Received October 11, 2020, accepted October 17, 2020, date of publication October 20, 2020, date of current

version October 30, 2020.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3032563

Design of LCC-S Compensation Topology and

Optimization of Misalignment Tolerance for
Inductive Power Transfer
JUNFENG YANG 1 , (Member, IEEE), XIAODONG ZHANG1,3 , KAIJIAN ZHANG2 ,
XIAOYAN CUI4 , CHAOQUN JIAO1 , AND XU YANG 1 , (Student Member, IEEE)
1 School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
2 School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
3 BeijingJiaotong University Haibin College, Huanghua 061199, China
4 School of Automation, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China

Corresponding author: Xiaodong Zhang ([email protected])

This work was supported in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 2019YJS168.

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a novel parameter tuning method topology for inductive power trans-
fer (IPT) system with excellent load-independent current output. Based on LCC-S compensation topology,
detailed derivations of parameters to realize load-independent current output is systematically analyzed.
The realizations of zero voltage switching (ZVS) and reactive power demand are discussed by theoretical
deduction and numerical simulation. Moreover, from the perspective of maintaining stable transmission
power, the parameters detuning method to enhance misalignment tolerance is presented. Theoretical analysis
shows that the appropriate detuned resonant tank is advantageous in performance, especially the smoothing
of current output to variation of coupling coefficient. The novel LCC-S compensation topology holds high
design freedom and high efficiency, while the robust power characteristic against wide misalignment region
minimizes the need of complex control. Finally, the IPT prototype is built and test to validate the feasibility
of the proposed topology. The efficiency of system is always higher than 86% in tuned parameters and 73%
in detuned condition. The fluctuation of current is less than 7.5% when the coupling coefficient varies almost
170% (from 0.293 to 0.5).

INDEX TERMS Inductive power transfer (IPT), compensation network, zero voltage switching (ZVS),
misalignment tolerance.

I. INTRODUCTION are vital for its determination of resonant frequency, output

Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems with advantages of characteristics, power factor [12].
convenience of use, isolation, safe operation and environment It is well known that the leakage inductors of loosely
friendly have attracted considerable attention in last several coupled transformer (LCT) is needed to be compensated in
years [1], [2]. High efficiency and steady power transfer is the an IPT system to transfer real power to the load side. Several
first and uppermost objectives for all IPT power applications. compensation networks have been put forward to compensate
For some scenarios such as moving EVs, a certain degree primary side and/or secondary side. Their goals are mainly
of mobility freedom is further required [3], [4]. In view to achieve or improve the following desirable characteristics
of these problems, many researches have been carried out, [7], [13]: A constant current/constant voltage output, inde-
including compensation topology optimization and circuit pendent of load resistance; A weak inductive input impedance
analyses [5]–[7], magnetic couplers design [8]–[10], control to achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS), which can realize
algorithm for obtaining desired characteristics [11]. Among high efficiency through soft switching; Less sensitivity to
these methods, compensation topology and circuit analyses the variable coupling coefficient, which can greatly expand
the scope of applications. In general, it is difficult for a
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and compensation circuit to fulfill all the above characteristics in
approving it for publication was Kai Song . an IPT system. Initially, four basic compensation topologies,

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
VOLUME 8, 2020 191309
 J. Yang et al.: Design of LCC-S Compensation Topology and Optimization of Misalignment Tolerance for IPT

