Name: Dwi Ayu Nabila

NPM: 2011040443

Class: 5G

Summary

A. Compound Word
In simple terms, a compound word is a word which is made up of two or more words,
usually two words, which are put together to form a new meaning, for example „deck
chair. Compound words can fall into one of two categories. The first type are compound
words which are classified by their form. There are three forms of compound words,
these are open form, closed form and hyphenated form.
 Open form compound words are two words which are written independently of
one another, separated by a space. An example of this type of compound word
would be „ice cream.
 Closed form compound words are two words which have been joined together to
make a new word, they are not separated by a space and are written one right after
the other. An example of this type of compound word is „snowman.‟
 A hyphenated compound word is two words which are put together and
separated by a hyphen. An example of this type of compound word is ‟empty-
handed.‟
The next category that compound words can fall into is the word class. There are three
subcategories for this type of compound word as well. These are compound verbs,
compound adjective and compound nouns.

 Compound verbs : are words which describe an action. Unlike a regular verb, a
compound verb is made up of two words. Compound verbs are usually open
formed. An example of a compound verb is „ask for.‟
 Compound adjectives : are words which are descriptive. Unlike a regular
adjective, a compound adjective is made of two words. Compound adjectives are
usually hyphenated. An example of a compound adjective is „blue-eyed.‟
  Compound nouns : are words which give a name to something. Unlike regular
nouns, a compound noun is made up of two words. Compound nouns are usually
closed form. An example of a compound noun is „apple tree.‟

B. Complex Word
Complex words are made up of two or more morphemes. A complex word may consist of
a base (or root) and one or more affixes (for example, taller, tallest, books, reads, reading,
played, written, bookishness, brotherhood, friendship, freedom). Some complex words
appear to have a predictable meaning. For example, fixable seems to mean (able to be
fixed), and mendable means( able to be mended). The meaning of these –able words
seems to be regular composing of the meaning of the verb and meaning of the –able
suffix.

Complex words are of two major types :

 Words made from a basic word form with the addition of an affix; and
 Compound words which are made of two independent English words.

Affixes are two kinds in the English language: prefixes, which come before the base word
( which is called stem) for example, prefix 'un-' + stem 'happy' becomes ' unhappy'. and
suffixes, which come after the stem ( word) for example, stem 'kind' + suffix 'ness'
becomes ' kindness'

C. Compound-Complex Word

The definition of a Compound-Complex Word are a word whose structure is both

complex and compound for example : hot-bloodedness, in which there are two base
words, hot and blood, and two suffixes, -ed and -ness; biographical, in which there are
two combining forms, bio- and -graph and a composite suffix –ical.
D. Word formation

Word formation is the process of forming words, by adding a suffix to a word and
forming words with other meanings by adding affixes to prefixes and suffixes. This is a
word formation process, by combining, cutting, summarizing or borrowing from other
languages so that it changes the form of the word from the origin

There are several processes that we can use in word formation, namely; Compounding,
Derivation, Inflection, Coinage, Conversion, Borrowing, Blending, Clipping, Back
Formation, Ablaut, Acronyms, and Onomatopoeia.

 Clipping: Clipping in word formation is the process of forming words by cutting part of
the word itself for example , Ad = Advertisement , Bike = Bicycle, Bro = Brother , etc.

 Blending: Blending is a type of word formation in which two or more words are merged
into one so that the blended constituents are either clipped, or partially overlap. For
example brunch, in which the beginning of the word breakfast is joined with the ending
of the word lunch.

 Backformation: backformation is the process of forming a new word (neologism) by

removing the actual or recognized affix from another word. Simply put, a regression is a
shortened word (eg edit) made from a long word (editor).

 Ablaut: Ablaut in morphology is a change in the stem vowel of a verb, usually indicating
a change in tense from past tense to past tense or past participle. For example, Sink, sank,
and sunk. Drink, drank, drunk.

 Coinage: A process that the meaning of brand name brandened and it used to replace the
standard name. for example Google, Aspirin Pepsodent ect.
 Acronym: An abbreviation consisting of initial letters that are read like an ordinary
word. for example ASEAN (Association South East Asian Nation)

 Reduplication: Refers to words formed through repetation. For example willy-nilly,

easy-peasy, super-duper, bling-bling etc.

 Inflectional: is a process of word formation in which modified to express different

grammatical categories such as tenses, case, voice, etc. without changing the part of
speech. For example Run(V) – Running (V), Glass (N) – Glasses (N), Paul (N) – Paul‟s
(N). etc.

 Derivation: The process of forming new word from an existing word. Often by adding a
prefix or suffix, such as un-or-ness. For example: happy – unhappy. Red – Reddish.
Weak-Weaken. Etc.

