GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC PANAJI

Department of Civil Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following student of final year diploma
programme in Civil Engineering has successfully completed project
on the topic

MEMBERS INCLUDED IN ENROLLMENT

PROJECT NO.

Prof.
(PROJECT GUIDE) (H.O.D,
Civil Department)

Prof. L.R. Fernandes (External Examiner)

(PRINCIPAL)
 INTRODUCTION

CONCRETE

Concrete is the most widely used construction material across the world. It is used in
all types of civil engineering works like infrastructure, low and high-rise buildings,
defense structure, and environment protection structure. Concrete is a man-made
product, essentially consisting of cement, coarse & fine aggregates, water and/or
admixture(s). Recycling of concrete is needed from the viewpoint of environmental
preservation and effective utilization of resources. A large portion of concrete waste
ends up at disposal sites. It is anticipated that there will be an increase in the
amount of concrete waste, a shortage of disposal sites, and depletion in natural
resources. For large construction, concrete is preferred as it has longer life, low
maintenance cost & better performance. In a building construction, concrete is used
for the construction of foundations, columns, beams, slabs and other load bearing
elements. There are different types of binding material is used other than cement
such as lime for lime concrete and bitumen for asphalt concrete which is used for
road construction. Various types of cements are used for concrete works which have
different properties and applications. Some of the type of cement are Portland
Pozzolana Cement (PPC), rapid hardening cement, Sulphate resistant cement etc.
Materials are mixed in specific proportions to obtain the required strength. Strength
of mix is specified as M5, M10, M15, M20, M25, M30 etc, where M signifies Mix and
5, 10, 15 etc. as their strength in KN/m2. Water cement ratio plays an important role
which influences various properties such as workability, strength and durability.
Adequate water cement ratio is required for production of workable concrete.
When water is mixed with materials, cement reacts with water and hydration
reaction starts. This reaction helps ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the
materials together into a durable stone-like material.
Concrete can be casted in any shape. Since it is a plastic material in fresh state,
various shapes and sizes of forms or formworks are used to provide different shapes
such as rectangular, circular etc.
Various structural members such as beams, slabs, footings, columns, lintels etc. are
constructed with concrete.
 Concrete Grade Mix Ratio Compressive
Strength
MPa (N/mm2)
Normal Grade of Concrete

M5 1 : 5 : 10 5 MPa
M7.5 1:4:8 7.5 MPa
M10 1:3:6 10 MPa
M15 1:2:4 15 MPa
M20 1 : 1.5 : 3 20 MPa
Standard Grade of Concrete

M25 1:1:2 25 MPa

M30 Design Mix 30 MPa
M35 Design Mix 35 MPa
M40 Design Mix 40 MPa
M45 Design Mix 45 MPa
High Strength Concrete Grades

M50 Design Mix 50 MPa

M55 Design Mix 55 MPa
M60 Design Mix 60 MPa
M65 Design Mix 65 MPa
M70 Design Mix 70 MPa

Components of concrete are cement, sand, aggregates and water. Mixture of

Portland cement and water is called as paste. So, concrete can be called as a
mixture of paste, sand and aggregates. Sometimes rocks are used instead of
aggregates.
USE OF FINE AGGREGATES

Concrete the most broadly used construction material, aggregate makes 70% of its
volume is the principal component material in concrete production and consumes
globally 8–12 million tons of natural aggregate annually. Fine aggregate (Sand) is a
significant material utilised for the composition of mortar and concrete and
assumes a most essential part in design mix. Sand is a major component of
concrete and properties of a specific concrete mix will be determined by the
proportion and type of sand used to formulate concrete. It has significant impact
on the workability, durability, strength, weight, and shrinkage of concrete. Sand is
usually a larger component of the mix than cement. Sand can fill up the pores or
voids in the concrete, which is also a contributing factor for the strength of
concrete. Sand reduces volume changes resulting from setting and hardening
process and provides a mass of particles which are suitable to resist the action of
applied loads and show better durability than cement paste alone. Hence sand has
a major role for concrete to solidify to give the necessary strength. Use of regular
sand is high, because of the large utilisation of mortar and concrete. Thus, the
need of sand is more in growing countries to mitigate the fast infrastructure
development.

USE OF COARSE AGGREGATES

Aggregate in concrete is a structural filler, but its role is more important than what
that simple statement implies. Aggregate occupies most of the volume of the
concrete. It is the stuff that the cement paste coats and binds together. The
composition, shape, and size of the aggregate all have significant impact on the
workability, durability, strength, weight, and shrinkage of the concrete. Aggregate
can also influence the appearance of the cast surface, which is an especially
important consideration in concrete countertop mixes. Most natural stones and
crushed rock are appropriate for use in concrete. Commonly used stones are
quartz, basalt, granite, marble, and limestone. If a concrete countertop is going to
be ground with diamond tooling, the aggregate will show, so aesthetics also
affects the choice of aggregates.

Problems arise with soft, reactive or weak stone or rock. Lightweight

 aggregates, a topic for another discussion, are also used in concrete.
In general, coarse aggregates tend to be about 10 times larger than
the fine aggregates in concrete, but the range of sizes could be
greater than that in certain circumstances. As shown in the figure,
there are three typical range categories:
 Well-graded aggregate has a gradation of particle sizes that
fairly evenly spans the size from the finest to the coarsest. A
slice of a core of well-graded aggregate concrete shows a
packed field of many different particle sizes.

