Gullah historian, artist, and preservationist.
She founded the Gullah Museum of Georgetown, South Carolina, in 2003.

The student wants to emphasize the duration and purpose of Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s work. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

At the Gullah Museums in Hilton Head Island and Georgetown, South Carolina, visitors can learn more about the Gullah people who
A. have lived in the region for centuries.

Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve the culture of the Gullah people, who have lived in the United
B. States since the 18th century.

C. Since 2003, Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve Gullah culture through their museums.

Influenced by the traditions of West and Central Africa, Gullah culture developed in parts of the southeastern United States in the
D. 18th century.
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 1897, African American inventor Andrew Beard invented an automatic coupler.
It improved on the existing design of train car couplers. It made the job of connecting train cars safer.
In 1938, African American inventor Frederick Jones invented a mobile refrigeration system.
It improved on the existing design of food transport trucks. It enabled trucks to carry perishable foods farther.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between Beard’s invention and Jones’s invention. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Beard’s automatic coupler and Jones’s mobile refrigeration system both improved on existing designs.

B. In 1897, Beard invented an automatic coupler, which made the job of connecting train cars safer.

Beard’s invention made the job of connecting train cars safer, whereas Jones’s invention enabled food transport trucks to carry
C. perishables farther.

Jones’s mobile refrigeration system, which he invented in 1938, made it possible for food transport trucks to carry perishable foods
D. farther.
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Originally coined by economist Joan Robinson to refer to markets with multiple sellers of a product but only one buyer, the term
“monopsony” can also refer to markets where demand for labor is limited. In a product monopsony, the single buyer can force sellers to
lower their prices. ______ in a labor monopsony, employers can force workers to accept lower wages.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Earlier,

B. Instead,

C. Similarly,

D. In particular,
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In hindsight, given the ideas about the natural world circulating among British scientists in the 1800s, the theory of natural selection was
an obvious next step. It may not have been a coincidence, ______ that Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace arrived at the concept
independently. Indeed, contrary to the popular myth of the lone genius, theirs is not the first paradigm-shifting theory to have emerged
from multiple scholars working in parallel.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. however,

B. then,

C. moreover,

D. for example,
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A firefly uses specialized muscles to draw oxygen into its lower abdomen through narrow tubes, triggering a chemical reaction whereby
the oxygen combines with chemicals in the firefly’s abdomen to produce a glow. ______ when the firefly stops drawing in oxygen, the
reaction—and the glow—cease.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. For instance,

B. By contrast,

C. Specifically,

D. In conclusion,
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Cecilia Vicuña is a multidisciplinary artist.
In 1971, her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, was shown at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in
Santiago, Chile.
Her poetry collection Precario/Precarious was published in 1983 by Tanam Press.
Her poetry collection Instan was published in 2002 by Kelsey St. Press.
She lives part time in Chile, where she was born, and part time in New York.

The student wants to introduce the artist’s 1983 poetry collection. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?

Before she published the books Precario/Precarious (1983) and Instan (2002), Cecilia Vicuña exhibited visual art at the Museo
A. Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile.

B. Cecilia Vicuña is a true multidisciplinary artist whose works include numerous poetry collections and visual art exhibitions.

C. Published in 1983 by Tanam Press, Precario/Precarious is a collection of poetry by the multidisciplinary artist Cecilia Vicuña.

D. In 1971, Cecilia Vicuña exhibited her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, in Chile, her country of birth.
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Laetitia Ky’s hair is her art. Inspired by hairstyles from various African tribes, the Ivorian artist uses wire and thread to sculpt her hair into
all kinds of shapes. ______ she once made her hair into the shape of the continent of Africa—including the island of Madagascar!

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Soon,

B. Elsewhere,

C. For example,

D. However,
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Tyrian purple was a highly prized dye among the Phoenicians (an ancient civilization located in present-day Lebanon). The Phoenicians
were famous for using this natural dye to color their clothes a distinctive purple. ______ the name “Phoenicia” itself, some historians
claim, may have originally meant “land of purple.”

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. In fact,

B. Regardless,

C. Lastly,

D. On the contrary,
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Scientists have long sought to determine the origin of glass in Chile’s Atacama Desert.
A 2017 study concluded that ancient grass fires had melted the area’s sandy soil into glass.
In 2021, a different study revealed that the mineral signatures of glass samples were consistent with the mineral signatures of
comet samples collected by NASA.
That study concluded that the glass had formed as a result of a cometary explosion close to the desert’s surface.

The student wants to describe how scientific understanding about the glass’s origin has evolved. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Scientists have long sought to determine the origin of the glass, with one study concluding that it formed when ancient grass fires
A. melted the area’s sandy soil.

B. Studies in 2017 and 2021 offered different explanations for the origin of the glass.

C. Mineral signatures of glass samples are consistent with those of comet samples collected by NASA, according to new research.

A 2017 study concluded that ancient grass fires had caused the glass’s formation, but new research suggests that the glass formed
D. as a result of a cometary explosion close to the desert’s surface.
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Ramayana is a Sanskrit epic poem from ancient India. In The Ramayana, the character Kaikeyi is often portrayed as a villain.
Kaikeyi is a 2022 novel by Vaishnavi Patel. The novel is a retelling of the epic poem from Kaikeyi’s point of view.
It often portrays Kaikeyi as heroic.

