Higher Technological Institute in

Ministry of Higher Education And

Beni-Suef Ministerial Resolution.
Scientific Research
No. 1964 of 2021

Renewable Energy Department

Adel Mohamed Abd Elmohsen Ammar Yasser Amin

Mahmoud Essam Al Din Saied Abdelrahman Mostafa Kame
Mohamed Adel Mamdoh Ahmed Mohamed Elhelw
Abdelrahman Ahmed Othman Zeyad Ali Musi
Mohamed Mahmoud Refaay Mohamed Abu Zeed Mohamed

Dr. Shimaa Gamil

Ministry of Higher Education And Higher Technological Institute in
Scientific Research Beni-Suef Ministerial Resolution.
No. 1964 of 2021

Renewable Energy Department

Adel Mohamed Abd Elmohsen Ammar Yasser Amin

Mahmoud Essam Al Din Saied Abdelrahman Mostafa Kame
Mohamed Adel Mamdoh Ahmed Mohamed Elhelw
Abdelrahman Ahmed Othman Zeyad Ali Musi
Mohamed Mahmoud Refaay Mohamed Abu Zeed Mohamed

Dr. Shimaa Gamil

After the economic boom , the discovery of alternative clean energy sources with
high efficiency became one of the most common challenges globally due to the high-
energy demands, extensive usage of fossil fuels and environmental pollution.
Hydrogen is notable candidates mainly for a wide range of applications such as
transportation, and industries such as the iron and steel industry and household
uses.
In this project , Hydrogen is produced as a result of using Solar water splitting by
photovoltaic electrolysis to maintain a clean environment.
 First, all thanks for Allah, the lord of all being, who guide, aid, and bless we
in everything and everywhere in our life.
Second, It is our great fortune that we have got opportunity to carry out this
project work under the supervision of Dr. Shimaa Gamil.
We express our sincere thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to our guide for her
constant support, unparalleled guidance and limitless encouragement.
We would also like to especially thank Engineer Hamada Saad for his outstanding
guidance and insightful advice throughout our project.
We also so grateful to the Higher Technological Institute in Beni-Suef.
Finally, we would like to thankful to our families and everyone who help us
throughout our project, Many Thanks!
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………….……………i
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………..……………….ii
Chapter One: Introduction………………………………………………………………….1
1.1 Non renewable energy sources………………………………………………………….1
1.2 renewable energy sources………………………………………………………………….1
1.3 Advantages of renewable energy……………………………………………………….2
1.4 The hydrogen……………………………………………………………………………………..3
1.5 Types of green hydrogen……………………………………………………………………4
Chapter Two: Literature review…………………………………………………..5
2.1 Green hydrogen future……………………………………………………………………….5
2.2 Water Electrolysis………………………………………………………………………………6
2.3 Application of green hydrogen…………………………………………………………13
Chapter three: Methodology…………………………………………………….15
3.1Solar PV system components……………………………………………………………15
3.2 Electrolyzer components………………………………………………………………….21
3.3 project design…………………………………………………………………………………..25
Chapter Four: Results & Discussion………………………..…………………29
4.1 Solar PV system sizing………………………………………………………………..…….29
4.2 Sizing of electrolyzer…………………………………………………………………………30
4.3 Calculation of safety devices…………………………………………………………….31
4.4 Calculating the amount of gas produced…………………………………………..32
4.5 Analysis of collected data…………………………………………………………………32
Chapter five: conclusion……………………………………………………………33
Chapter Six: References…………………………………………………………….34
 ‫الجوائز التي حصل عليها المشروع‬

‫ذذذ م‪2‬مرعذذذي م‬ ‫هذذذالملروعذذذصل ملي ذذذرمز ذذذلملروصسذذذهملنلرمهذذذلمو ذذذي مل‬

‫(‪)2023-2024‬م لملرتذذذذلمتوذذذذرمهذذذذلمل ذذذذيصموعذذذذيصس ممجيوعذذذذ ملر & ذذذذ م م‬
‫جيوع م لم ليفم ملرجيوع ملرتس لرلجي م‬
 1-Introduction

1.1 Non-Renewable Energy Sources

Sufficient, reliable sources of energy are a necessity for industrialized nations. Energy
is used for heating, cooking, transportation and manufacturing. Energy can be
generally classified as non-renewable and renewable. Over 859% of the energy used
in the world is from non-renewable supplies. Most developed nations are dependent
on non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels (coal and oil) and nuclear
power. These sources are called non-renewable because they cannot be renewed or
regenerated quickly enough to keep pace with their use. Some sources of energy are
renewable or potentially renewable. Examples of renew able energy sources are:
solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, biomass, and wind. Renewable energy sources are
more commonly by used in developing nations. Industrialized societies depend on
non-renewable energy sources. Fossil fuels are the most commonly used types of non-
renewable energy. They were formed when incompletely decomposed plant and
animal matter was buried in the earth's crust and converted into carbon-rich material
that is useable as fuel. This process occurred over millions of years. The three main
types of fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. Two other less-used sources of
fossil fuels are oil shales and tar sands.

