Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar

RAILWAY ENGINEERING

UNIT - I
Intrroduction & Railway track

(1) Rails:- I-section girder train

(2) Locomotives:- device Electrical Chemical Energy Mechnical Energy convert

(3) Wagon goods Passanger transport

Wagons

Good Wagons Passanger Coach

(4) Trains Locomotive Wagons combination

Train

Good train Passanger Train

(5) Train Junction station track
(6) Boxing:-Sleeper Ballast Boxing
(7) Packing:-Sleeper Ballast Packing
(8) Scissor Packing:- Sleeper Ballast diagonally Scissor Packing

(9) Trough relaying:-Complete track Replace truogh packing

(10) Track Packing:-Track part change track relaying
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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
(11) Measured Shovel Packing [M.S.P.] Manual scientific method track uneveness
rails stone chips fit
(12) Ballast crib:- Sleeper loose stone ballast Ballast crib
(13) Sleeper crib:- Sleeper use bridge
(14) Shunting Operations:-Train train train main track
recieve sort assemble train main track dispatch Shunting
Operation
(15) Traverser device Wagons track track shunting operation

(16) Ladder track/Gathering line: main track parallel track

(17) Buffer stop/sand hump: Rails on dead end Rails
(18) Siding main track branch line Buffer stop

(19) Hauling capicity load locomotive

(20) Tractions source locomotive energy
Ex. :-Electricity, diesel, steam, oil
(21) Track Modulus load value Rail unit length unit deflection
(22) Track Capacity track trains track capacity
Railway tracks:-

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
(i) Rails Inner face/Running face distance

Broad Gauge (B.G.) 1.676m

Metre Gauge (M.G.) 1.0m
Narrow Gauge (N.G.) 0.762m
Feeder or light Gauge (L.G.) 0.610m
Standard Gauge (S.G.) 1.435n
(2) diameter Gauge %
(A) Coning of Wheel:- Wheels surface flat slope
coning of wheel
(i) Rails Wheel Wear & tear
(ii) Wheels lateral movement
(ii) Slip of Wheels:-Curve Wheels slip formula

S= G Central angle
G = Gauge length

Note:- Adzing/Tilting of sleeper:-Curve Rails fit sleeper slope

Adzing of sleeper
Rails high carbon steel I-section girder train Rolling
load Point load convert
(i) Composition of rails:-

S.N. Minral Ordinary Oil P&C

1. Carbon 0.55-0.68 0.5-0.6
2. Manganese 0.65-0.90 0.95-1.25
3. Silicon 0.05-0.3 0.05-0.2
4. Sulphar 0.05 0.06
5. Phosphorus 0.06 0.06

Note:- (i) Rail tensile strength kg./m2

(ii) Rail surface wear 5%
(ii) Type of rails:-

(a) Double headed rain [D.H.]:-

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar

(b) Bull headed rail [B.H.]:-

(c) Flat footed rail [F.F.]:-

(iii) Gauge wise standard rail sections:-

B.G. 60 MR, 52 MR, 45 MR
M.R. 45 MR, 37 MR, 30 MR
N.R. 25 MR
Where MR Metric Rail

Rails Wt.(Kg/m) Amm Bmm Cmm Dmm Emm Area mm

52 MR 51.89 52 *156 *136 67.5 15.5 51 6615
60 Mr 60.3 46 *172 150 74.3 16.5 51 7686

(iv) Length of rails:-

* B.G. 12.80m 13m 42 ft

* M.G. /N.R. 11.88m 12 m 39 ft

-SWR 30m [Short Welded rail]
-LWR [long Welded rail]
Minimum [B.G.] [N.R.]
200m 300m
Maximum 21km

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
-CWR >1km [Continuous Welded rail]
Notes:-(i) 52 MR rail use 130 KPH Speed 20-25 GMT traffic [Gross
metric tonne]
(i) 60 MR Rail use 160 KPH Speed 35 GMT traffic
(iii) Rule for selection of rail:-

Axle load of locomotive [tonne]

510
Wt. of rail [tonne ]

Rail end length temp. effect

(v) Rail Deffects:-

(a) Corrugation/Roaring of rail's:- end waves corrugation
train
(b) Hogging of rails:- Rails vertical plane buckle Hogging

Note:- Cropping:- process Rail Hogg part Rail

(c) Buckling of rails:- Rails horizantal plane buckle buckling

(d) Kinking of rails:-Straight rail Horizantal direction movement kinking
(e) Wearing of rails:-Rail material wearing
(f) Nosing action of rails:-Train zig-zag movement nosing action
(g) Creep of rail: Sleeper Rail longitudinal movement percussion
wave action theory
Note:- (i) On Track:- Creep 15 cm/month
(ii) On P&C:- Creep 0 cm/month
Prevention of creep:-
(i) Steel sleeper creep
(ii) Sleeper creep
(iii) Creep anchor antiereeper use
if creep 7.5 - 15 cm/month 4 anchor
if creep 15 - 22.5 cm/month 6 anchor
(iv) Rail Joints:-
(a) Supported Joint:-

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar

(b) Suspended Joint:-

(c) Staggered /Broken Joint joint use curved track

(d) Joint use straight track

Joint different type Rail section

Example B.H. + D.H.