namely, serial-serial (SS), serial-parallel (SP), parallel-serial an IPT system. It is necessary to balance the voltage on the
(PS), and parallel-parallel (PP), are widely used in many two support capacitors. The composite circuits and additional
scenarios. Among these four topologies, SS compensation components lessen the system controllability. A µ-controller
topology possesses more desirable characteristics: achieving designed in [27] is used to set up a closed-loop system for SP
zero voltage switching and near zero reactive power, without topology. Robust stability and performance are obtained for
suffering from bifurcation phenomena [14]. Only two com- coils misalignment in 3-D directions. In practice, a great deal
pensation capacitors are necessary for SS topology, resulting of loads, such as batteries need stable current charging profile
in less power loss, smaller size, higher power density and against coupling coefficient. A detuning optimization method
lower cost. However, once the transformer is determined, the is applied in SS topologies [28], composing the primary
transfer performance of converter is almost fixed unless a inductively and secondary capacitively tuned (PISC) system.
new LTC is replaced. Moreover, when relative position of two The modified method needs two-sided adjustment and does
coils changes, the performance of IPT system deteriorates not take into account variable load. Therefore, a novel LCC-S
rapidly. When the coupling coefficient of the employed LCT compensation topology with the characteristic of excellent
decreases to zero, the equivalent load for the voltage source is constant current output is provided in this paper. It has the
also close to zero. Infinite currents through primary capacitor advantages of high design freedom, easy ZVS achievement
and inductor are created, resulting in an additional protection and no control circuit required. By optimizing of two primary
circuit in such system [15]. Low design freedom and high side detuning parameters, the transmit power against varied
sensitivity to misalignment highly restrict the practical pro- load and misalignment simultaneously can be maintained.
motion of SS-compensated IPT system. This paper is structured as follows. The excellent load-
In order to solve the problem of ultra-large current in SS constant current output (CCO) characteristic and the realiza-
topology, higher order compensation methods, such as LCL tion of ZVS are analyzed in Section II firstly. Considering
compensation topology is proposed [16]. The added com- robustness and steady performance, the method to enhance
pensation inductance balance the power transaction between misalignment tolerance is proposed in Section III. A 100-W
inverter and resonant tank. The primary coil current behaves practical IPT prototype is designed and manufactured in
like a current source, providing stable voltage for the sec- Section IV. Finally, Section V concludes this paper.
ondary side through magnetic coupling. Hou et al. [17]
developed an alternative model to realize soft switching
and decrease reactive power. The determined compensation
inductance is selected to equal to the self-inductance of coils,
which is quite large and deficient of low design freedom. This
deficiency was solved in [18]–[21] by introducing another
capacitor in series with coupling coils, which usually named
LCC topology. Many works [20], [22], [23] have adopted this
strategy and demonstrate higher and stable efficiency. The
LCC compensation topologies provide many desirable per- FIGURE 1. Circuit diagram of LCC-S compensated IPT system.
formances, such as ZPA operations, high freedom of design,
but more resonant elements, resulting in complex tune and
the increase of system size and cost. II. TOPOLOGY DESIGN
Another focus of researches is to improve misalignment Composed of three parts, power supply, resonant tank and
tolerance. The relative position between the primary and load, the topology scheme of the LCC-S compensated IPT
secondary coils is normally changeable, introducing varia- system is shown in Fig. 1. LP and LS are the self-inductances
tions in inductances and coupling coefficient of the LCT. of the transmitting and receiving coils and M is the mutual
In [24], with complicated parameter optimization, LCC com- inductance between the two coils. S1 -S4 consist of full bridge
pensation topology presents more robust voltage output char- inverter. LP1 , CP1 and CP2 are the primary side resonant
acteristic: the power drop is less than 20% against 200% elements, forming the LCC compensation network. CS1 is
variation of coupling coefficient (from 0.16 to 0.32 or from the secondary side compensation component, in series with
0.15 to 0.3). However, three compensation elements in the receiving coil. Here, Ud is original DC input voltage source,
primary side need to be optimized, where the compensa- while UAB and IAB are high frequency output voltage and
tion inductance and series capacitance are designed to sat- current of inverter. RO is the load resistance. D1 -D4 are the
isfy ZVS, and parallel capacitance is employed to meet the secondary-side rectifier diodes and Cf is filter capacitor.
output power demand. Dependent on the designed coupling In order to simplify the analysis, the parasitic resistances in
coefficient, a high misalignment tolerant S/SP type compen- the inductors and capacitors are omitted.
sation topology is lucubrated [25]. The robust reaction to Owing to the filtering function of compensation net-
both coupling coefficient and load variation are analyzed. work, the fundamental harmonic approximation (FHA) is
In [26], full-bridge dual resonant tank topology is proposed employed. When the duty cycle of the inverter is 50%, the
to improve efficiency when lateral misalignment occurs in relationship between input voltage UAB of resonant tank and

