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Difference between British English & American Engish:

Notes of English Grammar Difference UK US
Spelling Centre, metre, litre Center, meter, liter
An effort of: Engr. Nasim Zulfiqar Colour, flavour, labour Color, flavor, labor
Organisation Organization
Programme Program
Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center Grammar I shall go there.
I have gone there.
I will go there.
I went there.
Vocabulary Toffee Candy
Communication Silencer Muffler
Truck Lorry
Communication is the way of delivering and receiving thoughts.
There are two types of communication: Fundamentals of English Grammar
Verbal Communication: In this mode of communication we use our words to deliver our thoughts.
There are 26 alphabets in the English Language from A to Z.
Non-Verbal Communication: In this mode of communication we don9t use the words but There are 5 vowels (a,e,i, o, u) and 21 consonants.
our body language to deliver our thoughts.
There must be at least one vowel present in every word of English Language.
Language:
8y9 is a semi-vowel which can be a vowel as well as a consonant.
Language is the medium of verbal communication. There are more than 6000 languages
spoken in the world. English language is the most spoken non-native language 8Lingua Letter: A Single alphabetical character is a letter. For example: there are 3 letters in 8cat.9
Franca9 of the world that9s why it is known as 8International Language9. Word: A combination of letters which can give a meaning is called a word. (teacher, student, pen, book)
Methods of learning language: There are two methods of learning any language:
Sentence: Sentence is a group of words which can give a complete meaning.
(i) Memorizing method
For example: We are learning English these days.
(ii) Grammar method
Types of Sentences: There are five types of sentences.
Grammar:
(i) Assertive Sentence/Declarative Sentence: It gives some assertion/statement/declaration.
Grammar is a set of rules and regulations for understanding any language. Assertive sentences follow simple sentence pattern. (Subject + Verb + Object)
History of English Language: Assertive sentences may be 8Affirmative9 or 8Negative9.
For Example: I am teaching you English. (Affirmative statement)
The history of English language can be classified into three stages: I am not teaching you English. (Negative statement)
(ii) Interrogative Sentence: This type of sentence shows an interrogation or question.
(i) Anglo – Saxon English OR Old English 1000 AD – 1400 AD
Interrogative sentences always ends with a question mark (?)
(ii) Middle English 1400 AD – 1800 AD
There are three types of Interrogative sentences.
(iii) Modern English 1800 AD – till now
a) Confirmatory Question: It starts with a helping verb and it is asked to confirm something.
There are two major dialects of Modern English: Example: Have you purchased a new pen?
b) Explanatory Question: It starts with a Wh-word and it needs explanation.
a) British English (UK)  Followed by Matric board & Inter board, Karachi. Example: What are you doing now?
b) American English (US)  Standardized dialect c) Tag Question: A tag question is always followed by a statement.
Example: You are my student, aren9t you?

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(iii) Imperative Sentence: It shows an order or a request. Types of Noun:

The sentence pattern is Verb (1st form) + Object.
1. Proper Noun 4. Collective Noun 7. Countable Noun
Subject is missing in Imperative sentences because 8you9 is understood.
Example: Open the door. 2. Common Noun 5. Abstract Noun 8. Uncountable Noun
Please, close the window.
3. Material Noun 6. Concrete Noun 9. Compound Noun
Don9t look at me.
(iv) Exclamatory Sentences: It shows sudden feelings of joy, sadness or surprise. 1. Common Noun:
It starts with Interjection or it starts with What/How and ends with a mark of exclamation (!)
Example: Hurrah! We have won the match. Common noun is the name of that which is more than one in this world.
What a beautiful horse it is! Example: boy, girl, cat, city, school, pen etc.
How foolish you are!
(v) Optative Sentence: It shows a wish or a prayer. Note:
Wish sentences starts with Would that! Or O that!
 Never capitalize the first letter of common noun except at start.
Example: Would that! I were rich.  Plural of common noun is possible according to the simple rules of plural formation.
Prayer/Curse sentences starts with May and ends with a mark of Exclamation (!)
Example: May you live long! 2. Proper Noun:
May you die soon!
Proper noun is the name of that which is only one in this world.
Phrase: A group of words which doesn9t make a complete sense. Example: Saifuddin, Karachi, Dollar Pen etc.

Example: in the market. Note:

Paragraph: A group of sentences is a paragraph.  Always capitalize the first letter of proper noun.
 Plural of proper noun is not possible.
Essay: A group of paragraphs is called an Essay.
3. Material Noun:
Types of Essays: Material number is the name of a thing by which we can make another thing.
Example: milk, water, iron, glass, gold etc.
i) Descriptive Essay ii) Narrative Essay iii) Argumentative Essay Note:
 Plural of material noun is not possible.
Parts of Speech 4. Collective Noun:
The words of English language are classified into eight groups which are known as <Parts of Speech= or <Word Collective noun is the name of collection of objects.
Classes=.
Example:
1. Noun 3. Adjective 5. Adverb 7. Conjunction
2. Pronoun 4. Verb 6. Preposition 8. Interjection A FLEET of ships/birds. A PRIDE of lions. An ARMY of soldier

A FLOCK of sheeps. A MURDER of crow. A CROWD of people

i) NOUN
A HERD of cattle. A BUNCH of grapes/keys A CLASS of students
Noun is a naming word. It is the name of any person, place, thing, state or emotion.
5. ABSTRACT NOUN:
Noun can be used as a subject or object in a sentence.
Abstract noun is the name of a thing which we cannot touch or see but we can only feel it. Abstract noun is the name
of feelings and state.

Example: Love, hatred, wisdom, confidence etc.

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Note: (iii) PRONOUN: (Pro=for)

 Plural of abstract noun is not possible. Pronoun is a word which is used in the place of noun to avoid unnecessary repetition.
 Plural noun can also be identified by certain SUFFIXES. Example:
Suffix Example Ali is my student. He is working hard to get admission in university.
-tion Condition, Hesitation, Perception, Solution, Situation etc.
-ment Payment, Statement, Treatment, Measurement, Contentment etc. Types of Pronoun:
-ance Disturbance, Resistance, Issuance etc.
1. Personal pronoun 4. Interrogative Pronoun
-ence Condolence, Confidence, Independence, Patience etc.
2. Impersonal Pronoun (Indefinite Pronoun) 5. Relative Pronoun
-dom Wisdom, Martyrdom, Freedom etc.
3. Demonstrative Pronoun 6. Distributive Pronoun
-ship Friendship, Sponsorship, Relationship etc.
-ness Sickness, Illness, Sadness, Happiness etc. 1. PERSONAL PRONOUN:
-hood Nationhood, brotherhood, neighborhood, childhood etc.
Personal pronoun is used in the place of name of persons.
-ty Scarcity, pity, poverty etc.
-sion Compulsion, Tension, Fusion etc. Persons of Personal Pronoun

6. CONCRETE NOUN: Person Singular Plural

Concrete noun is the opposite of abstract noun. It is the name of that we can touch or see. All the common, 1st (Speaker) I We
noun, material and collective nouns are concrete nouns. 2nd (Listener) You You
3rd (About whom we are talking) He, She, It They
7. COMPOUND NOUN:
Compound noun is the combination of two nouns. A hyphen (-) is used to join the two nouns.
Example: Lunch-box, milk-man, sales-man etc. Cases of Personal Pronoun

8. COUNTABLE NOUN: Pronoun Nominative/Subjective Accusative/Objective Possessive Possessive Reflexive Pronoun

It is the name of that which we can count. Adjective Pronoun
Example: Drop of water, star, grain of rice, girl etc. (Before (After Noun)
Note: Noun)
 Common, proper and collective nouns are countable noun. I I Me My Mine Myself
 Plural of countable noun is possible. We We Us Our Ours Ourselves
You You You Your Yours Yourself/Yourselves
9. UNCOUNTABLE NOUN: He He Him His His Himself
It is the name of that which we cannot count.
She She Her Her Hers Herself
Note:
It It It Its Its Its
 All the abstract nouns and material nouns are uncountable noun.
They They Them Their Theirs Themselves
 Plural of countable noun is not possible.
Example: Water, Love, Rice, etc.
ASSIGNMENT (TOPIC: NOUN) 2. IMPERSONAL PRONOUN / INDEFINITE PRONOUN:
Q: Write down ten examples from every type of NOUN. They are used in the place of indefinite persons.
Q: Identify the type of noun from the underlined words.
For example: One, Someone, Somebody, Everyone, Everybody, Anyone, Anybody, No one, No body, Nothing etc.
Facebook is the world’s largest social network used daily by millions of individuals world wide, but 3. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN:
privacy and safety is far from this amusing social network. Facebook can be accessed by anyone, They are used to indicate at someone or something.
and anywhere, which makes it unsafe, risky and concerning. Individuals who make a facebook
account have their private information displayed to the entire world, and even if they private their There9re four demonstrative pronouns:
information, it can never be safe online. Facebook is accessible in some schools throughout the This (Near, Singular) That (Far, Singular) These (Near, Plural) Those (Far, Plural
world, but it should be banned since it has a negative effect on children and their studies.
4. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN:
They are also known as Wh-words and they are used to ask questions. They9re always written at the start of
sentence.
For Example:
What Where Why Which Whose Whom When Who How

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5. RELATIVE PRONOUN: Sweden

The Netherlands
They are also Wh-words but they are used as linking word. They are written in between sentences.
Japan
Example: You are the boy who is my student. China
France
6. DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN:
Germany
There are three distributive pronouns. Each, Either and neither. Italy
Spain
(iv) ADJECTIVE Mexico
Adjective is the word which adds meaning to noun or pronoun. OR adjective shows quality or quantity of noun or pronoun. DEGREES OF ADJECTIVE:

For Example: Ali is a good boy. There are three degrees of adjective:

1. Positive Degree Adjectives

Adjective can be used subjectively or predicatively.
2. Comparative Degree Adjectives
3. Superlative Degree Adjectives
This is a good book. (Subjective use)
Positive Degree Adjectives:
This book is good. (Predicative use)
Positive degree adjectives are used to specify a single noun or pronoun.
Note: Always use 8a9 or 8an9 before positive degree adjectives.
Sometimes, Verb (3rd form) and Verb (4th form) can also be used as an adjective.
Example: Mawra is a beautiful girl.
For example: I have an interesting story book. He has a broken chair. Comparative Degree Adjective:
Comparative degree adjectives are used to compare or compete the qualities of two nouns/pronouns.
Note: Never use any article before comparative degree adjectives (Except double comparatives) and use 8than9 after
every comparative degree adjective.
Adjective
Use the + comparative degree adjective + of
Example: Urwa is more beautiful than Mawra.
Urwa and Mawra are two gorgeous girls but Urwa is the more gorgeous of the two.
Superlative Degree Adjective:
Superlative degree adjective is used to compare a noun with a whole group.
Quality Quantity Example: Urwa is the most beautiful girl in Pakistan.
Note: Use 8the9 before superlative degree adjectives except after possessive adjectives.
Example: Mawra is my best friend.
Good Quality Rules to Conversion of Degrees:
Indefinite
Bad Quality Single Syllabled Regular Adjectives:
Definite Many, Much, Few,
Color Little Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Proper Adjectives Large Larger Largest
(Pakistani etc) Small Smaller Smallest
Cardinal Number Ordinal Number Big Bigger Biggest
One, Two, Three First, Second etc Strong Stronger Strongest
Sweet Sweeter Sweetest
Proper Noun Proper Adjective Long Longer Longest
Pakistan Pakistani Short Shorter Shortest
India Indian Multi Syllabled Regular Adjectives:
Norway Norwegian Suffix: -able
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Portugal Portuguese
Respectable More respectable Most respectable
America American
England English
Britain British
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Suffix: -ous Prepositional Adjectives:

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
S + H.V + Interested in
Famous More famous Most famous
+ famous for

Suffix: -ive + good at

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Positive More positive Most Positive + weak in

+ bad at

Suffix: -ic + enthusiastic about + Verb (ing form) / Noun

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Fantastic More fantastic Most fantastic + Fond of

+ Crazy after / about

Suffix: -cal + Habitual of

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Chemical More chemical Most chemical + Addicted to

+ Afraid of

Suffix: -ful So and Too

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful He is hungry and I am too.

He is hungry and so am I.

Suffix: -some ROYAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES:

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Article + Color + Origin + Material + Purpose + Noun
Handsome More handsome Most handsomer
Ex: I have a black American plastic dancing doll.
It is to note that Past-Participle and Present-Participles can also be used as adjectives in a sentence.
Irregular Adjectives: example: I have a broken chair. (Here, broken is used as an adjective)
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree I have a talking parrot. (Here, talking is used as an adjective)
Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst ARTICLES
Little Less Least There are two types of articles,
Much More Most (a) Indefinite Article (b) Definite articles
INDEFINITE ARTICLE:
Many More Most
There are two indefinite articles. (a) a (b) an
Far Farther Farthest Indefinite article <a= is used before singular common noun giving a starting consonant sound.
Differences between much, many and a lot of
Plural Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns Example: a boy, a girl, a unit, a university, a unit, a one eyed man etc.
Much Yes Yes Indefinite article <an= is used before singular common noun giving a starting vowel sound.
Many Yes No
Example: an orange, an apple, an umbrella, an hour, an honest man, a/an hotel, a/an historical place etc.
A lot of Yes Yes
Too , So , Very + Adjective = Intensity Assignment#1
Too + to |Effect| Q: Fill in the blanks with a, an or X.
So + that |Effect| ____ Orange, _____ Banana, _____ Boys, _____ formula, ____ formulae, _____ MA, _____ SHO, _____ MPA,
Very + No Effect ____ FIFA, ____ NATO, _____ university, _____ honest man, ______ unit, _____ heir, ____ BBA, ____ one-eyed man
Example: ____ bill, ____ bills, ___ Bill, _____ Tree
Tea is too hot to drink. Tea is so hot that I can9t drink it. Tea is very hot.

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DEFINITE ARTICLE: (xviii) Before Desert:

The Great Sahara Desert, The Gobi Desert, The Kalahari Desert, The Atacama Desert, The Thar
8The9 is a definite article. It has two main uses: Desert, The Rajhastan Desert etc.
(xix) Before mountain ranges:
(a) Before Specific Proper Nouns: The Himalayas, The Karakoram, The Hindu Kush, The Andes, the Alps etc.
(i) Before Ocean names: (b) GrammaticalUsage:
The Pacific Ocean, The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean, The Arctic Ocean, The Antarctic Ocean. (i) Before superlative degree adjective: K-2 is the highest peak in Pakistan.
(ii) Before Sea Names: (ii) Before Ordinal Dates: I8ll celebrated by birthday on the 29th of February.
The Arabian Sea, The Dead sea, The Red sea, The Yellow sea, The Black sea, The Mediterranean sea (iii) Before Double Comparatives: The higher you go, the cooler it is.
etc. (iv) Before Common Noun denoting whole group: The dog is a faithful animal.
(iii) Before Rivers: Exception: (Man is Mortal)
The Nile, The Amazon, The Danube, The Indus, The Chenab, The Jehlum, The Ganges, The Euphrates, (v) Before common noun described earlier: I have bought a mobile. The mobile has 5 MP
The Tigris etc. camera.
(iv) Before Canals: (vi) Before definite common noun: These are the boys who made a noise in the class.
The Suez canal etc. (vii) Before common noun used as a proper noun: Faisal is the Hitler of his class.
(v) Before Gulf/Bay: (viii) Before adjective used as noun: The rich should help the poor.
The Hudson bay, The Hawks bay, The Bay of Bengal, The Persian gulf, The Gulf of Mexico etc. (ix) The + Adjective + Proper Noun: The Great Alexander was a king.
(vi) Before Holy Books: (x) The + Noun + of + Noun: The gold of South Africa is very precious.
The Holy Quran, The Bible, The Torah, The New Testament, The Gospel, The Geeta, The Ramayana, (c) Omission of Article/Zero article/No Article Usage: (X)
The Rig Vedas, The Guru Granth Sahib, The Toe Te Chin, The Avesta etc. (i) Name of Persons
(vii) Before modern and classical wonders of the World: (ii) Name of town, city, country, province, state, continent (Except the Punjab)
The Great Pyramids of Giza, The Hanging of Babylon, The Temple of Artemis, The Colossus of (iii) Name of individual mountain (Mount Everest, K2, Nanga Parbat, Tirch Mir, Rakaposhi,
Rhodes, The Statue of Zeus, The Lighthouse of Alexandria, The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus. Mount Kilimanjaro, Mons Olympus)
The Taj Mahal, The Roman Colloseum, The Chichen Itza, The Macchu Picchu, The Great Wall of (iv) Name of lakes (Caspian Sea)
China, The Sphinx, The Leaning tower of Pisa. (v) Material nouns and abstract nouns.
(viii) Before Designations: (vi) Before relations (Mother, Father, Sister, Brother etc.
The Editor, The Prime Minister, The President, The Principal, The Manager, The Headmaster etc. (vii) Before meal (Biryani, Chicken Karahi, Zinger)
(ix) Before Titles: (viii) Before meal time (Breakfast, Lunch, Hi tea, Dinner, Supper)
The Nobel Prize, The Nishan-e-Haider, The Hilal-e-Imtiaz, The Sitara-e-Jurrat, The Oscar etc. (ix) Before Subjects (English, Maths, Chemistry)
(x) Before Directions: (x) Before languages (Persian, Hindi, English, Sindhi) except the English language, the Sindhi
The East, The South, The North, The West. language etc.
(xi) Before Ships name: (xi) Before indefinite plural common nouns: Boys are intelligent.
The Titanic, The Queen Mary, The HMS Birkenhead, The Marie Celeste, The Flying Dutchman, The (xii) Before days / month: Monday, Tuesday, June, July etc.
Santa Maria etc.
(xii) Before Train Name:
The Shalimar Express, the Tezgam, The Samjhota Express, The Night Coach, The Shah Latif Express
Assignment#2 Topic (Articles)
(xiii) Before Planetary Objects/Astronomical Bodies/Heavenly Bodies:
Q: Fill in the blanks with A, An, The, X.
The Mercury, The Venus, The Earth, The Mars, The Jupiter, The Saturn, The Uranus, The Neptune,
The Pluto, The Ceres, The Sedna, The Quoar, The Make-Make, The Hauema, The Eris, The (i) We were going to _____ Lake Baikal.
Ganymede, The Europa, The Callisto, The Io, The Titan, The Sun, The Moon, The Alpha Centauri, The
(ii) I have purchased ___ new house. There are three rooms in ____ house.
Polaris, The Sirius, The Pillars of Creation, The Orion Nebula, The Andromeda Galaxy, The Virgo
(iii) I have purchased ____ Dawn Newspaper and ___ Express Newspaper.
Super cluster, The Universe.
(xiv) Before Musical Instruments: (iv) We planned to visit ____ Himalayas and intend to climb ____ Mount Everest.
The Piano, The guitar, The sitar, The violin, The xylophone, the harmonium etc. (v) ___ Pacific Ocean is ___ biggest ocean in the world.
(xv) Before Nations: (vi) I hate ___ Chemistry but I love ____ English language.
The Muslims, the Hindus, The Christians, The Jews, The Roman Catholics, The Protestants, The (vii) I visited my ___ Uncle’s home. He lives in ____ Lahore.
Anglicans, The Sikhs, The Jains etc. (viii) Osama is my ___ best friend. He lives in ____ Netherlands.
(xvi) Before Islands: (ix) ___ slower you write, ____ more time is wasted.
The Manora, the Bhit Islands, The Easter Islands, The Caribbean Islands etc. (x) My ring is made up of ____ gold
(xvii) Before some countries name:
8S9 at the end: The Philippines, The Maldives, The West Indies, The Laos, The Andamans, The
Bahamas etc.
89Republic= or <United=: The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, The People9s republic of China, The United
States of America, The United Kingdom, The USSR, The UAE, The UAR, The Irish Republic etc.

