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INTELLIGENCE
Prepared and Presented by
Dr. Yasmin Sultana-Muchindu
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Overview
²Introduction
²Intelligence : Origin
²Intelligence
²Cognitive Intelligence
²Theories of Intelligence
²Measuring IQ
²Emotional Intelligence
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Introduction
Intelligence is a topic of interest to many
like parents, educators, employers,
politicians, and so on. Intelligence
provides the key to know how individuals
differ from one another and how they
understand and adjust to the
surroundings.
Efficiency in meeting and solving
everyday situations are perhaps
considered as general intelligence by
many. A person shows intelligence when
he acts cleverly.
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+ Intelligence: Origin 4
q The term intelligence is derived
from the Latin word Intellectus,
meaning perception or
comprehension.
q Inter (between) + Legere (choose) =
Intellectus (to choose between)
q Oxford dictionary defines
intelligence as ‘the power of
perceiving, learning, understanding
and knowing.’
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+ Intelligence: Origin contd. 5
q The word intelligence is closely related with
intellect which is a comprehensive term for
observing, understanding, thinking,
remembering and all ways of gaining
knowledge.
q Usingintellect helps a person to solve
problems. Intelligence depends on
knowledge, but it is using knowledge rather
than merely having it.
q Anintelligent person has the attributes like
mental alertness, quickness in observation
and learning, ready wit and ability to
understand relationships.
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Intelligence: The Concept
n Intelligence is a general capacity of an
individual consciously to adjust his/her
thinking to new requirements. It is a
general mental adaptability to new
problems and conditions of life.
n Intelligence is the aggregate or global
capacity of an individual to act
purposefully, to think rationally and to
deal effectively with his environment.
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+ Intelligence: The Definition 7
q Woodworth and Marquis: “Intelligence means intellect put to use. It is the
use of intellectual abilities for handling a situation or accomplishing a
task.”
q Francis Galton: “Intelligence is the capacity to meet novel situations.”
q Stern: “Intelligence is a general capacity of an individual consciously to
adjust his thinking to new requirements. It is general mental adaptability to
new problems and conditions of life.”
q Wagnon: “Intelligence is the capacity to learn and adjust to relatively new
and changing conditions.”
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+ Intelligence: The Definition contd. 8
After analysing the above mentioned definitions, we can
conclude,
“Intelligence may be regarded as a sort of mental energy
(in the form of mental or cognitive abilities) available with
an individual to enable him to handle his environment in
terms of adaptation and facing novel situations as
effectively as possible.”
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+ Indices of Intelligence 9
q Cognitive Intelligence –
Intelligence Quotient
q Emotional Intelligence –
Emotional Quotient
q Social Intelligence –
Social Cognition
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+ Intelligence Quotient 10
q The most universally used of all indices of
intelligence, is the Intelligence Quotient (IQ).
q The term was coined by psychologist William Stern.
q IQ is an index of an individual’s relative level of
intelligence as compared with other people of his
age.
q Sir Francis Galton was the first person to study the
individual difference in a systematic way and he
found that people differ from one another in their
intellectual ability.
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Intelligence Quotient
q The intelligence quotient is obtained by dividing the Mental Age (MA) by
the Chronological Age (CA) and multiplying it by 100. CA is the biological
age from birth. Thus, to calculate IQ, the formula is
q The importance of IQ is that it furnishes with a method of defining
relative intelligence in accordance with the age of the person.
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+ Classification of people on the basis of IQ 12
All people do not possess the same IQ level. Some are exceptionally
bright and some are below average. One practical use of intelligence test
is to identify persons at the extremes of intellectual functioning.
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Classification of IQ
Average
q People whole IQ ranges between 90 - 109 are called Average. About 45 to 49
percent of the total population belongs to this group, and the largest number of
people comes under this category.
q This category of people has the ability to adjust to their environment, fellow
beings and can adapt themselves to new and changing situations.
q They have the ability to learn and have the capacity for abstract thinking.
q They also have proper memory power and know the techniques of avoiding
forgetfulness.
q This group of people gains from past experiences and are able to modify their
behaviour accordingly. So they also have the capacity to understand and
recognize other peoples’ abilities, skills, advertising talents, etc.