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J. Yang et al.: Design of LCC-S Compensation Topology and Optimization of Misalignment Tolerance for IPT

the input DC voltage Ud can be expressed as follow According the characteristic of an LC resonant tank, i.e.
√ constant voltage input convert to constant current output, CP1 ’
2 2
UAB = Ud (1) is selected to resonate with LP1 at ωS as
π
The ac load RE , including the diode rectifier, filter capacitor, 0 1
CP1 = 2 (6)
and resistive load, can be calculated as ωS LP1
8 and the load-independent current output ILCP1 ’ after CP1 ’ can
RE = 2 RO (2)
π be yielded as
In the IPT system, the loosely coupled transformer (LCT) 0 UAB
plays a key role in the output characteristics and efficiency. ILCP1 = −j (7)
ωS LP1
Two well-known models of the LCT called mutual inductance
Since compensated capacitance CP2 and the transmitting
model (M-model) and T-model are widely used. In LCC-S
coil are connected in series, the current flowing through the
compensation topology, to clarify the resonance relation in
transmitting coil can be calculated as follows:
parameters design, T-model shown in Fig. 2 is employed. The
R0E
 
apostrophe symbol ‘‘ 0 ’’ indicates the corresponding variables 0
ILP = ICP2 = ILCP1 +1
of the secondary side converted to primary side. jωS LM
UAB nUAB RE
= −j − (8)
ωLP1 kωS2 LP1 LP
Equation 8 suggests that the current across transmitting
coil increase with the load, different from conventional pri-
mary LCC compensate topology.
Theoretically, when all resonances satisfy in (5), the cur-
rent IRE ’ over RE ’ is the same as ILCP1 ’. In terms of the
relationship between primary-referred value of RE ’ and the
FIGURE 2. T equivalent model of LCC-S compensation topology.
actual load RE , the realistic current IRE can be yielded
0 nUAB
IRE = nIRE = −j (9)
A. LOAD-INDEPENDENT CURRENT OUTPUT ωS LP1
CHARACTERISTICS The output current IRO through RO can be yielded
Base on T-mode of the LCT, LP ’ and LS ’ in Fig. 2 are the 8 nUd
reflected leakage inductances of primary and secondary coils IRO = 2 (10)
π ωS LP1
respectively while LM stands for the primary reflected mutual
inductance and k is the coupling coefficient. n denotes turns Equation (10) implies IRO has nothing to do with RO . The
ratio of ideal transformer. In terms of circuit principles, the LCC-S compensated IPT system possesses one more degree
following equations can be obtained of freedom—LP1 , which gets rid of strict coil size limitations.
 0 Assuming switch components are ideal and ignoring compo-
L = (1 − k)LP nents loss, the average power transferred to load can be given
 P0


 LS = (1 − k)n2 LS as
(3)
 LM = nM 64 U 2 LP
√ PRO = 4 2 d2

 RO (11)
n = LP /LS π ωS LP1 LS


CS1 ’ and RE ’ are the primary-referred value of CS1 and RE ,

respectively and can be derived as B. ZVS REALIZATION
( In practical scenarios, in order to reduce the switching loss
CS10 = C /n2
S1
(4) and improve system efficiency, zero voltage switching (ZVS)
0 2
RE = n RE condition is prefer to achieve and the system input impedance
CP1 in Fig. 2 is split into two parts–CP1 ’ and CP1 ’’. In this should be inductive. Under perfect resonant condition the
paper, CP2 , CS1 ’ and CP1 ’’ are designed to resonate with the equivalent impedance seen from the input port of compen-
leakage inductance and mutual inductance of LCT respec- sation network is
 