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(v) Verb
Verb is a word which shows state, possession and action. Auxiliary Verb: Auxiliary verbs helps the main verb to form a sentence.
State verbs and possessive verbs are also known as 8non-action verbs9.
Example: Auxiliary Verbs can be further classified into two types:
Pakistan is my homeland. He has a new car. He is eating mango.
Here, 8is9 is a state verb Here, 8has9 is a possessive verb Here, 8is eating9 is an action verb. (i) Helping Verbs (is/am/are/was/were/will/do/does/did)  It determines tense.
(ii) Modals (can/could/may/might/must/would/should/ought to/dare)  It shows tense and
extra sense like possibility, advisability etc.

Verb Main Verb/Principal Verb: They are action showing words.

Example: run, teach, listen, jump etc.

State Verb Possessive Verb Forms of Main Verb:
Action Verb
(Be-Verb) (Have-Verb)
1st form / Present form / base form: Play, Write, Cut etc.
Present Present Main Verb 2nd form / Past form: Played, Wrote, Cut etc
(Is/Am/Are) (Has/Have) (Principal Verb)
3rd form / Past Participle form: Played, Written, Cut etc.
Past Past 4th form / Present Participle form / Gerund form/ Verb (1st+ing) form: Playing, Writing, Cutting etc.
Auxiliary Verb
(Was/Were) (Had)
5th form / Singular form / Verb (1st+s/es): Plays, Writes, Cuts etc
Future Future The verbs having a suffix –ed in 2nd and 3rd form are known as regular verbs while irregular verbs doesn9t follow any
(Will be) (Will have) specific pattern.

State Verb/Be-Verb: Types of Main Verb:

I am your teacher. (Present state) I was in a party last night. (Past state) You will be a doctor. (Future state) Transitive Verb Intransitive Verb
If the object has an effect of the action than it9s called If the object has no effect of action then it9s called
transitive verb. intransitive verb.
Forms of Be-Verb E.g: I am beating him. E.g: Birds fly in the air.
1st form 2nd form 3rd form Transitive Verb requires an object. Intransitive verb doesn9t require an object.
Is/am/are Was/were been E.g: I am teaching them. E.g: I am enjoying.
After transitive verb there is no preposition or adverb. After Intransitive verb there is a preposition or adverb.
E.g: I am flying a kite. E.g: I am fighting with him.
Possessive Verb: He is going there.
Passive of transitive verb is possible. Passive of intransitive verb is not possible.
I have a pen. (Present I had a parrot. (Past I will have a new car. (Future possession)
possession) possession) IRREGULAR VERBS:
Verb (infinitive) Past simple form Past participle
Forms of Possessive-Verb
st nd rd
1 form 2 form 3 form A
Has/have Had had

Arise 'F¾' arose arisen

Action Verb: There are two parts of action verb. (a) Auxiliary Verb (b) Main/Principal Verb
Awake'F¯'. awoke awoken
Example: He is eating mango. He can swim easily.
B
Auxiliary Verb Main verb/Principal Verb Auxiliary Verb Main Verb/Principal Verb

(Helping Verb) (Modal)

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Bear'F7¯ .6'/7. bore borne Do'F7¯ did done

Beat 'F7'G beat beaten Draw'F'F. drew drawn

Become 'FF. became become Dream'F¾¯Î/ ('N. dreamt /dreamed dreamt /dreamed

Begin'F7¯ ?N76 began begun Drink'FÎ~ drank drunk

Bend'F—NG bent bent drive drove driven

Bite'F'¯ bit bitten E

Blow'Fg¾~ blew blown Eat'F'¾¯ ate eaten

Break'F—N. broke broken F

Bring'Fg brought brought Fall'F7¯ fell fallen

Build'F'F. built built Feed'Fg¾¯ fed fed

Burn'Fg. burnt/burned burnt/burned Feel'F7¯ 7N7/G felt felt

Buy'F‫د‬Î7. bought bought Fight'F—F fought fought

Verb (infinitive) Past simple form Past participle Find'FŽFN¾Ž found found

C Flee'F'. ¯'¾. fled fled

Catch'F—¯~ caught caught Fly'F—' flew flown

Choose'F7¯ ...FG chose chosen Forbid'F7¯ ?FG forbade forbidden

Cling 'FG† clung clung Forget'F'. FN¾. forgot forgotten

Come 'F‫آ‬ came come Forgive'F7¯ G'?G forgave forgiven

Creep'F¯FÎ7 crept crept Freeze'F'G. froze frozen

Cut'F'¯ cut cut Verb (infinitive) Past simple form Past participle

Verb (infinitive) Past simple form Past participle G

D Get'F7¯ F7'/ got got (BrE) /gotten (AmE)

Dig'F/N¾¯ dug dug Give'FÎ/ gave given

Dive'F7'G ί.Ž dived/dove (AmE) dived Go'F'. went gone

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Grind'F7Î~ ground ground Lie 'FÎF lay lain

Grow'F'¯' grew grown Lose'F'. 7'Ç lost lost

H M

hang hanged hanged Make 'F'F. made made

Have'F¾¯7 had had Meet 'FFG met met

Hear'FF7 heard heard Mistake 'F7¯ Î7F‫غ‬ mistook mistaken

Hide 'F'~¾† hid hidden O

Hit 'F7'G hit hit Overcome 'F'~ N.'F overcame overcome

Hold 'F—¯~ held held P

Hurt 'F'†FÇ~ ‫ٹ‬N† hurt hurt Pay 'F7¯ '/' paid paid

K Prove 'F7¯ ..'/ proved proved/proven

Keep 'F¾¯7 kept kept Put'FF'Ž put put

Kneel 'F¯¾. knelt knelt Q

Know 'FF'. knew known Quit 'F7¯ G.. quit quit

Verb (infinitive) Past simple form Past participle R

L Read 'F¾—~ read read

Lay'FNÇ '¾¯7 laid laid Ride 'F7¯ Î7'N7 rode ridden

Lead 'F7¯ ./'ÎF led led Ring 'F'.. rang rung

Lean 'F¯¾. leant /leaned leant /leaned Rise 'FNÇ ?NF7 rose risen

Leap 'F7'G ¯Fg¾† leapt /leaped leapt /leaped Run 'F¯'¾. ran run

Learn 'F¾¯Î7 learnt /learned learnt /learned S

Leave 'FÎ/ —N¾† left left

Saw'F'¯ sawed sawn /sawed
Lend 'FÎ/ 7'¾/' lent lent
Say 'Fǯ said said
let let let

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See 'F¾¯Î/ saw seen Spread 'Fgξ~ spread spread

Seek 'F7¯ N..7. sought sought Stand 'FNÇ '—¾¯ stood stood

Steal 'F'7† stole stolen

Sell 'F†Î. sold sold
Strive 'F7¯ 66N¯ strove striven
Send 'F.ξ. sent sent
Swear'F'¾¯ G7F swore sworn
sew sewed sewn/sewed
Sweep 'F'¯F N—'¾† swept swept
Shake 'FgÇ shook shaken
Swim 'F7Î. swam swum

Shed 'F'Ç. shed shed Verb (infinitive) Past simple form Past participle

Shine 'F'¯G† shone shone T

Show 'F'¾¯/ showed shown Take 'FÎF took taken

Shut 'F7¯ ‫د‬F. shut shut Teach 'F'¾—~ taught taught

Sing'F'¯ sang sung Tear 'F—'¾~ tore torn

Sink 'F.NŽ sank sunk Tell 'F'.. told told

Think 'F†N7 thought thought

Sit 'F¾Î. sat sat
Throw 'F¯F¾~ threw thrown
Sleep 'FN7 slept slept
Tread'FF† trod trodden
Slide 'FF7¾~ slid slid
U
Smell 'F¾¯FN7 smelt /smelled smelt /smelled
Understand 'F¾.G7 understood understood
Sow 'FN. sowed sown /sowed
W
Speak 'FFN. spoke spoken
Wear 'FFÇ~ wore worn
Spell 'F7¯ Ö.Ç spelt /spelled spelt /spelled
Weave 'FF. wove /weaved woven /weaved

Spend 'F7¯ ‫چ‬7. spent spent Wed'F7¯ Î/'6 wedded /wed wedded /wed

Spit 'F¯N¾. spat spat Weep 'FN7 wept wept

Spoil 'F7¯ ('7. spoilt /spoiled spoilt /spoiled Win'F.Î. won won

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Withdraw 'FNÇ .7.7 withdrew withdrawn

Damage'F7¯ ('7. Deliver'F'†FÇ~ Discover'F7¯ .G'Î7/
Write'F¾¯F wrote written dance'F†'F depend'F7¯ 7'7/F' dislike'F7¯ ‫د‬F7~'F drop'F'7¯
dare'F7¯ .GÇ describe'F7¯ H'Î. divide'F7¯ GÎ7F.
deceive'FÎF/ ‫¯ہ‬N¾/ desert'FÎ/ —N¾† doubt'F7¯ ¯6
decide'F7¯ ‫ہ‬F7ÎG deserve'FNÇ F/.7G
decorate'F'.7 destroy'F7¯ Ç'..
Regular Verbs: The 2nd and 3rd form has a suffix –e. delay 'F7¯ 7Î.'. develop'F7¯ ÎF7.
delight'FNÇ 8N. disagree'F7¯ 7'¯F'
disappear'F'. NÇ .&'‫غ‬
Accept 'F7¯ FN.F Amuse'F7¯ 8N. Appreciate 'F7¯ GÎ7?. Attach 'NÇ ¯F7FG
add 'F7¯ ?G. analyse (BrE)'F7¯ ‫ہ‬Î6.. approve'F7¯ ..'/ attack 'F7¯ ‫ہ‬FG/
admire 'F7¯ GÎ7?. analyze (AmE) argue 'F7¯ //. attempt 'F7¯ 66N¯ Earn'F'G¯ End'F7¯ G.. Excite'FNÇ 8N.7~ Explain'F7¯ ./'‫ض‬N
admit 'F7¯ 7'7F' announce 'F7¯ Hg?' arrange'FÎ/ .Î.7. attend 'F7¯ .¯76 educate'FÎ/ GÎF?. enjoy'F7¯ Ç6G excuse'F7¯ .76?G explode 'F—'¾~
advise 'F7¯ ./Î7F annoy 'F7¯ ¯F. arrest 'FÎF ‫ں‬ÎG .7'7/ attract 'FNÇ 66¯ embarrass'Fg/ G76 enter'FNÇ F.'/ exercise'F7¯ F6G
afford 'F¾¯7 .?'7.7' answer 'FÎ/ ('N. arrive'FNÇ ‫د‬G‫آ‬ avoid'F7¯ 8'‫د‬F' 7>F employ'FÎ/ Î7¯NF entertain'FÎ/ /Î7G. expand'Fgξ~
agree 'F7¾. ÎG'/ apologise 'F¯F'G ÎG'?G ask 'F¾†N~ empty'F7¯ ÎF'. escape'FNÇ 7'7G expect'F7¯ ‫د‬ÎG'
alert 'FÇ7 7'./G appear'FNÇ 7Ç'8 encourage'F'¾—. ‫ہ‬F7N/ examine'F7¯ ‫ہ‬F&'?G
allow 'FÎ/ .8'.'

Face'F7¯ 'FG'7 Fetch'Fg Flash 'F¯G† Found 'F7¯ G&'F

Beg 'F7¯ .7'N.7/ Boil 'FF'.' Brush 'F7¯ 87. fail 'FNÇ G'¯'F fill'F7¾. float 'F7Î. frighten'F'7Ž
balance 'F7¯ H8'N. behave 'F7¯ ‫'ؤ‬.7. bomb 'F7¯ ‫'¯ہ‬G¾/ burn'Fg. fancy'F†N7 fire'F7'G ÎFN¯ flow 'F'Ç. fry'FF.
ban'F'¯F Î‫د‬F.'~ belong 'F¾¯7 FF?. borrow 'FÎF 7'¾/' bury 'F7¯ FG/ fasten 'F¾‫د‬F'. fix 'F7¯ .7F follow 'F7¯ '¾†Î~
beam bless 'F8'NF bow 'F¯¾. fear'F7Ž
blush 'F'G76
boast'F7'¾¯. Î.Î6
Gather'F7¯ ?G. Grab'F—¯. Guarantee'FÎ/ .F'G‫ض‬ Guard 'F7¯ ÎF'N¾¯7
gaze'F7N¾¯ greet'F7¯ F'.F.7' guess'F'¯F Ç8'‫د‬F'
Calculate 'F7¯ ('7/ Claim'F7¯ ÎN?/ Compare'F7¯ ‫ہ‬F8'NG Cough'F7F'¾¯ glow'F¯G/ guide'F7¯ ‫'ئ‬GFÇ7
ٰ
call'F7'¯~ clap 'F'.. ÎF'. compete'F7¯ ‫ہ‬F.'FG count'F7¯ Î.F¯
care'F7¯ 7¯G clean'F7¯ G'7 complain'F7¯ .Î'¯6 cover'F~F'¾Ž
carry 'F‫ آ‬7¯ ÖF clear 'F7¯ G'7 complete'F7¯ FG¯G crawl'F¯FÎ7 Hammer'F7'G ΗN¾.Ç Harm'F'†Ç~ H'7FF Heat 'F7¯ G7¯ Hug'F¯F ÖF¯
cause'FF. ..7 close'FNÇ .Î7F concentrate'FÎ/ ‫ہ‬.N. cry'Fg† handle'F7¯ N.'F hate'F7¯ .7GF help'F7¯ /‫د‬G hum'F'F¾.F¾.
challenge'F7¯ .FFΆ coach'F7¯ ‫'ئ‬GFÇ7 confess'F7¯ 7'7F' cure'F7¯ .g? happen'FNÇ 'GFN7 haunt'F'7Ž hop'FF¾†' hunt'F7¯ 7'¯6
change 'F7¯ FÎ‫د‬.. collect'F7¯ ?G. confuse'F7¯ H'6Î7~ harass'F7¯ ¯F. hope'F7¯ ‫د‬ÎG'
chase'F7¯ '¾†Î~ colour'F7¾. ¯F7 connect'F—N.
cheat'FÎ/ '¯N¾/ comb'F7¯ ξ¯F¯ consist'FNÇ FG.6G
check'F7¯ ¯Î† command 'FÎ/ G¯/ contain'FNÇ FG'6 Identify'F7¯ ..'F6 Increase'F'¾—. Intend'F7¯ Ç/'7' Invite 'FÎ/ .N?/
cheer'F'FG Î6N. communicate'F7¯ ‫ہ‬7.'7 continue'F7¯ Î7'. ignore'F7¯ 8'‫د‬F' 7>F influence'FF'Ž 7/' interfere'F7¯ .F.'‫د‬G irritate 'F7¯ ¯F.
chew'F'.† copy 'F7¯ FFF imagine'F†N7 inform'FÎ/ ?g7' interrupt'F¯N7
correct'F7¯ /Î/7 impress'F7¯ 7/'?G instruct'FÎ/ .Î'‫د‬Ç introduce'F7¯ G7'?.G
improve'F'F. 7.Ç. invent'F7¯ /'.Î'
include'F7¯ FG'6

