:Here are concise answers to your open-ended questions on urology
.Anatomy and Topography: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Evaluation: History (symptoms, risk factors), physical exam
.(palpation, percussion)
Testing and Imaging: Urinalysis, blood tests (BUN, creatinine,
.electrolytes), urine culture, imaging (KUB, IVP, US, CT, MRI)
KUB: Plain X-ray of kidneys, ureters, and bladder; indications: kidney
.stones, bladder calculi, large masses. Contraindications: pregnancy
IVP: X-ray after injecting contrast dye; indications: kidney stones,
obstruction, tumors. Contraindications: allergy to contrast, kidney
.failure
Retrograde UP: Dye injected into ureters via cystoscope; indications:
.evaluating obstruction, strictures, reflux
Antegrade UP: Dye injected directly into kidney pelvis via
.percutaneous nephrostomy tube; indications: similar to retrograde
Urethrography: X-ray of urethra after injecting contrast; indications:
.urethral stricture, trauma, foreign bodies
.Instrumental Methods: Cystoscopy, urethroscopy, VCUG
Cystoscopy: Visual examination of bladder and urethra with a
.cystoscope. Indications: hematuria, bladder cancer, strictures
Urethroscopy: Visual examination of urethra with a urethroscope.
.Indications: urethral stricture, trauma, foreign bodies
VCUG: X-ray of bladder and urethra during urination; indications:
.vesicoureteral reflux, voiding dysfunction
.Renal Scintigraphy: Nuclear medicine imaging of kidney function
.CT: Detailed cross-sectional images of abdomen and pelvis
.MRI: Detailed images of soft tissues, useful for tumors, infections
.US: Non-invasive imaging of kidneys, bladder, and prostate
Nuclear Medicine: Assesses kidney function, blood flow, and
.damage
.Hematuria: Blood in urine; microscopic or gross
Evaluation of Hematuria: History, physical exam, urinalysis, imaging,
.cystoscopy
Hydronephrosis: Dilation of renal pelvis and calyces due to
.obstruction
Urinary Incontinence: Involuntary loss of urine. Types: stress, urge,
.overflow, functional, mixed
.Pollakiuria: Frequent urination
.Nocturia: Frequent nighttime urination
.Ischuria: Difficulty initiating urination
.Stranguria: Painful urination
.Polyuria: Excessive urine output
.Oliguria: Decreased urine output
.Anuria: No urine output
Qualitative Changes: Abnormal constituents in urine (e.g., blood,
.protein, pus)
Urolithiasis: Kidney stones. Types: calcium oxalate, uric acid,
.struvite, cystine
Etiology: Genetic factors, dietary factors, metabolic disorders,
.infections
.Clinical Manifestations: Renal colic, hematuria, obstruction
.Diagnosis: Imaging (KUB, IVP, US, CT)
Treatment: Medical expulsive therapy, ESWL, ureteroscopy,
.percutaneous nephrolithotomy, open surgery
.Nephrectomy: Surgical removal of a kidney
.Kidney Anomalies: Dysplasia, agenesis, hypoplasia, ectopia
.Bladder Anomalies: Hypospadias, epispadias, exstrophy
.Ureteral Anomalies: Duplication, ectopia, stricture, reflux
BPH: Enlargement of the prostate gland. Symptoms: urinary
.frequency, urgency, hesitancy, nocturia
.Prostate Cancer: Malignant tumor of the prostate gland
UTI: Infection of the urinary tract. Types: cystitis, pyelonephritis,
.prostatitis, urethritis
.Renal Failure: Decreased kidney function. Types: acute, chronic
Renal Replacement Therapy: Hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis,
.kidney transplantation
I hope this brief overview is helpful. Please let me know if you have
any specific questions or would like a more detailed explanation of
.any topic