tively, i.e. CP2 series resonate with LP ’, CS1 ’ series resonate UAB 1 0
Zin = = jωLP1 + 0 k RE (12)
with LS ’, while CP1 ’’ and LM make up a parallel resonant IAB jωCP1
tank. The resonant frequencies equal to the system operating where the operator ‘‘//’’ represents the parallel calculation
frequency fS and its angular frequency is ωS . Then the fol- of impedance. Substituting (2) and (4) into (12), Zin can be
lowing equation can be obtained: depicted as
1 1 1
ωS = q =q =q (5) π 2 ωS2 LP1
2 L2
00 LS0 CS1
0 Zin = S
(8n2 RE + jπ 2 ωS LP1 ) (13)
LM CP1 LP0 CP2 64LP2 R2O + π 4 ωS2 LP1
2 L2
S

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 J. Yang et al.: Design of LCC-S Compensation Topology and Optimization of Misalignment Tolerance for IPT

The input impedance angle θ can obtained as III. TOPOLOGY DESIGN ENHANCE OF MISALIGNMENT
TOLERANCE
180◦ π 2 ωS LP1 The output current of the novel proposed LCC-S system
θ= arctan (14)
π 8n2 RE has nothing to coupling coefficient under perfect compen-
sation to leak mutual inductances. However, it is universal
It can be seen from (14) that the input impedance Zin is that transmitting and receiving coils are hardly well aligned.
always inductive and the inductance LP1 and the coil ratio Misalignment is inevitable in most cases, which changes
n exert an influence on the input impedance angle θ. Fig. 3 the mutual inductances dramatically and leads to instability
shows the actual input phase angle with respect to varied load and reduction in efficiency. Therefore, the development of
and different size combination of LP and LS . In accordance misalignment tolerance is important and significant.
with (14), it is found that the input phase angle decreases The currents across LP1 , LP and LS with respect to the
quickly with the increase of load and a larger coil ratio n coupling coefficient are shown in the Fig. 4. Two information
makes the input impedance angle smaller. This means that are exposed: The tolerance performance of misalignment is
larger LP or smaller LS is a better choice for efficiency unsatisfactory and large currents are ineluctable. The current
improvement, which are consistent with most applications. across inductances and the voltage over capacitors are both
Considering the space constraints of the coils simultaneously, accrescent dramatically. The system may be destroyed by
the self-inductance of transmitting coil is three times that of the current surges in coils and inverter. When the coupling
receiving coil, i.e. n is determined around 1.732 temporarily. coefficient drops to zero, the system is similar to SS topology.
It can be seen from Fig. 3 that when RE is greater than For a consummate IPT system, it is necessary to tolerate
70 , the impedance angle does not exceed 30◦ , while not only a large variation of load, but also a wide range of
greater than 150 , the variation of input impedance angle coupling coefficient.
is inconspicuous.

FIGURE 4. Currents of main branches against varied coupling

FIGURE 3. Input impedance angle θ varied with load RO and turn ratio n. coefficient k.

For clarity, the compensation parameters tuning methods

for LP1 , CP1 , CP2 and CS1 are rearranged by the equations A. MODIFIED PARAMETER TUNING METHOD
below: According to the fully tuning method in the Section II, k0 is
 selected to represent the coupling coefficient under normal
8 q LP Ud
 L = operation. The output current no longer conforms to (10)
π 2 LS ωS IRO


 P1


 1 1 due to the misalignment. In this scenarios, T-model is ren-
CP1 = ω2 L + kω2 L


 ovated and elaborated firstly, as shown in Fig. 5. Some
S P1 S P previous works have pointed out that design methods with
1 (15)
CP2 = 2
 detuned compensated parameters are simple but efficacious