Join'FgG Joke'F7¯ H'6G Juggle'F'¾¯/ Ç‫د‬.?6

judge'F7¯ ‫ہ‬F7ÎG jump'FF¾†'

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Kick'F7'G .g Kiss'FÎ/ ‫ہ‬7N. Knock'FÎ/ ¯.7/ Radiate'F7¯ .7'. Refuse'F7¯ 7'¯F' Remove'F'Ç Rinse'FN¯¾.
kill'F7¯ F.F rain'FNÇ 87'. regret'F7¯ 7N7G' repair'F7¯ .G7G rob'FNF
raise'F'¾' reign'F7¯ .GN¯/ repeat'F'7Ç/ rot'F—7
reach'F†FÇ~ reject'F7¯ /7 reply'FÎ/ ('N. rub'F—¯7
Laugh'F7FÇ Learn'F¾¯Î7 Like'F7¯ ‫د‬F7~ Lock'F7¯ ‫د‬F. realise'FÎF H'. rejoice'FÎ/ g¾. N¯ G‫غ‬ reproduce'F7¯ 6&'6G' ruin'F7¯ /'.7.
launch 'F7¯ ?N76 lick'F'† listen'FF7 look'F¾¯Î/ receive'F7¯ FN7N relax 'F7¯ G'7‫آ‬ request'F7¯ '..F' rule'F7¯ .GN¯/
lie'FFN. ‫ٹ‬N¾. live'FÎ. love'F7¯ ../G recognise'FÎF H'†Ç~ rely'F7¯ ‫ہ‬7N7¾. rescue'F'†.
record'F7¯ 8NG/G remain'FÇ7 ÎF'. return'F7¯ 7~'N
reduce'F7¯ G¯ remember'F7¯ /'Î
Manage'FF'¾.F7 Measure'F7¯ 6&'GÎ~ Miss'F7¯ /'Î Move'F7¯ .¯7/ reflect'F7¯ 7¯?FG remind'Fg/ /'Î
mark'F'¯F H'6F melt'Fg¾¯~ mix'FgG multiply'FÎ/ (7‫ض‬
marry'F7¯ Î/'6 memorise'F7¯ /'Î mourn'F'FG ¯N7 murder'F7¯ F.F
mend'F7¯ .G7G Sail'F'7Î. Shiver'F~F'¯ Spell'F7¯ Ö.Ç Stop'F¯7
satisfy'F7¯ F&G7G shock'FÎ/ '¯¾. spill'FÎ/ '7¯ strengthen'F'F. 7N.F'7
save'F7¯ 8NG/G shrug'F'¯†' Ö¾‫د‬F¯ spoil'F7¯ ('7. stretch'Fgξ~
Nail'F¯N¾ Need'FNÇ .7N7‫ض‬ Nod'FgÇ 77 Notice'F7¯ 7N‫غ‬ saw'F'¯ sigh'F7¾. ‫ں‬ÎÇ‫آ‬ spray'F7¯ ‫†¾—¯'ؤ‬ succeed'FNÇ ('ÎG'¯
scare'F'7Ž sign'F7¯ 7..7/ squeeze'F'./ suck'F7N†
scatter'F7ξ¯. skip'FÎ/ —N¾† stain'F'¯F ‫ہ‬.¾/ suffer'FNÇ g..G
scold'FF'Ž slap'F7'G —~¾. stare'F7N¾¯ suggest'FÎ/ Ç7N6G
Obey'FF'G G¯/ Obtain'F7¯ F7'/ Offer'F7¯ 6Î~ Overflow'[Link]¯
scratch'F'¯F 8'7. slip'FF7¾~ start'F7¯ ?N76 supply'F7¯ 'ÎÇG
object'F7¯ .Î'¯6 occur'FNÇ 'GFN7 open'FFN¾¯
scream'Fg† smash'F'7¯ stay'F¯7 support'FÎ/ '7'Ç7
observe'F7¯ Ç‫د‬Ç'6G order'FÎ/ G¯/
search'F7¯ 8g. smell'F¾¯FN7 stir'FFÇ suppose'F7¯ 87G
separate 'F7¯ '‫د‬. smile'F'7¯7G surprise'F7¯ H'7Î/
serve 'F7¯ .G‫د‬. snatch'FFξ† surround'FÎF 7ξ¯
Paint'F7¯ ¯F7 Pick'F'¾' Possess'F¾¯7 Prevent'F¯N7 settle'F7¯ F/ sneeze'F¯Fξ† suspect'F7¯ ¯6
pass'FNÇ ('ÎG'¯ pinch'F'¯ ÎFNΆ post'F'¯F print'F~'¾† share'F7¯ Ç7'N. suspend'F7¯ F7?G
paste'F'¯~† place'F¾¯7 pour'FFΎF' produce'F7¯ '‫د‬Î~
pat'FÎ/ ί~¾. plan'.'F. Î.N7FG practise (BrE)'F7¯ F6G promise'F7¯ Ç‫?د‬N
pause'F¯7 plant'F'¯F '/N~ practice (AmE) protect'F7¯ .8'G/
Talk'F7¯ .'. Tickle'F'¯F Î‫¯د¯د‬ Trade'F7¯ .7'.. Trust'F7¯ ‫ہ‬7N7¾.
peel'FFξ† play'FFξ¯ pray'F7¯ '?/ provide'F7¯ 'ÎÇG
tame'F'¾‫د‬7 touch 'FN¾† train'F'¾¯7 try'F7¯ 66N¯
peep'F¯F'¾. please'F7¯ 8N. preach'Fgξ~ pull'F†Fξ¯
taste'F¾¯† tow'F†Fξ¯ trap'F'7¾~ tumble'F7¯
perform'F7¯ '/' point'F7¯ Ç7'6' prefer'FÎ/ /Î.7. punch'F7'G ‫ہ‬7FN¾¯
tease'F7¯ ¯F. travel'F7¯ 7G7 turn'F—G
permit'FÎ/ .8'.' polish'F'¯G† prepare'F7¯ 7'Î. punish'FÎ/ '67
terrify'F'7Ž treat'F7¯ .g?
present'F7¯ 6Î~ push'F7'G '¯¾/
test'FÎF H'/.G' tremble'F~F'¯
preserve'F'†.
thank'F7¯ '/' 7¯6
press'F'./
pretend'F7¯ 7Ç'8
Undress'F7'.' 7'.F Unite'F7¯ ‫د‬/.G Use'F7¯ F'G?.7'
unlock'FFN¾¯ g'.
Question'F7¯ F'N7 Queue'F'F. 7'7F

Vanish'F'. NÇ .&'‫غ‬ Visit'F7¯ .'FgG

Wait'F7¯ 7'>.F' Waste'F7¯ ?&'‫ض‬ Whisper'F7¯ Î6N¯77 Work'F7¯ G'¯

walk'FF† watch'F¾¯Î/ whistle'F'.. ÎÎ7 worry'F7¯ H'6Î7~
wander'F7¯ Î/7¯ Ç7'N‫آ‬ water'FÎ/ ÎF'~ wink'F7'G ¾¯F‫آ‬ wrap'FÎ~F
want'FÇ'† wave'F'7ÇF wish'F7¯ 6Ç'N. wreck'F'. ‫ٹ‬N
wash'FN¾/ weigh'F7¯ H8N wonder'F7¯ ..?.
welcome'F7¯ F'.F.7'

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Exceptions:
Yawn'FÎF ‫'ئ‬G. Yell'Fg†
Adjective Adverb of Manner
Good Well
Fast Fast
Zoom'F7¯ '—.
Hard Hard

(vi) Adverb
Degrees of Adverb of Manner:
Adverb is a word which adds meaning to any verb, adjective or another adverb.
Adjective Adverb (Positive) Adverb (Comparative) Adverb (Superlative)
Example: He writes slowly. Regular Adverbs (More than one syllable)
Slow Slowly More slowly Most slowly
She is a very good girl. Quick Quickly More quickly Most quickly
She is writing very slowly. Irregular Adverbs (Single Syllabled)
Good Well Better Best
Types of Adverb: Hard Hard Harder Hardest
Fast Fast Faster Fastest
(i) Adverb of Time
(ii) Adverb of Place
Adverb of Frequency / Adverb of Number:
(iii) Adverb of Manner
It tells about the frequency of an action or how many times an action takes place.
(iv) Adverb of Frequency
(v) Adverb of Degree There are two types of adverb of frequency:
(vi) Adverb of Affirmation (a) Definite frequency (Daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, bimonthly, yearly, once, twice, thrice, four times,
(vii) Adverb of Negation five times, n times.
(b) Indefinite frequency:
Adverb of Time: Adverb Frequency
Always ‫ہمیشہ‬
It describes 8when9 an action is happened or it describes the time of action. 100%

Example: Now, then, ago, before, today, tonight, last night, yesterday, tomorrow, later, recently, these days, now a Often7‫'¯ث‬ 80%
days, at the moment, already, just etc. Usually7‫ پ‬7N‫ع'م ط‬ 70%
Adverb of Place: Occasionally 60%
Sometimes 50%
It describes 8where9 an action is happened or it describes the place of action.
Seldom7‫ ن'د‬N 8'6 30%
Example: here, there, nowhere, everywhere, somewhere, upstairs, downstairs, homewards, Eastwards, towards, Hardly ever‫ی ¯ب¾ی‬Ç Ö‫¯ل س‬6‫م‬ 10%
away etc. Never 0%
Adverb of Manner: Adverb of Quantity/Adverb of Degree:
It describes 8how9 or in what manner an action happens. It tells how much something is.
For example: She writes slowly.
Example: a few, a little, so, very, too, much, quite, totally, absolutely etc.
Formula: Adjective + ly = Adverb of manner
Adverb of Affirmations:
Adjective Adjective+ly=Adverb of Manner
Slow Slowly These are the words which are used to say 8yes9
Nice Nicely
Beautiful Beautifully Example: yes, certainly, absolutely, certainly, undoubtedly etc.
Quiet Quietly
Wonderful Wondefully Adverb of Negation:
Calm Calmly These are the words which are used to say 8no9.
Silent Silently
Example: No, Not, Not at all etc.

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Note:

Adverbial phrase belongs to ordinate clause so it ends with a comma if written before principal clause.

E.g: I am teaching her now. OR Now, I am teaching her.

(vi) PREPOSITION
Preposition is a word which shows the relation of noun or pronoun with other words of the sentence.
Example:
Ali is sitting on a chair.
He will go to school on Monday.
There are three types of preposition:

(1) Simple Preposition / One word preposition (on, in, to, for, from etc.)
(2) Compound preposition / simple + simple (into, onto, away from, along with etc)
(3) Phrasal Prepositions (Look at, bark at, look for etc.)

Preposition of Time:

(i) At:
(a) At + clock time (at 7 O9 clock, at 6 pm, at 2330 PST, at half past 5, at quarter past 8, at quarter to
9)
(b) At + (word)+time [at lunch time, at Namaz time]
(c) At + the weekends (UK) On + the weekends (US)
(ii) On + Specific day of 24 hours
on Monday, on birthday, on 14th august etc
X today, X tonight, X tomorrow, X yesterday,
No article is used before each, every, next and last.
(iii) In + longer periods more than 24 hours
In the 1st week of march, in June, in the summer, in 2016, in the 909s, in the 21st century A.D., in the
1st millennium B.C. etc.
In + part of the day less than 24 hours
At dawn, in the morning, at noon, in the afternoon, in the evening, at dusk, at night, at mid-night.
Exception: at night is used for every night and in the night is specific night.

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(ix) It rains in Pakistan ____ the Summer Season.

(x) Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was hanged to death ____ 1974.
(xi) He was going _____ Karachi. (to, from, on, in)
(xii) I was coming ______ Lahore. (to, from, away from, into)
(xiii) He is _____ France. (away from, out of, into, off)
(xiv) I am ____ my home. (at, on, into, off)
(xv) The cat is sitting ___ the table. (on, in, into, onto)
(xvi) The frog jumped ____ the pond. (on, in, into, onto)
(xvii) I picked the pickle ____ the jar. (on, in, out of, off)
(xviii) The boy ran ____ the class. (in, into, on, onto)
(xix) The marker is ____ the drawer. (at, in, into, from)
(xx) The candies are _____ the jar. (in, into, at, off)
(xxi) We should always trust ____ God.
(xxii) He died ____ Congo virus. (in, of, from, to)
(xxiii) He is eating Pizza instead ____ Sandwich. (in, of, from, to)
(xxiv) I am very much interested ____ Mathematics. (on, at, in, from)
(xxv) Beware ____ the dogs roaming here and there. (from, of, in, to)
(xxvi) You are responsible ____ all your faults. (to, for, from, in)
(xxvii) The nurse was looking ____ the patient. (in, after, into, for)
(xxviii) He is very good ____ Maths. (of, at, from, by)
(xxix) He goes to school ____ foot. (in, on, from, by)
(xxx) He reached the USA _____ aeroplane. (by, on, in, from)
(vii) Conjunctions
Conjunctions are the words which are used to join two sentences with each other.
For Example: He is my friend and I help him in many occasions.
Subordinate Conjunctions are remembered by a mnemonic FANBOYS:
For, And, Not, But, Or, Yet, So.

Assignment#3 Topic (Preposition) (viii) Interjections

Interjections are the words which are used to show sudden feelings and emotions of happiness, sadness and
(i) I was born ____ June, 1991. surprise. A mark of exclamation is always used after interjections.
(ii) He came to me ____ Monday. For example: Hurrah!, Yahoo!, Alas!, etc
(iii) I will visit you ____ the morning.
(iv) I ate Pizza ____ night.
Assignment#3 (Identify the Parts of Speech in underlined words)
(v) I eat Pizza ____ night Newspapers keep us constantly in touch with the whole of making. In olden days a man’s world consisted of
(vi) The match is going to start _____ 7 O9 clock. his own village and one or two neighboring villages. It was difficult for him to know what was going on in
the other parts of the country. But today the press assisted by rapid means of communications bring us news
(vii) He will wear new dress _____ her birthday. from the farthest corner of the globe. The press is also responsible for education public opinion. The laws of
(viii) Schools will remain closed ____ Labor Day. a nation are really shaped by its press. In fact the public receives guidance from the newspapers. Thus their
power in modern time is really great

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Tenses
Parts of Speech (Poem) Tenses come from latin word, 8tempus9 which means 8time9. Tenses shows the time of action.

Every name is called a NOUN There are 12 tenses in the English Language.

i. Present Simple Tense

As street or fountain, city or town. ii. Present Continuous Tense
iii. Present Perfect Tense
iv. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
In the name of noun the PRONOUN stands, v. Past Simple Tense
vi. Past Continuous Tense
As he or she can clap their hands. vii. Past Perfect Tense
viii. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
ix. Future Simple Tense
The ADJECTIVE describes a thing, x. Future Continuous Tense
xi. Future Perfect Tense
xii. Future Prefect Continuous Tense
as magical wand or bridal ring. i. Present Simple Tense

The VERB means action something done, Timeline:

To read, to write, to jump, to run.

How things are done the ADVERB tells,
As quickly, slowly, badly, well.
The PRESPOSITION shows realtion, Structure:

Affirmative: Subject + Verb (1st form) + s/es + Object.

As in the street or at the station,
Negative: Subject + do/does + not + Verb (1st form) + Object. (Condensed form of does not=doesn’t, do not=don’t)
The INTERJECTION cries out, Hark! Interrogative: Do/Does + S + Verb (1st form) + Object?

