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Chapter No. 2

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter the students will be able to:
1. Understand and use rectangular coordinate system.
2. Understand the idea of unit vector, null vector and position vector.
3. Represent a vector as two perpendicular components (rectangular components).
4. Understand the rule of vector addition and extend it to add vectors using rectangular components.
5. Understand multiplication of vectors and solve problems.
6. Define the moment of force or torque.
7. Appreciate the use of the torque due to a force.
8. Show an understanding that when there is no resultant force and no resultant torque, a system is in equilibrium.
9. Appreciate the applications of the principle of moments.
10. Apply the knowledge gained to solve problems on statics.

2.1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF VECTORS

Physical quantities: 1. Which one is scalar:
Those quantities which can be measured accurately are called physical (Sgd 2011,Lhr 2021)
quantities. (a) Energy ✓
These are of two types. (b) Velocity
(i) Scalar quantity: (c) Force
The physical quantity that has magnitude only. For example:- mass, (d) Torque
length, time, work, pressure, energy, density, Power etc. 2. Name the quantity which is
(ii) Vector quantity: vector: (Dgk 2014)
The physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction and obeys (a) Speed
laws of vector addition. For example:- displacement, torque, impulse, (b) Force✓
weight, tension, Force, acceleration, velocity, momentum etc. (c) Temperature
Vector representation: (d) Density
A vector is represented by two ways. 3. Which one is a vector? (Fsd 2011)
1) Symbolically (Written) 2) Graphically (a) Length
1) Symbolically: Y
(b) Volume
• Vector is represented by a bold face letter (c) Velocity ✓
such as A, d and v. (d) Work
• Vector may be represented by putting an X’ X 4. Which one is vector quantity?
O
→ → (Fsd 2008)
arrow above the letter such as A , d and (a) Speed
→ (b) Volume
r. Y’
• The magnitude of a vector can be (c) Distance
represented by light face letter such as A, (d) Velocity ✓
5. Which of the following is a
vector quantity? (Lhr 2008)
(a) Power

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|→A |,
(b) Inertia
d, r, or by taking the modulus as (c) Entropy

|→d | etc. 6.
(d) Tension✓
A single vector which has same
effect as all the original vectors
taken together is called:
2) Graphically: (a) Unit vector (Lhr 10, Guj 12)
• Graphically a vector is represented by a (b) Equal vector
directed line segment having an arrow head. N (c) Resultant vector✓
Arrow head(Tip) represents the direction of (d) Null vector
W E ^
vector and terminating or end point of vector, 7. The position vector r in xz-plane
Tail Represents the point of application and S is:
Starting (initial) Point. (Sgd 2019,Lhr 2021)
^ ^
• The length of the line on a suitable scale represents the magnitude (a) y i + z k
and arrow head gives the direction. e.g. displacement of 6 cm ^ ^
towards west can be represented as (b) x i + y k
6cm ^ ^
⎯⎯⎯ (c) x i + z k ✓
Rectangular Coordinate System: ^ ^ ^
(d) x i + y j +z k
Coordinate Axis:
8. Unit vector of a given vector A =
Two lines drawn perpendicular to each other are called rectangular
^ ^
coordinate axis. 4 i + 3 j is: (Mtn 2019)
Origin: ^ ^
The point of intersection of lines is called origin represented by ‘O’. 4i + 3j
(a) 25
• This system of coordinates axis and origin is called rectangular
coordinate system or Cartesian coordinate system. ^ ^
4i + 3j
• Normally x-axis is taken as horizontal axis and y-axis as vertical axis. (b) 5 ✓
• The direction of a vector in plane is given by the angle θ which it (c) 1
makes with positive x-axis in anti-clockwise direction as shown in
(d) 4i + 3j/5
fig. The point P has two coordinates (a, b) in xy plane. This means that
9. The minimum number of
if we start from origin we can reach P by moving ‘a’ units along x-axis
unequal forces whose vector
and ‘b’ units along y-axis.
The direction of a vector in space: sum must be zero: (Sgd 2011)
If a vector is in space, then its third direction is represented by z-axis (a) 1
which is perpendicular to both x and y axes as shown in fig. (b) 2
(c) 3✓
→
In space any vector A makes angles α with x-axis, β with y-axis and 𝛾 (d) 4
→ 10. The unit vector along y-axis is:
with z-axis. The point P of vector A is denoted by three coordinates (a, b, c). (Dgk 2009)
^
(a) i
^
(b) j ✓
^
(c) k
(d) None of these
11. Mathematically unit vector is
given by: (Lhr 2012)
^ →
Rectangular Rectangular (a) A = |A| A
Angle ^ |A|
coordinate axis coordinates (b) A =
Only one ( which is taken →
2D (Plane) 2 A
with +x axis
→
3D (space) 3 3 (, , ) A
^
Addition of vector by graphical method known as head to tail (c) A = |A| ✓
rule:(Triangle Law of vector addition)
^ → →
Graphically vectors are added by head to tail rule as follows: (d) A = A . A
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→ → 12. The angle between rectangular

1. Draw the representative lines of vectors A and B which are to be components of a vector is:
added on a suitable scale. (Bwp 09, Fsd 19)
→ (a) 60o
2. Redraw these lines in such a way that head of vector A coincides
(b) 90o✓
→
with tail of vector B without changing their original directions. (c) 180o
→ → (d) 0o
3. Join tail of vector A with head of vector B . This is resultant vector 13. A force of 10N is acting along x-
→ → → → axis, its component along y-axis
R i.e. R = A + B
It is clear from the figure that is: (Guj 2009)
(a) 10N
→ → → → (b) 5N
A + B = B + A
(c) 8.66 N
So, vector addition obeys commutative law. (d) zero✓
14. Two vectors can be added by
simple arithmetical method
when they are at an angle of.
(Dgk 2017)
(a) 120o
(b) 90o
Resultant Vector: (c) 95o
A single vector which would have the same effect as all the original vectors taken (d) 0o ✓
together. OR 15. If a vector of magnitude 10N is
A vector which is obtained by joining the tail of first vector to the head of the last along y-axis, its component
→ → → → along x-axis is: (Guj 10, Dgk 15)
vector. It is usually denoted by R R = A + B
(a) zero✓
Vector subtraction:
(b) 5N
→ →
Consider two vector A and B . Suppose (c) 8.66 N
→ → (d) 10N
B is to be subtracted from A , reverse the 16. The unit vector in the direction
→ → →
direction of B and add it to vector A by head to of A is: (Bwp 2019)
tail rule as shown in fig. ^ A
→ → → → (a) A =
→
A + (− B ) = A − B A
Graphically vectors are subtracted by head to tail rule in which head of ^ →
→ → (b) A = A A
first vector ( A ) coincides with the tail of negative of second vector (− B ). →
Negative of a vector: ^ A
(c) A = A ✓
Which has same magnitude as original vector but direction is reversed.
Case 1: Multiplication of a vector by a scalar (number): → A
(d) A = ^
When a vector is multiplied by a number (n≠0) its magnitude and its
A
direction may or may not change.
(i) When number is positive (n>0): →
17. The vector A has the
→
When a vector A is multiplied by with a positive number “n”, the components Ax and Ay. The
→ magnitude Ax is given by:
new vector is n A . Its direction remains the same. Its magnitude (a) A – Ay (Guj 2012)
will change n times. (may be increase or decrease). (b) (A – Ay)1/2
(ii) When number is negative (n<0): (c) (A)1/2 – (Ay)1/2
When the vector is multiplied by a (d) (A2 – Ay2)1/2✓
negative number ‘n’ the new vector will 18. The magnitude of rectangular
→ components of a vector are
be –n A . Its direction will reversed.
equal, if it angle with x-axis:
Its magnitude will change n times.
(Fsd 2008, Lhr 2013)
(may increase or decrease).
(a) 0o
Case 2: Multiplication of a vector by a scalar quantity:
(b) 30o

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When a vector is multiplied by a scalar quantity, then the product will be (c) 45o✓
a new vector quantity whose dimension will be the same as the product (d) 90o
of two quantities which are multiplied. → ^ ^ →
Example: 19. If A = 2 i + j + 2k, than  A  is:
When velocity is multiplied by scalar mass m, the product is a new vector (a) Zero (Lhr 06, 13,16)
quantity called momentum. (b) 3✓
→ → → → (c) 5
(i) p =mv (ii) F =ma (d) 9
(i) Unit Vector: 2^
A vector whose magnitude is one and is used to specify (represent) the 20. The magnitude of the vector 3 i
→ 1^ 2^
direction of a given vector. A unit vector in the direction of A is written − 3 j + 3 k is: (Lhr 2007)
^
as A . (a) Zero
→ ^ (b) one✓
A = AA
(c) Three
→
^ A 1
A = (d) 9
A
21. The magnitude of a vector A:
2 2
(a) Ax + Ay (Fsd 2011)
2 2
(b) Ax − Ay
2 2
(c) Ax + A y ✓
2 2
(d) A −A
x y

→ ^ ^ ^
22. If A = i + J + k then
→
magnitude of A is: (Guj 2016)
• A unit vector is obtained by dividing the vector with its magnitude. (a) 1
• The direction of a Cartesian coordinate axis i.e. x-axis, y-axis and z-axis (b) 2
^ ^ (c) 3✓
are represented by unit vector ^i , j , k respectively. Usually ^ r gives
(d) 2
→
the direction of r and 23. The resultant of two vectors
• ^
n gives the direction of normal drawn on specified surface. having magnitude 12N and 8N
• Unit vectors may be defined for any direction. cannot be: (Ajk 2016)
(ii) Null Vector:(Zero Vector): (a) 2N✓
“A vector having zero magnitude and (b) 20N
arbitrary direction is called a null vector.” It (c) 10N
(d) 16N
→
is denoted by 0 24. A force of 20N acts along x-axis,
Example: it -component is: (Lhr 2016)
Sum of vector with its negative vector is a null vector. (a) 0N ✓
→ → → → → (b) 10N
A + (- A ) = A - A = 0 (c) 20N
(iii) Equal vectors: (d) 30N
“Vectors having the same magnitudes ^ ^
and same directions are called Equal 25. If B = 4 i + 5 k then is magnitude
vectors.” will be: (Bwp 2016)
Parallel vectors: (a) 9
• Vectors having same direction but (b) 41 ✓
different magnitudes. (c) 7
• Equal vectors are parallel vectors but (d) 3
parallel vectors are not equal vectors. 26. Vector A is along y-axis, its
Rectangular Components of a vector: component along x-axis is:
Component of a vector: (a) A (Rwp 2009)
The component of a vector is its effective value in a given direction. (b) A/2
Rectangular components: (c) Zero✓