1.2 Renewable Energy Sources

Renewable energy sources are often considered alternative sources because, in
general, most industrialized countries do not rely on them as their main energy source.
Instead, they tend to rely on non-renewable sources such as fossil fuels or nuclear
power. Because the energy crisis in the United States during the 1970s, dwindling
supplies of fossil fuels and hazards associated with nuclear power, usage of renewable
energy sources such as solar energy, hydroelectric, wind, biomass, and geothermal
has grown. Renewable energy comes from the sun (considered an "unlimited" supply)
or other sources that can theoretically be renewed at least as quickly as they are
consumed. If used at a sustainable rate, these sources will be available for
consumption for thousands of years or longer. Unfortunately, some potentially
renewable energy sources, such as biomass and geothemal, are actually being
depleted in some areas because the usage rate exceeds the renewal rate

1
1.3 Advantages of Renewable Energy

1.3.1) A Fuel Supply That Never Runs Out

As the name suggests, renewable energy is created from sources that naturally
replenish themscives such as sunlight, wind, water, biomass, and even geothermal
(underground) heat Unlike the mining of coal, oil, and natural gas which requires
extensive networks of heavy machinery, processing stations, pipelines, and
transportation renewables convert natural resources directly into electricity. And
while many fossil fuels are becoming harder and more expensive to source resulting
in the destruction of natural habitats and significant financial losses -renewable
energy never runs out.

1.3.2) Zero Carbon Emissions

Perhaps the most significant benefit of renewable energy is that there are
greenhouse gasses or other pollutants created during the process. Whereas coal
power plants create around 2.2 pounds of CO2 for every kilowatt-hour of electricity-
solar panels and wind turbines create none at all. As we race to decarbonize our
world and embrace energy sources that don't contribute to global warming,
renewables are helping to provide us with emission-free energy, heat, cars, and even
air travel.

1.3.3) Cleaner Air and Water

Burning fossil fuels to generate electricity does far more than warm the climate; it
also contaminates the air we breathe and the water we drink Coal power stations,
for example, release high volumes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N20)
directly into the atmosphere two of the most potent greenhouse gasses. But in
addition, they also emit mercury, lead, sulfur dioxide, particulates, and dangerous
metals which can cause a host of health problems ranging from breathing difficulties
to premature death. Fossil fuel electricity can also contaminate waterways, both
from air pollution that falls to the ground during rain, and waste materials created
during the production process. On the other hand, renewable energy creates
nopollution, waste, or contamination risks to air and water. And while the COVID-19

2
lockdowns gave us a glimpse of clear skies in major cities all over the world,
renewable energy has the potential to make clean air the new normal.

1.3.4) A Cheaper Form of Electricity

With the rapid growth of renewable energy over the last ten years, solar and wind
power are now the cheapest sources of electricity in many parts of the world, In the
United Arab Emirates an area well-known for its abundant land and sunny weather a
new sun farm recently secured the world's lowest price of solar energy at just 1.35c
per kilowatt-hour. The dramatic decline in solar and wind costs has even led to many
fossil fuel multinationals including the six major oil companies to focus on renewable
energy investment instead. And whereas green energy was once a "clean-but-
expensive" alternative it's now helping to reduce energy bills for people all over the
world.

1.3.5) Renewable Energy Creates

With an increasing focus on global warming and many governments setting
ambitious carbon-reduction goals, one of the surprising renewable energy
advantages is that it has quickly become a major source of new job growth. In
America, renewables now employ three times as many people as fossil-fuels, and the
Bureau of Statistics predicts that wind turbine technicians and solar panel installers
will be some of the fastest-growing jobs over the next decade. And in addition to
keeping millions of people in work over extended periods - many renewable energy
jobs also pay above-average wages.

1.4 The Hydrogen

Because of the rising global population, the intensive discovery and usage of fossil
fuels have resulted in numerous ecological challenges endangering human life and
healthiness. As a result, current key considerations have involved methods to offer
an economical, reliable, and eco-friendly with the lowest carbon production. These
and available in all regions. As a result, there is an urgent requirement to identify
and employ clean and safe renewable energy sources to replace nonrenewable ones,
on the other hand, renewable energy sources (RESS) present several challenges. For
instance, these sources are placed in dry locations and require a storage scheme
because of the intermittent nature of RESs. ergy sources should also be cuctal ener
According to these considerations, hydrogen is regarded as an alternate energy

3
carrier and is projected for playing a large part in forthcoming energy since it can be
warehoused, and transported, and has an extreme calorific combustion value, which
makes it appropriate for replacing fossil fuels. Its environmentally friendly
manufacturing technique is also one of its crucial traits on the path to improving the
environment and the attainment of sustainable growth. Consequently, this study
gives a basic review of hydrogen generation strategies depending on feedstock
typeand energy source, with an emphasis on hydrogen production schemes based
onelectrolysis that utilizes renewable energy sources.