I need an exclamation mark. Helping Verb Usage:

I, you, we, they, any plural name  Do

Through poetry we have learnt how each, He, she, it, any singular name (3rd person Singular)  Does

Of these makes up the PARTS OF SPEECH. Note: Add (s/es) after Verb (1st form) if Subject is 1st person singular.
Add (-es) if verb gives a hissing sound at the last or verb ends with sh, ch, ss, x, o, s.
Wash=Washes, Touch=Touches, Miss=Misses, Box=Boxes, Go=Goes
Vowel + y = s (Play=Plays)
Consonant + y = ies (Fly=Flies)

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Î6~7‫گ‬.‫ ا‬Ö7‫ہ ا‬Î‫زا‬N7 ¾ÎG ‫۔‬11 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ H‫ا‬G.‫ ا‬Ö. H‫ا‬/.7‫ا‬.7 Ö¯ H‫ا‬.7¯‫ا‬. ‫۔‬9 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ Ö.7¯ N‫ض‬N ÖFÇF Ö7 ÖF‫از ~—ھ‬G. H‫ا‬GF7G ‫۔‬8
Usage:
Present Simple Tense shows three things:

‫¾۔‬N‫ا ہ‬.‫~—¾ا‬
Present State, Present Possession and Present Action.
Present State: (Present form of be-verb = is / am/ are)
I am a teacher. ‫ں‬N‫ ہ‬/'.7' ¯Î' ‫ں‬ÎG
)ii) Present Continuous Tense
You are my student.‫۔‬N‫ ہ‬/7¯'6 Ö7ÎG G.
Present Possession: (Present form of Possessive verb = has/have) Timeline:
I have an interesting book.‫۔‬Ö‫'( ہ‬.¯ ~7†F/ ¯Î' 7'~ Ö7ÎG
He has a nice dress.‫۔‬Ö‫ ہ‬7'.F '7'Î~ ¯Î' 7'~ Ö7ÎG
She doesn9t have money.‫ں۔‬Î‫ں ہ‬Î‫ہ‬H Ö7Î~ 7'~ Ö¯7'

Present Action: Ö‫' ہ‬.‫ں آ‬Î‫ ہ‬Ö. ،Ö‫ ہ‬Î. ،Ö‫' ہ‬. ‫ں‬ÎG 7‫ آخ‬Ö¯ ‫ں‬N‫ل‬G‫ ج‬H'
(i) It shows permanent situation.
*It rains in Pakistan during summer season.‫۔‬Ö‫ ہ‬Î.N‫ ہ‬87'. ‫ں‬ÎG H'.7¯'~ ‫ں‬ÎG G7NG Ö¯ ‫ں‬NÎG7¯
(ii) It shows daily routine/repeated action/habitual action: (Adverb of frequency is used.)
*He wakes up early in the morning.‫۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬.¾' Ö7ÎN7 /.7 ‫ہ‬N
(iii) It shows universal truth/common truth/general truth: Structure:
*Water boils at 100°C.‫۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬.'. F.' 7~ ‫ڈ‬Î7¯ ÎFÎ7 Î7¯‫ ڈ‬N7 ÎF'~
Affirmative: Subject + Verb (ing form) + Object.
*The Sun rises in the East.‫۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬.N‫? ہ‬NF‫ ط‬Ö7 ‫ق‬76G 07N7
(iv) It shows custom/tradition: Negative: Subject + is/am/are + not + Verb (ing) + Object. (is not=isn9t, am not=amn9t, are not=aren9t)
 Pakistani boys wear shalwar kamiz.‫ں۔‬Î‫ ہ‬Ö.FÎ~ ‫ض‬ÎGF 7'NF6 Ö¯‫ڑ‬F ÎF'.7¯'~
 The Muslims keep fast in Ramadan.‫ں۔‬Î‫ ہ‬Ö.¾¯7 Ö8N7 ‫ں‬ÎG H'‫ض‬G7 H'GF7G Interrogative: IS/Am/Are + S + Verb (ing) + Object?
(v) It shows official arrangement: Helping Verb Usage:
*Nawaz Sharif visits England tomorrow for open heart surgery. ‫ں‬Î&'. H'.7F¯F' Ö&F Ö¯ Î/'7. ί F/ ÖF~' F¯ ‫ف‬Î76 8'NF
‫۔‬Ö¯ He, She, it, any singular name  Is
(vi) It shows narrative past:
You, we, they, any plural name  are
 Alexander comes in the battle field and he kills many of his enemies in a short period of time.
‫۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬.Î/ 7¯ F.F N¯ ‫ں‬NFG6/ Ö7 .‫ں (ہ‬ÎG 7Î/ Î‫ ہ‬Î‫ڑ‬N¾. 7N' Ö‫' ہ‬.‫ں آ‬ÎG ¯F. H'/ÎG G>‫ 'ع‬7/F¯7 I  am
(vii) Introducing quotations:
*Hitler says, <A beautiful girl cannot give you a bright future but a bright future can give you many beautiful girls”. Identification: ‫۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬.‫ں آ‬N‫ ہ‬Î‫ہ‬7 ،‫ں‬N‫' ہ‬Î7 ،‫ں‬Î‫ ہ‬Ö‫ہ‬7 ،Ö‫ ہ‬Î‫ہ‬7 ،Ö‫ہ' ہ‬7 ‫ں‬ÎG 7‫ آخ‬Ö¯ ‫ں‬NFG. H'
'.¯7 Ö/ ‫'ں‬ί‫ڑ‬F .7N7.N‫ ¯& خ‬N¯~‫ آ‬F.F.7G F6N7 ¯Î' 7¯G Î.¯7 Ö/ ‫ں‬Î‫ہ‬H F.F.7G F6N7 N¯~‫ آ‬ί‫ڑ‬F .7N7.N‫¯ خ‬Î'" :Ö‫' ہ‬.‫ ¯ہ‬7F‫ہ‬
‫۔‬Ö‫ہ‬ Usage:
(viii) Conditional clause in 1st type conditional sentences:
(i) Middle of An Action (Adverbs: Now / At the moment)
*If you work hard, you will pass the exams.‫۔‬Ö¯ ‫'ؤ‬. N‫'( ہ‬ÎG'¯ N. Ö¯ N7¯ .F/G G. 7¯'
(ix) In Imperative sentences where subject 8you9 is understood: *I am teaching you now.‫ں۔‬N‫ہ' ہ‬7 '¾‫ ~ڑ‬ξ(' ‫ں‬Î‫ہ‬G. ‫ں‬ÎG
*Open the door.‫۔‬NFN¾¯ ‫ہ‬8'N7/
(x) Exclamatory sentences with Here and There: *I am playing cricket at the moment.‫ں۔‬N‫ہ' ہ‬7 Fξ¯ ¯7¯ .FN 7' ‫ں‬ÎG
*Here comes the bus!!&¯ ‫ آ‬7. NF
(ii) Temporary Action (Adverb: nowadays, these days)
*There you go! !'F &N‫ ہ‬.'. ‫ہ‬Î
ASSIGNMENT (Present Simple Tense) *We are watching Nagin nowadays.‫ں۔‬Î‫ ہ‬Ö‫ہ‬7 ¾¯Î/ F¯'F F¯ 0‫ آ‬G‫ہ‬

‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬.Î‫ا¾ کا‬.—‫¾ لک‬ÎG F¯F . ‫ا‬7‫ا‬Ǘ‫۔ لک‬3 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬.Î / ¾ÎÇF ÎF‫ا‬. N¯ ¾N/N~ ÎF‫ا‬G ‫۔‬2 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬.N‫ب ہ‬N7‫¾ غ‬ÎG ‫ب‬7‫غ‬G ‫ج‬7N7 ‫۔‬1 *The Muslims are observing fast these days.‫ں۔‬Î‫ ہ‬Ö‫ہ‬7 ¾¯7 Ö8N7 F¯ 0‫ آ‬H'GF7G

‫¾۔‬ÎÇ ‫ب‬Î Î‫ ط‬7Ç‫ا‬G ¯.‫ ا‬/‫ال‬N Ö7‫ا‬ÇG. ‫۔‬7 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬.N‫ا ج‬7ÎG ‫ہ‬Î ‫۔‬6 ‫۔‬ÖÇ 7‫ا‬. ‫ا‬7ÎG 7‫ا‬. Ö¯7‫۔ ا‬5 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫¾ا‬ÎG /Ç8 ‫۔‬4 (iii) Arranged future: (Adverb: Tonight, Tomorrow, Next week, next month, next year or any preposition)

*I am teaching you tenses tomorrow.‫ں۔‬N‫ہ' ہ‬7 '¾‫ ~ڑ‬ÖH'G8 F¯ ‫ں‬Î‫ہ‬G. ‫ں‬ÎG

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Action Effect

Past Future

Now

Note: Structure:

It is to remember that few verbs are called <Stative Verbs= which can never be used in present progressive tense: Affirmative: Subject + has / have + Verb (3rd form) + Object.

 adore  hate  promise Negative: Subject + has / have + not + Verb (3rd form) + Object.
 agree  have (possession)  realize
Interrogative: Has/Have + Subject + V (3rd form) + Object?
 appear (seem)  hear  recognize
 appreciate  imagine  remember Helping Verb Usage:
 be (exist)  include  resemble
 believe  involve  satisfy He, She, it, any singular name (3rd person singular)  has
 belong to  know  see
I, you, we, they, any plural name  have
 concern  lack  seem
 consist of  like  smell Use#1:
 contain  loathe  sound
 cost  look (seem)  suppose It shows a past action with a present effect.
 deny  love  surprise
‫۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬.‫ آ‬Ö‫ ہ‬Î ،Ö‫ ' ہ‬،‫ں‬N‫ ہ‬ί† ،‫ں‬N‫ †¯' ہ‬،‫ں‬Î‫ ہ‬Ö¯† ،Ö‫ ہ‬ί† ،Ö‫ں †¯' ہ‬ÎG 7‫ آخ‬Ö¯ ‫ں‬NFG. H'
 depend on  matter  taste
 deserve  mean  think (opinion) Note: The time of actions cannot be mentioned.
 detest  measure  understand
 disagree  mind  want For example: I have broken the chair.‫ں‬N‫ڑ †¯' ہ‬N. Î77¯ ‫ں‬ÎG
 dislike  need  weigh
Adverbs:
 doubt  owe  wish
 equal  own (i) Just: I have just seen a lion in the zoo. ‫۔‬Ö‫¯¾' ہ‬Î/ N¯ 7Î6 ‫ں‬ÎG 7¾¯ 'Î‫ چڑ‬ξ(' ξ(' ÖH ‫ں‬ÎG
 feel  possess
(ii) Already: I have already prepared tea for the guests.‫ں۔‬N‫' †¯' ہ‬F. Ö&'† Ö&F Ö¯ ‫ں‬NF'G‫ہ‬G Î‫ ہ‬ÖF‫ں ~ہ‬ÎG
Assignment (Present Continuous Tense)
(iii) Today: I have met with my friend today. ‫ں‬N‫ †¯' ہ‬FG Ö7 .7N/ ÖF~' 0‫ں آ‬ÎG

Ö/ H‫ ازا‬.‫ق‬N 7‫ ا‬H‫ذ‬N‫۔ م‬3 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ÎÇ7 7¯ ¯.Î N¯ &‫¾ا‬. ֗~ ÖFÎ ‫ ا‬ξ.‫ہ ا‬N ‫۔‬2 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ ÖÇ7 ‫†ا‬G 7N7 ¾ÎG .?‫ا‬G. ֆ. ‫۔‬1 (iv) So far (Affirmative): I have written twenty books so far.‫ں‬N‫¯¾ †¯' ہ‬F ‫ں‬Î.'.¯ 7Î. ¯. (' ‫ں‬ÎG

H‫ ا‬H‫ا‬. H‫ا‬7G‫۔ ع‬6 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬Ç7 7¯ Î7‫ا‬.Πί H‫†ا‬.G‫ ا‬F¯ ‫ آج‬ÎF? ‫۔‬5 ‫¾۔‬N‫ا ہ‬Ç7 7¯ /.‫ ذ‬Ö.‫ ¯ا‬ÖFÎÇG ÖF¯‫¾ ا‬ÎG ‫۔‬4 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ ÖÇ7 (v) Yet (Negative and Interrogative): The rain has not stopped yet.‫۔‬Ö‫ ہ‬ί7 ‫ں‬Î‫ہ‬H ¯..' 87'.

(vi) Ever (Experience question): Have you ever eaten dates? ‫ں؟‬Î‫ ہ‬Ö&'¾¯ 7N.¾¯ ξ.¯ Ö7 G. 'ί
7N‫ ا‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬N‫ ¯¾—ا ہ‬Ö7‫ا‬.¯ Ö¯ ¯—7 ‫ہ‬N ‫۔‬8 ‫¾۔‬N‫ا ہ‬N‫¾ا ہ‬Î. 7~ .78F ÎFÎ‫¾ ا‬ÎG ‫۔‬7 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬Ç7 7¯ ‫†اج‬..‫لف ا‬䐧. Ö¯ .GN¯. ¾N~/ (vii) Never: I have never eaten dates. ‫ں۔‬Î‫ ہ‬Ö&'¾¯ ‫ں‬Î‫ہ‬H 7N.¾¯ ξ.¯ ÖH ‫ں‬ÎG

ÎÇ7 †.Î ÎFΆ ¾ÎG 7‫ازا‬. Ö¯ HΆ .7N‫ ع‬ÎFΆ ‫۔‬9 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬Ç7 †.Î ¾Î†7G Î7Ç ¾ÎG 7N~ Î7Ç ¾‫گ‬.7 Î7Ç‫۔‬8‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬Ç7 ‫†ا‬. ¾‫ا‬.ÎÎ7 (viii) Once, Twice, Thrice, Four times&.

‫¾۔‬ÎÇ ÎÇ7 F. ¾‫ا‬.FN‫¾ گ‬ÎG 7/7 ‫۔‬11 ‫۔‬ÖÇ

Use#2

It tells a state or possession that was started in the past and it is continue in the present.

3‫ ۔‬Present Perfect Tense Since/for is used in this usage.

Timeline: Example: I have been ill since morning. ‫ں‬N‫ ہ‬7'GÎ. Ö7 /.7 ‫ں‬ÎG

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He has had my book for two days. ‫۔‬Ö‫'( ہ‬.¯ Î7ÎG Ö7 H/ N/ 7'~ Ö¯7' Usage:
It shows an action which was started in the past from a specific time and the action is happening in the present.
Since (Point of Time) For (Period of Time) Identification: ‫د‬N‫ج‬NG Î‫ (ھ‬.‫ق‬N ‫ئ‬N¯ ‫ں‬ÎG ‫ھ‬.'‫ س‬7N' Ö‫' ہ‬.‫ں آ‬N‫ ہ‬Î‫ہ‬7 ،‫ں‬N‫ہ' ہ‬7 ،‫ں‬Î‫ ہ‬Ö‫ہ‬7 ،Ö‫ ہ‬Î‫ہ‬7 ،Ö‫ہ' ہ‬7 ‫ں‬ÎG 7‫ آخ‬Ö¯ ‫ں‬N‫ل‬G‫ ج‬H'
Since Monday For 1 second ‫۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬.N‫ہ‬
Since 4 O9 Clock For 2 minutes Example: I have been teaching her for twenty minutes. ‫ں۔‬N‫ہ' ہ‬7 '¾‫ ~ڑ‬Ö7 FG 7Î. Ö7' ‫ں‬ÎG
Since Morning For 3 hours How long have you been teaching him?‫؟‬N‫ ہ‬Ö‫ہ‬7 '¾‫ ~ڑ‬Ö7' Ö7 7Î/ ÎF.¯ G.
Since 1992 For 5 days
Since June For 6 weeks
Since 909s For 7 months Assignment (Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
7~/ ÎG‫ہ کا‬N ‫۔‬3 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ÎÇ7 N‫ ہ‬87‫ا‬. ¾.‫ا‬7 Ö¯ ¯G. ‫ج‬7‫ گ‬Ö7 H/ N/ ‫۔‬2 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ÎÇ7 7¯ ‫?اقب‬. ‫ کا‬7N‫ ج‬Ö7 G‫ا‬7 7ÎFN~ ‫۔‬1
Since 21st Century For 8 years
Since yesterday For 9 decades &'‫ہ‬/

ֆ. ¾. Ö7 ֆ. ¾. ‫۔‬5 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ ÎÇ7 ‫ا‬.7 ÎF‫ا‬ǯ ¯.‫ ا‬Ö7 ÎG Î7‫ا‬N~ N¯ Î7‫ا‬N~ ÎFÎ‫ہ ا‬N ‫۔‬4 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ÎÇ7 N7 ¾ÎG Ö7G¯ ÖFÎ ‫ ا‬Ö7
Since last two hours For 10 centuries Î/7
Since childhood For 11 millenniums