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“The components of a vector which are mutually perpendicular to (d) 2A

each other are called rectangular components of vector”. 27. If two unit vectors
• A component along x-axis is called horizontal or x-component. perpendicular to each other are
• A component along y axis is called vertical or y-component. added magnitude of resultant.
• Maximum number of rectangular components of a vector in Plane are 2. (a) 2 (Bwp 2017)
• Maximum number of rectangular components of a vector in space are 3. (b) 2 ✓
• Maximum number of components of a vector are infinite. 1
Resolution of Vector into its Rectangular Components: (c)
2
Resolution of a vector: (d) 4
“The process of splitting up of a vector into its components is called 28. Angle between components Ax
resolution of a vector”. It is reverse process of addition of vectors. and Ay is: (Mtn 2009)
Explanation: (a) 90o✓
→ → (b) 180o
Consider a vector A represented by a line OP making an angle θ with
x-axis. Draw perpendiculars from point P on x-axis and on y-axis such that OM (c) 270o
→ (d) 360o
and ON are the projections of OP on x-axis and y-axis respectively. →
29. If vector A is along x-axis, then
→ ^ →
OM = Ax i is the rectangular component of vector A along x-axis and its y-component will be:
→ ^ → (Mtn 2010)
ON = Ay j is the rectangular component of vector A along y-axis (a) A Sin
By Head to tail rule (b) A Cos
→ → → (c) A Tan
OP = OM + MP
→ → (d) Zero✓
But MP = ON → ^ ^ ^
30. If A = 2 i + 3 j + 4 k , then its
→ → →
OP = OM + ON magnitude will be: (Bwp 2008)
→ → → (a) 3
A = Ax + Ay
→ ^ ^ (b) −1
A = Ax i + Ay j (c) −1
^ ^
As Ax i and Ay j are perpendicular to each other hence they are called (d) 29 ✓
→ 31. A vector in space has
rectangular components of vector A components (Swl 2016)
Magnitude of Horizontal component: (a) 1 (b) 2
In right angled triangle OMP (c) 3✓ (d) 4
base 32. The direction of vector in space
cos =
hypotenous is specified by: (Bwp, 10, Lhr 15)
OM (a) 1-angle
cos =
OP (b) 2-angle
Ax (c) 3-angle
cos =
A (d) 4-angle
Ax = A cos 33. Position vector of a point P in yz-
→ Plane is given by: (Lhr 2012)
This is magnitude of horizontal component of A
Magnitude of vertical component: →
(a) r = a^i + b^j
In right angled triangle OMP
→
perpendicular (b) r = a^i + ck
^
cos =
hypotenous →
MP ^
(c) r = b^j + ck ✓
sin =
OP → ^
Ay (d) r = a^i + b^j + ck
sin =
A 34. Position vector of point in x-z
Ay = A sin plane is given by: (Mtn 2008)
→
→ ^ ^
This is the magnitude of vertical component of A (a) r = x i + y j
→
Determination of a vector from its rectangular components: ^ ^
(b) r = x i + zk ✓

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When the rectangular components of a vector are given, the vector can → ^ ^ ^
(c) r = x i + y j + zk
be found as follows.
(d) None
Magnitude of a vector:
In ∆OMP using Pythagoras theorem 35. The magnitude of a vector r = 3^i
(hypt.)2 = (base)2 + (perp.)2 + 2^j + 6^i (Lhr 2018)
(OP)2 = (OM)2 + (MP)2 (a) -1 (b) -7
A2 = Ax2 + Ay2 (c) 7✓ (d) 8
A = Ax2 + Ay2
→
This gives the magnitude of a vector A .
Direction of a vector:
In the ∆OMP
MP
tanθ =
OM
Ay
tanθ =
Ax
Ay
θ = tan-1 
Ax
→
This gives the direction of A .

→
Position Vector ( r ) :
“A vector which gives the location of a
particle or a point with respect to the origin is called
→
the position vector”. It is represented by r .
→
• The tail of the position vector r lies at the origin
and its head at the point P(a, b). The position
vector of a point P(a, b) in xy – plane is;
In plane:
→ ^ ^
r = ai + bj
magnitude of position vector = r = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
In space:
The position vector of a point P(a, b, c) in three
dimensional space is;
→ ^ ^ ^
r = a i + b j + ck
magnitude of position vector = r = a2+b2+c2
The position vector in YZ plane is
→ ^ ^
r = b j + ck
→ ^ ^
Or r = y j + zk
The position vector in XZ plane is
→ ^ ^
r = a i + ck
→ ^ ^
Or r = x i + zk

2.2 VECTOR ADDITION BY RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS

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→ → → 36. The resultant of 100N and 20N

Consider two Vectors A and B represented by two directed lines OM forces cannot be: (Lhr 2017)
→ → → (a) 141 N✓ (b) 100 N
and ON respectively. First these vectors A and B are added by using head to
(c) 101 N (d) 110 N
→ → 37. A force of 10 N makes an angle
tail rule to get resultant vector R represented by line OP . i.e.
30o with Y-axis. The magnitude
→ → → →
R = A + B where R makes an angle  with x-axis. of X-components is: (Mtn 2018)
The vector addition by rectangular components consists of the following (a) 5 N✓ (b) 8.66 N
(c) 10 N (d) zero
steps.
38. Reverse process of vector
1. Resolution of vectors:
addition is called:
→ → → (Guj 06,15, Bwp 11,ECAT)
Now vectors A , B and R are resolved into their rectangular
(a) Subtraction of vector
components as shown in figure. Ax, Bx, Rx, are the magnitudes of (b) Resolution of vector✓
→ → → (c) Making a vector negative
horizontal components of A , B and R . Whereas Ay, By and Ry are
(d) Obtaining a unit vector
→ → → 39. The force of 15N makes an angle
the magnitudes of vertical components of A , B and R .
2. X-component of resultant vector: of 90o with x-axis, its y-
component is: (Sgd 2019)
Sum of the magnitudes of x-components of two vectors which are to be
(a) 15N✓ (b) zero N
added is equal to the magnitude of x-component of resultant vector. (c) 30N (d) 45N
From the figure 40. If the two components of a
OR = OQ + QR vector are equal in magnitude
the vector making angle with x-
But QR = MS
axis will be: (Sgd 2019)
OR = OQ + MS (a) 30o (b) 45o✓
Rx = Ax + Bx ------------- (1) (c) 60o (d) 90o
− − − −
3. Y-component of resultant vector: 41. If  a +b =  a −b  then angle
Sum of the magnitudes of y-components of two vectors which are to be − −
between a and b : (Lhr 2006)
added is equal to the magnitude of y-component of resultant vector. (a) 90o✓ (b) 0o
From the fig. (c) 180o (d) 45o
42. The resultant of two forces 3N
RP = RS + SP
and 4N making an angle 90o with
Ry = Ay + By -----------------(2) each other is:
(Guj 07, Rwp 11, Swl 14)
(a) 1N (b) 7N
(c) 5N✓ (d) 3.5 N
43. Which pair of the following
forces can give resultant force
equal to zero? (Guj 08, Lhr 12)
(a) 2N & 2N✓
(b) 1N & 4N
(c) 2N & 5N (d) 1N & 2N
44. The resultant of two forces 30N
& 40N acting at an angle of 90o
with each other is: (Lhr 2008)
(a) 30N (b) 40N
(c) 50N✓ (d) 70N
45. The resultant of two forces 6N &
8N acting at right angle to each
4. Resultant vector: other is: (Lhr 10,19)
(a) 4N (b) 6N
→ ^ ^ (c) 8N (d) 10N✓
R = Rx i + Ry j

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Putting the values of Rx and Ry from equation (1) and (2) in above 46. A force of 100N makes of 60o
equation we get with Y-axis, its horizontal
component is: (Sgd 2018)
→ ^ ^ (a) 50 N (b) 60 N
R = (Ax + Bx) i + (Ay + By) j
(c) 70.7 N (d) 86.6 N✓
Magnitude of the resultant vector: →
→ 47. If a vector A makes an angle 0o
Magnitude of the resultant vector R can be given as with x-axis then its x-
2 2
component is: (Bwp 2018)
R = Rx + R y (a) cos (b) A2
(c) A✓ (d) A sin
R = (Ax + Bx)2 + (Ay + By)2 48. Two vectors are of equal
magnitude. What will be the
5. Direction of resultant vector: angle between them if they are
In triangle ∆ORP added to give a vector of the
Perp same magnitude? (Sgd 2010)
tan = (a) 120o✓ (b) 90o
Base
(c) 60o (d) 45o
RP Ry 49. Two forces of magnitude 10N
tan = =
OR Rx and 20N act an a body in
Ry directions making angle of 30o,
 = tan-1
 Rx  the x-component of the
resultant force will be: (Sgd 2019)
A y + By
 = tan-1 (a) 25.98N✓
 A x + Bx  (b) 30.98N
(c) 20.98N
Addition of “n” number of vectors
(d) 17.98N
For any number of coplanar vector A, B, C ---------- 50. Force of 10N makes an angle of
Magnitude of resultant vector: 30o with y-axis, its x-component
will be: (Rwp 2019)
R= (Ax + Bx + Cx + ----)2 + (Ay + By + Cy + ----)2 (a) 5N✓ (b) 8.66N
5. Direction of resultant vector: 10
(c) N (d) 10 2 N
2
Ay + By + Cy ----
 = tan-1 51. If the resultant of two vectors of
Ax + Bx + Cx --- magnitude F1 is also of
Procedure to measure the angle  which resultant vector makes with magnitude of F2, the angle
between them will be:
+ve x-axis:
(Mtn 08, Lhr 14,15)
→ (a) 30o (b) 60o
The angle θ made by R with positive x-axis measured in anticlockwise is called
(c) 90o (d) 120o✓
proper angle. Where  is the quadrant angle which is taken with nearest x–axis. 52. The resultant of two vectors
It can be measured as follows: having magnitude 10N and 8N
cannot be: (Mtn 2014)
Ignoring the sign of Rx and Ry , find angle φ using following formula: (a) 2N (b) 12.8N
Ry
tan-1  
(c) 18N (d) 20N✓
 =
Rx 53. The angle of A = Axi – Ayj with x-
axis will be in between: (Sgd 17)
(a) 0o and 90o
(b) 90o and 180o
(c) 180o and 270o
(d) 270o and 360o✓
54. Resultant of two perpendicular
vectors of equal magnitude
→
(say A ) will be:
(Lhr 2015)
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II Y I →
(a) A
Rx - Rx + →
(b) 2 A
RY + RY +
(c) 2 A✓
X’ X →2
(d) A
55. The magnitude of resultant of
Rx - Rx +
two forces 6N and 8N acting at
RY - RY - right angle is:
Y’
III IV (Fsd 14,18, Dgk, Ajk, Swl 18)
(a) 6N (b) 10N✓
Steps to find angle 
(c) 14N (d) 16N
(a) If both Rx and Ry are positive, then the resultant lies in the first 56. Forces 12 N and 5 N are added,
quadrant and its direction is  =  their resultant can’t be: (Bwp 18)
(b) If Rx is –ve and Ry is +ve, the resultant lies in the second quadrant (a) 13 N (b) 7N
(c) 6 N✓ (d) 17 N
and its direction is  = 180o – 
57. If Ax and Ay both are negative
(c) If both Rx and Ry are –ve, the resultant lies in the third quadrant and the resultant vector will lies in:
its direction is  = 180o + . (a) First quadrant (Dgk 2015)
(d) If Rx positive and Ry is negative, the resultant lies in the fourth (b) Second quadrant
(c) Third quadrant✓
quadrant and its direction is  = 360o – .
(d) Fourth quadrant
58. The resultant of two forces 30N
and 40N acting parallel to each
other is: (Mtn 2015)
(a) 30N (b) 40N
(c) 70N✓ (d) 10N