 ωS (1 − k)LP to reduce the power fluctuation [4], [24]. Owing to com-
1



CS1 = 2
 pensating the coupling transformer, CP1 ’’, CP2 and CS1 are
ωS (1 − k)LS

initially designed with k0 when well aligned. Resonant LP1
and CP1 ’ determine the output current, which are suitable for
Compared with conventional LCC-S compensation topolo-
misalignment optimization study. Taking the impedance of
gies, the entire resonant tank composed of proposed LCC-S
LP as a reference, the detuned impedance factors of LP1 and
compensation network are more obvious to show a CCO
CP1 are defined as follows:
characteristic. Based on (14), the output current can be altered
by employing different LP1 and CP1 , which is not constrained ZLP1_de
by the LCT parameters. Moreover, ZVS can be implemented α= (16)
|ZLP |
naturally. This is very helpful to improve the efficiency
|ZLP |
of the IPT system. Both cost and size of system can be β = (17)
reduced. ZCP1_de

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J. Yang et al.: Design of LCC-S Compensation Topology and Optimization of Misalignment Tolerance for IPT

Solving ∂ZAmp /∂k = 0, the extreme point can be obtained

as
s
β
q
kopt = 4 k02 + Q−2 k0 + (26)
1 − αβ
kopt is the coupling coefficient at maximum output current.
The relationship between kopt and detuning parameters α, β
FIGURE 5. T equivalent model when misalignment.
is shown in Fig. 6 (a). From Fig. 6 (a), It can be observed that
the kopt becomes zero when LP1 and CP1 ’ are in resonance.
The quality factor of the series-compensated receiver cir- When the detuning factors deviates further from resonance
cuit is defined as state, the kopt becomes increases. Both relatively small α, β
ω0 LP should not be employed concurrently, because kopt is limited
Q= 0 (18)
RE to 1. Assuming the demand output fluctuation is within 10%
and the effective range of k is (kmin , kmax ), which includes
Thus, the reflected impedance Zr_mis to LP1 CP1 resonant
the extreme coupling point kopt . Three corresponding output
tank can be described as
currents IRO (kmin ), IRO (kopt ) and IRO (kmax ) are obtained
k0 |ZLP | + Q(k02 − k 2 )ZLP respectively.
Zr_mis = (19)
k0 Q − j To ensure a smooth output current profile around nominal
coupling and load condition, the parameters α, β must jointly
The total input impedance Zin can be given as
help meet the restrictions depicted by (27), where Inom is the
ZPC1 Zr_mis nominal current. Generally, coupling coefficient will reduce
Zin = ZLP1 + (20)
ZPC1 + Zr_mis when misalignment, thus, kmax is picked to equal to the
Replacing the LP1 and CP1 with α and β, Zin can be nominal coupling coefficient k0 .

expressed as (21), shown at the bottom of the page. IRO (kmax ) = Inom

Based on Kirchhoff’s current law, the current in the trans- IRO (kopt ) = 1.1Inom (27)
mitting coil can be updated as (22), shown at the bottom of 
IRO (kmin ) = 0.9Inom

