KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND ICT FOR PA
BPAM08
MODULE 6: ICT for Development and
Public Administration.
Mr. Manuelo C. Austria Jr.
Instructor
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OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, students are expected to:
1. To discuss the ICT development in Public Administration
2. To discuss the basic aims and advantages of ICT development in
Public Administration and the how ICT improves governance in the
Philippines.
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Having discovered the potential of information and communications
technologies (ICT), both public managers and public administration
scholars dreamt of a radically new government. Stimulated by the IT
industry, e-government became a key word in many policy proposals.
Processes of change and renewal were based on e-government to
improve the organization, effectiveness and efficiency of public
administration. E-government seems to have further stimulated
processes of administrative reform and new public management
worldwide.
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In public administration science and practice, the debate on e-
government concentrates on service delivery, information and
technology. One of the e-government trends is the growing tendency
to treat citizens and businesses as customers and to introduce the
techniques of customer relationship management (CRM) to
government service delivery. E-government has the potential to
improve public services, information transparency, and the
engagement of civic participation of the public-sector
management.
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In order to transform into e-government, a government has to meet
certain conditions. These conditions refer to ways for realizing
applications to actually improve the relation between government
and citizens/companies. Some of the initiatives taken by
governments in shaping the conditions for realizing e-government
have been as follows.
• First, the provision of access to laws and regulations. Databanks
containing legal texts have been made accessible on the Internet
to citizens and companies.
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• Second, the streamlining of basic data. Some governments connect
the personal data of their citizens and use this information for basic
services. They are currently developing unique registrations to warrant
or guarantee the quality of the information. These registrations contain
personal data of citizens. By connecting them, the same data do not
have to be registered in different information systems.
• Third, the securing of confidential transactions. In order to increase
the security of ICT usage, governments are launching programs to
develop electronic signatures, electronic identity cards, and a public
key infrastructure (PKI).
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• Fourth, the creation of ICT awareness and the development of ICT
skills. For citizens to be able to make use of the possibilities
offered by e-government, they have to know what the benefits are
and also, they have to be able to use the necessary technology
• Fifth, the establishment of an e-government support organization
for the implementation and coordination of the initiatives. Such an
organization, for example, has to coordinate different aspects of
e-government, stimulate the role of ICT by public administration,
and initiate necessary cultural changes within government.
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BASIC AIMS AND
ADVANTAGES
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Although the pace between countries may differ, the developments
described above point in the same direction. Little by little
government agencies connect their operations with the online world
of the Internet. The advantages seem obvious.
• First, e-government aims to be more customer-oriented.
Governments can get rid of a lot of red tape by using computers.
Instead of going to a tax office or a municipal bureau, citizens can
download the necessary brochures and forms immediately, 24
hours and 7 days a week directly from the Internet.
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• Second, with e-government, public administration becomes
more efficient. Both people and paper can be saved when public
administration connects to the Internet. Procedures and routines
are automated in order to save on expensive civil servants.
• Third, e-government makes public administration more modern.
This is one of the major attractions of e-government.
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ORGANIZATION
❑ Public organizations are multiple entities par excellence (eg, Morgan
1986). Although the structure of an organization may not tell us much
about organizational realities, looking at structure is a common way of
approaching (public) organizations.
❑ He distinguishes between five parts: the operating core, the strategic
top, the executives, the techno-structure, and the support staff.
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❑ In the case of e-government, a large amount of attention is given to
supporting the implementation of services. This is a spearhead in every
country. Almost every leading-edge practice is focused on service
delivery. E-government primarily concerns the operating core. Also, the
techno-structure is being touched by e-government.
❑ The techno-structure has to create the conditions for e-government
(eg, PKI and the electronic signature). The e-government support
organization belongs to the techno-structure of public administration.
None of the identified activities of e-government are focused yet on
targets and strategy and thus on a strategic level within government
organizations.
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POLICY
❑ Policy is a key concept of public administration science. As with the
study of organizations, there are numerous ways of approaching public
policy. Although all analytical tools in the policy sciences seem to be
essentially contested, a rather common analytical tool is the policy
process based upon systems theory (Easton 1953).
❑ From a systems approach, the policy process analytically consists of
the following phases: problem acknowledgement and agenda-setting,
policy development and decision-making, and policy implementation
and managerial control.
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POLITICS
❑ Politics is directly connected with public administration. It is one of
the reasons why e-government cannot be compared with e-
business. Public administration is not just another branch of
industry, but a different type of institution. Citizens are not just
shareholders who want to make a profit, but constituents of a
polity that is democratically organized. Therefore, politics is part
and parcel of public administration and egovernment.
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❑ A look at representative bodies in Western democracies indicates that
politics comprises four key activities.
❑ The first is representation: the choice of a representative body that can
make decisions on behalf of the people (Manin 1997; Pitkin 1967).