^ ^
59. In which quadrant vector 2 i − 3 j lies: (Rwp 2019)
(a) 1st (b) 2nd (c) 3rd (d) 4th✓
60. If a force of 10N is acting along x-axis then its component along y-axis is: (Grw 2019)
(a) zero✓ (b) 5N (c) 10N (d) 15N
61. If Rx is negative and Ry is positive then resultant its lies in quadrant: (Dgk 2019)
(a) 1st (b) 2nd✓ (c) 3rd (d) 4th
62. The x and y-component of a vector a positive and negative respectively. The vector will lie in: (Sgd 2010)
(a) 1st and 3rd quadrant (b) 2nd and 4th quadrant (c) 4th quadrant✓ (d) st nd
1 and 2 quadrant
63. If Rx is negative, Ry is negative, then direction of resultant vector lie in: (Mtn 2010)
(a) 1st quadrant (b) 2nd quadrant (c) 3rd quadrant✓ (d) 4th quadrant
64. If both components of a vector are negative then resultant lies in: (Dgk 2011)
(a) 1st quadrant (b) 2nd quadrant (c) 3rd quadrant ✓ (d) 4th quadrant
65. If Rx is positive and Ry, is negative, the resultant vector lies in: (Guj 2014)
(a) 1st quadrant (b) 2nd quadrant (c) 3rd quadrant (d) 4th quadrant✓
66. Maximum no. of components of a vector may be: (Lhr 2018)
(a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Infinite✓
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67. The magnitude of A ^ will be: (Mtn 2018)

(a) Zero (b) A2 (c) 1✓ (d) A
68. Two vector to be combined have magnitude 60N and 35N. The correct answer will be: (Guj 2011)
(a) 15N (b) 20N (c) 70N✓ (d) 100N
69. If |A + B| = |A – B|, then angle b/w |A + B| and |A – B|: (Lhr 2017)
(a) 0o (b) 45o (c) 90o✓ (d) 180o

Long Answers Questions:

Describe the method of vector addition by rectangular

Q. Guj 16, Ajk, Sgd 17
component?
Q. How two vectors can be added by rectangular component method? Guj 14

Derive the expressions for the magnitude and direction of the

Q. Ajk 16
resultant of two vectors, added by rectangular component method?

Q. → →
Describe addition of two vector A and B by using rectangular component.

2.3 PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

Multiplication of two vectors is called product of vectors. Product of 70. Both the dot and cross product
vectors is of two types: → →
of two vectors A  B is zero:
(i) Scalar or dot product
(Dgk 2018)
(ii) Vector or cross product.
→ →
Scalar Product /Dot Product: Point to Ponder (a) A  B are parallel to each
“When the product of two vectors Why do you keep your legs other
results into a scalar quantity, it is called a scalar far apart when you have to → →
(b) A and B are equal to each
product. It is also called as dot product because stand in the aisle of a
other
we put a dot (.) between two vectors to bumpy-riding bus?
→ →
represent it.” Or (c) A  B are anti parallel
→ → (d) Either the vector is zero✓
Let A and B be two vectors, their scalar product can be written as → →
71. If A  B = 0, then angle b/w
→ → →
A . B = AB cosθ, where A and B are the magnitudes of the vectors A the vectors is: (Lhr 2017)
→ (a) 90o (b) 180o
and B and θ is the angle between them. (c) 0o
Note:  is the angle between tails of two vector. (d) Both (b) & (c)✓
Examples: 72. If cross product of two vectors A
→ x B points along positive z-axis
i) Work is the scalar product of force F → →
→ then vectors A and B must be
and displacement d . lie in: (Swl 2019)
→ → (a) yz – plane
W = F . d = Fdcosθ.
W = (Fcosθ) d (b) xz – plane
W = (magnitude of effective component of Force in the direction of (c) xy – plane ✓
(d) no plane
displacement (magnitude of displacement)
^ ^
→ → 73. Magnitude of unit vectors i x j
ii) P = F . v is: (Swl 2019)
“Power is the scalar product of force and velocity.” (a) 1✓ (b) −1
Physical Interpretation of the Dot Product: ^ ^
→ → (c) − j (d) +k
For physical interpretation of the two vectors A and B , they are ^
brought to common origin as shown in figures. 74. B. B is equal to: (Mtn 2019)
(a) B2 (b) 1
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→ → → → →
A . B = A (Projection of B on A ) (c) zero (d) B ✓
→ → → 75. If two non-zero vectors A and B
A . B = (magnitude of A ) are parallel to each other than.
→ → →
(magnitude of component of B in the (a) A . B = 0 (Mtn 2016)
→ →
→ (b) A . B = AB✓
direction of A )
→ →
→ → (c) | A  B | = AB
A . B = A (Bcosθ) → → → →
(d) ( A  B ) = A - B
→ →
A . B = A Bcosθ…………………………….(ii) 76. If the magnitude of A.B = 2 AB
1
Similarly
then the angle between A and B
→ → → → is. (Sgd 2016)
B . A = (B) (Projection of A on B )
(a) 30o (b) 45o
→ → (c) 60o✓ (d) 90o
B . A = B (A cosθ) ^ ^
77. If A=4 i and B=6 j the A.B will
→ → be: (Sgd 2016)
B . A = BA cosθ……………………..(ii)
^
(a) 24k (b) 24
Comparing equation 1 and 2 we can write
^
→ → → → (c) zero✓ (d) -24 k
A . B = B . A ^ ^
Conclusion: 78. AB sin n  ABsin n = (Fsd 17)
Scalar product is commutative. (a) A2B sin2 (b) A2B2
Characteristics of Scalar Product: ^
(c) A2B2 n (d) 0✓
1) Scalar product is commutative:
79. Projection of B along A = (Guj 17)
→ → → → → →
A . B = B . A (a) A  B
Proof:
→ →
→ → (b) B  A
A . B = AB cosθ ----------------- (1) → →
→ → (c) ( A  B )/A✓
B . A = BA cosθ ----------------- (2) A cos
Comparing equations ( 1) and (2), we get (d) B
→ → → → → → →
A . B = B . A 80. If A = − 4^i and B = 6^j , then A
This means by changing the order of vectors, the dot product does not →
change. . B will be: (Dgk 2018)
2) Scalar Product of two mutually perpendicular vectors (a) 24k ^ (b) 24
→ → (c) zero✓ (d) −24k^
Let A and B be two mutually perpendicular vectors i.e. θ = 90 o, their
dot product is given by ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
81. The dot product i . i = j . j =k .k
→ → is equal to: (Guj 2007)
A . B = AB cosθ = AB cos90° = AB(0) = 0
Hence dot product of two mutually perpendicular vectors is zero. (a) 0 (b) 1✓
In terms of Unit Vectors: (c) -1 (d) i2
As Unit vectors
^
( ^ ^
)
82. If F = 2 i + 4 j N;
^ ^ ^ A
i , j and k are mutually →
d = (5 i + 2 j ) m work done is:
j ^ ^
perpendicular.
^ ^ (Lhr 2019)
i . j = |i||i| cos 90° = (1) (1) (0) = 0 (a) 15J (b) 18J✓
i
So (c) zero (d) −18J
^ ^ ^ ^ k
j .k=0 ; k .i = 0 B 83. If ABsin = ABcos, then angle
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ → →
i . j = j .k=k. i =0 between A and B is:
(Grw 2019)
3) Scalar Product of two parallel/anti-parallel Vectors:
(a) 30o (b) 45o✓
(i) For parallel Vectors
(c) 60o (d) 180o
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Let A and B be two parallel vectors i.e. θ = 0o, their dot product is given → →
84. Three vectors
A, B and C
by
→ →
→ → satisfy the relation A . B = 0
A . B = ABcosθ = ABcos0o = AB (1) = AB
A → →
→ → and A . C = 0, the vector A is
A . B = AB
parallel to: (Fsd 2019)
For parallel vectors scalar product has maximum B → →
value. (a) B (b) C
(ii) For anti-parallel vector → →
θ = 180o (c) B . C (d) B x C✓
A
→ → 85. The scalar product of two
A . B = ABcosθ =ABcos180 = AB(-1) = -AB
o
vectors is maximum when they
→ → B are: (Lhr 2008)
A . B = -AB
(a) Parallel✓
For anti-parallel vectors dot product has negative maximum value.
(b) Perpendicular
4) Self dot product: (c) Anti parallel
→ (d) Null
The self dot product of a vector A is equal to 86. The magnitude of cross-product
square of its magnitude. & dot product of two vectors are
→ → equal, the angle between the
A . A = AA cosθ = A2 cos0o = A2 vectors is:
In terms of unit vectors: (Lhr 09, 13, Bwp 15, Mtn 17)
(a) Zero (b) 90o
^ ^
i . i = |i||i| cos 0o = (1)(1)(1) = 1 (c) 180 o
(d) 45o✓
^ ^ ^ ^ 87. The magnitude of scalar product
j .j = 1 ; k . k = 1 and vector product of two
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ vectors are 6 3 & 6
i . i = j .j = k . k = 1
respectively. The angle between
5) Scalar product in terms of rectangular components: them will be: (Guj 2011)
→ ^ ^ ^ (a) 0o (b) 30o✓
As A = Ax i + Ay j + Azk (c) 45o (d) 60o
→ ^ ^ ^ 88. Self product of a vector A is
B = Bx i + By j + Bzk equal to: (Lhr 12, Guj, Rwp 16)
→ → ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (a) A2✓ (b) Zero
A . B = (Ax i + Ay j + Azk ). (Bx i + By j + Bzk ) ^ ^
→ → ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (c) One (d) i.j
A . B = Ax Bx ( i . i ) + Ax By ( i . j ) + Ax Bz ( i . k ) 89. When two vectors are anti-
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ parallel, the angle between
+ AyBx ( j . i ) + AyBy ( j . j ) + Ay Bz ( j . k ) them is: (Lhr 2009)
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (a) Zero (b) 180o✓
+ AzBx (k . i ) + Az By (k . j ) + Az Bz (k . k ) (c) 90o (d) 270o
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 90. The dot product of vector A with
As i . j = j .k=k. i =0, i . i = j . j =k.k=1
itself is equal to: (Fsd 2010)
→ → (a) Zero (b) A
A . B = Ax Bx (1) + Ax By (0) + Ax Bz (0)
(c) 2A (d) A2✓
+ Ay Bx (0) + Ay By (1) + Ay Bz(0) 91. i.(jk) is equal to: (Rwp 08,09,11,
+ AzBx (0) +Az By (0) + AzBz (1) Dgk 08, Bwp 11, Lhr 06,13,15, Mtn 15)
→ → (a) 1✓ (b) 0
A . B = A x B x + A y B y + A zB z (c) -1 (d) -k
→ →
→ → ^ ^
92. If F = 2 i + 3 jN and d = 4 i +4 j m
^ ^
Measurement of Angle θ b/w two vectors A and B
then the work done is:(Mtn 2011)
→ → (a) 13J (b) 18J
A . B = AB cosθ -------------- (1)
(c) 20J✓ (d) 24J
→ → 93. If the angle between two
A . B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz -----------(2)
vectors with magnitude 12 and
Comparing equation (1) and (2) we get