1.5 Types of Hydrogen

1.5.1) Green Hydrogen
Green hydrogen is produced using renewable energy sources, which can include
offshore wind farms and solar energy, to power electrolysis plants that extract
hydrogen from water.

1.5.2) Pink hydrogen

which is generated through nuclear-powered electrolysis.

1.5.3) Gray hydrogen

is extracted from coal or natural gas using the steam methane reforming process,
which is currently the industry standard procedure.

1.5.4) Turquoise hydrogen

Turquoise hydrogen is also called low-carbon hydrogen, and it is available in very
small quantities so far. Turquoise hydrogen is generated from natural gas, but using
pyrolysis, in which the gas is passed through molten metal, resulting in the formation
of solid carbon as a byproduct that has useful uses

1.5.5) Yellow hydrogen

Hydrogen made through electrolysis using solar power

1.5.6) Blue Hydrogen

is produced mainly from natural gas, using a process called steam reforming,

4
 2-Literature Review

2.1 Green Hydrogen Future

With the world experiencing rapid population growth and industrialization, the
demand for energy has soared, leading to serious environmental concerns. To
combat these challenges and control global temperature rise, the Climate Action
Summit, supported by more than 100 countries, has set a target of achieving net
zero carbon emissions by 2050. Exploring affordable, clean, and renewable energy is
pivotal to mitigating the energy crisis and realizing this decarbonization goal.
However, renewable energy resources are not evenly distributed across the globe,
and densely populated countries, such as Japan, South Korea, and Germany, have
fewer options. In addition, weather-dependent renewable energy sources, such as
wind and solar, can cause fluctuations in electricity production, creating load
mismatches between production and demand that affect grid stability. In contrast,
Australia, with its vast landmass and coastline, possesses abundant renewable
energy resources, such as wind, solar and ocean tides, despite having a relatively
small population and energy consumption. Comparing to other countries in Asia-
Pacific area, Australia keeps at the top of domestic self-sufficiency ratio (DSSR) with
respective total primary energy supply. In the past, the high cost of renewable
electricity production has prevented the large-scale use of renewable resources.
More recently, the declining costs of renewable energy generation and inoreased
foous on climate change mitigation have opened new possibilities. At the same time,
a new challenge has emerged: how to cost-effectively produce, store, and transport
this renewable energy at scale to places that need it. It is feasible to export
Australian renewable energy to parts of Southeast Asia through electricity
transmission lines. However, technical and geopolitical constraints make direct
export distant countries, such as Japan, South Korea, and Germany, impossible via
wired connections. Hydrogen, being the most abundant and lightest element on
Earth, is an important feedstock in modern industries, such as steel manufacture, oil
refining, and ammonia production. Additionally, hydrogen molecules (H 2) serve as a
prominent carbon-free primary energy carrier with high energy content- its
gravimetric energy density is about 2.5 times higher than that of natural gas at the
same mass. The vision of a hydrogen economy was first introduced by John Bockris
in the 1970s. This concept revolves around producing green hydrogen through
renewable energy sources and using it as energy source in commercial applications

5
without a carbon footprint. In considering the various feasible options on renewable
energy, hydrogen has been proved to be one of the most viable alternatives for long-
term energy sustainability. Currently, the boom in hydrogen technology deployment
encourages small-scale H, storage and trans- portation in addition to industrial-scale
interest. To meet the anticipated global demand for hydrogen in the future, a
comprehensive infrastructure, including refuelling stations, domestic pipelines and
inter-continental transportation will be essential. Moreover, H, holds significant
promise as a fuel for civil aviation, offering zero CO, and NO, emissions. This will
necessitate novel designs for future aircraft and cryogenic fuel tanks. The concept of
a hydrogen economy is broad and encompasses various technologies and processes.
However, at its core, it revolves around a key transformation: converting electrical
energy into chemical energy in the form of hydrogen-containing molecules.
Hydrogen serves both a chemical energy carrier and a clean-burning fuel, while also
acting as a feedstock for many industrial chemicals. As such, hydrogen has the
potential to decarbonize important sectors in modern economies that cannot easily
be decarbonized by renewable electricity alone. In future low-carbon economies,
renewable hydrogen (hydrogen produced using renewable electricity) will play a
critical role in enabling the decarbon-ization of chemicals, fuels, and consumer
products. Addi- tionally, hydrogen can facilitate the long-distance transport of
renewable energy, either as hydrogen itself or asa hydrogen- derived chemical
energy carrier. Spherical Insights forecasted the global hydrogen genera- tion market
will exceed 230 billion US dollars by 2030