the page.
Similarly, the current on the receiver side can be described The expression of IRO is so complicated that numeri-
as follows: cal simulation tools, such as MATLAB is utilized to ana-
nUAB lyze the influence of detuned compensated resonance. The
IRE = IS = nIS0 = h i (23) main parameters utilized in the simulations are given by
Ak0 A−α A
k − k0 k ZLP + Qk |ZLP | Tab. 1 and 2. With nominal current of 1 A, IRO (kopt ) and IRO
where A = α + (1-αβ) k0 . (kmax ) against various detuning α, β are shown in Fig. 6 (b)
In (23), the current of load is relevant to variables of α, and Fig. 6 (c). In terms of Fig. 6 (b), it can be seen that
β and coupling coefficient. The introduction of α, β makes the maximum current of IRO (kopt ) tends to infinity when LP1
the transfer impedance Ztrans of terminal load and DC voltage and CP1 resonates. The slope rate on either side of resonate
source controllable and convenient. The rms amplitude of conditions decrease dramatically. Fig. 6 (c) suggests that the
output current is discussed as output current decreases smoothly deviate from the resonance
but around 1A. Therefore, feasible α, β solutions λ1 (0.186,
|UAB | 8.344) and λ2 (0.229, 5.992) are numerically solved as shown
IAmp (α, β, k) = |IRE | = (24)
|Ztrans | in Fig. 7, satisfying equations in (27) simultaneously. The two
By calculating the minimum value of the transfer solutions are distributed on different sides of LP1 and CP1
impedance Ztrans , The k for maximum IAmp can be obtained. resonance curve.
The derivative of Ztrans with respect to k can be calculated as The curves of output current and input phase angle of λ1
and λ2 are shown in Fig. 8. The tolerance characteristics of
∂ZAmp (k 2 + Q−2 ) k misalignment can be reflected by kmin . The kmin of λ2 is
= −2A2 0 3 + 2(A − α)2 2 (25)
∂k k k0 0.188, descending 62.4% of coupling coefficient in normal

αk0 (1 + β) + Q(k02 − k 2 ) ZLP + α + k0 − αβQ(k02 − k 2 ) |ZLP |

   
Zin = (21)
k0 (1 + β) + βQ(k02 − k 2 ) − 1 j
 

(k0 Q − j)UAB
IP = (22)
Q αk0 + (1 − αβ)(k0 − k 2 ) ZLP + [α + k0 (1 − αβ)] |ZLP |
2
 

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 J. Yang et al.: Design of LCC-S Compensation Topology and Optimization of Misalignment Tolerance for IPT

FIGURE 7. Numerical solutions of α, β to meet fluctuation demand.

FIGURE 8. Input impedance angle θ and output current IRO varied with k.

FIGURE 6. kopt (a), IRO when k = kopt (b) and IRO when k = kMAX
(c) versus α, β.

TABLE 1. Some critical parameters adopted in the simulation.

FIGURE 9. Misalignment tolerance versus both load RO and coupling

coefficient k.

of input phase angle from kmin to kmax is small. For sets

of optimized λ1 , a wide flat region is obtained, where kmin
of λ1 is 0.284 and kopt is 0.402. The values of λ1 (0.186,
TABLE 2. Circuit components for different optimized LCC-S compensation
8.344) indicate that a small resonance inductance LP1 and
topologies. a large resonance capacitance CP1 are what we want. With
properly design, the fluctuation of current is only 10% when
the coupling coefficient varies almost 176.06% (from 0.284
to 0.5).
Since the parameters design is based on nominal load con-
dition, if RO deviates from its nominal value, the CCO mis-
alignment characteristics will be affected. However, as shown
in Fig. 9, by implementing the optimal parameters, the fluctu-
operation and indicating an effective improvement of mis- ation of current is still small and can be neglected. When Ro
alignment tolerance. However, investigating the input phase changes by 20%, the current fluctuates by 8.5% at k = 0.5,
angle of the inverter, its phase angle is always capacitive and Ro = 120 , and 22.2% at k = 0.4, Ro = 80 , indicating
varies in a large range. From Fig. 8, we can see that the input a good CCO misalignment characteristics against varied load
impedance of λ2 is inductive and ZVS can be achieved within and coupling coefficient simultaneously. The robustness to
the range of misalignment. It can be seen that the change coupling coefficient can be guaranteed and it can still be