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AB cosθ = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz 4 is 60o then their scalar product

AxBx + AyBy + AzBz is: (Dgk 2009)
cos = (a) 6 (b) 12
AB
(c) 24✓ (d) 48
 = cos−1 AxBx + AyBy + AzBz  94. Dot-product of two non-zero
 AB  vectors is zero if angle between
Vector product / cross product: them is: (Dgk 2014)
“When the product of two vectors results into a vector quantity, it is (a) 30o (b) 60o
called a vector product. It is also called as cross product because we put a (×) (c) 45o (d) 90o✓
between two vectors to represent it”. 95. The angle between the vectors
→ → ^ ^ ^ ^
Let A and B be two vectors, their vector product is defined as ( i + j ) and ( j – k ) is: (Fsd 2019)
→ → ^ (a) 0o (b) 60o✓
A × B = AB sin θ n o
(c) 90 (d) 180o
→ → 96. If the magnitude of scalar and
Where A and B are the magnitude of vectors A & B and θ is the angle between
^ → vector product of two vectors
them. n is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing vectors A and are 2 3 and 2 respectively. The
→ angle between vectors is:
B as shown in Fig.
(Dgk 2019)
→ → (a) 30o✓ (b) 60o
∵ AB sin = magnitude of A × B
o
^ → → (c) 120 (d) 180o
n = direction of A × B → →
→ → 97. If A x B is along y-axis, then A
Direction of A × B : →
→ → and B are in: (Bwp 2019)
To find the direction of A × B we will use right hand rule. (a) x-y plane
Right Hand Rule: (b) y-z plane
→ → (c) space
i. Join the tails of vector A and B
(d) x-z plane✓
to define their plane.
A xB 98. The dot product of two vectors
→ →
ii. Rotate A towards B through the A and B will be zero, if angle
smaller angle and curl your fingers between them is: (Guj 2014)
in the direction of rotation. The (a) 0 (b) 30o
erect thumb will give you the (c) 90o✓ (d) 180o
→ → ^ B 99. The magnitude of vector
direction of A x B or n . product is given by: (Rwp 2010)
Note: According to Right Hand Rule, the ^
(a) ABSinn (b) ABSin✓
→ → A
direction of B x A will be opposite to (c) ABCos (d) AB tan
→
→ → 100. The cross product of Vector A
the direction of A × B .
Examples: with itself has magnitude:
(Mtn 09, Dgk 16)
→ →
i) Torque is the vector product of position vector r and force F . (a) A (b) Zero ✓
→ → → (c) A2
 = r × F (d) None of these
→ → 101. The magnitude of vector
ii) The force F on a charge q moving with velocity v in a
→ product of two non zero vectors
magnetic field of strength B is given by → →
→ → → A & B making an angle  with
F =q(v × B ) each other is: (Lhr 2011)
Characteristics of cross product: ^
(1) Vector Product is not Commutative: (a) ABsin n (b) ABsin✓
(c) ABCos (d) AB
→ → → →
i.e. A × B ≠ B × A 102. The magnitude of vector
→ →
Product ( A  A ) is:
(Sgd 2015)
(a)  (b) 1
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Proof: (c) A2 (d) Zero✓

→ → 103. Area of parallelogram formed
Let A and B be two vectors their → →
cross product can be can be given as by A and B as two adjacent
→ → ^ sides is equal to: (Fsd 15, Guj 17)
A × B = AB sin θ n ------------(1) (a) AB
→ → ^
B × A = BA sin θ (−n ) (b) AB cos
→ → ^ (c) AB sin✓
B × A = -AB sin θ n (d) AB tan
→ → ^  
− B × A = AB sin θ n ---------- (2) 104. The cross product k  j is
Comparing eq. (1) & (2) we get equal to: (Guj 14, Rwp 15)
→ → → →  
A × B = −B × A (a) − i ✓ (b) − j
→ → → →  
So, A × B ≠ B × A (c) − k (d) i
(2) Cross Product of Perpendicular Vectors 
→ → 105. Angle b/w two vectors 3 i +
Let A and B be perpendicular vectors i.e. θ=90o   
→ → ^ ^ ^ 4 j and 4 i − 3 j is: (Bwp 2018)
A × B = AB sin θ n = AB sin 90o n = AB (1) n (a) 90o✓
→ → ^ (b) 30o
A × B = AB n
(c) 60o
It means cross product of two perpendicular (d) 45o
vectors gives maximum value. ^ ^
For Unit Vectors: 106. Cross-product of j x k is:
Since three unit vector in space are perpendicular (Fsd 2019)
(a) zero
to each other, therefore (b) 1
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
i × j = | i ||j | sin 90°n = (1) (1) (1)n = 1n = k̂ (c) i ✓
^
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (d) − i
j ×k= i ; k× i = j ; i × j =k 107. The dot-product of 𝒊̂. 𝒊̂ is:
(Lhr 2021)
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
j × i = −k ; k × j = − i ; i × k = − j (a) zero
(b) 1✓
(c) -1
^
(d) − i
(3) Vector Product of Parallel / Anti Parallel Vectors
→ →
• Let A and B be parallel vectors i.e. θ = 0o
→ → ^ ^ A
A × B = AB sin θ n = AB sin 0o n = AB (0)
^ ^ B
n = 0n
→ → →
A × B = 0
→ →
• Let A and B be anti parallel vectors i.e.
θ = 180o A
→ → ^ ^
A × B = AB sin θ n = AB sin 180o n = AB (0)
^ ^
n = 0n B
→ →
A × B =O
It means cross product of two parallel or anti-parallel vectors give null
vector.

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For Unit Vectors:

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
i × i = j × j = k×k=O
(4) Vector Product in terms of rectangular components:
Let A and B be two vectors their cross product in terms of rectangular
components is given as
→ ^ ^ ^
A = Ax i + Ay j + Azk
→ ^ ^ ^
B = Bx i + By j + Bzk
→ → ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
A × B = (Ax i + Ay + Azk ) × (Bx i + By j + Bzk )

→ → ^ ^ ^
A × B = (AyBz − ByAz) i − (AxBz − AzBx) j + (AxBy − AyBx)k

→ → ^ ^ ^
A × B = (AyBz – ByAz) i + (AzBx – AxBz) j + (AxBy – AyBx)k

We can get above expression by opening the following Determinant.

^i ^
j
^
k
→ →
A × B = Ax Ay Az
 
Bx By Bz 
Note:

 Crossis equal
product of two unit vectors
to 3rd unit vector 
If  Anticlockwise ⎯→ value is positive
 clockwise ⎯→ value is negative 
→ →
(5) Magnitude of A × B
→ →
The magnitude of cross product of two vectors A and B is equal to the
→
area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are represented by A
→
and B .
→ →
Area of parallelogram =  A x B 
Note:
→ → ^
A × B = AB sin θ n B
→ →
 A x B = A(B sin θ)
→ → A
 A x B = (base)(height) = Area
Magnitude of cross product = Area of the parallelogram with sides
→ →
A and B

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You are falling off the edge. What

should do to avoid falling?
Ans: The boy is holding a heavy
book. To avoid falling he is
required to change the
position of his body so that
the line from his center of
gravity may pass within the
base area. Therefore, he
must lean in backward
direction to produce opposing
torque.

Long Answers Questions:

Define scalar product of two vectors? Also write

Q. Lhr 15,21, Fsd, Mtn 15,17, Rwp 17
the characteristic of scalar product?

Define and explain vector product of two vectors with

Q. Lhr 15,16, Dgk 17
examples? Give its four characteristic?

Explain cross product of two vectors or cross product of two vectors

Q. Lhr 16
state right hand rule and give at least four characteristic?

2.4 TORQUE
Definition: 108. Dimension of moment arm is:
Turning effect of force acting on a body about an axis of rotation (pivot) (Sgd 2019)
is called torque. Its magnitude is given by the product of force F and (a) [M] (b) [T]
moment arm (r). (c) [LT] (d) [L] ✓
OR 109. If r = 5m, F = 4N are along same
Cross product of position vector and direction, then torque is
force is called torque. (Rwp 2017)
→ → → (a) 20Nm (b) 5Nm
 = r  F Turning (c) 10Nm (d) zero✓
Mathematically: point 110. If the line of action of force
Torque = (force)(moment arm) passes through axis of rotation
 = Fl of origin then its torque is:
Unit of torque = N m (a) Maximum (Lhr 2007)
O (b) Minimum
Moment Arm: P
l
Perpendicular distance between the (c) Zero✓
line of action of force and the axis of rotation is (d) None of these
F 111. The counterpart of force for
called “Moment Arm”.
It is easier to rotate a body through a rotational motion is called:
spanner of long moment arm. (Guj 2009)
Note that: (a) The linear momentum
(b) The angular momentum
(c) The angular acceleration
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When line of action of Force passes through the axis of rotation or pivot, (d) The torque✓
moment arm is zero (l = 0) then torque is zero. 112. The direction of torque is:
Torque on a Rigid Body: (Guj 10, Sgd 18)
Consider the torque on a rigid body. →
(a) Along position vector F
→
Let the force F acts on a rigid body at point (b) Parallel to plane containing
→ → →
‘P’. Where, r = Position vector relative to r & F
point ‘O’ as shown in fig →
→ (c) Along force F
Resolution of F : (d) Perpendicular to the plane
→ → →
The force F can be resolved into two
containing r & F ✓
rectangular components.
113. If a body is at rest or rotating
(i) Fcos𝜃 = horizontal component of
with uniform angular velocity,
force along to position vector 𝑟⃗
the torque will be:
This component does not produce
(Rwp 08, Dgk 08,11)
torque as its line of action passes
(a) Zero✓
through point ‘O’.
(b) Minimum
(ii) Fsin𝜃 = perpendicular component of force, which is perpendicular to
(c) Maximum
→
position vector r (d) None of these
This component of force produces torque. 114. Torque has zero value, if the
According to definition of torque → →
Torque = (force)(moment arm) angle between r and F is:
(Rwp 2010)
 = (Fsin𝜃) r
(a) 0o✓
 = rFsin𝜃 …………………………..(1) (b) 30o
→ (c) 60o
Resolution of r :
→ (d) 90o
The position vector r can be resolved 115. The turning effect of force is
into two rectangular components. called: (Bwp 2010)
(i) rcos𝜃 = horizontal component of (a) Work
→ (b) Momentum
position vector r parallel to
→ (c) Power
F (d) Torque✓
This component does not act as 116. The force and torque are
moment arm as it is along to the force. analogous to: (Rwp 2014)
(ii) rsin𝜃 = perpendicular component of (a) Velocity
→ (b) Mass and weight
position vector r which is
→ (c) Moment of inert
perpendicular to F . (d) Each other ✓
This component of position vector acts as 117. Which is the correct formula:
moment arm. (a)  = rF (Sgd 2018)
According to definition of torque
(b)  = rF sin
Torque = (force)(moment arm)
→ →
 = F( rsin𝜃) (c)  = r  F ✓
 = rFsin𝜃 …………………………..(2) (d)  = rF cos ^r
Comparing equations 1 and 2 118. The unit of Torque is (Lhr 2021)
 = rFsin𝜃 (Magnitude) (a) N-m-1
(b) N-1.m-1
(c) N-1.m
(d) N.m ✓

→ ^
 = rFsin𝜃 n (vector form)
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→ → →
 = r × F
→ →
Where 𝑛̂ is unit vector which is perpendicular to plane containing r and F . It
is given by right hand rule.
Direction of torque:
→ →
Rotate your right hand fingers from r to F through smallest angle, erect
thumb give direction of torque which is along axis of rotation.
Dimension:
[ML2 T-2]
Dependence:
Torque depends on (i) moment arm (r) (ii) force (F)
(iii) angle (θ) between force and moment arm
i) If θ = 0° or 180° ;  = r FSin0° = r F(0) = 0
ii) If θ = 90° ;  = r FSin90° = r F(1) = r F
F (torque is maximum)
iii) Anticlockwise torque is taken as positive whereas clockwise torque is taken
as negative.
Physical interpretation of torque
Torque plays same role in rotational motion as force plays its role in linear
motion. As force produces linear acceleration (F = ma), torque produces angular
acceleration (𝜏 = I𝛼) in the body. If the body is at rest or moving with uniform
angular velocity then and angular acceleration is zero, hence the torque is also
zero.