¾ÎG FN¯7‫ ا‬7‫ ا‬Ö7 2119 ‫ہ‬N ‫۔‬6 ‫؟‬N‫ ہ‬ÖÇ7 7¯ 7‫ظا‬F Î‫ کا ا‬HÎ7~ 7~ H8ÎÎ7‫ ا‬Ö7 ‫ ¯ب‬G. ‫۔‬5 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ ÖÇ7 F.¾¯ ¾ÎG H‫ا‬/.G
Since he was born For a long time
Assignment (Present Perfect Tense)
‫۔‬9 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ÎÇ7 7¯ .7‫ا‬77 Ö7 G‫ا‬7 ‫ہ‬6F7‫۔ غ‬8 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ ÖÇ7 ‫ا‬.Î ‫ف‬N‫ق‬NÎ Î ¾ÎGÇ Ö7 ¾NF‫ا‬7 N7 ‫ہ‬.86‫ گ‬6~7‫گ‬.‫۔ ا‬7 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ ÖÇ7 ‫~—¾ا‬
‫۔‬4 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ Ö¯. —N~ FN‫ھ‬. Ö7 @‫ا‬. ֆ. ‫۔‬3 ‫¾۔‬N‫ا ہ‬.‫ آ‬N‫ ہ‬Ö7 ‫¯ہ‬.7G‫¾ ا‬ÎG ‫۔‬2 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬./ 7ξ . ÎF‫ا‬. 7~ ¾N/.G‫ ا‬Î7ÎG Ö7 7‫۔ ا‬1
‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬Ç7 7N‫ گھ‬N¯ ¾N7F‫ا‬7G Ö7 ÎG 7/ /7‫ہ گ‬7‫ا‬N‫۔ آ‬11 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ ÖÇ7 Î‫ Žا‬Ö¾‫ج‬G Ö7 ÎG 7Î. /‫ال‬N Ö7ÎG
ξ.‫ ا‬ξ.‫ ا‬Ö. GÇ ‫۔‬6 ‫؟‬ÖÇ ÎF 7¯ .N‫ل‬䐧. ί H‫آ‬7F Ö. G. ‫ا‬.¯ ‫۔‬5 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬.¯ ¾ÎÇF ‫ا‬/‫ہ ا‬Î‫ا‬7¯ ‫ کا‬H‫کا‬G 7‫¯ ا‬. ‫ اب‬Ö. G.
Ö¯. 7¯ 7‫¾ کا †کا‬N7Î8 ¾. ¾ÎG ‫اب‬N‫¯ ج‬. ‫ا اب‬/‫ا‬/ Ö7ÎG ‫۔‬8 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ ÎF ‫ا¾ ¯¾ا‬.ÎÎF. ÎÇ ÖFÇF Ö. ¾ÎG ‫۔‬7 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬.¯ N‫ض‬N 5. Past Simple Tense

‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ک¾ا‬./ ¾ÎÇF H‫ا‬7F‫ق ا‬G.‫ا ا‬7Ά G. ξ¯ Ö. ¾ÎG ‫۔‬11 ‫؟‬ÖÇ ‫ک¾ا‬./ ¾‫گ‬.Î7 ‫ہ‬Î 77 Ö¯ Ö¾/¯ ξ¯ Ö. G. ‫ا‬.¯ ‫۔‬9 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ
Timeline:

.
/7/ /./7 ¾ÎG 77 Ö7ÎG Ö7 G‫ا‬7 ‫۔‬13 ‫۔‬ÖÇ 7~ 7¾‫ گ‬Ö7ÎG Ö7 7~/ ÎG‫ہ کا‬N ‫۔‬12 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ ÎF.Î Ö7 HΆ. ¾Î¾‫ آ ک‬ί7‫۔ ا‬11
‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ک¾ †کا‬.7 Î6~7‫گ‬.‫ہ ا‬N ‫۔‬15 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ÎF‫ا‬. ί Ö‫از‬N7/ 7/7 Ö¯ H‫کا‬G Ö7 /.7 7‫ا‬. Ö7‫ا‬ÇG. ‫۔‬14 ‫۔‬ÖÇ

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Structure:
Timeline:
Affirmative: Subject + Verb (2nd form) + Object.

Negative: Subject + did + not + Verb (1st form) + Object. (Condensed form of did not=didn’t)
Past Now Future
Interrogative: Did + S + Verb (1st form) + Object?
Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + has / have + been + Verb (ing form) + Object + Since/For + Time. Usage:
Interrogative: How long + has / have + S + been + Verb (ing form) + Object?
Helping Verb Usage: Past Simple Tense shows three things:

He, She, it, any singular name (3rd person singular)  has been Past State, Past Possession and Past Action.

I, you, we, they, any plural name  have been Past State: (Past form of be-verb = was/were)

I was a teacher.'¾. /'.7' ¯Î' ‫ں‬ÎG

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GF?F F‫ طا‬Ö. /‫ا‬.7‫۔ ا‬21 ‫۔‬Ö¾. ÖFF N~ ¾ÎÇF N‫ھ‬. ξ¯ G. ‫۔‬19 ‫¾ا۔‬. ‫ا‬.7¯ ‫ا‬.¯ ‫ف‬.7‫غ‬. Î7ÎG ÎÇ 7/‫ا‬.N‫از‬7 ‫ہ‬N ‫۔‬18 ‫۔‬Ö¾. Ö.7¯
You were my student. ‫۔‬Ö¾. /7¯'6 Ö7ÎG G.

Past Possession: (Past form of Possessive verb = had)

‫۔‬Î/ ¾ÎÇF ‫ا‬67 N¯

I had an interesting book. ‫۔‬ξ. ('.¯ ~7†F/ ¯Î' 7'~ Ö7ÎG
He had a nice dress. ‫¾'۔‬. 7'.F '7'Î~ ¯Î' 7'~ Ö¯7'
She didn9t have money.‫۔‬Ö¾. ‫ں‬Î‫ہ‬H Ö7Î~ 7'~ Ö¯7'

Past Action:
6. Past Continuous Tense

Use#1 It shows a past action with no effect in the present. Time of action can be mentioned. Structure:
Affirmative: Subject + was/were + Verb (ing form) + Object.
Identification: ‫۔۔۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬.‫ آ‬Ö 7N' Î ،' ‫ں‬ÎG 7‫ آخ‬Ö¯ ‫ں‬N‫ل‬G‫ ج‬H' Negative: Subject + was/were + not + Verb (ing) + Object.
Interrogative: Was/were + S + Verb (ing) + Object?
Example: I slapped her on Monday.‫'۔‬7'G ‫¾~ڑ‬. Ö7' N¯ 7Î~ ÖH ‫ں‬ÎG Helping Verb Usage:
I, He, She, it, any singular name was
Adverbs:
you, we, they, any plural name  were
(i) Yesterday
Usage:
(i) Ago: I read this book two days ago ‫۔‬ξ‫'( ~ڑ‬.¯ ‫ہ‬Î ÖF‫ ~ہ‬H/ N/ ÖH ‫ں‬ÎG
It shows an action which was happening in the past.
(iii) Last week/Last Month/Last Year
Identification:‫۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬.‫ آ‬Ö‫ھ‬. Ö‫ہ‬7 ،‫ھئ‬. Î‫ہ‬7 ،'‫ھ‬. '‫ہ‬7 ‫ں‬ÎG 7‫ آخ‬Ö¯ ‫ں‬N‫ل‬G‫ ج‬H'
(iv) On/in/at + time
Example: I was mending the puncture. ‫¾'۔‬. '‫ہ‬7 7¯ .G7G ί 7†¯F~ ‫ں‬ÎG
Use#2 It shows past habitual action.
Clauses of Past Progressive Tense:
Identification: ‫۔۔۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬.‫ آ‬Ö‫ھ‬. Ö. ،Î‫ھ‬. Î. ،'‫ھ‬. '. ‫ں‬ÎG 7‫ آخ‬Ö¯ ‫ں‬N‫ل‬G‫ ج‬H'
Past Progressive tense + When + Past Simple Tense.
Example: He often sent me gifts. ‫¾'۔‬. '.7¯ '.ξ( ‫'&ف‬/. Ö¾.G 7/¯' ‫ہ‬N Assignment (Past Continuous Tense)

‫۔‬Ö¾. ÖÇ7 F.¾¯ &‫ا‬.¾. Hξ. H‫ا‬7G‫ ع‬7N‫ ا‬ÎF? ‫۔‬3 ‫۔‬Ö¾. ÖÇ7 ‫اق ا—ا‬6G ‫ا‬7ÎG G. ‫۔‬2 ‫¾ا۔‬. ‫ا‬Ç7 ¯.‫¾ا‬. Ö7 ί—¾¯ ‫—کا‬F ÎF7‫ا‬77‫۔‬1
Adverbs: Adverb of frequency
The alternative structures for the same use are:
Subject + used to + Verb (1st form) + Object OR Subject + would + Verb (1st form) + Object
‫ا‬.¯ ‫۔‬7 ‫۔‬Ö¾. ÖÇ7 7¯ ‫لج‬䐧? ‫ض کا‬.7G 7ί‫۔ Žا‬6 ‫۔‬ξ. ÎÇ7 N7 ‫ہ‬/‫ا‬.‫ ز‬.ÇF ‫ہ‬N ‫۔‬5 ‫¾ا۔‬. ‫ا‬Ç7 ‫گا‬F Ö¯¾. ¾ÎG ‫اب‬N‫ ج‬Î/.7F‫ آ‬/Ç‫ا‬7 ‫۔‬4
Assignment (Present Simple Tense)
ÖFÎ ‫ ا‬7~ Î/‫ آذا‬GN~ ÎF‫ا‬.7¯‫ا‬. ‫۔‬9 ‫۔‬ξ. ÎÇ7 ‫ل‬䐧.¾. ¾ÎÇ‫ا‬N‫¾ اق‬ÎG Ö7‫ا‬. Ö7ÎG ‫ہ‬Î‫زا‬7F ‫۔‬8 ‫؟‬ξ. ÎÇ7 7¯ F‫¾ا‬. ¾‫ک‬./ ί ‫ض‬.7G 77~
Ö.N7 7‫ا‬. Ö¯ /‫ال‬N Ö7ÎG ‫۔‬4 ‫¾ا۔‬. ¾ÎÇF ÎÇ‫ا‬.7 F/6~ ¯.‫ہ ا‬N ‫۔‬3 ‫۔‬Ö¾. ‫از‬7GÇ Ö7ÎG G. ‫۔‬2 ‫¾ا۔‬. HG‫ش‬/ ÎF‫ا‬. ‫ا‬7ÎG ‫ہ‬N ‫۔‬1
‫؟‬Ö¾. ÖÇ7 7¯ ‫ع‬. ‫ا‬7 .‫ق‬N ‫ا‬.Î‫¾ ا‬NÎ ¯ G. ‫۔‬11 ‫۔‬Ö¾. ÖÇ7 ‫†ا‬7 Ö7 ¾N~Ž.¾. N¯ ¾N7¾‫گ‬
7‫ا‬. Ö¯ &¾—~ ‫۔‬7 ‫؟‬ξ. ‫ا‬.—‫ گ‬ÎF‫ا‬N ÖF.‫ا‬. 7‫ا‬. Ö¯ ‫ہ‬6F‫ا ?ا‬.¯ ‫۔‬6 ‫¾ا۔‬. ¾ÎÇF ‫طا‬N‫ل ط‬䐧‫ا‬N ÖFF N~ 7‫ا‬. Ö¯ ÎF? ‫۔‬5 ‫۔‬ξ. Η¾‫ گ‬ί 7. Past Perfect Tense
Ö. G. ‫۔‬11 ‫۔‬Î/ ‫ کا‬7‫ گ¾ا‬Ö. ÎF‫ا‬G ‫۔‬9 ‫ا۔‬./ 7¯ F.‫ ق‬N¯ ¾N‫گ‬NF &¯ Ö. ¾N/7‫ گ‬.7Ç/ ‫۔‬8 ‫۔‬ξ. Î77¯ &N‫ ہ‬ÎFN~ ¯.‫ا‬ Timeline:
.
Ö7‫ا‬GÇ ‫۔‬11 ‫—ا؟‬N~ ‫ہ‬G7.G ‫ کا‬F.Î. Ö. ¾N‫چ‬. ‫ا‬.¯ ‫۔‬11 ‫۔‬ξ‫ ک‬/ Î7‫¯ آ‬.‫ ا‬ÖFF Ö¯ ÖFÎ ‫ کا‬Ö. ¾ÎG ‫۔‬9 ‫۔‬ί ¾ÎÇF //G Î7ÎG
¯.Î. Ö. ¾N‫چ‬. ‫۔‬14 ‫۔‬ÖF‫ گ‬7~ ¯.‫ک‬. GÇ ÖF‫ف‬Ç ‫ہ‬.86‫۔ گ‬13 ‫ا۔‬.‫ہ آ‬F6F‫¾ ز‬ÎG 7ÎG7¯ ÖFÇF H/ N/ ‫۔‬12 ‫۔‬Ö.‫ آ‬H‫ا‬G‫ہ‬G F¯ 7¾‫گ‬ Past Present Future

//G Ö7ÎG ‫ہ‬6ÎGÇ G. ‫۔‬17 ‫¾ا۔‬. N~ ‫ا‬.‫ آ‬7¾‫ گ‬Ö7‫ا‬ÇG. ¾ÎG ‫۔‬16 ‫ا۔‬.¯ ‫لج‬䐧? ‫ا کا‬/‫ا‬/ Ö7ÎG Ö. 7ί‫¾ Žا‬ÎG F.7~‫۔ ا‬15 ‫ا—ا&۔‬
Earlier Action Later Action

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F
Ö. G. ÖFÇF Ö7 ÖF‫از ~—ھ‬G. ‫۔‬9 ‫¾ا۔‬. ‫† †کا‬.Ç G.Ž.Î7‫¾ ا‬.‫ا‬7 Ö¯ ¾NÎ7N/ ÖFÎ ‫¾ ا‬ÎG ÖFÇF Ö7 Ö.N‫? ہ‬N77 †.G ‫۔‬8 ‫¾ا۔‬. ‫¯¾ا †کا‬
(Past Perfect) (Past Simple)

Ö7 ¾NÎ ‫ف‬Ç N/ &‫¾ا‬. ‫ا‬7ÎG ‫۔‬11 ‫۔‬Ö¾. Ö¯. †.ÇF 7~ .‫ا‬G‫قا‬G >NG/G ÎF‫ا‬ÇF/ Ö7‫ا‬7 ÖFÇF Ö7 Ö.‫لب آ‬䐧.7 ‫۔‬11 ‫¾ا۔‬. ‫ا‬.F 7¯ N‫ض‬N
Usage#1:
It is a double action sentence. It tells about an action which had completed in the past before another past
action.
‫۔‬ξ. ‫اب‬.¯ Î7ÎG Ö7 /.7 7‫ا‬. Ö¯ F7F ‫۔ ق‬12 ‫¾ا۔‬. 7‫ا‬GÎ
Note:
8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
 Use Past Perfect Tense for earlier action
 Use Past Simple Tense for later action Timeline:

Structure:

Past Perfect Tense + before/when/after/as soon as + Past Simple Tense Past Now Future

Formula: Structure:

Affirmative: Subject + had + Verb (3rd form) + Object + Conjunction + S + Verb (2nd form) + O Affirmative: Subject + had + been + Verb (ing form) + Object + Since/For + Time.

Negative: Subject + had not + Verb (3rd form) + Object + Conjunction + S + Verb (2nd form) + O. Interrogative: How long + had + S + been + Verb (ing form) + Object?

Identification:‫۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬.‫ آ‬Ö‫ھ‬. Ö¯‫ چ‬،Î‫ھ‬. ί‫ چ‬،'‫ھ‬. '¯‫ں چ‬ÎG 7‫ آخ‬Ö¯ ‫ں‬N‫ل‬G‫ ج‬H' Usage:

It shows an action which was started in the past from a specific time and the action was happening in the past.

Identification:‫۔۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬.N‫د ہ‬N‫ج‬NG Î‫ (ھ‬.‫ق‬N ‫ئ‬N¯ ‫ھ ہئ‬.'‫ س‬Ö‫' ہ‬.‫ آ‬Ö‫ھ‬. Ö‫ہ‬7 ،Î‫ھ‬. Î‫ہ‬7 ،'‫ھ‬. '‫ہ‬7 ‫ں‬ÎG 7‫ آخ‬Ö¯ ‫ں‬N‫ل‬G‫ ج‬H'
Example:
Example: I had been teaching her for twenty minutes.‫¾'۔‬. '‫ہ‬7 '¾‫ ~ڑ‬Ö7 FG 7Î. ‫ں‬ÎG
The patient had died before the doctor came.‫¾'۔‬. '¯† 7G ‫ض‬Î7G ÖF‫ ~ہ‬Ö7 ÖH‫ آ‬Ö¯ 7¯'‫ڈ‬
How long had you been teaching him? ‫؟‬Ö¾. Ö‫ہ‬7 '¾‫ں ~ڑ‬Î‫ہ‬H' Ö7 7Î/ ÎF.¯ G.
Usage#2

It tells about a state or possession which was started in the past from a specific time and it was continued Assignment (Past Perfect Continuous Tense)
in the past.