2.2 Water electrolysis

In the process of water electrolysis, external energy traverses across a circuit to
catalyze a reaction between the water molecules. This electrochemical reaction
splits the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the water which is known as dissociation.
The combined synergistic principles of photocatalysis and electrocatalysis underpin
the photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) technology. This process is highly efficient due to its
straightforwardness, yet it is still largely dependent on energy sources mainly fossil
fuels for its electricity supply. In the context of renewable hydrogen production
(P2H), however, electrolysis must be powered by 100% renewable energies to reach
optimal efficiency. Generally, electrolyzers may be categorized into four groups:
solid Oxide electrolyzers (SOEL), proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEL),

6
Anion Exchange Membrane electrolyzers AEMEL), and alkaline electrolyzers (AEL).
Table (1) compares the various water electrolyzer types.

Figure 2.1

7
PEMEL difers from AEL in that it does not call for an electrolytic liquid. The PEMEL
behaves much similar to an acid solution, and con-ducts protons. When an external
voltage source is applied, the electro- chemical processes take place as follows:
Anode: H₂O 2H++1\2 O2+2e-
Cathode: 2H++2e- H2
Sum: H2O H2+1\2O2
At the anode, water is oxidized to create oxygen gas, protons, and electrons.
Following their passing through the PEMEL, the resultant protons are reduced at the
cathode, where they cooperate with electrons to make hydrogen gas. Operating
effectiveness varies from 67 to 82%. A PEM, catalyst layers, present supplies, and
separators make up the PEMEL. The membrane often contains cation exchange
polymers based on fluorine. A well-known ionomer substance frequently utilized in
PEMEL is Nafion. Platinum is often utilized at the cathode, and iridium or iridium-
based electrocatalysts are typically employed at the anode. The ability of these
resources to withstand corrosion in acid and their catalytic action are deciding
factors. Typically, spray printing with hot pressing or electroless deposition is used to
create the electrocatalyst layer. Materials for PEMEL stacks are more expensive than
those for AEL. PEMEL's benefits include its capacity to run at high voltages and
current densities while generating hydrogen gas that is up to 99.995% pure. The high
price of the catalyst and the necessity for a costly membrane with ordinary
endurance are obstacles to utilizing a PEMEL scheme. Additionally, PEMEL stack
materials are more expensive than the stack materials of AEL.

The future work of PEMEL can be given as follows:

• Higher temperature operating from 60 to 120 °C in PEMEL is a significant issue for
improving voltage efficiency.
• Higher temperatures do, however, also cause the PEM to get dehydrated,
therefore adequate water content must be preserved. Making
• Another major topic of study is raising the PEMEL operation pressure. Higher
pressure is preferred for hydrogen to be used in society on a broad basis, notably in

8
the situation of hydrogen plants. This is due to hydrogen gas's extremely low
volumetric energy density in ambient circumstances. Currently, hydrogen gas is
pressurized using mechanical compressors, but their efficiency is subpar and they
make a lot of noise.

Figure 2.2

AEL is sufficient and equipped to generate considerable amounts of renewable

hydrogen. The equipment is dependable and secure, with a lifetime of up to 30
years, a membrane and electrode swap every 8 years, and operating efficiency
ranging from 62 to 82%. Essentially, it com- prises two electrodes submerged in a 25-
30% KOH or NaOH aqueous solution. Due to its greater ionic conductivity and the
lesser solu- bility of CO, in this result, KOH is preferred. At the cathode, hydrogen is
formed, and at the anode, oxygen. The following are the process-related reactions:
Anode: 4OH- O2+2H2O+4e-
Cathode: 4H++4e- 2H2
Sum: 2H2O O2+2H2
A microporous membrane that is impervious to gases but permeable to OH ions
separates the electrodes. Steel with a nickel or nickel coating is typically used to
make anodes, whereas steel witha variety of catalyst coatings is used to make
cathodes. The working temperature is typically limited to 80 °C, and the spacing
between electrodes is up to 5 mm. AEL can function both at high and low pressures
up to 30 bar. High pressures have the benefit of eliminating the requirement for
post- processing hydrogen compression, but they also result in a reduction in

9
product purity due to the membrane's higher permeability as compared to gas
pressures

The future work of AEL is summarized as follows:

• New cell architectures and electrode materials have received the majority of
attention in the advancement of AEL. Reducing the space between electrodes has
been a primary priority in terms of cell construction. Due to the wide space between
the electrodes and the diaphragm, there is significant resistance from the solution
and the generated gas. The biggest overpotential losses in the system are brought on
by this. This leads to a decrease in the overpotential since devices have been
developed to reduce or even eliminate this gap. This can improve efficiency, which
reduces operational expenses linked to energy usage is accomplished.
• Making high-temperature electrolyzers with operating temperatures over 15011°C
improves the electrolyte's conductivity and speeds up the electrochemical reaction
occurring under the electrode's surface. With purification levels up to 99,9%, these
electrolyzers are designed for large-scale hydrogen production
• To lower the electrode's overvoltage, innovative electrocatalysis materials must
be developed

Figure 2.3

AEMEL is a hybrid process that relates the benefits of PEMEL and AEL in a cell made
up of two catalyst-based electrodes comprised of the alteration metals iridium (Ir)
and platinum (Pt) and an AEMEL. It combines a solid electrolyte (polymeric)
membrane with a low-intensity alkaline solution (opposed to a 20-409% NaOH or
KOH aqueous solu- tion), such as an Mg-Al layered double hydroxide membrane
(LDH). Additionally, the cathode in an AEMEL Consists of Ni, Ni-Fe, and NiFe, 04

10
whereas the anode is made from materials based on Ni (such as Ni foams) or
titanium discusses the principal work of AEMEL. Hydrogen development and oxygen
evolution reactions are the two half-cell processes that make up the total reaction.
Water is cycled over the anode side where it is decreased by the adding of two
electrons to generate hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. While the electrons are carried to
the anode by the outside circuit, the hydroxyl ions expand over the AEM to the
anode section due to the anode's positive pull. The hydroxyl ions lose electrons in
the anode chamber, recombining into water and oxy. gen. On the anode's surface,
bubbles of oxygen develop and are then expelled. Catalytic activity is necessary for
both half-cell processes to produce and release the corresponding gases from the
electrode planes. Applying half-cell responses are these:
Anode: 4OH- O2+2H2O+4e-
Cathode: 4H2O++4e- 2H2+4OH-
Sum:2H2O 2H2+O2
The majority of AEM research is still conducted in the lab, although recent studies
have provided important details on the electrolysis process of AEM as well as
advancements in the electrocatalysts, electrodes, membranes, and membrane
electrode assemblies.

Figure 2.4

SOEL has got a lot of interest since it is thought to be a high-efficiency method that
creates chemical energy from electrical energy superior hydrogen. To achieve higher
efficiencies than AEL and PEMEL models and to the needed power supply is reduced,
SOEL executes electrolysis at high temperatures (600-1000 °C). Finding thermally
steady and waterproof materials that could persist for an extended time, however,

11
poses a challenge that makes this procedure more challenging. Water vapor is fed
into the cathode at a high temperature, which is minimized for making hydrogen,
whereas oxide anions are created and move over the solid electrolyte to the anode
portion, where they are recombined to make oxygen. The cathode is constructed of
hard metal with hard nickel-base particles, the anode is constructed of perovskite
(CaTiO3), and an electrolyte is a solid form of yttrium and zirconia (YSZ). Next
equations illustrate the half-cell response at the anode, cathode, and total reactions
in SOEL:
Anode: O2- 1\2O2+2e-
Cathode: H2O+2e- H2+4O2-
Sum:H2O H2+1\2O2

If we can use the unused heat from plants or other sources, SOEL has a lot of
potential as a heat source for other chemical reactions. The future work of SOEL is
summarized as follows:
• Enhancing the efficiency of electrolysis, in particular, to further reduce the pace of
long-term deterioration procedures involving a lot of currents.
• development of electrochemical materials that are chemically stable while still
exhibiting high levels of conductivity at these temperatures. The electrodes and
electrolytes used need to possess the best con- ductivity when undergoing redox
reactions, as well as a similar co- efficient of thermal expansion for improved
compatibility.
• Furthermore, all components must remain chemically stable in hot environments
as well as in reduction/oxidation (redox) environments.

Figure 2.5

12
2.3 Applications of Green Hydrogen

Green hydrogen, produced through the electrolysis of water using renewable energy
sources, holds great potential for a wide range of applications across various
industries. Its versatility, sustainability, and potential to reduce greenhouse gas
enmissions make it an attractive alternative to traditional energy sources.

2.3.1) Transportation
One of the most promising applications of green hydrogen is transportation.
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) operate by combining hydrogen and oxygen to
produce electricity, emitting only water vapor as a byproduct. This makes FCVs an
attractive alternative to traditional gasoline and diesel velhicles, as they offer zero
emissions.

Figure 2.6

2.3.2) Generating Electricity

Additionally, hydrogen can be used in fuel cells to generate electricity, offering a
clean and sustainable alternative to traditional power sources. Green hydrogen can
also be used in a variety of o ther industries and applications like heating, cooli etc...