Long Answers Questions:

Q. Define torque calculate torque due to force acting on a rigid body? Lhr 16

2.5 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES

Equilibrium: 119. The complete requirements for
When a body is at rest or moving with uniform velocity it is said to be in a body to be in equilibrium is:
→ → (BWP 2014)
equilibrium. Its linear acceleration a and angular acceleration a (alpha) are
(a) F = 0
→ →
both zero ( a = 0 ; a = 0). (b)  = 0
a=0 ; ΣF=0 (c) P = 0
=0 ; Σ=0 (d) F = 0,  = 0✓
Example: 120. The first condition of
(i) A book lying on a table equilibrium impris that:
(ii) A car moving with uniform linear velocity. (a)  F = 0✓ (Rwp 2014)
(iii) A fan rotating with uniform angular velocity. (b) Fx = 0
Types of equilibrium: (c) Fy = 0
1. Static Equilibrium: (d) Fx = Fy
When a body is at rest, it is in “static equilibrium”. e.g. A book lying on 121. When a force of 100N is acting
a table. on an object along x-axis then its
2. Dynamic Equilibrium: vertical component will be:
When a body is moving with uniform velocity it is in dynamic equilibrium.
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Types Dynamic Equilibrium: (Mtn 2017)

(a) Translational Equilibrium: (a) 50 N
When a body is moving with uniform linear velocity, it is in translational (b) 25 N
equilibrium. It has zero linear acceleration (a = 0) (c) 10 N
Example: (d) 0 N✓
A car moving with uniform linear velocity.
(b) Rotational Equilibrium:
“When a body is rotating with uniform angular velocity, it is in
rotational equilibrium. It has zero angular acceleration (α= 0)”
Example:
A fan rotating with uniform angular velocity.
Conditions of equilibrium:
First Condition of Equilibrium (Equilibrium of forces):
The vector sum of all the forces acting on a body must be equal to zero.
→
Σ F = 0
It means that sum of upward forces is equal to the sum of downward forces.
Similarly sum of rightward forces is equal to sum of leftward forces.
In case of coplanar forces, this condition is expressed in terms of x and y
components of the forces.
→
Σ Fx = 0 Sum of x-directed forces is zero
→
Σ Fy = 0 Sum of y-directed forces is zero
Important Points:
(i) If rightward forces are taken as positive then leftward forces are
taken as negative.
(ii) If upward forces are taken as positive then downward forces are
taken as negative.

Can You Do?

Int eresting App lication
Point to Ponder

AA concurrent
concurrent for ce sys
force tem i nin
system
Stand eq ui li b r iu m.
equilibrium. The Ttension
h e t ens io n
applied
Stand with onewith
arm one
and arm and of
the side th eone foot
ap plied can be adjus ted as
Do you think the rider in the can be adjusted as desired.
above figure is really in danger? pressed si de of on e foo t pre sse d
against a wall. Can you raise
ag ain st a wall. Ca n y ou rais e
the other desir ed.
What if people below were leg sideways? If not, why not? Concurrent
Concurrent for forces:
ces :
th e ot her leg side w ay s?I f not,
removed?. No, it is why
not possible.
not? . Concurrent
Co ncurrentforcefor cesystem
systemisisthat
thatin
Reason:No, it is n ot p oss ibl e. which resultant
in which of all the
r esultant of forces
all theis
In orderReason:
to raise the leg, one should bend to zero.
forces is zer o.
In or der to rai se t he leg , on e
oppositeshould
side to bkeep
end torque equal to
to op posite sidzero.
e
to kee p t orque e qual to ze ro.

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2.6 EQUILIBRIUM OF TORQUES

Second Condition of Equilibrium (Rotational equilibrium): 122. The body is in a static
The vector sum of all the torques acting on a body about any arbitrary equilibrium only when it is
axis must be equal to zero. (DGK 10, BWP 11)
→
Σ = 0 (a) at rest ✓
Sum of anticlock wise torque = Sum of clock wise torque (b) moving with variable
Explanation: velocity
Suppose two equal and opposite
(c) moving with uniform
forces F and –F act on a body. Although the
first condition is satisfied, yet the body will acceleration
rotate in clock wise direction. Hence torque F (d) moving with uniform
is produced and the body is not in velocity
equilibrium. It means that in addition to first
123. The first condition of
condition of equilibrium, a second condition
is also required. This is explained above. equilibrium implies that:
According to figure -F
(LHR 13, RWP 14)
 = clockwise + anticlockwise (a) F = 0✓
= −r F + r F (b) Fx = 0
 = 0 (c) Fy = 0
Complete equilibrium: Can You Do?
“For a body to be in complete (d) Fx =Fy
equilibrium both 1st and 2nd conditions of 124. A body will be in translational
equilibrium must be satisfied at the same equilibrium if (DGK 11, FSD 10)
time”,
(a) T = 0
→ →
Σ F = 0 Σ = 0 (b) F = 0✓
1. When 1st condition is satisfied, there (c) p = 0
is no linear acceleration (a=0) and
body will be in translational (d) Fx = 0
equilibrium.
2. When 2nd condition is satisfied, there
is no angular acceleration (𝛼=0) and
With your nose touching the
the body will be in rotational end of the doork, put your feet
equilibrium. astride the door and try to rise
up on your toes.
No,

SOLVED EXAMPLES
The positions of two aeroplanes at any instant are represented by two points A(2, 3,4) and
B(5, 6, 7) from an origin O in km as shown in fig.
2.1
(i) What are the position vectors?
(ii) Calculate the distance b/w the two aeroplanes
Given data:
A (2, 3, 4 )
B (5, 6, 7 )
To calculate:
→
Position vectors = r = ?
Distance b/w aeroplanes = r = ?
Formula:
→   
r = a i + b j + ck

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Solution:
Position vector of aeroplane A is
→   
OA = 2 i + 3 j + 4k
Position vector of aeroplance B is
→   
OB = 5 i + 6 j + 7k
By head to tail role
→ → →
OA + AB = OB
→ → →
AB = OB − OA
    
= (5 i + 6 j + 7 k ) – (2 i + 3 j + 4k)
  
= 3 i + 3 j + 3k
AB = ( 3 )2 + ( 3 )2 + ( 3 )2
AB = 5.2 km
Two forces of magnitude 10N and 20N which act on a body in directions making angle 30 and
2.2
60 respectively with x-axis. Find the resultant force. LHR 21
Given data:
F1 = 10 N
F2 = 20 N
1 = 30
2 = 60
To calculate:
Resultant force = F =?
Solution:
(i) X-Components:
1st force = F1x = F1 cos 30 = 10 x 0.866
= 8.66N
2nd force = F2x = F2 cos 60 = 20 x 0.5
= 10N
(ii) Y-Components:
1st force = F1y = F1 sin 30 = 10 x 0.5
= 5N
2nd force = F2y = F2 sin 60 = 20 x 0.0.866
= 17.32N
(iii) Magnitude of x-components:-
Fx = F1x + F2x
= 8.66 + 10N
= 18.66N
Y-Components:
Fy = F1y + F2y
= 5 + 17.32 N
= 22.32 N
(iv) Resultant force:
2 2
F = Fx + F y
= (18.66)2 + (22.32)2
F = 29 N
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(v) Angle:
Fy 22.32
 = tan-1 = tan-1 
Fx 18.66
 = 50

Find the angle between two forces of equal magnitude when the magnitude of their resultant
2.3
is also equal to the magnitude of either of these forces.
Given data:
→ → →
 F1  =  F2  =  R 
Let 1 = 0
2 (Angle between two forces) = 
To calculate:
 = ?
Solution:
Rx = F1 cos 1 + F2 cos 2 Alternative method
= F1 cos (0) + F2 cos  2 2
R= F1 + F2 + F1F2 cos
Rx = F1 + F2 cos 
Ry = F1 sin 1 + F2 sin 2 F = F2 + F2 + 2FFcos
= F1 sin (0) + F2 sin  F = 2F2 + 2F2 cos
Ry = F2 sin  F = 2F2 (1 + cos)
R2 = Rx2 + Ry2 F2 = 2F2 (1 + cos)
As R = F1 = F2 F2
F2 = (F + F cos )2 + (F sin )2 = 1 + cos
2F2
 = 2F2 cos  + F2 (cos2  + sin ) 1
 = 2F2 cos  + F2 − 1 cos
2
cos  = - 0.5 −1
 = cos-1 (-0.5) cos−1   = 
2
 = 120 120 = 

 ^
2.4 A force F = 2 i + 3 j units, has its point of application moved from point A(1 , 3) to the point
B(5 , 7). Find the work done.
Given data:
→ ^ ^
F = 2i + 3j
→ ^ ^
rA = i + 3j
→ ^ ^
rB = 5i + 7j
To calculate:
W = ?
Formula:
→ →
W = F . d
Solution:
→
d = rB – rA
^ ^ ^ ^
= (5 i + 7 j ) - ( i + 3 j )

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→ ^ ^
d = 4 i + 4j
→ →
W = F . d
^ ^ ^ ^
W = (2 i + 3 j ) . (4 i + 4 j )
= 8 + 12
W = 20 units

2.5 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Find the projection of vector A = 2 i + 8j + k in the direction of vector B = 3 i + 4j + 8k
Given data:
→   
A = 2i + 8j + K
→   
B = 3 i + 4 j + 12K
To calculate:
→ →
Projection of A on B = A cos  = ?
Formula:
→ →
A . B
A cos  =
B
Solution:
→ →      
A . B = (2 i + 4 j + K ) . (3 i + 4 j + 12K )
= 6 + 32 – 12
→ →
A . B = 26
→
Magnitude of vector B = (3)2 + (- 4)2 + (-12)2
= 9 + 16 + 144
B = 13
26
A cos  =
13
A cos  = 2
The line of action of force F passing through a point P of a body whose position vector in meter
     
2.6 is i - 2 j + K . If F = 2 i - 3 j + 4K (in meters). Determine the torque about the point ‘A’ whose
  
position vector (in meter) is 2 i + j + K .