Example: 7‫ا‬/.¯N‫۔ ج‬3 ‫۔‬Ö¾. ÖÇ7 7¯ .Î‫ا‬/Ç N¯ ¾N/7‫اگ‬7 ÖFÎ ‫ ا‬Ö7 ÎG 7/ ‫ہ‬.86‫ گ‬/‫ا‬.7‫۔ ا‬2 ‫؟‬Ö¾. ÖÇ7 ‫†ا‬. ÎFÎ7 Ö7 ‫ ¯ب‬G. ‫۔‬1
I had had his umbrella since last two days. ‫۔‬ξ. Î7.¾‫ چ‬ί7' Ö7 H/ N/ ‫ہ‬.66¯ 7'~ Ö7ÎG ‫ا‬.N‫ھ‬. ‫ا‬7ÎG ‫۔‬5 ‫۔‬ξ. ÎÇ7 ‫کا‬. ÎF‫ا‬.7~ ¾ÎG Ö.‫ا‬. Ά7N‫ا‬. Ö7 ¾NΠξ‫ گ‬N/ ‫ہ‬/‫ال‬N Î7ÎG ‫۔‬4 ‫¾ا؟‬. ‫ا‬Ç7 7¯ 8ÎÎ‫ف‬. Ö7 ÎFΆ‫ ا‬Ö7 7~/ ÎFί
7
‫اہ‬G N/ ¯‫ا‬7Î. ‫۔‬7 ‫۔‬Ö¾. ÖÇ7 /.70 ÎFN‫ م‬7N‫ ا‬G‫ج‬F Ö7 /.7 /‫ال‬N Ö7ÎG ‫۔‬6 ‫¾ا۔‬. ‫ا‬Ç7 7¯ 87~ N¯ ¾NÎ Î‫ا‬/ ÖFÎ ‫ ا‬Ö7 ֆ. 9 &‫¾ا‬.
He had been ill since June.‫¾'۔‬. 7'GÎ. Ö7 HN. ‫ہ‬N

‫¾ا۔‬. ‫ا‬Ç7 ‫ا‬.ΠΆ‫ا‬77 .7N‫ص‬.N‫ ج‬.ÇF ¯.‫ ا‬Ö7 ¾NÎ ‫ف‬Ç HÎ. 7‫ا‬ÇG¯ ‫۔‬8 ‫¾ا۔‬. ‫ا‬Ç7 7¯ ‫ق‬6G Ö7
Assignment (Past Perfect Tense)
F
¾‫ا‬ÇF Ö¯ 7ÎFN~ ‫۔‬3 ‫¾ا۔‬. ‫†ا †کا‬. ÎFξ‫ گ‬Î7‫—ا‬Ά ÖFÇF Ö7 ÖF†.Ç FN¯7‫ ا‬Ö7‫ا‬GÇ ‫۔‬2 ‫¾ا۔‬. ‫ا †کا‬. ‫ہ‬N ÖFÇF Ö7 Ö.‫ آ‬Ö7ÎG ‫۔‬1 9. Future Simple Tense
F F
‫ہ‬N ÖFÇF Ö7 ÖFÎ. ‫ Žا‬Ö7‫ ا‬Ö7ÎG ‫۔‬5 ‫۔‬ξ. ί. ¯7 87‫ا‬. ÖFÇF Ö7 ÖF†.Ç 7¾‫ گ‬Ö7‫ا‬GÇ ‫۔‬4 ‫۔‬Ö¾. Ö¯. N‫ ہ‬7‫ا‬7F 7N‫ ج‬ÖFÇF Ö7 ÖF†.Ç Timeline:

‫ب‬Î7 F7F ‫ ق‬ÖFÇF Ö7 Ö.‫ ¯¾ا‬Ö7NG‫۔ ش‬7 ‫¾ا۔‬. ‫ا‬./ 7‫ا‬G ‫کا‬G Ö7‫ ا‬Ö. ¾ÎG ÖFÇF Ö7 Ö.7‫ا‬G —ξ . Ö¯7‫۔ ا‬6 ‫¾ا۔‬. ‫ †کا‬N‫ ہ‬8N‫ام‬.

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Structure: 10. Future Continuous Tense

st
Affirmative: Subject + will + Verb (1 form) + Object.
Structure:
Negative: Subject + will + not + Verb (1st form) + Object. (Condensed form of will not=won’t) Affirmative: Subject + will be + Verb (ing form) + Object.
Negative: Subject + will + not + be + Verb (ing) + Object.
Interrogative: Will + S + Verb (1st form) + Object? Interrogative: Will + S + be + Verb (ing) + Object?
Identification: Ö¯ ‫ں‬N‫ ہ‬Ö‫ہ‬7 ،Î‫ں گ‬N‫ ہ‬Î‫ہ‬7 ،'‫ں گ‬N‫ہ' ہ‬7
Note: Usage:
It shows an action which will be happening in the future.
The usage of 8shall9 is a rule in British English. Shall is used after I and we. The condensed form of shall not is shan9t.
Example: I will be mending the puncture. ‫ں ¯'۔‬N‫ہ' ہ‬7 7¯ .G7G ί 7†¯F~ ‫ں‬ÎG
Usage: It may also show a present action like: Don9t go into his room, he will be sleeping.

Future Simple Tense shows three things: Assignment (Future Continuous Tense)

¾N‫ ہ‬ÖÇ7 Ö/ NN N¯ ÎF ÎF ÎF ÎF‫ا‬ÇF/ ‫ف‬N‫ق‬NÎ Î ‫۔‬2 ‫۔‬Ö¯ ¾N‫ ہ‬ÖÇ7 ‫گا‬F Ö7‫غ‬. HÎ7Ç‫ظا‬G ¾ÎG Ö7F. Ö¯ &‫ آ‬ÎF ÎF ‫۔‬1
Future State, Future Possession and Future Action.

‫¾ کا‬NFG. H ِ‫¯ ا‬NF G. ‫۔‬5 ‫ ¯ا۔‬N‫ا ہ‬Ç7 ‫ا‬.Î .87ÇG ί 6ÎÇ. N¯ 777 ÖFÎ ‫ ا‬/‫ا‬G‫ا‬/ ‫۔‬4 ‫۔‬ί N‫ ہ‬ÎÇ7 ¾‫ج‬G‫ ش‬N¯ ¾N~‫ا‬. Î7ÎG G. ‫۔‬3 ‫۔‬Ö¯
Future State: (Future form of be-verb = will be)
I will be a teacher.‫ں ¯'۔‬N‫ ہ‬/'.7' ¯Î' ‫ں‬ÎG
You will be my student. ‫۔‬Ö¯ N‫ ہ‬/7¯'6 Ö7ÎG G.
Future Possession: (Future form of Possessive verb = will have)
‫۔‬Ö¯ N‫ ہ‬ÖÇ7 7¯ ‫ہ‬G.7~
I will have an interesting book.‫۔‬ί N‫'( ہ‬.¯ ~7†F/ ¯Î' 7'~ Ö7ÎG
He will have a nice dress.‫ ¯'۔‬N‫ ہ‬7'.F '7'Î~ ¯Î' 7'~ Ö¯7'
She won9t have money. ‫۔‬Ö¯ ‫ں‬N‫ں ہ‬Î‫ہ‬H Ö7Î~ 7'~ Ö¯7'

Future Action: 11. Future Perfect Tense

Use: It shows an unplanned action of the future.
Timeline:
Identification:‫۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬.‫ آ‬Î‫ گ‬،Ö¯ ،'‫ں گ‬ÎG 7‫ آخ‬Ö¯ ‫ں‬N‫ل‬G‫ ج‬H'

Example: I will go to America.‫'ؤں ¯'۔‬. '¯Î7G' ‫ں‬ÎG

Past Present Future
Assignment (Future Simple Tense)
Earlier Action Later Action

Î7ÎG ÖFG ‫ا‬7 Ö¯ ¾NÎ7N/ Ö7ÎG G. ‫۔‬3 ‫ا&¾ ¯ا۔‬. 7N‫لہ‬䐧 ‫اہ‬G ÖF¯‫¾ ا‬ÎG ‫۔‬2 ‫¾ ¯ا۔‬N/ .N‫ع‬/ ¾ÎG ‫ہ‬7‫الگ‬7 ÎFÎ‫¾ ا‬ÎÇG. ¾ÎG ‫۔‬1 (Future Perfect)(Present Simple)

¾ÎG ‫ا‬.Î/ ÖFÇF Ö7 .G‫ا‬.‫ ق‬G‫ل‬䐧7F‫ہ ا‬.F? Î7Î? .7‫۔ †ض‬5 ‫؟‬Ö¯ N7¯ FG‫ ع‬7~ ./.‫ص‬. Î7ÎG G. ‫ا‬.¯ ‫۔‬4 ‫۔‬Ö¯ N7¯ ¾ÎÇF HÎÇN~ Usage:

‫ا&¾ ¯ا۔‬.Î .‫ا‬. ί ‫از‬7 ¯.‫¾ ا‬ÎÇG. ¾ÎG F¯ ‫۔‬7 ‫۔‬Ö¯ ¾Î/ .‫ا‬.‫ا‬N‫ ج‬Ö¯ .‫ل‬䐧‫ا‬N7 Ö¯ ¾NÎ77F ¾ÎG 7ÎH ‫ب‬8 GÇ ‫۔‬6 ‫۔‬Ö¯ ¾Î. ‫آ‬
It is a double action sentence. It tells about an action which will have completed in the future before
another future action.

¯.‫ ا‬7‫ا‬. Ö7ÎG ‫۔‬11 ‫۔‬Ö¯ N‫ ہ‬H‫ا‬7F‫ ا‬Ö¾. ‫¯ ا‬.‫¾ ا‬ÎG F.‫ف‬F7G G. ‫۔‬9 ‫¾ ¯ا۔‬N7¯ ‫?ا‬/ ÖFF Ö¯ ./7 ξ.‫ ا‬Î7‫ا‬ÇG. ¾ÎG ‫۔‬8 Note:

‫۔‬ί N‫ ہ‬ÎF. NÎ F‫ا‬.

 Use Future Perfect Tense for earlier action
 Use Future Simple Tense for later action

Structure:

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Ö7ÎG ‫۔‬3 ‫ ¯ا۔‬N‫ا ہ‬Ç7 7‫گ¾ا‬. ¾‫ا‬.†.7 Ö7 G‫ا‬7 .8N/ ‫ا‬7ÎG ‫۔‬2 ‫۔‬Ö¯ ¾N‫ ہ‬ÖÇ7 7¯ 7‫ظا‬F Î‫¾ کا ا‬NÎ ÎÎF. Ö7 ¾NΠξ‫ گ‬N/ H‫ا‬G‫ہ‬G ‫۔‬1
Future Perfect Tense + before/when/after/as soon as + Future Simple Tense

¾N‫ ہ‬ÖÇ7 ‫ا‬.Î ‫ہ‬ÎN‫ص‬F G ‫ کا‬ÖFÎ NF NF 7¾‫ گ‬Ö7ÎG Ö7 ¾NÎ ÎÇG 7‫ا‬. N¯‫۔ Žا‬4 ‫۔‬Ö¯ ¾N‫ ہ‬ÖÇ7 ¾‫ک‬.7 Î6~7‫گ‬.‫ ا‬Ö7 ¾NÎ ÎÇG 7‫ا‬. GF?F F‫طا‬
Identification: ‫۔‬Ö¯ ‫ں‬N‫ ہ‬Ö¯‫ چ‬،Î‫ گ‬N‫ ہ‬ί‫ چ‬،'‫ں گ‬N‫چ¯' ہ‬

Formula:

Affirmative: Subject + will have + Verb (3rd form) + Object + Conjunction + S + Verb (1st form) + O ‫ ¯ا؟‬N‫ا ہ‬Ç7 7¯ 8‫ل‬䐧. ‫ہ‬NÎ Î ‫ا‬.Î‫ ا‬Ö7 7~/ ÎFί ÎF? ‫۔‬5 ‫۔‬Ö¯
Negative: Subject + will not have + Verb (3rd form) + Object + Conjunction + S + Verb (1st form) + (s/es) + O.
Assignment (Mixed Tenses)
‫؟‬ÖÇ 7Îί.G Î7‫ا‬ÇG. ‫ہ‬N ‫ا‬.¯ ‫۔‬3‫؟‬ξ.N‫گ‬.‫ ا‬ί Ö7ÎÇ 7‫ا‬. Ö7‫ا‬ÇG. ‫ا‬.¯ ‫۔‬2 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ H‫ا‬G.‫ ا‬Ö. H‫ا‬/.7‫ا‬.7 Ö7‫ا‬GÇ‫۔‬1
Example:

The patient will have died before the doctor comes. '¯ N‫ †¯' ہ‬7G ‫ض‬Î7G ÖF‫ ~ہ‬Ö7 ÖH‫ آ‬Ö¯ 7¯'‫ڈ‬

Assignment (Future Perfect Tense) Ö7 G‫ا‬7 ‫۔‬6 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ÎFN‫ ہ‬87‫ا‬. ¾ÎG G‫ش‬N‫ م‬Ö¯ ¾NÎ G7‫۔ گ‬5 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ Ö.7¯ .ΆG .ÇF Ö7 ¾NÎ ÇF ÎFÎ‫¾ا& ا‬. ‫۔‬4
‫۔‬9 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ ÖÇ7 ¾‫ک‬./ ‫ف‬7‫ ط‬ί Ž7N~ GF?F F‫۔ طا‬8 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ÎF.G77 .ÇF ÎÇ Ö7 HΆ. ‫ہ‬N ‫۔‬7 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ÎÇ7 N‫ ہ‬Î/.‫ا‬. /.N~
N‫ †کا ہ‬7‫ا‬G —ξ . ¾ÎÇG. ‫ل‬䐧‫ا‬N 7ÎFN~ ÖFÇF Ö7 ÖFÎF .N77 ‫۔‬2 ‫۔‬ί N‫ ہ‬ί. ‫گا‬F ‫¾ا‬.N~ 7~ 87F G. ÖFÇF Ö7 Ö.‫ا¾ آ‬ÇF Ö7‫ا‬GÇ ‫۔‬1
‫۔‬11 ‫۔‬N/ Ö.‫ا‬. Ö¾‫ج‬G ‫۔‬11 ‫۔‬N—N~ .G N¯ ¾NFN‫ھ‬. ‫۔‬9 ‫¾۔‬ÎÎ7 .‫ا‬. Î7ÎG ÎF‫ا‬.7ÇG Ö.‫ا‬7~ ‫۔‬8 ‫۔‬NFN‫ ¯ھ‬.G ‫ازہ‬N7/
‫۔‬5 ‫۔‬Ö¯ N‫ ہ‬.8N/ HÎ7ÎÇF Ö7ÎG ‫ہ‬7 ‫۔‬4 ‫ ¯ا۔‬N‫ا ہ‬./ ‫ا‬.¾. NG.7 ‫ کا‬ÎN ÎF Ö. ÎG‫ ا‬ÖFÇF Ö7 ÖF¾‫ک‬./ GFG Ö7‫ا‬GÇ ‫۔‬3 ‫¯ا۔‬
Î7‫ا‬7 ÎFÎ‫¾ ا‬ÎG ‫۔‬13 ‫ا&¾ ¯ا۔‬. ¾ÎG Ö‫از‬.. Ö¯ 7‫ا‬/ ‫ہ‬.87 ÖFÎ ‫ ا‬F¯ ¾ÎG ‫۔‬12 ‫۔‬Ö¯ N‫ ہ‬ÎÇ‫ا‬.7 7/‫ا‬ÇF ¯.‫ ا‬G.
‫ ¯ا۔‬N‫ہ ہ‬F¯F Î ‫ ~—ا‬.ÇF ¯.‫ ا‬7‫ا‬. Ö7ÎG
‫۔‬16 ‫ا۔‬./ —N~ ‫ہ‬7N7¾. ‫ا‬7ÎG Ö. G. ‫۔‬15 ‫¾ ¯ا۔‬N7¯ ¾ÎÇF ‫?اف‬G ξ¯ ¾ÎÇG. ¾ÎG ‫۔‬14 ‫¾۔‬N‫ہ ہ‬/.G77 7~ ¾NÎ ‫ط‬F?
‫؟‬N‫ ہ‬ÎF7¯ ¾ÎÇF FG‫¾ ع‬NÎ ¯ 7~ ./.‫ص‬. Î7ÎG G. ‫۔‬17 ‫؟‬ÖÇ ¾NÎ ¯ FN‫ گ‬HÎG‫ز‬
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense 8'‫سنار‬㏒ï î¾‫و‬䣤‫ر‬ㆩ ' ‫ر‬೫‫ی‬쳿Ö‫ہ‬셈‫ک⫌ت‬ꤱൻ篬ಉ褟‫و‬䠠಄萣‫'س‬൧柴o‫گ‬꽶‫ہ‬셈Ç'‫ی⹈خ‬챟‫س‬㏒౹祎'‫ر‬೫‫ی‬쳿‫چ‬蛁‫گ‬꼱'‫ہ‬셈‫ک⫌تر⪍ت‬ꤱ‫ش‬㒩‫پ‬縱‫Ⰳج‬౹祎¾‫ی‬쳱oÖ81
Timeline: Ö¾‫ہ‬셈