The student wants to emphasize whose point of view the novel is told from. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. From the point of view of The Ramayana, the character Kaikeyi is often a villain.

B. Vaishnavi Patel often portrays the character as heroic.

C. Kaikeyi is a retelling of The Ramayana from the character Kaikeyi’s point of view.

D. The Ramayana is an epic poem that features the character Kaikeyi.

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In the early 1970s, Albert Popa took up graffiti art, spraying his work onto what was at the time an unconventional surface: concrete.
______ Albert’s son David has chosen an unusual canvas for his new art project, Fractured. In this remarkable work, the artist draws
charcoal faces onto fragmented ice floes in Finland, creating the visual effect of a face slowly fracturing.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. However,

B. Indeed,

C. Second,

D. Likewise,
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Paleontologists once thought that early apes lived in tropical forests, but recent research suggests that they may have actually lived in
savannas. Tropical forests are humid and have many trees spaced close together. ______ savannas are drier, and their trees are spaced
further apart.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. For instance,

B. In comparison,

C. Firstly,

D. In conclusion,
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:​
Thailand’s annual Songkran Water Festival is held each April. It marks Songkran, the traditional Thai New Year.
People splash and spray each other for fun at the festival’s community-wide water fights.
In Bangkok, thousands gather along Silom Road for the city’s largest water fight.
In Chiang Mai, thousands gather at a historical monument called the Tha Phae Gate for the city’s largest water fight.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity in how people in Bangkok and Chiang Mai celebrate Songkran. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

The largest water fight in Bangkok takes place along a city street, whereas the largest water fight in Chiang Mai takes place at a
A. historical monument.

B. In both Bangkok and Chiang Mai, thousands gather to celebrate Songkran with water fights.

C. People in both Bangkok and Chiang Mai celebrate Songkran, but they don’t do so in exactly the same way.

D. Each April, people in Thailand celebrate Songkran, the traditional Thai New Year.
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Some powerful works of literature have so influenced readers that new legislation has been passed as a result.
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) is the autobiography of a man who endured slavery on both sides
of the Atlantic.
Equiano’s book contributed to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.
The Jungle (1906) is a fictional work by Upton Sinclair that describes unsanitary conditions in US meatpacking plants.
Sinclair’s book contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two books. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?

Although both are powerful works of literature that contributed to new legislation, Equiano’s book is an autobiography, while
A. Sinclair’s is fictional.

B. They may have written about different topics, but Equiano and Sinclair both influenced readers.

The 1807 Slave Trade Act resulted in part from a book by Equiano, while the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act resulted in part from a
C. book by Sinclair.

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano and The Jungle are two works of literature that contributed to new legislation
D. (concerning the slave trade and food safety, respectively).
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Minnesota defines a lake as an inland body of water of at least 10 acres.
Wisconsin’s definition of a lake doesn’t take size into account.
By its own definition, Wisconsin has over 15,000 lakes, many smaller than 10 acres.
By Minnesota’s definition, Wisconsin has only about 6,000 lakes.

The student wants to contrast Minnesota’s definition of a lake with Wisconsin’s. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Wisconsin, which doesn’t take size into account in defining a lake, claims that it has over 15,000 lakes.

B. Because its definition of a lake is different from Minnesota’s, it is unclear how many lakes Wisconsin really has.

C. According to Minnesota’s definition of a lake—an inland body of water of at least 10 acres—Wisconsin has about 6,000 lakes.

Minnesota’s definition of a lake—an inland body of water of at least 10 acres—is more restrictive than Wisconsin’s, which doesn’t
D. take size into account.
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Pueblo of Zuni is located about 150 miles west of Albuquerque, New Mexico.
It is the traditional home of the A:shiwi (Zuni) people.
The A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center was established by tribal members in 1992.
Its mission is stated on its website: “As a tribal museum and heritage center for the Zuni people and by the Zuni people we work
to provide learning experiences that emphasize A:shiwi ways of knowing, as well as exploring modern concepts of knowledge
and the transfer of knowledge.”

The student wants to emphasize how long the museum has existed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?

A. The Pueblo of Zuni is home to the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center, which was founded by tribal members.

B. The A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center has served the Pueblo of Zuni since 1992.

According to its website, the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center (founded in the 1990s) works to “emphasize A:shiwi ways
C. of knowing.”

D. Knowledge has been one of the central themes of the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center from its founding.
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While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was a road built between 1792 and 1794.
It was the first private turnpike in the United States.
It connected the cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster in the state of Pennsylvania. It was sixty-two miles long.

The student wants to emphasize the distance covered by the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. The sixty-two-mile-long Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike connected the Pennsylvania cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster.

B. The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was the first private turnpike in the United States.

C. The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, which connected two Pennsylvania cities, was built between 1792 and 1794.

D. A historic Pennsylvania road, the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was completed in 1794.
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Iraqi artist Nazik Al-Malaika, celebrated as the first Arabic poet to write in free verse, didn’t reject traditional forms entirely; her poem
“Elegy for a Woman of No Importance” consists of two ten-line stanzas and a standard number of syllables. Even in this superficially
traditional work, ______ Al-Malaika was breaking new ground by memorializing an anonymous woman rather than a famous man.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. therefore,

B. in fact,

C. moreover,

D. though,