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J. Yang et al.: Design of LCC-S Compensation Topology and Optimization of Misalignment Tolerance for IPT

increases, the stresses of every compensation components

are more balanced and the total stresses on the capacitors
of CCO type are smaller than that of CVO type. When LP1
is not resonant with CP1 , the current through LP1 is 3.5 A,
which increases about 35.66%. For the modified topology,
the stresses mainly increase due to the introduction of some
reactive power. The primary side loss will increase with the
misalignment. On the whole, the total stresses on the compo-
nents of modified LCC-S are reasonable and appropriate.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION

To further verify the theoretical analysis, a 100 W LCC-S
compensated IPT prototype is built and shown in Fig. 11.
The employed parameters are tabulated in Tab. 1 and Tab. 2.
A slightly larger Ud = 47.07 V was determined to make
the output current 1 A when RO and k0 are 100  and 0.5,
respectively. Power MOSFET IPW90R120C3 is selected as
the power switch, and TMS320F28335 DSP is implemented
as controller to generate the square-wave voltage. The LCT
is composed of two circular pad coils. LP1 , CP1 , CP2 and CS1
are tuned at k0 . On the basis of (16) and (17), LP1 ’ and CP1 ’
were detuned by α and β.
FIGURE 10. Stresses on inductors (a) and capacitors, (b) under three
optimized LCC-S compensation topologies.

regarded as a CCO system. This makes the design of back-end

converter easier and the complicated and troublesome control
circuit can be omitted.

B. STRESSES ACROSS RESONANT COMPONENTS

The current stresses across inductances and the voltage
stresses over capacitors both have a great impact on system FIGURE 11. Prototype of the proposed LCC-S compensated system.
efficiency and cost. To fairly compare the component stresses
between LCC-S IPT systems with different parameters opti- With the tuned LP1 and CP1 , the output voltage and current
mization, the input voltage, operation frequency, LCT and waveforms of the inverter are shown in Fig. 12. The funda-
resistive load should be identical as listed in Tab. 1. The mental component of voltage leads that of current, indicating
traditional LCC-S topology with the characteristic of constant an equivalent inductive load for the inverter. The load resis-
voltage output (CVO) is the most widely employed and can tance is 50 , 80 , 100 , and the corresponding input phase
be used as a comparison. All IPT systems are optimized to angle is 25.70◦ (0.84 µs), 17.75◦ (0.58 µs), 15.91◦ (0.52 µs).
the same output power. The parameters tuning method of It is obvious that the ZVS of MOSFETs has be realized
LCC-S compensation topology with CVO can refer to [11]. and such a leading angle is quite desired with extremely
According to the discussion before, the parameters of pro- small reactive power. Fig. 12 also shows the output current
posed LCC-S topology with CCO characteristic and modified waveforms of load resistance when the load is different. The
design to enhance misalignment tolerance are applied. Three IRO is 1.032A, 1.012A and 1.00A respectively. The load
sets of compensation parameters are tabulated in Tab. 2. decreases by 50%, but the output current only increases by
On the basis of circuit theories, the stresses on inductors and 3.2%, illustrating an excellent CCO characteristic of LCC-S
capacitors can be obtained as shown in Fig. 10. compensated topology. The transient states of voltage and
For CVO type LCC-S compensated system, the current current in two different load stages are shown in Fig. 13.
stresses on LP1 and LP are relatively small, but the voltage After an instant surge, iRO returns to constant current. Fig. 14
stress on CP2 is far exceed other capacitors stresses. Pro- exhibits the profile of output current iRO with respect to the
cessing same transfer power, the current stresses of CCO load. When RO reduces from 100  to 20 , IRO increases
type LCC-S compensation topologies are approximate, sim- linearly from 1 to 1.05 A. The efficiency of the system is
ilar small current stresses across inductances. However, the above 86%, holding a high level in the wide range of load.
voltage stresses over CP2 and CS1 is 181.3 V and 53.39 V, only Considering conditions of misalignment, the detuned LP1
67.8% and 50% of CVO type. Although the voltage of CP1 and CP1 are adopted, where LP1 is 100.44 µH and CP1

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FIGURE 14. Output current and transmission efficiency versus load RO

with tuned parameters.