Figure 2.7

13
2.2.3) Energy storage
Hydrogen can be produced through electrolysis using excess renewable energy
during periods of low demand. This surplus energy can be used to generate
hydrogen, which is then stored for later use. When energy demand exceeds supply,
the stored hydrogen can be converted back into electricity through fuel cells or
combustion, providing a reliable and sustainable energy storage solution.

Figure 2.8

2.3.4) Off-Grid and remote applications

Green hydrogen is particularly useful in off-grid and remote applications where
access to traditional energy infrastructure is limited. It can provide a reliable and
sustainable source of energy for remote communities, islands, mining operations,
and other off-grid locations. Hydrogen can be produced locally using renewable
resources and used for electricity generation, heating, cooking, and other energy
needs, thereby reducing reliance on fossil fuels and enhancing energy independence.

Figure 2.9

14
 3-Methodology

3.1 Solar PV System

3.1.1) Solar Panel

Figure 3.1

It's kind Polycrystalline Solar Panels. The polycrystalline solar panels have
unique properties than other panels. This type of solar panel has squares
and its angles are not cut. The appearance of this panel has a blue and
speckled look. These solar panels are manufactured by melting the raw
silicon, which is a quicker and less expensive process compared to
monocrystalline panels. This is also due to lower efficiency of around 15%,
lower space efficiency, and a shorter lifespan, even at lower final prices
because they are affected to a greater degree by warmer temperatures.
But, the difference between mono and polycrystalline types of solar
panels is not so important and the choice of using suitable solar panels
will depend on your specific situation. This provides slightly more space
efficiency at a higher cost but the power outputs are the same.

15
 3.1.2) Solar Charger controller

Figure 3.2
Its kind (PWM).PWM regulators are similar to series regulators, but they
use a transistor Instead of a relay to open the array. By switching the
transistor at high frequency with various modulated widths, a constant
voltage can be maintained. The PWM regulator self- adjusts by varying the
widths (lengths) and speed of the pulses sent to the battery. Unlike the
on/off charge controllers which instantaneously cut off the power transfer
to minimize battery overcharging, PWM regulators act like a rapid on/off
controller constantly. When the width is at 100%, the transistor is at full
ON, allowing the solar array to bulk charge the battery. When the width is
at 0% the transistor is OFF, open circuiting the array preventing any
current from flowing to the battery when the battery is fully charged. Like
the series regulator, the transistor can be placed in either the positive
negative line, allowing the regulator to be used in positive and negative
ground systems. The difference between the series regulator and the
PWM regulator is the PWM of the transistor. When the modulation width
is at 100% or 0%, the regulator is essentially a series regulator, it is that
modulation width variation that allows the PWM regulator to create a
constant voltage to the battery as opposed to the on/off of the series
regulator. The below figure shows an example of a PWM regulator
regulating with a 70% on 30% off duty cycle.

Figure 3.3

16
 Figure 3.4

Some PWM regulators have provisions for converting to a series (on/off)

regulator. This could be needed for sensitive loads that have an issue with
the noise created by the frequency of the PWM. Some PWM regulators
have provisions for converting to a series (on/off) regulator. This could be
needed for sensitive loads that have an issue with the noise created by
the frequency of the PWM. Because PWM charge controllers require
transistors, they dissipation always solid-state; this means heat become a
problem, especially in larger solar arrays. As with series regulators,
because the PWM regulator regulates by opening the array during
regulation (at high frequency), if you were to measure the array voltage
during this time, the array voltage can be anywhere between battery
voltage and open circuit voltage depending on the regulator's charging
stage. If an array voltage value less than the battery voltage was ever
measured during normal operation, this would indicate a problem.

17
3.1.3) Battery

Figure 3.5

•Superb high-rate discharge characteris tics that ensure reliable

performance in UPS applications. Sealed non-spillable maintenance free
operation.
•Flexible installation in any position.
•ABS containers and covers (UL94HB, UL94V0) optional.
•VRLA Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) Technology guarantees safe operation
without maintenance.
•Approved for transport by air. D.O.T., L.A.T.A. and F.A.A. certified.
•High quality and high reliability.
•Exceptional deep discharge recovery performance
•Low self-discharge characteristics

18
 3.1.4)Circuit breaker

Figure 3.6

An circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed

to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short
circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting
continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which
operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset
(either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit
breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an
individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect
high voltage circuits feeding an entire city