(vi) Welded Joint:-
Welded Joint

Metallic arc welding Thermit /chemical welding

Use- Repairing of P& C Use- New track

rails rails point load subgrade U.d.L. transfer

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
Type of Sleepers:-
best sleeper

Treatment of Wooder Sleeper:-

(i) Creosoting:- process sleeper creosote oil
(ii) Burnettising:- treatment sleeper ZnCl2/Zinc chloride
(iii) Kyanizing :- treatment sleeper HgCl2
(iv) process sleeper High temp. High pressure
Harmful element
(b) Metallic Sleepers:-
(i) Cast iron sleeper use steel sleeper
(ii) India C.S.T.-9 [Central Standard trial No. -9] sleeper use
(c) R.C.C. Sleeper:-R.C.C., Sleeper best material
durabillity Strength 211kg/cm2
Composite Sleeper index [C.S.I.]:-

S+ 10 H
C.S.I. = s = strength index
20
@ 12% m oisture
content
H = H ardness' index @ 12% m oisture content
index wooden sleeper Hardness strength mechnical
strength
Note:-
Location C.S.I.
Track 783*
P&C 1253
Bridge 1455*

Rail length sleeper sleeper density India

sleeper density M+4 M+7 M=Rail length
Note:- Welded Rail sleeper density

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
No.of Sleeper
S .D. =
KM

Q.1 Calculate no. of sleeper for B.G. having S.D. M+6=?

Sol. No. of Sleeper = M+6 = 13 + 6 = 19
Q.2 Calculate no. of sleeper for 60m M.G. track having M+4 sleeper density
Sol. S.D. = M + 4 = 12 + 4 16 sleeper in 12m rail
60
No. of rail in 60m = = 5 rail
12
No. of sleeper in 5 rail = 16 × 5 = 80 No.
Sleeper Spacing:-

Sleeper BG(mm) M.G.(MM)

Minimum:- Wooden 300 250
Metal 380 330

Maximum:- 500mm

Size of Sleeper:-
Ga uge Length W idth De pth
cm cm cm
B.G. 275 25 12.5
M.G. 180 20 11.5
N.G. 150 15 11.5
B ridge 240 25 15

5. Track fitting and fastening:-

(i) plate Rails fish plate rail fishing plane
fish plate bolt use
(ii) Saddle plate:- Steel trough sleeper straight saddle plate use
(iii) Bearing plates: plate point load large area distribute

m.s mild
M.S. canted bearing plate curve M.s.= Mild steel steel

M.S. Flat bearing plate straight track

(iv) use Rails sleeper connect
Note:- (i) Rounded spike:- use Bull headed Double headed Rails

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
(ii) Dog spike:- use Wooden sleeper connect
(iii) Hook bolts:- Rails steel girder directely connect use

(iv) Elastic pendrol clips:- Rails sleeper pendrol clip use

(v) bull headed Double headed rails

Note:- Slide chairs:- stock rail tongue rail

(vi) Key:- bull Headed Double Headed rails chair

fit chair 2 key use
(vii) pieces Rails Tie bar Rigidiy connect
Tie bar connect 4 cotter use

(viii) Rails proper gap

material sleeper sleeper load sub grade
transfer
Ballast Angular stone use
Quartzite, Basalt, trap, granite etc.
QuartziteBest ballast material

Size of ballast:-
Wooden sleeper 5.1cm 5.0cm
Steel sleeper 3.8cm 4.0cm
P&C 2.54cm 2.5cm

Depth of ballast:-

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
S = Spacing of sleeper
W=Width of sleeper

Gauge B.G. M.G. N.G.

Width of ballast 3.35m 2.25m 1.83m
Shoulder
Depth of ballast 15-30cm 15-20cm 15cm

Subgrade:- Natural soil ballast total load Ground transfer

Sub grade best soil soil silt, clay, sand gravel moisture
content plastic limit

Width of formation:-

S.No. B.G.(m) M.G.(m) N.r.(m) Slope

(i) Banking 2:1
-Single Track 6.1 4.88* 3.70
-Double Track 10.67 8.53 7.32
(ii) Cutting 1.5:1
-Single Track 5.49* 4.27 3.35
-Double Track 10.06 7.93 7.01

Note:- Crossing sleeper

1
(i) 1 : 8 51 Sleeper
2
(i) 1 : 12 70 Sleeper

UNIT-2
GEOMETRIC DESIGN

[1] speed Speed minimum value

(i) Maximum sanction speed of track
(ii) Maximum speed by super elevation.