Given data:
→   
r1 = i - 2j + K
→   
F = i - 3 j +4K
→   
r2 = 2i + j + K
To calculate:
→
 = ?
Formula:
→ → →
 = r x F
Solution:
→
r = r2 – r1
     
= ( i - 2 j + K ) - (2 i + j +K )
 
= -i - 3j

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→     
 = (- i - 3 j ) x (2 i - 3 j +4K )

i 
j K
=
 
 -1 -3 0 
 2 -3 4 
  
= i (-3x4 – 0x(-3)) – j (-1x4 – 2x0) + K (-1x(-3) – 2x(-3))
→   
 = -12 i + 4 j +9K N m
A load is suspended by two cords as shown in Fig. 2.15. Determine the maximum load that
2.7
can be suspended at P, if maximum breaking tension of the cord used is 50N.
Given data:
F1 = T1 = 50N
1 = 60
2 = 20
To calculate:
Maximum load at P = W = ?
Solution:
Fx = 0
T2 cos 20 – T1 cos 60 = 0
T1 = 1.88 T2
50 = 1.88 T2
50
= T2
1.88
T2 = 26.6 N
Fy = 0
T1 sin 60 + T2 sin 20 - w = 0
50 x 0 0.866 + 26.6 x 0.34 = w
w = 52 N
A uniform beam of 200N is supported horizontally as shown. If the breaking tension of the rope
2.8 is 400N, how far can the man of weight 400N walk from point A on the beam as shown in Fig.
2.18?
Given data:
w1 = 200N 6m
w2 = 400N W2
Breaking stress of rope = 400 N
3m
Length of rod = l = 6m
To calculate: W1
distance covered =d = ?
Solution:
 = 0
(400 x 6) – (400 x d) – (200 x 3) = 0
400 N x d = 2400 – 600
400 d = 1800 N m
d = 4.5 m
A boys weighing 300N is standing at the edge of a uniform diving board 4m in length. The
2.9
weight of the board is 200N. Find the forces exerted pedestals on the board.
Given data:

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Weight of boy = 300 N

Weight of board = 200 N
Length of board = 4m
To calculate:
Force exerted = F = ?
Solution:
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
R1 + R2 – 300 – 200 = 0 ⎯→ (1)
R1 + R 2 = 500
 = 0 (pivot at point D)
–R x 1m – 300N x 3m – 200N x 1 m = 0
R1 = -1100 N = −1.1 KN ⎯→ (2)
The negative sign of R1 shows that it is directed downward. Thus the
result has corrected the mistake of our initial assumption.
By substituted value of R1 in eq. (1)
-1100 + R2 = 500
R2 = 500 + 1100
R2 = 1600 N
R2 = 1.6 Kn

EXERCISE SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS

Define the terms (i) Unit vector (ii) Position vector and (iii) Components of a vector.
Q.2.1
(Lhr 10,13, 15, Guj 15,18, Dgk 15, Sgd 15,19)

Ans: Unit Vector:

A vector whose magnitude is one in certain direction is called a unit vector. It gives the direction of a vector. A
→
unit vector 𝐴̂ is obtained by dividing the vector A with its magnitude A.
→ ^
A = AA
→
^ A
A =
A
A Ax i + Ay j + Azk
A= OR A=
A Ax2 + Ay + Az 2
Examples:

o i is unit vector along x-axis

o j is unit vector along y-axis.

o k is unit vector along z-axis.

n is unit vector which may have any direction
Position Vector:
A vector that describes the location of a particle with respect to origin. The position vector of a point P (a, b)
in xy- plane is given by:

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→  
r = ai + bj
→
 r = a2+b2
The position vector of a point P (a, b, c) in space is

→   
r = a i + b j + ck
→
 r = a2+b2+c2
Component of a Vector:
→
The component of a vector A is its effective value in a given direction. A vector may be considered as the
resultant of its component vectors along the specified directions. A vector has infinite components.

The vector sum of three vectors gives a zero resultant. What can be the orientation of the
Q.2.2
vectors? (Fsd 08,11,14,15, Rwp 09, Mtn 09,10,11,14, Guj, Sgd 15, Lhr 18, Dgk 09,19,Bwp 10)

Ans: If the three vectors are represented by the three adjacent sides of a triangle taken in cyclic order, then the
vector sum of the vector will be zero as it is a closed geometry as shown in figure.
→ → →
A1 + A2 = −A3
→ → →
A1 + A2 + A3 = 0

If Head of 3rd vector coincides with tail of 1st vector then resultant becomes zero because there is no room for
resultant vector.

→
Q.2.3 (Vector A lies in the xy plane. For what orientation will both of its rectangular components be
negative?) (For what orientation will its components have opposite signs?) (Guj, Rwp, Dgk 2019)

→
Ans: i) If a A vector lies in III-quadrant of xy-plane, then both of its components are negative.

Orientation:
 = 180o+ 

→
ii) When a vector A lies in 2nd quadrant then its x-component is negative while y-component is positive.

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Orientation:
 = 180o − 

→
iii) When a vector A lies in 4th quadrant then its x-component is positive and y-component is negative.

II I
Orientation:
 = 360o − 


A
III IV

If one of the components of a vector is not zero, can its magnitude be zero? Explain.
Q.2.4
(Rwp 10,18, Lhr 07,09,13, Sgd, Dgk 15, Mtn 18)

Ans: If one of the components of a vector is not zero, its magnitude cannot be zero. If we take example of rectangular
component of vector.
→
 A = Ax2 + Ay2

If Ax  0 but Ay = 0 If Ax = 0 but Ay  0

A= A x 2 + (0 ) 2 A= (0 ) 2 + A y 2

A= Ax 2 A= Ay2

A = Ax A = Ay
→
If Ax = 0 ; Ay  0 then  A  = Ay  0
→
If Ay = 0 ; Ax  0 then  A  = Ax  0
Vector’s magnitude can be zero if all of its components are zero.

Can a vector have a component greater than the vector’s magnitude?

Q.2.5
(Rwp 10,Lhr 10,15, Guj 09,11, Dgk, Mtn 09,10 15, Sgd 18,Bwp 10)

Ans: No, The rectangular component can never be greater than the vector’s magnitude. The magnitude of the
rectangular component of a vector may be equal to vector’s magnitude but can never be greater.

Reason:

We know that the magnitude of the vector A in terms of its rectangular components is given by A =
2 2
Ax + Ay

A2 = Ax2+Ay2

This implies that A2 > Ax2 or A > Ax

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A2 > Ay2 or A > Ay

The case other than rectangular components, a vector may have a component greater than the magnitude of
the vector.

→   →
e.g. A = 3i + 4j ;  A = 32 + 42 = 5
so, 5 > 3 ; 5 > 4 which means magnitude of components is not greater than vectors magnitude.

Can the magnitude of a vector have a negative value?

Q.2.6
(Fsd 08,09,10,18Rwp 10,11, Dgk 11, Fsd 14, Mtn 15, Lhr, Sgd, Mtn 08,15,18, Grw, Ajk 18)

Ans: No, the magnitude of a vector cannot be negative.

Reason:

The magnitude of the vector is actually quantitative representation which can never be negative. If some
quantity is shown with –ve then it would not have any concern with magnitude. It will have some other
significance.

Mathematically,

As A = √𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦
The Square of real quantities always gives a positive value. Hence the magnitude of a vector has a positive
value.

Q.2.7 → →
If A + B = 0, What can you say about the components of the two vectors?(Sgd,Rwp 15, Mtn 18)

→ →
Ans: As A + B =0
→ →
A =−B
In rectangular components
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Ax i + Ay j + Azk = -( Bx i + By j + Bzk )
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Ax i + Ay j + Azk = −Bx i − By j − Bzk )
^ ^ ^
Comparing the coefficients of i , j and k
Ax = −Bx
Ay = −By
Az = −Bz
Result:
The components of a vector are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
Under what circumstances would a vector have components that are equal in magnitude?
Q.2.8
(Guj 10, Lhr 12, Fsd 14, Sgd 19)

Ans: When the vector makes an angle of 450 with x-axis, then its rectangular components are equal in magnitude.
Because Y
1 𝐴
Ax = A cos  = A cos 45 = A 
o
= ………………(1)
√2 √2
1 𝐴
Ay = A sin  = A sin 45o = A  = ………………….(2)
√2 √2
→ → A1
Comparing equation 1 and 2 we have Ax = Ay  Ay
OR

O Ax X

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Ax = Ay
A cos  = A sin 
s in 
=1
cos 
tan  = 1
 = tan −1 (1)
 = 45 0
Result:
Components are equal in magnitude at an angle of 450
with x axis.

Is it possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quality? Explain.

Q.2.9
(Guj 07, Rwp 09, Fsd 09,11, Lhr, Dgk 15, Mtn 09,18, Bwp 08,18)

Ans: No, it is not possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity.

Reason:
Same kind of physical quantities can be added and subtracted and, vectors and scalar are different kind of
physical quantities so that is why they can never be added, even scalars of different kind cannot be added.

Can you add zero to a null vector?

Q.2.10
(Rwp, Bwp 08,15, Dgk 08,09, Lhr 08,09,13,15, Guj 14, Mtn 14,15)

Ans: No, it is not possible to add zero to a null vector.

Reason:
Because they are different physical quantities. Zero is scalar quantity and null vector is a vector quantity. So,
it is not possible to add a scalar quantity into a vector quantity.
Scalars can be added by simple arithmetic rules while the vectors can be added by special rules (vector
algebra).

Two vectors have unequal magnitudes. Can their sum be zero? Explain.
Q.2.11
(Lhr, Bwp 10,15, Mtn 09,10,14, Fsd 10,11, Guj 11,13,14,18,Lhr 21)

Ans: No, their sum cannot be zero.

Possibility:
The sum of two vectors is zero, if they have same magnitudes but opposite in direction.

Show that the sum and difference of two perpendicular vectors of equal lengths are also
Q.2.12
perpendicular and of the same length. (Guj, Bwp 2015, Lhr 2021)

→ →
Ans: Consider A and B are two perpendicular vectors having same lengths.
→ →
Sum = A + B
→ →
Difference = A − B

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B
= A+ B
Sum
45 o A
o
45
Dif
f=
A -B
- B

Note:
B
 = tan-1 
A
due to same magnitude
 = tan-1(1)
 = 45o
→ → → →
It means sum ( A + B ) and difference ( A − B ) both makes 45o angle
→ → → →
with x-axis. So angle b/w A + B and A − B is 90o.
From Figure:
→ →
| A + B |= √A2 + B2
→ →
| A − B |= √A2 + (−B)2 = √A2 + B2
→ → → →
| A + B |= | A − B |
Hence sum and difference have same lengths.

