Scheme of Salt analysis

PRELIMINARY TEST
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
a. Blue a. Cu2+ is present
1. Colour and appearance of
b. Green b. Ni2+ or Fe2+ is present
salt is noted.
c. White/colourless c. Absence of Cu2+, Ni2+ & Fe2+
[Link] of salt a. vinegar smell a. Presence of Acetate
A little of salt is rubbed with
b. smell of ammonia b. Presence of ammonium
a drop of water and smell is
noted. c. No characteristic smell c. Absence of NH4+ & CH3COO-

3. Solubility a.(i) Soluble and no a.(i) Presence of NH4+

a) In water precipitate with Na2CO3

a.(ii) Soluble and precipitate a.(ii) Absence of NH4+

with Na2CO3
b) In dil HCl .b.(i) Soluble b. (i) Absence of Group I cations
b. (ii) Insoluble b. (ii) Group I cations may be
present.

4. Flame test
a. Light green flame a. Presence of barium
Salt is made into paste with
few drops of conc, HCl and b. Crimson red flame b. Presence of strontium
is introduced into the flame
c. Brick red flame c. Presence of calcium
using glass rod.
d. No characteristic colour d. Absence of Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
to flame

5. Ash test a. Blue tinted ash a. Presence of Al3+

To a little of the salt add 2
drops of conc. HNO3 and b. Green ash b. Presence of Zn2+
1-2 drops of cobalt nitrate
solution. Boil it. Dip a filter c. Pink ash c. Presence of Mg2+
paper in to it and burn to
ashes. d. No characteristic ash d. Absence of Al3+, Zn2+, Mg2+

ANALYSIS OF ANIONS
IDENTIFICATION TEST
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

[Link] [Link] to a little of salt a. Briskeffervesence with a. Presence of Carbonate

evolution of colourless
odourless gas, which turns
lime water milky.

b. No effervescence b. Absence of carbonate.

 EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

[Link] rubbed with dil.H2SO4 a. smell of Vinegar a. Presence of acetate

in a watch glass
b. No smell of vinegar b. Absence of acetate

[Link] con.H2SO4 to little of a. A colourless fuming gas is

the salt taken in dry test tube is evolved, which gives a. Presence of Chloride
and warm it. dense white fumes when a
glass rod dippedin NH4OH
is shown to the mouth of
test tube.

[Link] brown vapours b. Presence of bromide

c. Violet vapours c. Presence of Iodide

d. No characteristic d. Absence of chloride,

observation bromide & iodide.

[Link] con.H2SO4 to little of a. Reddish brown fumes a. Presence of Nitrate

Salt. Boil it and add
paperball b. No characteristic b. Absence of Nitrate
observation

5. To a little of salt solution a. white ppt insoluble in a. Presence of sulphate

BaCl2 solution is added. conc. HCl

b. No characteristic b. Absence of sulphate

observation
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS
1. Carbonate (CO3 2-)
a. Add BaCl2 solution to the salt a. white precipitate soluble a. Presence of carbonate is
solution. in [Link] confirmed
b. Add MgSO4 solution to the salt b. White ppt b. Presence of carbonate is
solution.
confirmed
2. Acetate (CH3COO-)
[Link] neutral FeCl3 to salt solution a. a deep red colour is a. Presence of acetate is
obtained, which gives a confirmed
reddish brown ppt on
boiling with water.

b. To a little salt add conc H2SO4 b. Pleasant fruity smell b. Presence of acetate is
and 1 ml of ethyl alcohol. Heat confirmed
and pour it into excess water
taken in a beaker.
3. Chloride (Cl-)
a. Add dil.HNO3 and AgNO3 to a. white curdy precipitate a. Presence of chloride is
salt solution soluble in excess of confirmed
NH4OH
b. A little of salt is heated with a
small amount of MnO2 and conc. b. Greenish yellow gas with b. Presence of chloride is
H2SO4 pungent irritating smell is confirmed
evolved
 EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

4. Nitrate (No3-)
a. Add freshly prepared ferrous a. Brown ring is formed at the a. presence of Nitrate
sulphate solution to salt solution. junction of the two liquids is confirmed
Then con.H2SO4 is added slowly
along the sides of the test tube.

b. A small quantity of salt is heated with b. Dark brown fumes b. Presence of nitrate is
conc. H2SO4 in dry test tube and add confirmed.
a few copper chips.