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q When the IQ level rises above 110, the individual’s
abilities in almost all areas increases. They show
proficiency in their education, career, profession, etc.
q Successful professionals in various fields possess IQ
above 130.
q They have the ability to deal with abstract concepts and
relationships effectively. A person with abstract
intelligence is able to find out relation among concepts,
ideas and symbols to reach conclusions and to solve
problems.
q Apart from abstract ideas, people having superior
intelligence possess a high degree of mechanical
ability.
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+ Classification of IQ 15
q Highly intelligent people possess high degree of social intelligence. A
socially intelligent person has the knack of getting on well with people,
makes friends and is tactful in human relationships.
q The areas such as abstract, mechanical and social intelligence are not
separate and exclusively independent. One may possess proficiency in one
or two areas and average in the other areas; while some may excel in all
areas.
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+ Gifted/Genius:
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Individuals possessing a high degree of intellectual ability,
having an IQ of 140 and more are referred to as gifted or
genius.
They show higher performance because of their
outstanding personalities. Gifted individuals are generally
superior to their peers in health adjustment and
achievement.
Each gifted individual possesses characteristics of different
abilities such as advanced level of original, logical thinking,
superior generalization and discrimination ability, high
level of intrinsic motivation and self-esteem.
Generally, gifted people ae well-adjusted, possess
exceptional creativity and show high level of commitment
and dedication.
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IQ Score 160
Stephen Hawking Albert Einstein
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People with Highest IQ recorded
Marilyn Vos Savant (IQ Score: 228) Terence Tao (IQ Score: 225-230)
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Low IQ Catagorization
We know that the normal intelligence is defined as an IQ level of 90 or
above. Hence an individual with subnormal intelligence should have
an IQ of below 90 on objective assessment. These individuals are
generally affected in multiple cognitive domains like perception,
abstraction, judgement, reasoning and memory. This group is inclusive
of clinical conditions like
Ø Mental Retardation
Ø Down’s Syndrome
Ø Autistics Disorder
Ø Borderline Intelligence
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Mental Retardation
Mental retardation now known as Intellectual disability (ID) , is characterized
by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary
for day-to-day living. People with intellectual disabilities can and do learn
new skills, but they learn them more slowly. There are varying degrees of
intellectual disability, from mild to profound.
Category IQ Score range
Mild retardation 50 - 69
Moderate retardation 35 - 49
Severe retardation 20 - 34
Profound retardation Below 20
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Down’s Syndrome (DS)
n Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused when abnormal cell
division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21. This
extra genetic material causes the developmental changes and
physical features of Down syndrome.
n Down syndrome varies in severity among individuals, causing
lifelong intellectual disability and developmental delays. It's the most
common genetic chromosomal disorder and cause of learning
disabilities in children. It also commonly causes other medical
abnormalities, including heart and gastrointestinal disorders.
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DS Karyotype
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Children and adults with Down syndrome have distinct facial features.
Though not all people with Down syndrome have the same features, some of
the more common features include:
Ø Flattened face Ø Broad, short hands with a single
crease in the palm
Ø Small head
Ø Relatively short fingers and small
Ø Short neck hands and feet
Ø Protruding tongue Ø Excessive flexibility
Ø Upward slanting eye lids (palpebral Ø Tiny white spots on the coloured part
fissures) (iris) of the eye called Brushfield's
spots
Ø Unusually shaped or small ears
Ø Short height
Ø Poor muscle tone
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Children and adults with Down
syndrome have distinct facial and
physical features.
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+ Autistic Disorder
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n Autism, or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), refers to a broad range of
conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive
behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication.
n We know that there is not one autism but many subtypes, most influenced
by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Because autism is a
spectrum disorder, each person with autism has a distinct set of strengths
and challenges.
n The ways in which people with autism learn, think and problem-solve can
range from highly skilled to severely challenged.
n Some people with ASD may require significant support in their daily lives,
while others may need less support and, in some cases, live entirely
independently.
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+ n Several factors may influence the 28
development of autism, and it is often
accompanied by sensory sensitivities and
medical issues such as gastrointestinal (GI)
disorders, seizures or sleep disorders, as
well as mental health challenges such as
anxiety, depression and attention issues.
n Signs of autism usually appear by age 2 or
3. Some associated development delays can
appear even earlier, and often, it can be
diagnosed as early as 18 months.
n Research shows that early intervention
leads to positive outcomes later in life for
people with autism.