How would the two vectors of the same magnitude have to be oriented, if they were to be
Q.2.13 combined to give below a resultant equal to a vector of the same magnitude?
(Lhr 2013, Mtn, Sgd 2015)

Ans: When the two vectors are represented by the two equal sides of an equilateral triangle then the magnitude of
their resultant vector is also same.
In the case the angle between the two vectors is1200 , as shown in Fig.
This can be proved as follows consider two vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1 and vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹2 having same magnitudes.
Their resultant is
R = F12 + F22 + 2F1F2 Cos
As F1 = F2 = F
R = F2 + F2 + 2FF Cos
R = 2F + 2F2 Cos
If  = 120o
1
R = 2F2 + 2F2 Cos120o Cos120o = −
2
R = 2F2 + 2F2 (−1/2)
R = 2F2 − 2F2 = F2
R=F

The two vectors to be combined have magnitude 60 N and 35 N. Pick the correct answer from
Q.2.14 those given below and tell why is it the only one of the three that is correct.
(i) 100 N (ii) 70 N (iii) 20 N

Ans: The correct answer is 70 N

The resultant of two vectors is maximum when they are parallel i.e., in the same direction.
60 + 35 = 95N (Max. value)
The resultant of two vectors is minimum when they are in opposite direction.
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60 – 35 = 25N (Min. value)

Result:
70 N is correct because it lies between 25 N and 95 N.

Suppose the sides of a closed polygon represent vector arranged head to tail. What is the sum
Q.2.15
of these vectors? (Lhr 07,21, Fsd 19)

Ans: The sum of these vectors is null vector. In closed polygon vectors are arranged in cyclic order. Then
→ → → → → →
A + B + C + D + E =−F
→ → → → → →
A + B + C + D + E + F =O

For any closed path if initial and final points are same then resultant is zero because there is no room for
resultant.

Q.2.16 Identify the correct answer.

i) Two ships X and Y are traveling in different directions at equal speeds. The actual direction
of motion of X is due north but to an observer on Y, the apparent direction of motion of X
is north-east. The actual of motion of Y as observed from the shore will be.
(A) East (B) West (C) south-east (D) south-west
ii) A horizontal force F is applied to a small object P of mass m at rest on a smooth plane
inclined at an angle  to the horizontal as shown in Fig. 2.22. The magnitude of the
resultant force acting up and along the surface of the plane, on the object is
a) F cos  − mg sin 
b) F sin  − mg cos 
c) F cos  + mg cos 
d) F sin  + mg sin 
e) mg tan 
Ans: (i) Y is moving towards west.
(ii) Resolve the weight ‘mg’ and ‘F’ into rectangular components.
The magnitude of resultant force acting up and along the surface of the plane is = Fcos − mgsin
R
s
Fco Fsin
F
F
mgCos
mg
mgsin

→ → → →
Q.2.17 If all the components of the vector, A1 and A2 were reversed, how would this alter A1 × A2 ?
(Lhr 11,13, Guj 08)

Ans:
 i

Alternative method:
k 

→ →  j 
A 1  A2 = A1x A1y A1z

A2x A2y A2z
→ →   
A 1  A2 = i (A1yA2z – A2yA1z) – j (A1xA2z – A2xA1z) + k (A1xA2y – A2xA1y)
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 i

→
k 
 
→ →  j  When components of vectors A1 and
−A1  − A2 = −A1x −A1y −A1z
 →
−A2x −A2y −A2z A2 are reversed, the given vectors
   → →
= i (A1yA2z – A2yA1z) – j (A1xA2z – A2xA1z) + k (A1xA2y – A2xA1y) become − A1 and −A2 .
Hence → → → → → →
→ → → → A1  A2 = (−A1 )  (−A2 ) = A1  A2
A 1  A2 = −A1  − A2 Result:
So, no change occurs in the vector
→ →
product A1  A2

→ →
Q.2.18 Name the three different conditions that could make. |A1 x A2 |= 0
(Lhr 11,13,14,15, Guj 07, Fsd 15, Bwp, Sgd, Ajk 18)

Ans: Conditions:
→ → →
i) If A1 is a null vector; A1 = 0
→ → → → →
A1 × A2 = 0 × A2 = 0
→ → →
ii) If A2 is a null vector; A2 = 0
→ → → → →
A1 × A2 = A1 × 0 = 0
→ →
iii) If A1 and A2 are parallel ( = 0o)
→ → ^ ^ ^ ^ →
A1 × A2 = A1A2 sinθ n = A1A2 sin00 n = A1A2 (0) n = 0n = 0
→ →
iv) If A1 and A2 are anti – parallel ( = 180o)
→ → ^ ^ ^ ^ →
A1 × A2 = A1A2 sinθ n = A1A2 sin1800 n = A1A2 (0) n = 0n = 0

Q.2.19 Identify true or false statements and explain the reason.

a) A body in equilibrium implies that it is not moving nor rotating.

b) If coplanar forces acting on a body form a closed polygon, then the body is said to be in
equilibrium.
Ans: a) False:
Provided they move and rotate at constant speed as a result of balanced torques and forces.
b) True:
→
If coplanar forces acting on a body form a closed polygon, their vector sum is zero  F = 0. First
condition of equilibrium is satisfied but the 2nd condition of equilibrium is not satisfied. Hence the body
is not in equilibrium.
For a body to be in complete equilibrium, both the first and second condition of equilibrium must be
satisfied at the same time.

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A picture is suspended from a wall by two strings. Show by diagram the configuration of the
Q.2.20
strings for which the tension in the strings will be minimum. (Swl 2018)

Ans: The string should be vertical for minimum tension.

Consider a picture is suspended by two strings as shown in the figure (A). Resolve the
tension into its rectangular components. On applying first condition along vertical
axis.
T sin  + T sin  = W
2TSin = W
W
T=
2Sin

Tension will be minimum for maximum value of Sin , which is 1,

So Sin  = 1

 = Sin −1 (1)
= 90o

So the tension will be minimum if strings are exactly vertical and its
W
minimum value is Tmin = Fig
2
(B)
The configuration of the picture is shown in the fig (B).
Result:
In this situation, tension in each string is equal to half the weight of the picture.

Can a body rotate about its centre of gravity under the action of its weight?
Q.2.21
(Lhr 06,07,09,12,15, Mtn 10,11,15, Sgd 10,15, Bwp 09,15, Fsd 08,18, Guj 14,15, Rwp, Dgk 18)

Ans: No, as the weight acts on the centre of gravity. So, the moment arm l = 0
 = Fl
 = F(0)
 =0
Result:
No turning effect is produced. The body will not tend to
rotate because line of action of force (weight) pass
through center of gravity

ADDITIONAL BOARDS SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS

Q.1 How does the direction of a vector specified in three dimension? Explain with diagram. (MTN 19)

Ans: The direction of a vector in space is specified by the three angles which are the representative line of the vector
makes with x,y and z-axis respectively. The point A is thus denoted by three coordinates (a,b,c).

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Q.2 How a vector is subtracted from another vector? Explain using diagram. (LHR 19)

→ → → → → → → → →
Ans: ⃗⃗ are two vectors and A − B is to be found then, A − B = A + (− B ).To find A − B will add
If A and 𝐵
→ → →
(− B ) to ( A ). By joining head of A with tail of −B

Q.3 → ^ ^
Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector A = 12 i − 5j (LHR 19)

→ ^ ^
Ans: A = 12 i − 5 j
→ ^ ^
A = 12 i − 5 j
→
|A |= √(12)2 + (−5)2 = √144 + 25 = √169 = 13
→ ^ ^
→ A → 12 i − 5 j
Unit vector A =  A =
|A| 13
12 ^ 5 ^
= i − j
13 13

Q.4 Explain Cartesian coordinate system. (BWP 19)

Ans: Two lines are drawn perpendicular to each other so that they intersect each other. The horizontal line known
as x-axis and vertical line is called y-axis. The point of intersection is called origin. This system of coordinate
axes is called Cartesian coordinate system.
Types:
(i) 2D plane
(ii) 3D space

If two perpendicular vectors have same magnitude. Find the angle between their sum and
Q.5
difference. (BWP 19)

→ →
Ans: Consider A and B are two perpendicular vectors having same lengths.
→ →
Sum = A + B
→ →
Difference = A − B

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B
= A+ B
Sum
45 o A
o
45
Dif
f=
A -B
- B

Note:
B
 = tan-1 
A
due to same magnitude
 = tan-1(1)
 = 45o
→ → → →
It means sdm ( A + B ) and difference ( A − B ) both makes 45o angle
→ → → →
with x-axis. So angle b/w A + B and A − B is 90o.
From Figure:
→ →
|A + B |= A 2 + B2
→ →
|A − B |= A2 + (−B)2 = A 2 + B2
→ → → →
|A + B |=|A − B |
Hence sum and difference have same lengths.

Q.6 →
Is it possible to add 2 A into 6? Explain. (DGK 19)

→ →
Ans: No, it is not possible to add 2 A into 6 because 2 A is a vector and 6 is a scalar.

Q.7 Is it possible to add 5 in 2i? (MTN 19)

Ans: No, it is not possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity. 5 is a scalar and 2i is a vector.

Q.8 If a vector lies in x-y plane. Is it possible one of its rectangular components is zero? (MTN 19)

Ans: Yes it may be possible, if a vector is parallel to x-axis parallel to y-axis then one its rectangular components
will be zero.
→
If Ax = 0 ;  A = Ay
→
If Ay = 0 ;  A = Ax

Q.9 → ^ ^
Find a unit vector in the direction of vector A = 8 i + 4j . (RWP 19)

→ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^ A 8i + 4j 8i + 4j 8i + 4j
Ans: A= = = =
A (8)2 + (4)2 80 4 5
^ 2 ^ 1 ^
A= i + j
5 5

Q.10 → ^ ^
Determine the direction of A = −3 i −8j with positive x-axis. (FSD 19)

Ans: =?