5. Sulphate (SO4 2-)

a. To the salt solution, BaCl2 a. white ppt insoluble in dil. a. Presence of sulphate is
solution is added. HCl is obtained confirmed

b. To salt solution add lead acetate b. white ppt soluble in ammo-

solution. nium acetate is obtained. b. Presence of sulphate is
confirmed

IDENTIFICATION OF GROUP OF CATIONS

1. Test for group Zero (NH4+)

a. No precipitate a. Presence of group zero
Add Na2CO3 to salt solution
b. A precipitate b. Absence of group zero
[Link] for group I (Pb2+)
a. white precipitate a. Presence of group I
Add [Link] to salt solution
b. No white precipitate b. Absence of group I
3. Test for group II (Cu2+)
a. a black ppt is formed a. Presence of group II
To the salt solution add dil.
HCl and H2S (Na2S solution b. No black ppt b. Absence of Group II
is used instead of H2S)
4. Test for group III (Al3+) a. white gelatinous ppt a. Presence of group III
Add solid NH4Cl & excess
NH4OH to salt solution b. No white gelatinous ppt b. Absence of group III

5. Test for group IV ( Zn2+ )

a. Dirty white precipitate a. Presence of VI group
Add solid NH4Cl, excess NH4OH
to the salt solution & then H2S gas b. No characteristic ppt b. Absence of VI group
is passed.
6. Test for group V (Ba2, Sr2+,
Ca2+) a. White ppt a. Presence of group V
Add solid NH4Cl, excess NH4OH
and (NH4)2CO3 to salt solution b. no white ppt b. Absence of group V
7. Test for group VI ( Mg ) 2+

Add solid NH4Cl, excess NH4OH a. white crystalline ppt a. Presence of group VI
and Na2HPO4 to salt solution.
Sratch the inner sides of test tube b. No white crystalline ppt b. Absence of group VI
using a glass rod.
 CONFIRMATORY TEST OF GROUP ZERO (Ammonium)
1. To salt solution add NaOH & Colourless ammonia smelling gas Presence of Ammonia is
warmed which gives dense white fumes when confirmed
glass rod dipped in conc. HCl is
shown at the mouth of the test tube.
[Link] the salt solution add Brown precipitate Presence of Ammonia is
Nesslers reagent confirmed

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF GROUP I (lead)

[Link] acetic acid and Yellow precipitate Presence of Lead is confirmed
potassium chromate to salt
solution
[Link] potassium iodide to salt Yellow ppt which dissolves on heating
solution and boiled and r e a p p e a r s a s golden yellow Presence of Lead is confirmed
spangles on cooling

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF GROUP III (Aluminium)

1. To salt solution add NaOH drop A white gelatinous ppt formed, Presence of Aluminium is
by drop soluble in excess NaOH confirmed
[Link] test
Little Salt is boiled with con. HNO3 & Blue tinted ash Presence of Aluminium is
cobalt nitrate solution. filter paper dipped confirmed
in this and burnt to ashes

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF GROUP IV (Zinc)

1. To salt solution NaOH is added drop White ppt, soluble in excess Presence of zinc is confirmed
wise till excess NaOH
2. Ash Test Presence of zinc is confirmed
Salt is boiled with con.HNO3 & cobalt Green tinted ash
nitrate. filterpaper dipped in this and burnt
to ashes.

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF GROUP V (Barium /Calcium)

[Link] acetic acid and Yellow ppt Presence of barium is confirmed
potassium chromate to salt solution
2. Flame Test
Salt is made into paste with Conc. HCl Light green flame Presence of Barium is confirmed
and shown to flame using glass rod.
1. To the salt solution add solid NH4Cl,
excess NH4OH and ammonium oxalate to White ppt Presence of Calcium is confirmed
salt solution
2. Flame Test
Salt is made into paste with Conc. HCl Brick red flame Presence of Calcium is confirmed
and shown to flame using glass rod.

CONFIRMATORY TEST OF GROUP V (Barium /Calcium)

[Link] NaOH and Magneson reagent to Presence of magnesium
Salt solution Blue precipitate is confirmed
2. Ash Test
Salt is boiled with conc. HNO3 & cobalt Pink ash Presence of magnesium
nitrate. filte rpaper dipped in this and burnt is confirmed
to ashes