19
3.1.5) Fuse

Figure 3.7

•A fuse is a device that protects a circuit from an over current condition

only. It has a fusible link directly heated and destroyed by the current
passing through it. A fuse contains a current-carrying element sized so
that the heat generated by the flow of normal current through it does not
cause it to melt the element; however, when an over current or short-
circuit current flows through the fuse, the fusible link will melt and open
the circuit
•A device that protects a circuit by fusing opens its current-responsive
element when an over-current passes through it. An over-current is either
due to an overload or a short circuit condition.
•The Underwriter Laboratories (UL) classifies fuses by letters e.g. class CC,
T, K, G, J, L, R. and so forth. The class letter may designate interrupting
rating, physical dimensions, and degree of current limitation.
•As per NEC and ANSI/IEEE standard 242 (2)-A current limiting fuse is a
fuse that will interrupt all available currents above its threshold current
and below its maximum interrupting rating, limit the clearing time at
rated voltage to an interval equal to or less than the first major or
symmetrical loop duration, and limit peak let-through current to a value
less than the peak that would be possible with the fuse replaced by a solid
conductor of the same impedance

20
3.2.1) Acrylic

Figure 3.8

GENERAL PROPERTIES
Acrylics offer high light transmittance with a Refractive Index of 1.49 and
can be easily heat formed without loss of optical clarity. Prolonged
exposure to moisture, or even total immersion in water, does not
significantly effect the mechanical or optical properties of acrylic. Most
commercial acrylics have been UV stabilized for good weather ability and
resistance prolonged sunlight exposure
Acrylics are unaffected by aqueous solutions of most laboratory
chemicals, by detergents, cleaners, dilute inorganic acids, alkalies, and
aliphatic hydrocarbons however, acrylics areNOT recommended for use
with chlorinated or aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, or ketones.
Acrylics are easily sawed, drilled, milled, engraved, and finished with sharp
carbide-tipped tools. Cut surfaces may be readily sanded and polished.
They are also readily bend or thermoformed at low temperature and
solvent bonding of properly fitting parts produces a strong, invisible joint.
Acrylics are available in colorless clear as well as a wide variety of colors
and tints. They are available in extruded and/or cast material in sheet, rod
and tube forms as well as custom profiles.

21
3.2.2) Stainless Steel

Figure 3.9

316 or 316L stainless steel is a Chromium-Nickel stainless steel with added

molybdenum to Increase corrosion resistance and mechanical properties
Stainless Steel 316 falls under the austenitio olass of stainless steels,
which is the most common class of stainless grades. The key difference
between 304 and 316 grade stainless is the addition of molybdenum, an
alloy which drastically enhances corrosion resistance, especially for more
saline or chloride exposed environments. 316L stainless steel is almost
identical to 316. The only difference is the lower carbon content in 316L
allows for better corrosion resistance than. 316.

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3.2.3) Rubber

Figure 3.10

Very water resistant and this resistance is maintained to high

temperatures (up to 180c in steam, for peroxide cures). The highest
temperature resistance is achieved by using peroxide cured grades. Has
excellent resistance to atmospheric ageing, oxygen and ozone up to about
150c. It has good resistance to most water-based chemicals and to
vegetable-based hydraulic oils. It has poor resistance, however, to mineral
oils and di-ester based lubricants.

23
3.2.4) Connection Valve

Figure 3.11

It is used for easy connection between the cell and hoses and for the gas
and tank indicator

3.2.5) Bolt

Figure 3.12

It is used to connect cell parts to each other

3.2.6) Tank

Figure 3.13

It is made of plastic and is used to replace water lost in the cell

24
3.2.7) Gas exit statement

Figure 3.14

It is used to indicate the amount of gas produced by the cell

3.3 Project Design

The 3D design aspect of our project played a crucial role in visualizing and
communicating the intricate details of our system. To accomplish this, we
utilized advanced 3D modeling software to create a comprehensive and
visually stunning representation. Solidworks, a powerful and versatile 3D
modeling tool, enabled us to construct a detailed digital model of our
entire project. With its extensive range of tools and features, we
meticulously crafted each component, paying close attention to
dimensions, shapes, and placements. The ability to manipulate textures,
materials, and lighting within Solidworks allowed us to create a realistic
and immersive representation of our system.

25
3.3.1) Design of electrolyzer

Figure 3.15

3.3.2) Project stand design

Figure 3.16

26
3.3.3) Solar panel holder

Figure 3.17

3.3.4) control panel

Figure 3.18

27
3.3.5) Gas exit statement

Figure 3.19

3.3.6) The final image of the project

Figure 3.20

28
 4-Results & Discussion

4.1.1) Determine power consumption demands

Total appliance use = 1*80=80 wh/day
Total energy =total appliance use*1.3
Total energy =80*1.3=104 wh/day

4.1.2) Determine power

Power = Total energy / PSH
PSH=4
Total power =104 /4 = 26 W

4.1.3) sizing the PV panel

Number of PV panel = total power / module power
Number of PV panel = 26 / 30 =1module

4.1.4) Size of the battery (Ah)

1) Calculate total Watt-hours per day used by appliances
2) Divide the total Watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss
3) Divide the answer obtained by 0.6 for depth of discharge
4) Divide the answer obtained in i by the nominal battery voltage

29
5) Multiply the answer obtained with days of autonomy (the number of days that
you need the system to operate when there is no power produced by PV panels)to
get the required Ampere-hour capacity of deep-cycle battery.