. ‫ہ‬셅‫ی' ر‬챻‫ہ‬쇒‫سناچر‬㏒‫ش‬㓌‫چ⹈خ‬蛺Ö‫ہ‬쇒‫ہ‬쇌‫برسر‬. ‫پ‬縱¾Î‫ہ‬셥Go‫م‬䕗‫ر‬î'‫خد‬Ö81

Ö‫ی‬챻‫ہ‬쇒‫کر‬ꤱ'‫ک'د‬ꥥ¯'‫سخد‬
Past Now Future ‫ئ‬
Ö‫ہ‬쇒೐탞‫د‬ൻ篬 ‫⿌د 'سا‬ೳ‫'س‬൧柴Ö‫ی‬쳿‫ہ¾⩈ت‬쇱‫س‬㎆Ö‫ہ‬쇒ïൻ篬‫م‬䕽‫پ‬縱ౢ戼 ‫ی‬챶൧柴Ö‫گ'س‬꽶‫ہ‬쇒‫نا‬ഃΆ‫ار‬.‫ککن‬ꥻ'Ö‫ی‬쳿Ö02
Structure:
‫ئ‬
Affirmative: Subject + will have + been + Verb (ing form) + Object + Since/For + Time. Ö‫ی‬챻‫ک⫒ت‬ꤱ¾‫ی‬쳱‫س‬㏳'¯‫ل‬䑈Ï‫ک‬꧁¾‫ہ‬셈ç‫سچر‬㍈Ï‫س‬㏒¾‫ن‬䙈‫یکد‬쳿Ö‫ی‬챻‫ہ‬쇒‫کر‬ꤱo‫م‬䔧‫ی‬쳿‫ل‬䑻 ‫ہار‬G ‫س‬㏒‫ل¯ر'ت‬䑈‫ک‬꧒Ö‫فر‬7౺究‫'ی‬Ö08
. .
Interrogative: How long + will haave + S + been + Verb (ing form) + Object?
Ö ‫ک‬ꤱ‫م‬䗭‫¯بر‬౰瀗‫م' ر'س‬೴Ö‫ھ‬뻼‫ہ‬쇒‫ھیر‬빰‫ی‬쳿‫ل‬䑻Ö‫ھ' ر⩚تر‬뻼‫ہ‬쇒‫مر‬䔯‫ی‬쳿 ‫م‬䕚‫⩻تآ‬Ö00
Identification:‫ گ'۔‬N‫د ہ‬N‫ج‬NG .‫ق‬N ‫ئ‬N¯ ‫ھ‬.'‫ س‬Ö¯ Ö¯ ‫ں‬N‫ ہ‬Ö‫ہ‬7 ،Î‫ں گ‬N‫ ہ‬Î‫ہ‬7 ،'‫ں گ‬N‫ہ' ہ‬7
Ö‫ھ‬빑‫ک‬ꦭ‫ہ‬셈‫آ ٹ‬ೂ슓‫س‬㏒Ö‫مر‬䔧യ⿥ ‫ری‬ ‫ہآف د‬섯‫شا‬Ö02
. ‫ئ‬
Usage:
. Î .
Ö‫ھ‬빑ç‫ل‬䑈‫' ر‬Ç‫ار‬Î‫ن‬،‫ج‬. ،౦暍،‫س‬㌒¯،‫پ‬،‫ب‬⠇‫سر'نا‬㌧‫ہ‬셒‫س‬㏒¾‫ل‬䑈‫س‬㌧‫اسک‬Î‫ن‬Ö‫ی‬챶Ö02
It shows an action which was started in the past from a specific time and the action will be happening in the future.
Example: I will have been teaching her for twenty minutes. ‫ں ¯'۔‬N‫ہ' ہ‬7 '¾‫ ~ڑ‬Ö7 FG 7Î. Ö7' ‫ں‬ÎG
How long will have you been teaching him? ‫؟‬Ö¯ N‫ ہ‬Ö‫ہ‬7 '¾‫ ~ڑ‬Ö7' Ö7 7Î/ ÎF.¯ G. . ‫ئ‬
َ‫ہ؟‬쇒‫ہنا‬셈¾‫ی‬쳱ೳ‫ن‬䛌‫ا‬Î‫کن‬꧁‫ہ‬쇒ÏF'‫س‬㍈Ö‫ہ‬쇒‫دنا‬ൻ篬('nഁŚ‫ھ‬뻴Ö‫س‬㍵‫گ‬꽶‫ہ‬쇒‫ھ‬뺭‫پ‬繈F'‫س‬㍈Ï‫س‬㏒¾‫گ‬꽈‫ل‬䑈‫ک‬Ö‫ی‬쳿Ö02
Assignment (Present Perfect Continuous Tense)

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‫از‬7F77 ‫۔‬28 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬.N‫ل ہ‬䐧.Î ¯.7 ‫ کا‬H‫ا‬G‫۔ آش‬27 ‫؟‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬Ç7 Ö/ ¯.7/ 7~ Ö‫از‬N7/ Ö7 7~/ ÎFί F7F ‫۔ ق‬26 It takes two to make a quarrel. ‫۔‬ÖÇ ÎF†. Ö7 ¾N‫ھ‬.‫ا‬Ç ¾N~N/ ÎF‫ا‬.
Health is wealth.‫۔‬ÖÇ .G‫ع‬. 7‫ا‬6Ç ÎF77/.Î
‫۔‬ί N‫ ہ‬ί. ‫ا‬. 7F‫ا‬N 7¾‫ گ‬ÖFÎ ‫ہ ا‬N ÖFÇF Ö7 ÖFÎ. Ö.‫ا‬. Ö7ÎG ‫۔‬29 ‫ا۔‬./ ¾ÎÇF ‫¯ہ‬N‫ھ‬/ N¯ ¾NÎ7N/ ÖFÎ ‫ ا‬Ö. Barking dogs seldom bite.‫¾۔‬ÎÇF ÖF77~ ‫ہ‬N ¾ÎÇ ÖF.7‫ گ‬N‫ج‬

‫¾ا۔‬. ‫ †کا‬7¯ /.Î H‫کا‬/ ÎFÎ‫ ا‬8N7F Î6Î8 ÖFÇF Ö7 Ö./.70 ¯7/‫ ا‬7N‫ ا‬H8ÇF Ö¯7‫۔ ا‬31 Great cry little wool.H‫ا‬N¯. ‫کا‬F ¾. ،H‫کا‬/ Ά.N‫ا‬

‫ا؟‬./ ‫ہ‬G/. &N¯ ¾ÎÇG. 7~ ‫ہ‬7‫گ‬F7 Î7‫ا‬ÇG. Ö. ¾N~‫ا‬G‫ہ‬G ‫ا‬.¯ ‫۔‬31

¾&‫ا‬.7 ‫عہ‬F‫ا‬N 6ί.‫ ا‬.7Ά ¯.‫¾ ا‬ÎÇG. ¾ÎG /?. ¾N~/ ¾‫۔ ¯ج‬33 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ا‬.F 7¯ FNÎ ‫ ق‬G70 ‫ا‬.Î‫ ا‬ÎÇ ÖFÇF Ö7 G7.G ‫۔‬32
‫¾۔‬ÎÇ ÖÇ7 ¯.‫ا‬G ¾Î.‫?ا‬/ ÖFF Ö¯ 87‫ا‬. F¯ ‫ آج‬GÇ ‫۔‬35 ‫۔‬Ö¯ ¾N‫ ہ‬ÖÇ7 ‫†ا‬G 7N7 ¾ÎG .?‫ا‬G. ֆ. ‫۔‬34 ‫¯ا۔‬
7‫ل‬䐧¯ ί Î6~7‫گ‬.‫ ا‬GF?F F‫ طا‬G‫ا‬G. ‫۔‬37 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ Ö.‫گا‬F 7‫ک‬. 7‫ا‬. .‫ا‬7 /7‫ گ‬Ö¯ ‫ہ‬.?¯ ‫ہ‬Î‫ا‬. H‫ا‬7N/ Ö¯ ./ Ά‫ا‬. ‫۔‬36
‫¾۔‬N‫ ہ‬N~ ‫ا‬.7¯ 7~ .‫ق‬N G‫ا کا‬.Î‫¾ ا‬ÎG ‫۔‬39 ‫†ا&۔‬. ÎFÎ7 Ö. Ö¯—F ÎF7‫ا‬77 ‫۔‬38 ‫¾۔‬ÎÇ Ö.N‫ ہ‬ÖÇ7 N7 H‫ا‬7N/ Ö¯
‫¾۔‬ÎÇ Ö¯. ¾‫ک‬.7 G‫ا‬7F‫ ا‬G‫ا‬G. ί Ö.‫ا‬G‫ ز‬GF?F F‫ طا‬Ö7ÎG ‫۔‬41
Proverbs
Something is better than nothing.‫۔‬Î‫ہ‬8 ÎÇ ÎFN‫گ‬.F ί 7N‫ ج‬ÖF‫¾ا گ‬.
No need to cry over split milk.‫۔‬.ξ¯ &¯ ¯. ‫ا‬.—0 ‫ ¯ا †ب‬N‫ا ہ‬.¯ Ö7 ÖN‫ا‬.¾‫ج‬. ‫اب‬
Greed is a curse.ÖÇ ‫ل‬䐧. Î7~ †F‫ل‬䐧
Pride hath a fall.‫†ا۔‬.Î 77 ‫ کا‬7N7‫غ‬
Too much ado about nothing.‫ا۔‬ÇN‫ل ج‬䐧‫ک‬. —‫ا‬ÇF ‫ا‬/N‫¯ھ‬
Little knowledge is dangerous.‫۔‬H‫ا‬. ‫ہ‬7‫ †ط‬G‫ک‬. GÎ
God’s mill grind slow but sure.‫¾۔‬ÎÇF 7ξ/.‫ ا‬ÖÇ 7~/ ¾ÎG 7¾‫ گ‬Ö¯ ‫ا‬/.
Cut your coat according to cloth.‫ل&۔‬䐧.¾. ¾&‫ا‬. ÖFÎ ‫ ا‬7/‫ا‬. ÎFΆ
Do in Rome as Romans do.‫۔‬7ξ. ‫ا‬7FN 7F/ ‫ا‬7Ά
Unity is strength.‫۔‬ÖÇ .¯7~ ¾ÎG /‫†ا‬.‫ا‬
Might is right.7Îξ. ί7‫ ا‬ξ.‫ل‬䐧 ί 7.
Honesty is the best policy.‫۔‬ÖÇ ÎFG‫ ع‬.G‫ک‬. HÎ7ÎÇF Î7‫ا‬/.‫ا‬G.‫ا‬
¯
Out of the frying pan into the fire.‫کا۔‬.‫¾ ا‬ÎG 7N‫ا ¾چ‬7‫ گ‬Ö7 H‫ا‬G‫آش‬
As you sow so shall you reap. ‫۔‬Ö¯ N~‫ا کا‬7FN Ö¯ &N~ ‫ا‬7Ά
Where there is a will there is a way.‫اہ۔‬7 ¾‫ا‬ÇN ‫اہ‬. ¾‫ا‬Ç.
All is well that ends well.‫ل۔‬䐧¾. ‫ب‬8 ‫ل‬䐧¾. ¾Î‫ا‬

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Voice Q2: Convert into Active Voice:

i- She is scolded by me. ix- You had been called by your mother.
ii- I will be punished by the teacher. x- Ali is taught by me.
iii- My pen has been stolen.
iv- You will have been helped by Ali.
v- Mangoes are being eaten by us.
Active Voice Passive Voice vi- Cricket was being played by the boys.
*Subject is Active. *Object is Active. vii- Tree was cut by the servant.
viii- Laptop has been purchased by me.
*Object is Passive. *Subject is Passive. Q3: Change the voice:
*Work is done by the subject. *Work is done on the subject.
Example: Example: i- The chair has been broken. vi- I am knocking at the door.
I am eating mango. Mango is being eaten by me. ii- I have been scolded by my mother. vii- Tea was being prepared by her.
iii- You have cheated her. 8- Students were punished by the mentor.
iv- The shoe will be repaired. 9- I am admired by them.
v- The dog will be found by the police. 10- The sandal had been mended by the cobbler.
Active Voice Pattern: Subject + Helping Verb + Verb + Object. Passive of Double Object Verbs
Passive Voice Pattern: Object + Changed Helping Verb + Verb (3rd form) + by + Object. Few verbs require double objects such as give, tell, send, lend, write, show etc.
Change of Helping Verb: Pattern of Active Voice: Subject + Helping Verb + Main Verb + Direct Object (living thing) + Indirect Object (non-living thing).
OR Subject + Helping Verb + Main Verb + Indirect Object + to + Direct Object.
Helping Verbs of all the Indefinite Tense Changes into helping verb of continuous Tense.
Pattern of Passive Voice: Direct Object + Changed Helping Verb + Main Verb (3rd form) + Indirect Object + by + Subject
Helping Verbs of all the Continuous Tense Changes into continuous helping verb + being (except future continuous) OR Indirect Object + Changed Helping Verb + Main Verb (3rd form) + to + Direct Object + Subject
Example:
Helping Verbs of all the Perfect Tense Changes into helping Verb of Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
I am writing him a letter. (Active)
Notes to Remember:
He is being written a letter by me. (Passive)
 Passive voice of non-action verbs (state and possession) is not possible. A letter is being written to him by me. (Passive)
For Example: He is my best friend. (Passive not possible)
Assignment#2
 Passive voice of Intransitive Verb is not possible.
Q1: Convert into Passive Voice:
For Example: He is going to school. (Passive not possible)
Exception: Phrasal Verbs (such as: look at, look after, knock at, bark at, laugh at etc) i- I am writing him a letter.
 Passive voice of all perfect continuous tenses and future continuous tense is not possible. ii- She has shown me her new dress.
Assignment#1 iii- I am lending him my pen.
iv- She told me a nice story.
Q1: Convert into Passive Voice.
v- I will give them a treat.
i- He cuts the grass. ix- He has fought with him.
ii- He cut the grass. x- Ali was flying a kite in the air.
iii- I am teaching them. xi- Birds fly in the air. Translations:
iv- He was breaking the chair. xii- We will complete our work. i) He is scolded by me. ‫۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬.'‫ ڈ'نٹ' ج‬Ö‫ع‬Î7‫ ذ‬Ö7ÎG Ö‫'س‬
v- You will be following me. xiii- They were looking after the patient. ii) The chair is being repaired. Ö‫ ہ‬Î‫ہ‬7 '‫ ج‬ί .G7G ί Î‫س‬7¯
vi- I have been teaching him since morning. xiv- He knocked at the door. iii) The exams have been post-poned. ‫ں۔‬Î‫ ہ‬Ö¯‫ ج' چ‬Ö&¯ Î[Link] .'‫ح'ن‬.G'
vii- She was my best friend. xv- I shall visit him. iv) My pen has been stolen. ‫۔‬Ö‫' ہ‬Î‫' گ‬ÎF '7‫ چ‬GF‫' ق‬7ÎG
viii- I had a story book. xvi- You put the marker in the drawer. v) He will be cheated. ‫ گ'۔‬Ö&'‫' ج‬Î‫¯' د‬N‫ دھ‬Ö‫'س‬

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Assignment#3

Ö7~‫۔ تمہی¾ م‬4 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ہا‬7 ‫ہی¾ دیا جا‬. ÎF‫ یا‬N‫¾ ک‬N‫د‬N‫۔ پ‬3‫ ہی¾۔‬Ö.‫ جا‬Ö‫ کئ‬Î7~‫ اس‬Ö‫ نع‬76 Ö¯ F‫ہ‬. Î7‫ تمہا‬֗~‫ ک‬Ö7‫۔ تمہا‬2 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ دیا جایا‬G‫۔ تمہی¾ انعا‬1
Active Pattern of WHO: Who + helping verb + Verb + Object?
Passive Pattern of WHO: By whom + changed helping verb + object + verb (3rd)?
Ö‫ نع‬76 Ö‫۔ تمہی¾ اسک‬8 ‫ ڈانٹا گٹا۔‬N‫¾ ک‬N‫علم‬. F‫۔ طا‬7 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ یک—ا جا چکا‬N‫ ک‬7N‫ چ‬Ö‫ نع‬76 Ö¯ ‫س‬ÎFN‫۔ پ‬6 ‫ ہی¾۔‬Ö‫ جا جک‬֗N‫ پ‬FN‫۔ ~ھ‬5 ‫۔‬ÖÇ ‫ہا‬7 ‫ پ—¾ایا جا‬Ö‫ نع‬76 Example:
Who is calling me? (Active Voice)
‫؟‬Î‫ گ‬Ö.‫ جا‬ί ‫مت‬7‫ م‬N‫¾ ک‬N‫پ‬N‫ چ‬Ö7‫ تمہا‬Ö‫ نع‬76 Ö¯ Î‫چ‬N‫۔ کٹا م‬01 ‫۔‬Î‫ گ‬Ö.‫ہی¾ مٹائ جا‬. ‫ہ‬7‫ سالگ‬Î7‫۔ تمہا‬9 ‫ گئ۔‬Î‫لع د‬䐧‫اط‬ By whom I am being called? (Passive Voice)