 Borrowing: The process by which a word from one language is adapted for use in another. The
word that is borrowed is called a borrowing, a borrowed word, or a loanword. For example,
they/their – This common pronoun comes from the Old Norse word “Peir”. Or person – This
comes from the Latin “persona”

 Compounding Word: A combination of two of free morpheme to form a new word and
new meaning. For example the free morpheme “green” (adj) and combine it with free
morpheme “house” (N) it‟s become greenhouse. Rain and bow becomes rainbow etc.

 Complex Word: combinantion between bound morpheme and free morpheme. For
example Re+View = Review

 Complex and Compound Word: Consist of two or more free morphemes and one or
more bound morpheme. For example hot-bloodedness, in which there are two base
words, hot and blood and two suffixes –ed and –ness.
E. Assimilation
Assimilation is a sound change in which some phonemes (typically consonant or vowels)
change to become more similar to other nearby sounds. A common change due to
assimilation is that of/n/ to/m/ before bilabial consonants. Thus the negative prefix (in-)
has an allomorph /im-) which occurs before /p,b/, as in impossible, imbalance. Similarly,
the prefix (en) has an allomorph /em-/, occurring before/p,b/in empower. embiter, and the
like. Assimilation occurs in two different types: complete assimilation, in which the
sound affected by assimilation becomes exactly the same as the sound causing
assimilation, and partial assimilation, in which the sound becomes the same in one or
more features but remains different in other features. Assimilation is a phonological
process in which a segment changes to resemble its neighbor more closely. Processes of
assimilation
 Local assimilation. In place assimilation, a nasal consonant takes on the place of
articulation of a following consonant for example, in + possible > impossible, in +
credible in]credible. In voice assimilation, an obstruent takes on the voicing of a
following obstruent: Fowlis Scots great + boy -› greadbloy In palatalization,
consonants followed by [i], Ül, or other front vocoids take on their palatal quality:
did + you -> [didju].
 Harmony. These processes are of two types: vowel and consonant harmony. Of
these, vowel harmony is much more frequent, and it will be illustrated first.
 Vowel harmony. The classical case of Vowel Harmony involves a language
whose vowel system is divided into two subsystems, such that no word contains
vowels from more than one subsystem.
 Rules for Assimilation
1. The phonemes /t/,/d/ and /n/ often become bilabial before bilabial consonants /p/,
/b/, /m/: He‟s a rather fat boy. (/t/ assimilates to /p/) She‟s got an apartment in
Manhattan. (/t/ assimilates to /p/) He‟s a very good boy (/d/ assimilates to /b/)
There are ten men in the class, and two women. (/n/ assimilates to /m/)
2. /t/ assimilates to /k/ before /k/ or /g/. /d/ assimilates to /g/ before /k/ or /g/: Where
has that cat been all night? (/t/ assimilates to /k/) Can you see that girl over there?
 (/t/ assimilates to /k/) It was a very good concert. (/d/ assimilates to /g/) She‟s a
very good girl. (/d/ assimilates to /g/
3. /n/ can assimilate to /ŋ/ before /g/ or /k/: I‟ve been going out too much lately. He‟s
bringing his own car.
4. /s/ can assimilate to /∫/ before /∫/: I really love this shiny one over here. 5. /z/ can
assimilate to /з/ before /∫/:

F. Dissimilation

Dissimilation is a phenomena in linguistics when two sounds in a word or phrase get less
Similar over time. Dissimilation, in general, describes a process when two objects
gradually diverge from one another. In some cases, the dissimilation happens when a
word makes its way from one language to another. One popular example for describing
this process is where various words in English, such as marble, take on an “l” sound,
where, for instance, the original French word was marbre.

 Types of Dissimilation.
1. Anticipatory dissimilation: Latin *medio-diēs ("mid-day", i.e. "noon"; also
"south") became merīdiēs.
2. Lag dissimilation: English "purple" is in medieval English as purpul and purpure
(in medieval French porpre) and comes from classical Latin purpura = "purple"
with dissimilation of /r/ to /L/.

G. Language diversity

Language diversity or linguistic diversity, is a broad term used to describe the differences
between different languages and the ways that people communicate with each other. Type
of linguistic diversity:
English language Students learning English as a second language, usually in a classroom
learners (ELLs) where most students are native English speakers

Speech disorders Aphasia, apraxia, stuttering, selective mutism, and more

Classes where all students are learning in a second language as part of

Immersion classrooms
an immersion

Students who are d/Deaf, hard of hearing, or raised in d/Deaf families

Sign languages
may have a sign language as their native language

 Pidginization is the process when a language becomes made up of elements of two or

more other languages and used for contacts, esp trading contacts, between the speakers of
other languages. For example, instead of changing the form of you to your, the English-
based pidgin uses a form like bilong, and changes the word order to produce phrases like
buk bilong you.

 Creolization is a term referring to the process by which elements of different cultures are
blended together to create a new culture. n example of creolization is the creation of Haiti
Creole by enslaved Africans, using grammar from African languages and French
vocabulary.