Content

• Introduction of growth and development

• Importance of growth and development

• Domains of normal growth and development

• Factors affecting growth and development

• Principles of growth and development

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 Introduction
➢The process of growth and development starts
before the born i.e from conception and extends
throughout the life cycle.
➢The principal changes occur from conception to the
end of adolescence.
➢Promotion of child health and care of children
depends upon understanding of growth and
development.
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 Growth
• It is the process of physical maturation resulting
an increase in size of the body and various
organs.

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 Development
• It
is the process of functional and physiological
maturation of the individual.

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 Importance of growth and
development
• To learn what to expect from a particular child at
a particular age.

• To assess the normal growth and development of

the children.

• To detect deviation from normal growth and

development and to understand the reasons of
particular condition and illness.
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 Importance of growth and
development cont…
• To teach and guide to parents and caregiver to
anticipate the problem and loving care to their
children.

• To assess the need of the children according to

the growth and development.

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 Normal development of children

• Normal development is a complex process.

• However it is convenient to understand and

assess development under following domains.

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 Normal development of
children…
➢Gross motor ➢Cognitivedevelopment
development ➢Psychosexual
➢Fine motor skill development
development ➢Emotional development
➢Language development
➢Moral development
➢Sensory development
➢Psychosocial
➢Personal and social development
development

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 1. Gross motor development

• Motor development progresses is an orderly

sequence to ultimate attainment of locomotion
and more complex motor tasks .

• It involves control of child over his/her body by

increasing mobility.

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 1. Gross motor development…
• The importance of gross motor developmental
milestones include head holding, sitting,
standing, walking, running, climbing upstairs,
riding tricycle etc.

• It promotes independent locomotion and proceed

fine motor activities.

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Age Milestone
3 month Neck holding
6 month Rolls over
8 month Sit without support
9 month Stand with support
12 month Creep well but falls, stand without support

15 month Walk alone, creep upstairs

18 month Runs, explore drawer
2 years Walk up and downstairs
3 years Ride tricycle
4 years Hold on one foot, alternate feet going
downstairs
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 2. Fine motor development

• Fine motor development depends upon neural

tract maturation.

• It promotes the adaptive activities with fine

sensorimotor adjustments and include eye co-
ordination, hand eye co-ordination, hand to
mouth co-ordination, grapsing, dressing, etc.
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 2. Fine motor development…

• It is not affected by the sex of the baby, or

geographical area or parental education.

• It is mostly affected by nutritional status and adverse

environmental influence.

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 Hand eye co-ordination
• Between 12 to 20 weeks the child observe his
own hand, called hand regard and after 20
weeks it is considered abnormal.
• At 5-6 months infant reaches and hold the cube.
• At 6-7 months transfer object from one hand to
other hand.
• At 8-9 months grasp object from radial side and
1 year mature grasp (index finger and thumb)

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 Hand to mouth co-ordination
• At 6 months the child is able to chew.

• At 15 months can pick up cup and drink without

much spilling.

• At 18 months can feed himself using spoon.

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 Hand skills

• By 18 months , build a tower with 2-3 cubes.

• By 2 years , build a tower with 6 blocks and 9-10

blocks tower in 3 years.

• By 2 years, can turn door knobs and his block

skills also advance.

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 Dressing
• At 1 year able to put caps, socks.

• At 2 years can put shoes and socks and can

undress completely.

• By 3 years can dress and undress completely.

• By 5 years can tie shoelaces.

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Age Milestones
4 months Reaches out for objects with
both hands

6 months Transfer object

9 months Pincer grasp
12 months Pincer grasp mature
15 months 2 block tower
18 months 3 block tower
2 years 6 block tower
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 3.Language development

• It is the sensory motor development.

• It depends upon hearing, level of understanding,

power of imitation and encouragement.

• It is a skill of communication.

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 Age Milestone
1 month Alert to sound
3 month Musical vowel sound
6 month Monosyllables (ba, pa,da)
9 month Bysyllables (mama, papa, baba)

12 month 1-2 words with meaning

18 month 8-10 words vocabulary
2 year 2-3 sentences pronouns I, you

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 4. Sensory development

• It depends upon maturation of nervous system

and responds to the stimuli.

• Taste, smell, touch and hearing are initial senses

present in newborn babies and matures at about 6
to 7 years.

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 5. Personal and social
development
• It includes personal reaction to his own social
and cultural situations with neuro motor maturity
and environmental stimulation.

• It is related to interpersonal and social smile,

recognition of mother, use of toys, play , etc.

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 6. Cognitive development

• It involves thinking skills like learning,

understanding, problem solving, reasoning and
remembering.

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 7. Psychosexual development

• It is the process during which personality and

sexual behaviour mature through a series of
stage.

• The phases of sexual maturation designated as

oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital.

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 8. Emotional development
• It refers to the attainment of emotional capabilities and
their expansion as the child grows.

• These capabilities enable the children to have feelings

about what they do and also about others.

• Emotional development provides children the capabilities

and skills that they need to function and survive in the
society as well as the world.

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 9. Psychosocial development
• It is the development of personality, and
acquisition of social attitudes and skills, from
infancy through maturity.

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 10. Moral development

• Moral development is the process through which

children develop proper attitudes and behaviour
towards other people in society, based on social
and cultural norms, rules and laws.

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 Factors affecting growth an
development
➢Heredity

➢Environment

➢Sex/ gender

➢Exercise and health

➢hormones

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 Factors affecting growth an
development…
➢Nutrition

➢Familial influence

➢Geographical influences

➢Socio economic status

➢Learning and environment

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 Principles of growth and
development
• The principles of growth and development
describe how the process of growth takes place.

• There are three universal principles:

cephalocaudal, proximodistal, and
orthogenetic.

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 Principles of growth and
development…
• The cephalocaudal principle states that development
proceeds from the head downward to the feet.

• The proximodistal principle states that development

proceeds from the center of the body outward to the
extremities.

• The orthogenetic principle states that development

proceeds from simple to complex.

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 Other principles of growth and
development
• Continuous process

• Orderly or sequential process

• Co-ordination between increase in size and maturation

• Simple to complex

• Individual difference

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 References
• Ghai O.P. Essential Pediatrics. CBS publishers and
distributors . 7th edition, Page no 22-21
• Dutta Parul. Pediatric Nursing, Jaypee brothers medical
publishers, 2nd edition, page no 115-120
• Maharjan M. Comprehensive Textbook of Child Health
Nursing. 1st edition, page no 63-67
• Principles of Human Growth and Development
(psychologydiscussion.net)
• principles of human growth and development - Search
(bing.com)

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