❑ Second, politicians select and define social problems that qualify for
policy-making. Decision-making and deliberation in Parliament is a
third political activity. According to the principle of checks and
balances, democratic supervision is the fourth type of political activity.
Although the design may depend on the specific state system,
representative bodies supervise governments.
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❑ The e-government initiatives taken so far seem particularly aimed
at supporting democratic supervision. An example is online public
access to laws and regulations. Access to government information
aims to increase the transparency of public administration for
citizens and interest groups. Therefore, it enables them to assess
and criticize the actions and policies of governments. For the time
being, egovernment has little bearing on other political activities.
An exception is the above-noted pilot e-voting system in the USA
which mainly focuses on representation. In terms of shaping the
conditions for stretching e-government to the collective
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decision-making processes, the developments concerning PKI
are interesting because this infrastructure could support direct
democracy in the long-term. On an ad hoc basis, many
government authorities in various countries use the Internet for
chatting and discussion platforms.
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CITIZENS
❑ In Western democracies, citizens and public administration are
connected in several ways. A defining characteristic of a republic is
that citizens are both rulers and ruled (eg, Van Gunsteren 1998).
Citizens rule in at least two ways. First, representative democracy
allows citizens as voters to choose their representatives.
❑ Second, citizens are connected with everyday practices of policy-
making and decision-making. Sometimes governments consult
citizens to hear what they think about a specific policy proposal, but
generally citizens make up the building blocks of civil society.
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❑ As people being ruled, citizens are addressed by public
administration by being subjected to the authority of government.
Penal law is an example of this relationship between citizens and
public administration. But citizens are increasingly being defined
as consumers of the products and services that are being supplied
by government. At present, the majority of egovernment initiatives
concern citizens as consumers. This is because there is a keen
interest in the development of customer services and
relationships.
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❑ The streamlining of basic data also falls in this category. A
government's interest in the citizen as a subject is less
predominant, although there are initiatives such as securing
confidential transactions and biometry. Initiatives concerning
citizens in their civil society capacity are still scarce. The e-voting
initiative in the USA is an example of the perspective in which the
citizen is seen
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HOW ICT IMPROVES
GOVERNANCE IN THE
PHILIPPINES
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Information and Communication Technology’s application in
Governance in the Philippines is now more visible than ever.
• eNGAS • E-procurement
• COMEX • ChED Information System
• NBI Clearance Online • Bureau of Customs Single
Application Window Project
• NSO Certificates • iGOV
• National Judicial Information • Project NOAH
System
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These are services that are delivered through the use of ICT.
• It is more efficient
• It Lessen bureaucracy
• It Lessens Red Tape and Under the table transactions
• It Brings government services to the mass
• It enables the citizenry to spend more time on more important
things rather than transacting with government.
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Government Initiative
• Government CLOUD • Document Digitization
• Government email • Project NOAH
• Government Server Farms • Online CAV services
• MITHI (Medium Term ICT • Medium Term Plan (MITHI)
Harmonization Initiative) • iGovPhil
• Document Digitization • PHICTS
• PHICTS
• LGU e-readiness
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All Government ICT Initiatives aims to minimize duplicity in ICT
investments by providing a consolidate server farms, data centers,
back-up facility and cloud based computing. The iGOV is the core
project that provides MITHI with the resources needed for the
implementation of the services.
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Long Term Plan
ICT-centric citizens
• Citizens that uses ICT in their government transactions.
• Citizens that is confident in the security and integrity of their
online personal information
ICT driven online services
• government transactions are available online
• E-payment and e-transactions
• Freedom of Information
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Pitfalls of ICT in Governance
• Online Security
• Cyber Privacy
Phishing
Phishing is the attempt to acquire sensitive information such as
usernames, passwords, and credit card details (and sometimes,
indirectly, money) by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an
electronic communication
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ICT in Governance – The use of Information and Communication
Technology in the support and delivery of government/public
services.
• ICT enabled services
• e-government
• e-governance
• How ICT improves Governance
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Best Practices
• Small, High Impact ICT Projects
• Create Buy-in for Department Heads
• Develop Ownership among employees
• Information System Strategic Plan (ISSP)
• Medium Term ICT Harmonization Initiatives
• PPP and BOT schema
• Identify ICT Champions
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Legal Framework
• E-COMMERCE ACT (RA 8792) An act providing and use of
electronic commercial and noon-commercial transactions,
penalties for unlawful use thereof and other purposes
• E-PROCUREMENT ACT (RA 9184) An act providing for the
modernization, standardization and regulation of the procurement
activities of the government and for other purposes
• DILG Circulars
• Local Ordinances
• ARTA LAW (RA 9485)
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Challenges for ICT Implementation
• Funding
• Technological Know How
• Sustainability and Continuity
• Change of Management
Fund Sourcing
• Revenues generated from ICT enabled services can be used.
• E-gov Fund
• International Funding agencies can fund projects in line with MDG.
• Development of Project Proposal for International Funding
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Thank You and
God Bless
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