FIGURE 15. (a) Voltages over CP1 , CS1 and (b) currents through LP , LS
with tuned LCC-S compensation topology.

FIGURE 12. Waveforms of system under various load (a) RO = 50 ,

(b) RO = 80 , (c) RO = 100 .

FIGURE 16. (a) Voltages over CP1 , CS1 and (b) currents through LP , LS
with detuned LCC-S compensation topology.

stresses happen to the two coils. The amplitude of the current

flowing through the transmitting coil reaches 2 A, while
that of the receiving coil is about 1.6 A. Although due to
the introduction of reactive power, all stresses are small and
acceptable.
The experimental results of misalignment tolerance capa-
bility are exhibited in Fig. 17. Compared with the resonant
LP1 and CP1 , the parameters under detuning cause larger input
impedance phase angle. Under the same rated conditions,
i.e. RO = 100  and k = 0.5, the input impedance angle is
42.48◦ (1.40 µs) and the output current of the inverter reaches
2A, which is twice of that under resonance condition. When
FIGURE 13. CCO characteristic of proposed LCC-S compensation topology.
the misalignment increases to k = 0.394 and k = 0.293, the
lagging phase angle becomes larger, close to 46.51◦ (1.52 µs)
is 54.17 nF. The component stresses under two sets of and 58.75◦ (1.92 µs) respectively. Within the entire mis-
parameters are compared with the same transmission power, alignment range from 0.5 to 0.3, the inverter bridge always
as shown in Fig. 15 and 16. When the receiving coil is mostly operates at the soft-switching state. The profile of load current
aligned with the transmitting coil (k = 0.5), the voltage over IRO with respect to coupling coefficient is shown in Fig. 18.
CP2 and CP1 of detuned system are almost similar to the In detuned LCC-S system, the output current rises slightly
tuned system. The voltage amplitude on CP1 reaches 220 V, and then decreases along with the deviation of coils. The
while that on CS1 is only about 80 V. The approximate current maximum output current is 1.075 A around kopt = 0.4. When

191316 VOLUME 8, 2020

J. Yang et al.: Design of LCC-S Compensation Topology and Optimization of Misalignment Tolerance for IPT

with lower voltage devices. For optimized detuned system,

high efficiency over 73% is maintained in the range of k from
0.293 to 0.5.

V. CONCLUSION
In this study, an optimized LCC-S compensation topology for
IPT system is proposed. Free from the constraints imposed
by the LCT, it provides excellent load-independent current
output characteristic. When load drops by 50%, the output
current only increases by 5%. The inherent ZVS character-
istics of LCC-S system drastically reduced high frequency
switching loss and simplified thermal circuit. Compared
with double-sided LCC compensation topology, less com-
pensation components are needed in LCC-S topology, which
improve system power density and efficiency. Based on the
analysis of detuned conditions on LP1 and CP1 , a stable trans-
mission power system against misalignment was identified.
Experimental results verify that the current fluctuation is no
more than 7.5% within almost 170% of coupling coefficient
variation (from 0.293 to 0.5). Another advantage is that the
currents of each branch are limited, which protects the IPT
system. The experimental results show good agreement with
theoretical analysis.
FIGURE 17. Waveforms of system when (a) k = 0.293, (b) k = 0.394,
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XU YANG (Student Member, IEEE) received
the B.Sc. degree from the School of Electrical
JUNFENG YANG (Member, IEEE) received the and Electronics Engineering, Changchun Univer-
B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Beijing sity of Technology, Jilin, China, in 2010, and
Jiaotong University, Beijing, China, in 2012, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from
where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree Henan Polytechnic University, Henan, China,
in electrical engineering. His research interests in 2013. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D.
include power electronics and wireless power degree with the School of Electrical Engineering,
transfer. Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China. His
research interests include wireless power transfer
applications and power electronic converters.

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