Battery capacity = Total Watt-hours per day x Days of autonomy

(0.85 x 0.6 x nominal battery voltage)

Battery capacity = (80W x 1 hours) x1

= 12 Ah
(0.85 x 0.6 x 12)

4.1.5) Solar charge controller sizing

According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take the
short circuit current (Isc) of the PV array, and multiply it by 1.3
charge controller rating = (Isc) x 1.3
charge controller rating = 1.8 x 1.3 = 10 A

To make a measurement calculation for a hydrogen cell, the designer must

determine the power and voltage at which the cell will be operated
Power of Electrolysis (80w)
Voltage of Electrolysis (12v)

4.2.1) Calculate number of a partments

Number of a partments Voltage / 2.3
Number of a partments = 12/2.3 6 partments
• (2.3) is The voltage consuming in the partment

30
4.2.2) Calculate number of sheets
Number of sheets = Number of partments+1
Number of sheets = 6+1=7 sheets

4.2.3) Calculate the total current of the cell

Current = power/Voltage
Current = 80/12 = 6.5A

4.2.4) Calculate Area of the sheet

Area of the sheet = current/0.084
Area of the sheet 6.5/0.084 =78 cm2
(0.084) is the current consuming in the 1cm2

4.2.5) Calculate redius of the circuit

radius of circuit=✓Area/π
radius of circuit=✓78/π=5 cm

4.3.1) Sizing of circuit breaker

Current of circuit breakers = Safety factor x Passing current
Current of circuit breakers = 6.5 x 1.25 ≈ 10 A

4.3.2) Sizing of fuse

Current of fuse = Safety factor x Passing current
Current of fuse = 1.25 x 6.5 10 A

31
• Hydrogen = 0.007 L/min for 1 Amp
The amount of hydrogen produced = current x number of sheets x0.007
The amount of hydrogen produced = 6.5 x 7 x 0.007 = 0.3 L/min

•Oxygen = 0.0035 L/min for 1 Amp

The amount of oxygen produced = current x number of sheets x0.0035
The amount of oxygen produced = 6.5 x 7 x 0.0035 = 0.15 L/min

4.5 Analysis of collected data.

We focused on measuring the amount of hydrogen produced during the water
electrolysis process. To obtain accurate measurements, we devised a methodology
involving the emptying of the Cell in the water reaction and observing the time it
took for the reaction to complete. This approach allowed us to estimate the quantity
of hydrogen generated.

By carefully conducting multiple trials, we recorded the time it took for the Cell to
empty completely. We ensured consistent experimental conditions and controlled
variables to maintain reliability and precision in our measurements. Using the
average time obtainedfrom these trials, we proceeded to calculate the amount of
hydrogen produced.

It was found that when the cell is connected to a current of 6.5 amps, 0.3
liters/minute is produced. As the current increases, the amount of hydrogen
produced increases, but the temperature increases with them

32
 5-Conclusion

water splitting emerged as anew way for the production of H2 because it

uses water and sunlight as energy sources that are renewable and
abundant in nature that reduce the CO2 emission , gives H2 in its pure
form when compared with industrial production using fossil fuels. So we
design a PV-electrolysis system that demonstrated a high efficiency. This
system also primarily used commercially available components ,
suggesting that similar techniques could be implemented on a large scale.

Figure 5.1

33
 6-References

1) What is green hydrogen? An expert explains its benefits | World Economic Forum.
(2021, December 21). Retrieved from
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/12/what-is-green-hydrogen- expert-
explains-benefits/
2) What is green hydrogen, how is it made and will it be the fuel of the future? -
ABCNews Science. (2021, January 22). Retrieved from
https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2021-01-23/green-hydrogen- renewable-
energy-climate-emissions-explainer/13081872
3) Green hydrogen - Wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green hydrogen
4) the many colours of hydrogen esxplained | World Economic Forum. (2021, July
27). Retrieved from
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/clean-energy-green-hydrogen/
https://wwwadvent.energy/2020/10/21/hydrogen-efuels-evs- transportation/

5) A Review on Hydrogen- Microgrid System: Topologies for Hydrogen Energy

Storage, Integration, and Energy Management with Solar Energy
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/21/7979
6) Rubber and its properties
https://www.premlene.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Rubber-
Characteristics.pdf
7) Stainless steel and its properties
https://atlassteels.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stainless-Steel 316-316L-
316H-Grad e-Data-Sheet-27-04-21.pdf
8) A Brief Review of Hydrogen Production Methods and Their Challenges
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/3/1141

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https://byjus.com/

https://www.pickhvac.com/

https://www.mechtechguru.com/

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