GV 2 127.R.e.
e V
127 R G
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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
(iii) Maximum speed by transition curve:-
V 100 KPH V>100 KPH

134.L 198.L
v= v=
e e
L= Length of transition curve
e= Super elavation 1 mm
(iv) Speed on curve
(a) By Martin formula:-

(b) By IRC formula:-

[2] Cant/S.E./Banking:-Curve outer Rail Inner Rail cant/

super elevation
formula

G = Gauge length
GV 2
e= V =Speed KPH
127 R R =Radius in m

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
1.315 v 2
Note:- (i) For B.G.
R

0.80 v 2
(ii) M.G.
R

0.60 v 2
(iii) N.G.
R

Note:-

[3]

Note:-
(i) Cant excess:- slow speed train High speed track Super elevation
Required Super elevation cant excess
(ii) Negative super elevation curve track different direction divert

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
track outer rail Inner rail Negative super elevation
[4] Transition curve curve straight track Circular track length

(i) On the basis of centrifugal force

**
3.28V 3
L
C .R

[6] curve maximum offset

L2
V=
8R

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
[7] Widening on curve [We]:-Curve train path follow
Curve track width Widening

13(B+ L)2
We =
R

B = Wheel base
L = Lap length
R = Radius of curve
[8] Gradient:-Track level surface Gradient
(i) Ruiling/Design Gradient: gradient track design maximum
design Gradient
For plain area 1:150 - 1:200
For hilly area 1:100 - 1:150
(ii) gradient Ruiling gradient steepy
gradient train momentum
gradient steeper train

(iv) Minimum gradient gradient minimum use drainage purpose

Maximum Value of Minimum gradient

1:400 - 1:1000
[9] Grade compensation:-Curve Gradient value Grade compensation

[10] Rate of charge of gradient;:-

Summit curve 0.1% [1:1000]
Valliy curve 0.05% [1:2000]

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
UNIT-3

Point, Crossing and Turnout

(i) Stock Rail Rail cross-section change

(ii) Tongue rail Tapered Rail cross-section change
(iii) Switch:-Tongue rail STOCK rail combination switch
(iv) Heel of switch Point Tongue rail start Heel of switch
(v) Toe of switch Point Tongue rail Toe of switch
(vi) Throw of switch distance Tongue rail move Throw of switch
Note:- Throw of switch
B.G. 115 mm
M.G. 100 mm
(vii) Switch angle Stock rail Tongue rail running face angle

Heel divergance
lengthof tonguerail

(viii) Check rail Rail use Wheel safety

(ix) Switch lead Toe of switch Heel of switch distance
(x) Lead:- Heel of switch crossing distance
(xi) Curve lead [CL Toe of switch crossing distance
CL SL L
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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
CL 2GN

(xii) Stock Tongue rail Running face

Note For B.G. 13.7 cm
M.G. 12.1 cm
N.G. 9.8 cm
(xiii) Flangeway clearances Stock rail Tonge rail face minimum distance

Note:- Flange clearances:-

1
For 1: 8 crossing 6.6 cm
2
For 1:12 crossing 6.3 cm
(xiv) Stock rail Top surface Heel block Top surface vertical
distance
(xv) No. of crossing:- [N]

Spread of leg of crossing

N=
length of crossing

No. of crossing method

(i) Right angle/cole's methods:- India method use

N= cot

(ii) Centre line method:-

(iii) Isoscele 0/*method:-

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar

Note:- (i) India Genrally 1:1 crossing use

(i) Goods yard 1:8½ crossing use

(xvi) Standard length of Tongue rail:-

for 1:8½ 4725 mm
1:12 6400 mm
(xvi) Point:- Left switch Right switch combination point
(xvi) Turnout:-Point crossing combination turnout

Cross over Scissor Crossover

Three way out Gaunlet trunout

Note:- Gaunlet trunout use main

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
Unit- IV
STATION YARD EQUIPMENT & SIGNALS

track system track use

(i) Passanger yards yard passanger

Ex. Platform
(ii) Goods yards-Goods yard Goods train Goods loading
unloading
(iii) Railway track heart yard train receive , sort,
(divide) dispatch
yard sidings

(a) Recieve siding

(b) Sorting siding
(c) Dispatch siding
(iv) Locomotive yard yard locomotive locomotive

Railway Equipment:-
(i) Point lock:- Switch rigidily connect
(ii) Lock bar/Treadle bar- Tongue rail rigidily connect
(iii) Stretcher bar:- bar Tongue rail rigidily connect
(iv) Slide chairs:- Slide chair pointes Tongue rail movement

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
(v) Traverser :- device Wagons track track
shunting operation
(vi) Triangle:- direction change
(vii) Turntables:- direction change costly
(viii) Wire claw:- ballast
(ix) Claw bar:- sleeper spikes bolt Remove
(x) Jim crow:- rails bend
(xi) Crow bar:- Railway alignment
(xii) Rail tongs:- Rails
(xiii) Mallet:- sleeper sound
(xiv) Beater:- sleeper Ballast packing
(xv) Shovel:- ballast transport
(xvi) Visuer's mine:- Railway track uneveness
[3] Railway Signal:-
(a) Reception signal:
(i) Home signal (ii) Outer signal
(b) Departure signal:-
(i) Starter signal (ii) Advance signal
(c) Other signal:-
(i) Semaphore signal

STOP Signal Calling On Signal

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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar

Warner signal Goods signal

Note:- (i) semaphore signal arm Horizontal stop sign indicate
(ii) semaphore signal 45º 60º proceed sign indicate

STOP Proceed with caution Proceed without caution

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