 Poorly graded aggregate is characterized by small variations in

size. This means that the particles pack together, leaving
relatively large voids in the concrete.

 Gap-graded aggregate consists of coarse aggregate particles

that are similar in size but significantly different in size from
the fine aggregate. A core slice of gap-graded concrete shows
a field of fine aggregate interspersed with slightly isolated,
large aggregate pieces embedded in the fine aggregate.

Typical aggregate gradations are shown in the drawing below:

Poorly graded concretes generally require excessive amounts of cement paste to

fill the voids, making them uneconomical. Gap-graded concretes fall in between
well-graded and poorly graded in terms of performance and economy. Gap-
graded concrete is a viable gradation, but not optimal.
Well-graded aggregates are tricky to proportion. The goal of aggregate
proportioning and sizing is to maximize the volume of aggregate in the concrete
(and thus minimize the volume of cement paste) while preserving strength,
workability, and aesthetics. This balances the proportions of each so there are just
enough of each size to fill all the voids, while preserving workability and cast-
surface quality.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES DUE TO DEPLETION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

The growing demand of sand results in non-availability of good quality sand and
especially in India, deposits of natural sand are being exhausted which create an
extreme menace to the environment. Fast withdrawal of sand from waterway
bed, brings about such a large number of issues like losing water holding soil
strata, extending to the sliding of the banks of river. The extraction of sand from
the waterway enhances the cost of sand and has severely affected the financial
viability of the construction industry. As such finding an alternate material to
natural sand has got to be imperative. As the industrialisation increases, the
amount of waste material product is also increasing, which has turned into an
ecological issue that must be managed. Regular resources are exhausting largely
while in the meantime the produced wastes from the industries are expanding
significantly. To safeguard the environment, efforts are being made for using
industrial waste in concrete for conserving natural resources and reduce the cost
of construction materials. Assuming industrial waste in the form of fine aggregate
for concrete production can be considered one of the environmental benefits and
also shows better performance in concrete.

ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS

FOR REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE

Different types of industrial waste materials such as: -

 Plastic
 waste foundry sand
 steel slag
 copper slag
 imperial smelting furnace slag
 blast furnace slag
 coal bottom ash
 ferrochrome slag
 class F type fly ash
 Palm oil clinker
Plastic
What is plastic ?
It is a material of a wide range of synthetic or semi synthetic organic solids
Plastic is a material that can change its shape many things are made of plastic
usually because making them the right shape is easy there are many types of
plastics some can be saved only when there are freshly made then they become
hard others a thermoplastic and can be softened by heating them.
most plastics are man made did not occur in nature. The process of making plastic
is usually e quite complicated most of the materials that are called plastics are
polymers.
Polymers are long chains of atoms bonded to each other. in most plastics the
long chain is a chain of carbon atoms with other items attached to them the
different atoms and the shape and length of the change how the plastic looks
and works.
People experimented with plastics based on natural polymers for a very long time .
English inventor Alexander parks created an early form of plastic in 1855 which
was hard but flexible and transparent which is now called as celluloid.
old plastics are usually thrown away and put in landfills some plastic relieve toxic
fumes when heated some plastics are recycled.
Plastics are mostly petrochemicals made from natural gas or from petroleum
chemical engineers refine the petroleum which goes through heating processor
develops ethylene and polypropylene which are chemical building blocks for many
plastic this chemicals are then combined with other chemicals to produce
polymer.
plastic has been used widely in our country in which 42% plastic consumption is
used in packaging worldwide about 50 kg of plastic is produced annually per
person with population doubling every 10 years.
the world's first fully synthetic plastic was Bakelite invented in New York in 1907 .
plastics are usually classified by the chemical structure of polymer backbone and
side change some important groups in this classification are the acrylic polyester
silicone polyurethanes and halogenated plastic.
Types of plastic
COMMON PLASTIC:-

 Polyamides or nylons (PA) Polycarbonate (PC)

Polyester (PES) Polyethylene (PE)
 High density polyethylene (HDPC)

 Low- density polyethylene (LDPE)

 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Polypropylene (PP)

Polypropylene (PS)

 High impact polystyrene (HIPS)

Polyurethanes (PU)

Polyrinyl-chloridw pvc Polyrinylidence chloride pvdc Acrylonitrile

butadience styrene abs SPECIAL PLASTIC

Polyepoxide (epoxy)

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) Polytetratheoroethylee (PTFE)

Phendies or phenol formaldehyde( PE) Melamine formaldehyde (MF)
Urea formaldehyde (UF) Polyetheretherketone( PEEK)
Malamide

Polyetherimide (PEI)
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)

Low density polyethylene(LDPE) is a thermoplastic made from the monomer

ethylene. It was the first grade of polyethylene, produced in 1933 by imperial
chemical industries using a high pressure process via free radical polymerization.
Despite competition from more modern polymer, LDPE continues to be an imp
plastic grade (4)In 2013 the world wide LDPE marked wached a volume of about
US $33 billion . LDPE is defined by a density range of 0.917- 0.930 glcm 3It is not
reactive at room temp except by strong oxidising agents. It can withstand temp of
80.c to 90.c
Silicone

Environment issues due to depletion of natural resources

The growing demand of land results in non- availability of good quality land and
especially in India, deposits of natural sand are being exhausted which create an
extreame mehance to the environment. [same as demo project]

Alternate materals used:-

For replacement of FA and CA in concrete Flakes of 2cm *2cm LDPE plastic

We used the lpde plastic as it not possible to recycle them and thus the
natural resources get wasted