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8
 = tan-1  = 69.4
3
Both x and y are –ve so its 3rd quadrant.
 = 180 +  = 180 + 69.4 = 249.4o

Q.11 Can magnitude of vector ever be zero? (SGD 19)

Ans: Yes, if both components of vector are of zero magnitude, then the vector’s magnitude will be zero.
𝐴 = √𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦
If 𝐴𝑥 = 0 and 𝐴𝑦 = 0
Then 𝐴 = 0

Q.12 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Show that i . j = j = k = k . i = 0 (MTN 19)

Ans:
^ ^   = 90 |i| = |j| = 1
i . j = |i| |j| cos  cos 90 = 0
= (1) (1) cos 90
=0
^ ^   = 90 |j| = |k| = 1
j . k = |j| |k| cos
= (1) (1) cos 90  cos 90 = 0
=0
^ ^
k . i |k| |i| cos   = 90 |k| = |i| =1
= (1) (1) cos 90  cos 90 = 0
=0

Q.13 → ^ ^ ^ → ^ ^ ^ → →
If A = i − 2j + 3k and B = 2 i − j + k , then A . B ? (GUJ 19)

→ →
Ans: A . B = A x Bx + A yBy + A z Bz
= (1) (2) + (-2) (-1) + (3) (1)
=2+2+3
→ →
A . B =7

Q.14 → ^ ^ → ^ ^
Find the angle between A = 2 i − 2j , B = 2 i + 2 j . (SGD 19)

Ans:
→ →
 = cos−1  A . B    = cos −1  AxBy + AxBy 
 AB   2 2 2 2
 Ax + Ay Bx + By 
(2)(2) + (−2)(2) 4−4
θ = cos−1 θ = cos −1 [ ]
√(2)2 + (−2)2 √(2)2 + (2)2 √8√8
θ = cos−1 (0)
θ = 90o
Q.15 Give two factors on which turning effect depends (FSD 19)

Ans: Turning effect depends on:

→ → →
(i) Force(F) (ii) Moment Arm ( r ) (iii) The angle between F & r
Because
→ →
Turning effect = torque = r x F = rFsin

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Define: (i) Resultant, Null vector (BWP 18)

Q.16
(ii) Subtraction of vector (LHR 18)

Ans: Resultant vector:

The sum of all the vectors is equal to a single vector which has the same effect as that of all the vectors to be
added, is called resultant vector.
Null Vector:
Null vector is a vector with zero magnitude and arbitrary direction.
Example:
The sum of a vector and its negative vector is a null vector.
Subtraction of vector:
The subtraction of a vector is equivalent to the addition of the same vector with its direction reversed.
→ → → →
Mathematically, A − B = A + (−B )

Q.17 → ^ ^ ^
What is the unit vector in the direction of vector A = 2 i − j + 2k . (LHR 18)

→
→ A
Ans: As, A =
|A|
→
| A | = (2)2 + (−1)2 + (2)2
= 4+1+4= 9=3
^ ^ ^
→ 2 i − j + 2k
So, A =
3
2^ 1^ 2^
= i − j + k
3 3 3

Q.18 A force of 10N makes an angle of 60o with x-axis. Find its x and y components? (SGD 18)

Ans: Given Data:

𝐹 = 10𝑁, 𝜃 = 60𝑜
To Find:
Fx = ?, Fy = ?
Solution:
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐹𝑥 = 10 cos 60
1
𝐹𝑥 = 10 ( ) = 5𝑁
2
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃  𝐹𝑦 = 10 sin 60
√3
𝐹𝑦 = 10 ( ) = 5√3𝑁
2

Q.19 Write right hand rule for cross product of vectors. (AJK 18)

Ans: Right hand rule:

Rotate your right hand finger from first vector to second vector through small angle, erect thumb give direction
of their cross product.

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A xB

Q.20 Can the product of two vectors be equal to the product of their magnitude? (LHR 18)

Ans: When the two vectors having 0o angle between them, then the product of their magnitudes will equal to their
dot products.
→ → → →
A . B = | A | | B | cos
When  0o then,
→ → → →
A . B =|A ||B |

Q.21 → → → ^ ^ → ^ ^ → →
A and B are two vectors A = 2 i + 5j , B = 3 i + 7k . Find A x B ? (SWL 18)

Ans:
^ ^ ^
→ → i j k ^ 2 0 2 0 ^ 2 5 ^
A × B =| |= i | |−| | j +| |k
2 5 0 0 7 3 7 3 0
3 0 7
→ → ^ ^ ^
A × B = 35 i − 14 j + (−15)k
^ ^ ^
= 35 i − 14 j − 15k

Q.22 What is the difference between moment arm and moment of force? (FSD 17)

Ans:
Moment Arm Moment of force
1. The perpendicular distance between line of 1. The turning effect of force on a body about
action of force and axis of rotation is called the axis of rotation is called torque or
moment arm. moment of force.
2. It is represented by: r. 2. The vector product of r and F
 =rxF
r=
F

Q.23 Show that the scalar product is commutative. (GUJ 08, RWP 11, SGD 18)

→ →
Ans: For physical interpretation of the two vectors A and B , they are brought to common origin as shown in
figures.
→ → → →
B . A = (Projection of B on A ) A
→ → → →
B . A = (magnitude of component of B along A ) A
→ →
B . A = (Bcosθ) A
→ →
B . A = AB cosθ………………………(1)
Similarly

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→ → → →
A . B = (Projection of A on B ) B
→ → → →
A . B = (magnitude of component of A along B ) B
→ →
A . B = (A cosθ) B
→ →
A . B = AB cosθ…………………(2)
Comparing equation 1 and 2 we can write
→ → → →
A . B = B . A
Conclusion:
Scalar product is commutative.

Q.24 What is negative and positive torque? (LHR 2008)

Ans: By convention, the counter (anti clockwise) torques are taken as positive and clockwise torques are taken as
negative.

Q.25 Define dynamic and static equilibrium? (Guj 07, Rwp, Dgk 08)

Ans: Dynamic Equilibrium:

If the body is moving with uniform velocity having zero acceleration is said to be dynamic equilibrium.
Example: Motion of a paratrooper.
Static Equilibrium:
If a body is at rest, it is called static equilibrium.
Example: A book lying on a table.

Q.26 How a vector is determined when its rectangular components are given? (Lhr 2012)

Ans: The magnitude is given by:

In the right angled OMP,,
OP2 = OM2 + MP2
2 2
A2 = Ax + Ay
2 2
A= Ax + Ay
MP Ay
And direction θ is given by tan  = =
OM Ax
A y
 = tan-1 =
Ax

Q.27 → →
What is negative vector. How B is subtracted from A ? (Lhr 2012)

Ans: Negative Vector:

A vector having equal magnitude to a given vector but opposite in
→ →
direction is called negative vector. To subtract vector B from A ,
→ →
reverse the direction of B and add it to A by head to tail rule.
→ → → → →
A − B = A + (− B ) (− B is negative vector)

Q.28 Define position vector. How it is expressed in two or three dimensions. (Sgd, Rwp 10, Dgk 18)

→
Ans: The vector which describes the location of a point with respect to the origin is called position vector r .

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^ ^ ^ ^ ^
r=ai+bj r = a i + b j + ck
r = a 2 + b2 r = a2 + b2 + c2

→ → → →
Q.29
Show that A + B = B + A (Sgd 2011)

→ → → → →
Ans: Add two vectors A and B by head to tail rule and find resultant R . Similarly find sum B + A by reversing
→
the order of the vector. The answer is same resultant R as given in the figures.
→ → → →
So, A + B = B + A

Q.30 What are the conditions for complete equilibrium? (Mtn 10, Bwp 18)

Ans: For a body to be in complete equilibrium both conditions should be satisfied i.e.
Linear acceleration is zero → a = 0 F=0
Angular acceleration is zero. →  = 0   = 0
Q.31 Define Null vector and equal vectors. (Lhr 15,18, Bwp, Grw, Dgk 18)

Ans: Null Vector:

Null vector is a vector with zero magnitude and arbitrary direction.
Example: The sum of a vector and its negative vector is a null vector.
Equal vector:
→ →
The vector A and B are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude and direction regardless of the
position of their initial points.
Example: Parallel vector of the same magnitude are equal to each other.

Q.32 Define multiplication of vector by a scalar. (GUJ 2015)

→ →
Ans: The product of a vector A and a number n>O defined to be a new vector n A having the same direction as
→ →
A but a magnitude n times the magnitude of A . if the vector is multiplied by a negative number than its
direction reversed.
Diagram:
→ → → →

1) ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯→
A nA
2) ⎯⎯
→ ⎯⎯
A
⎯ −n A

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→  
Q.33 What is unit vector in the direction of the vector A =4i + 4J ? (LHR 2015)

→
Ans: Unit vector of vector of A is
→
 A
A= → ------------------- (i)
A 
→
Where, A = vector
→
A = magnitude
Magnitude of the vector:
→
A  = a 2 + b2 = (4)2+(3)2 = 5
 
 4 i + 4J
A =
5
What do you keep your legs apart when you have to stand in the aisle of bumpy riding bus?
Q.34
(LHR 2015)

Ans: We keep our legs far apart on a bumpy riding bus to lower down our centre of gravity so that the chances of
falling are reduced.
→ →
Q.35 Name three condition that could make A .B = 0 (GUJ 15, DGK 18)

→ →
Ans: Under following conditions A .B =0
→
(i) A is a null vector.
→
(ii) B is a null vector.
(iii) These two vectors are perpendicular
→ →
A .B = ABcos90o = 0

Q.36 Define torque and moment arm. (GUJ 15, FSD, SWL 18)

Ans: Torque: Turning effect of force on a body about an axis of rotation is called torque.
→ → →
Formula: = r xF
Moment Arm: Perpendicular distance between pivot point and line of action applied force is called moment
arm. It is represented by l.

Q.37 Write two conditions for which torque is zero. (SGD 2015)

Ans: Following are the two conditions for which, torque is zero.
 If no force is acting on a body and it is at rest than its torque is zero.
 If body is rotating with uniform angular velocity, the angular acceleration will be zero, in this case torque
will be zero.  = 0
Q.38 If A=2i-2j, then what will be the orientation of 𝑨
̅ (Lhr 2021)
𝐴𝑦
Ans: ∅ = tan−1
𝐴𝑥
−1
2
∅ = tan = tan−1 1 = 45𝑜
2
As Ax is Positive and Ay is negative so vector A lies in 4th quadrant i.e. 𝜃 = 360𝑜 − ∅ = 360𝑜 − 45𝑜 = 315𝑜
Hence Vector A makes an angle of 315o with positive x-axis in anti-clock wise direction.

Q.39 → ^ ^ ^ → ^ ^ → →
If A = 2 i + 3j - k and B = 3 i − 2k , then A . B ? (Lhr 2021)

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→ →
Ans: A . B = A x Bx + A yBy + A z Bz
= (2) (3) + (3) (0) + (-1) (-2)
=6+0+2
→ →
A . B =8

IMPORTANT FORMULAS
→ → →
(i) A  = Ax2+Ay2 → → A .B
→ (viii) Proj. of A and B = ACos =
 B
^ A
(ii) A = → → → ^
A  (ix) A . B = AB Sin  n
^ ^ ^
(iii)  = tan-1  Ay  → → →  
 j k

 Ax  (x)  =   F = i j k
 
→ → Fi Fj Fk 
(iv) A .B = ABCos → →
 A .→
→  (xi)
A xB
= tan
-1
B  → →
(v)  = Cos
 AB  A .B
→→
(vi) W = F.d → → 
 A xB 
→ → (xii)  = tan-1
(vii) A .B = AxBx+AyBy+AzBz → → 
 A .B 
Symbols Name Unit
 A →
Magnitude of vector A
^
A Unit vector
Ax Ay →
Components of vector A
→ → → →
A .B Dot product of A and B
AB → →
Product of magnitude of A and B
W Work Joule (J)
→
F Force Newton (N)
→
d Displacement Meter (m)

ACos → →
Projection of A on B
^ Unit vector
n
→ → → →
A B Cross product of A and B
→
 Torque Nm
→
r Moment arm Meter (m)
→ Force Newton (N)
F
T Tension Newton(N)
w Weight Newton (N)

AMBITIOUS ACADEMY LAHORE Ph# 0423-7920112, 03334082706,03000040248 ; Compiled By: Syed Arfat Haider