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Borderline Intelligence
n Borderline intellectual functioning refers to
estimated intelligence quotient scores within the
70 to 75 range on an intelligence test with an
average of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.
The range is called borderline because it is on
the borderline of the criteria for the diagnosis of
intellectual disabilities (historically referred to as
mental retardation) in the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
n Consistent scores within the 70 to 75 range are
considered suggestive of borderline intellectual
functioning and may indicate a mental disability.
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THEORIES OF INTELLLIGENCE
The theories of intelligence propagated by psychologists from
time to time have tried to explain the different structure and
components or elements of intelligence. Some of the most
important theories of intelligence are discussed in this topic:
q The Two Factor Theory
q Anarchic Theory or Multifactor Theory
q Group Factor Theory
q Multiple Intelligence Theory
q Triarchic Theory
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+ The Two-Factor Theory
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Proposed by Charles Spearman in 1904.
According to Spearman, every intellectual ability
involves a general factor ‘g’ which is shared for all
activities. Along with ‘g’ there will be specific abilities
or factor ‘s’ for special achievements.
n (a) General factor – It is the process which helps us
to perceive relationships.
n (b) Specific factor – It is the ability to do specific
things. They are individualistic abilities to utilize the
mental ability.
Intelligence = g + s1 + s2 + s3
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Multiple Intelligence Theory
n Thistheory was proposed by
Howard Gardner
n He proposed that people posssess
several relatively autonomous
human intellectual capacities.
n According to him, there are seven
distinct and independent
intelligences.
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Gardner’s intelligence types:
Ø Linguistic Intelligence – Literary people like writers, poets, etc. have this intelligence.
Ø Musical Intelligence – This is displayed by musicians and composers.
Ø Logical-Mathematical Intelligence – It is used in the field of science, mathematics and
philosophy.
Ø Spatial Intelligence – Essential for driving, navigation, air traffic and in artistic performance.
Ø Bodily kinesthetic Intelligence - Athletes, sport stars, dancers and skilled artisans have this
type of intelligence.
Ø Personal A Intelligence – Ability to deal effectively with other people.
Ø Personal B Intelligence – It is related with the self-knowledge and awareness or the insight
about one’s own mind.
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+ Measuring Intelligence
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n Intelligenceassessed through the various intelligence tests, is
always expressed in terms of I.Q. (Intelligence Quotient).
n It was the German psychologist William Stern who first initiated
this term in the form of a ratio,
I.Q. = Mental Age X 100
Chronological Age
Definition:
Intelligence Quotient is a numerical value of intelligence derived from
the results of an intelligence test. It is based on the ratio between the
person’s mental age and chronological age.
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+ Sample Items from IQ Test
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Verbal items
Non-verbal item
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Task:
Pick the odd one out:
n Cube
Answer: Circle
n Sphere Justification: Cube, sphere and pyramid
are all 3 dimensional shapes, while
n Circle
circle is a 2 dimensional shape.
n Pyramid
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+ EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
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n Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize your
emotions, understand what they're telling you, and realize
how your emotions affect people around you.
n Emotional intelligence also involves your perception of
others: when you understand how they feel, this allows you
to manage relationships more effectively.
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+ Characteristics of Emotional Intelligence
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Daniel Goleman, an American
psychologist, developed a framework of
five elements that define emotional
intelligence:
1. Self-Awareness.
2. Self-Regulation
3. Motivation
4. Empathy
5. Social Skills
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Measurement of Emotional Intelligence
Many tests that promise to measure emotional intelligence have appeared in
recent years.
Ø Emotional Capital Report (ERC)
Ø Emotional Quotient Inventory(EQ-i)
Ø Emotional & Social Competence Inventory (ECSI)
Ø Emotional & Social Competence Inventory - U
Ø Geneva Emotional Competence Test (GECo)
Ø Genos Emotional Intelligence Inventory
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How to Improve Your Emotional Intelligence
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+ 1. Observe how you react to people
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+ 2. Look at your environment
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+ 3. Do a self-evaluation.
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+ 4. Examine how you react to stressful 46
situations
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+ 5. Take responsibility for your actions
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+ 6. Examine how your actions will affect others 48
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End of the Topic
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