Assignment#5
Q: Change the Voice:
Passive of Imperative Sentences i- What was he doing there? v- How will he give me the gift?
Active Pattern: ii- Why is he disturbing you? vi- Who was knocking at the door?
Order: Verb (1st form) + Object. iii- When did he cheat you? vii- By whom was he being punished?
Example: Open the door. iv- Where will he learn English? viii- Why is he being appreciated by you?
Request: Kindly/Please + Verb (1st form) + Object. Passive of Modal Auxiliary Verbs (can, could, may, might, must, would, should, ought to)
Example: Please, Open the door.
Active Voice Pattern: Subject + Modal + Verb (1st) + Object.
Prohibition: Don’t + Verb (1st form) + Object.
Passive Voice Pattern: Object + Modal + be + Verb (3rd) + by + Subject.
Example: Don’t open the door.
Passive Pattern:
Example:
Order: Let + Object + be + Verb (3rd form) OR You are ordered to + Verb (1st form) + Object. I can teach you. (active voice)
Example: Let the door be opened. OR You are ordered to open the door. You can be taught be me. (passive voice)
Request: Let + Object + be + Verb (3rd form) OR You are requested to + Verb (1st form) + Object. Assignement#6
Example: Let the door be opened. Or you are request to open the door. Q: Change the Voice.
Prohibition: Don’t + Let + Object + be + Verb (3rd form) OR Let + Object + Not be + Verb (3rd form) OR You are prohibited to + Object + Verb (3rd form) He can slap you now. We ought to follow the traffic rules.
Example: Don’t let the door be opened OR Let the door not be opened OR you are prohibited to open the door.
I could help her yesterday. She can be silent.
Assignment#4
Q1: Convert into Passive voice:
You should obey your parents. The exams can be post-poned.
i- Sing a song. vi- Go to school I may polish your shoes. The rules should be followed by you.
ii- Fly the kite. vii- Please, respect your elders. He would give me a present. The corruption can be ended by the police.
iii- Bet him in the garden. viii- Kindly, give me the pen. Assignment#7 (Change the Voice)
iv- Be silent. ix- Show me your new dress. He will call you tomorrow. Why are you laughing at him?
v- Have a bath. x- Don’t bother me. I might forbid him to come here. Why has he been insulted by you?
Q2: Convert into Active Voice: Who was standing there? How can you do this?
i- Let the window be close. vi- Let me the pen be given. We will be washing the dishes. Why should I follow the rules?
ii- Let the grass be cut. vii- Let the story be told to me. I will be a great doctor. Go to school.
iii- You are ordered to finish your work viii- You are prohibited to play cricket. The disease will be cured by the doctor. Have tea.
iv- You are requested to clean the room. ix- Don’t let the chair be broken. I have a car. Please forgive me.
v- You are supposed to be a teacher. x- Let the ink not be filled in the pen It has been raining since morning. Kindly pass that cloth to me.
Why will you help me? Don’t play with bad boys.
Passive of Wh – Words Interrogative Sentences
She will not follow your advice. Let the tree be planted.
Active pattern of Wh – Words Interrogative Sentences: Wh – word + Helping Verb + Subject + Verb + Object? Sing a song in the birthday party. Let the grass not be cut.
Passive pattern of Wh – words Interrogative Sentences: Wh – word + Changed Helping Verb + Object+Verb (3rd)+by+ S? The Principal will give me a shield. Bring me a cup of tea.
Example: Give me that cloth. Look at the board.
Why were you following me? (Active Voice) I will be awarded a prize by the teacher. Don’t fight with me.
Why was I being followed by you? (Passive Voice) A prize was awarded to me by the teacher. We were learning voice.

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Has she deceived you? The teacher teaches us with confidence.

The naughty boy blew the whistle.
I shall buy a new dress.
The chair can be repaired by the carpenter.
By whom was the car being washed?
Narration
The politicians ought to do something for Pakistan. Please show me your marksheet.
You can be caught by the police. Can you help me?
I was having dinner with you. I could not afford to buy a new dress.
I slapped her last night. You must not close this door.
You cannot do this with me. We are not constructing the house. Direct Narration Indirect Narration
‫ن‬䛳‫یدہر'د‬쳿‫فظ‬䅫'‫ک‬꧒‫س‬㏌'‫ک‬ꥈ‫ہ&بات‬셈‫ہ‬셵‫ک‬꧌‫س‬㍵ ‫نب‬
‫¯ ا‬g‫ی‬쳿8'‫ن‬䘯'‫ن‬䙐'‫ک‬ꥈ‫ہ&بات‬셈‫ہ‬셵‫ک‬꧌‫س‬㍵
The fruit of oil-palm is boiled and pressed. Will you join our company tonight?
The boys are scolded by the teacher. The Earth is round.
The bride was beautified by the beautician. The sun rises in the East.
He was looking at me. I Love Pakistan. Direct Narrations contains inverted commas. Indirect speech does not contain inverted commas.

Pattern of Direct Narration: Reporting Speech, <Reported Speech.=

Reporting speech contains the speaker and the listener. (If listener is not present then 8you9 is understood.)

Reported speech contains the dialogue uttered by the speaker. It9s always enclosed in inverted commas.

(i) ASSERTIVE (Affirmative/Negative) NARRATION

Steps for converting direct narration to indirect narration if there’s ASSERTIVE SENTENCE in reported speech

Step#1: (Change of Reporting Verb)

Said to  Told Say to  Tell Says to  Says Saying to  Telling

Said  Said Say  Say Says  Says Saying  Saying

Step#2: (Change of , < =)

,< =  that

Step#3: (Change of Pronoun of Reported Speech)

Reported Speech 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person

Reporting Speech Subject Object No change

Note: If there is any common noun/proper noun in the reported speech then we have to take it as He,
She or They.

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Step#4: (Change of Tense of Reported Speech) (ii) INTERROGATIVE NARRATION (Question Mark in the end of Sentence)
Note: Change the tense of reported speech only when reporting speech is in PAST tense otherwise don9t Interrogative Sentences are used to ask questions. They are classified into two main types.
follow this step.
i) Confirmatory Interrogative Sentence: It starts with a helping verb or a modal auxiliary verb.
Tense Changing Pattern: Example: Are you learning English? Can you tell me the address of his home?
ii) Explanatory Interrogative Sentence: It starts with a wh-word.
All 4 Present Tense  All 4 Past Tense (Don’t change the tense of Universal Truth Sentence)
Example: Where are you going? How have you solved this problem?
Past Simple Tense (S + Verb 2nd form + O)  Past Perfect Tense (S + Had + Verb 3rf form + O)
Past Continuous Tense (S+was/were+Verb 4th form+O)  Past Perfect Continuous Tense (S+had been+Verb 4th form) Five Steps for converting direct narration to indirect narration if there is an
Past Perfect Tense and Past Perfect Continuous Tense remains unchanged. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE inside reported speech
In Future Tenses will is replaced by would and shall is replaced by should. Step#1: (Change of Reporting Verb)
Step#5: (Change of Extra Words) Said to / Said  Asked Say to / Say  Ask Says to / Says  Asks Saying to / Saying  Asking
Note: Change the extra words of reported speech only when reporting speech is in PAST tense otherwise don9t
Step#2: (Change of , < =)
follow this step.

Can  Could Yesterday  The last day These  Those ,< =  if / whether (for confirmatory interrogative sentences)

May  Might Tomorrow  The next day Ago  Before ,< =  no need to add any joining word for explanatory interrogative sentences.
Must  Had to Here  There Hence  Thence Step#3, Step#4 and Step#5 remain same like Assertive Narration.
Today  That day Come  Go So  Thus
Note: Convert Interrogative sentence into affirmative sentence and use a full stop at the end.
Tonight  That night This  That Now  Then

Sir / Madam  Respectfully (before 8that9) Example:

Yes/No/Please/Certainly/Kindly/Interjection (Hurrah!/Alas!/Oh!/Yahoo!/Wow!/Would that!/Hello!)  Omit them She said to me, <Have you delivered the letter to my aunt?=
Good Night / Fare well / Good bye  No Change She asked me if I had delivered the letter to her aunt.
Good Morning / Good Evening  Change the reporting verb into 8greeted9. Ali was saying to you, <Can I do this work?=
Example: Ali was asking you if he could do that work.
I said to him, <You will teach me mathematics today.= (Direct Narration)
I told him that he would teach me mathematics that day. (Indirect Narration) He said to me, <Why did you challenge her to sing?=
Exercise: He asked me why I had challenged her to sing.
1) He said to Ali, <I will not forgive you tomorrow.= Exercise:
2) Ali and Arsalan said to my father, <You cannot punish your son because he is mature now.=
3) The students are saying to the teacher, <Madam, we shall come to school tomorrow.=
i) The manager had said to the peon, <May you bring me a cup of tea?=
4) He has said, <You are such a nice guy I have ever seen in my life.=
5) She said to me, <Good Morning.= ii) My mother says to me, <Why are you wasting your time these days?=
6) He was saying to me, <Good night.= iii) I said to my teacher, <Sir, can you accept my application?=
7) The teacher was saying, <The Earth is round.= iv) My friend has said, <Will you lend me some money tomorrow?=
8) They will say to us, <We will go to picnic this month.=
v) The student will say to the Principal, <Could you grant me a transfer certificate?=
9) Ali had said to Alina, <I ate mango two hours ago.=
10) Faisal said to Ali, <I had waited for Alina here.= vi) The student said to the teacher, <May I come in?=
vii) I said to you, <Where are you living nowadays?=
An Effort By: Engineer Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center)
viii) Ali said to Ayesha, <Did you repair my watch?=

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(iii) IMPERATIVE SENTENCE (Starts with 1st form of Verb, Please, Kindly or Don’t) (iv) EXCLAIMATORY NARRATION

Five Steps for converting direct narration to indirect narration if there is an Exclamatory sentence shows sudden feeling and emotions of happiness, sadness and surprise.

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE inside reported speech It starts with any Interjection (Word with mark of exclamation 8!9 at the end)
It also starts with How or What and ends with a mark of exclamation.
Step#1: (Change of Reporting Verb)
Example:(i) Hurrah! We have won the match. (ii) Alas! I have lost my pen (iii) How foolish you are!
Said to  Ordered ‫ہ‬셈Ç‫ف☯ئ‬䄧‫ک‬ꤧ‫ل⹩خ‬䓒'‫بو‬⣼7Ö‫یبر‬쳿‫ⰳج‬Ö‫کن‬ꥲ‫ک‬ꥈ‫ل⹩خ‬䓒'‫بو‬⣼7‫ٹ‬秒‫ھ‬뻎‫س‬㏒‫ن‬䙐'‫یبر'⹩خ‬쳿‫ب‬⣫7&‫ک‬ꥈ‫گ‬꼱'
Five Steps for converting direct narration to indirect narration if there is an
Said to  CommandedÖ‫کن‬ꥲ&‫ک‬ꥈ‫ک‬ꥈ‫یں‬찉‫پ‬繚‫ن‬䙐'‫س‬㍲'‫فⳌج‬䅈&‫ک‬ꥈ‫گ‬꼱'
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE inside reported speech
Said to  Requested ‫ہ‬셈'‫ہ‬셈೐탞‫ی‬찲‫ی‬쳿౰瀗‫گ‬꼱'‫ھ‬뺯‫ہ اب‬셻‫چ‬虧‫ک‬ꥈ‫⹩خ‬Ö‫سبر‬㏒‫ن‬䙐'‫ھبا⹩خ‬뻎‫ی‬쳿‫ب‬⣫7&‫ک‬ꥈ‫گ‬꼱'
Said to  Advised ‫ہ‬셈Ç‫ف☯ئ‬䄧‫ک‬ꤧ‫ل⹩خ‬䓒'‫بو‬⣼7‫ٹ‬秒‫ھ‬뻎‫ی‬쳿‫ہⰳج‬셻‫ک‬ꥈÖ‫ن‬G‫ک‬ꤧ‫س‬㏳'&‫ک‬ꥈ‫ک‬ꥈ‫ل‬䓒'‫بو‬⣼7‫ٹ‬秒‫ھ‬뻎‫س‬㏒‫ن‬䙐'‫ک&بر'⹩خ‬ꥈ‫ی‬쳿‫ب‬⣫7‫گ‬꼱' Step#1: (Change of Reporting Verb)
.
Said to  Asked ‫ہ‬셈ç7‫نآ‬䛁౟弃‫ب‬⣫7‫س‬㏒౰瀗‫گ‬꼱'‫ھ‬뺯‫ہبا‬셻‫ک‬ꥈÖ‫ن‬G‫ک‬ꤧ&‫ک‬ꥈ‫س‬㏒‫ندوس‬䙐'&‫ک‬ꥈ‫گ‬꼱' Said  Exclaimed with Sorrow/Sadness/grief (If sentence starts with Alas! Oh!)

Said to  Directed ‫'⫴ت⩏تباⰧج⛒ئ‬7‫ک‬ꥈ‫س‬㍵‫گ‬꼱' Said  Exclaimed with joy/enjoyment/happiness (If sentence starts with Hurrah! Yahoo! Aha! Bravo!)
Said to  Suggested Ö‫د‬Ç7‫ش‬㒍‫⹩خ‬7‫ک&'و‬ꥈ‫ٹبا‬秚'‫گڈ‬꼱' Said  Exclaimed with surprise/wonder/astonishment/amazement (If sentence starts with Wow! What, How)
Said to  Forbade (If sentence starts with Don9t) (Omit don9t from indirect narration)
Step#2: (Change of , < =) If sentence starts with How/What then Omit How/What in indirect narration, change the sentence into
affirmative and use a full stop at the end.
,< =  to
Step#2, Step#3, Step#4 and Step#5 remain same like Assertive Narration.
Step#3, Step#4 and Step#5 remain same like Assertive Narration.
Example:
Note: Tense is not changed in Imperative Narration.
i) They said, <Hurrah! We have won the match.=
Examples:
They exclaimed with happiness that they had won the match.
i) The manager said to the peon, <Bring me a cup of coffee.= ii) She said, <Alas! My father has died.=
The manager ordered the peon to bring him a cup of coffee. She exclaimed with sorrow that her father had died.
ii) I said to my mother, <Please, give me hundred rupees.=
iii) He said, <How foolish you are!=
I requested my mother to give me hundred rupees.
iii) My father said to me, <Speak truth always.= He exclaimed with surprise that I was foolish.
My father advised me to speak truth always. Exercise:
iv) The teacher said to the student, <Don’t look at his copy.=
The teacher forbade the student to look at his copy. i) I have said, <Yahoo! I will go to America next week.=
Exercise: ii) He was saying, <Wow! It is really an amazing painting.=
iii) He said, <What a beautiful painting it is!=
i) The principal was saying to the students, <Submit the fee tomorrow.= iv) They said, <Oh! We have missed the train today.=
ii) The captain said to the soldiers, <Attack the enemy now.=
v) She said, <How old this woman is!=
iii) I said to him, <Kindly, receive my call today.=
iv) He said to me, <Cut the grass.= vi) Ali said, <Hurrah! I have passed the examination.=
v) I say to my friend, <Give me this spade.= vii) Alina had said, <Alas! I lost my valuable pen tonight.=
vi) He said to the old man, <Turn to the left and go ahead.=
vii) My father said to my friend, <Don9t mingle with bad boys of this locality.= An Effort By: Engineer Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center)
viii) The doctor said to the patient, <Take this medicine tonight after dinner.=

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Conditional Sentences
(v) OPTATIVE NARRATION If/When+Condition, Result.
Or
Optative sentence describes a 8pray/curse9 or a 8wish9. Result+If/When+Condition.
1) Present Real Conditional: ‫ت' ہے۔‬N‫ 'یس' ہ‬N‫ت' ہے ت‬N‫'گر 'یس' ہ‬
PRAY/CURSE: it starts with May and ends with mark of exclamation. If/When + Present Simple, Present Simple
Or
WISH: it starts with 8Would that!9 or 8O that!9 Present Simple+if/when+Present Simple.
Example: He takes bath if it rains. (if it rains, he takes bath)Ö‫ہ نہ'ت' ہ‬N N‫ ت‬Ö‫ ہ‬Î‫ت‬N‫ش ہ‬7'‫ ب‬7‫'گ‬
Example: (i) May you live long! (ii) May you die soon! (iii) Would that! I were rich. 2) Present Unreal Conditional:'‫ت‬N‫ 'یس' ہ‬N‫ت' ت‬N‫'گر 'یس' ہ‬
If+past simple, subject + would + Verb (1st form) + object.
Five Steps for converting direct narration to indirect narration if there is an Or
Subject+would+verb(1st form) + object+if+past simple.
OPTATIVE SENTENCE inside reported speech Example: If it rained, he would take bath. (He would take bath if it rained)'‫ہ نہ'ت‬N N‫ ت‬Î‫ت‬N‫ش ہ‬7'‫ ب‬7‫'گ‬

Step#1: (Change of Reporting Verb) 3. Past Real Conditional:‫ت' تھ'۔‬N‫ 'یس' ہ‬N‫ت' تھ' ت‬N‫'گر 'یس' ہ‬

Pray/Curse: Said  Pray / Curse Said to  Prayed for / Cursed for If/when+past simple, past simple.

Or
Wish: Said  Wished Said to  Wished for
Past simple+if/when+past simple.
Step#3, Step#4 and Step#5 remain same like Assertive Narration.
Example: If it rained, he took bath. (He took bath if it rained)‫ہ نہ'ت' تھ'۔‬N N‫ ت‬Î‫ تھ‬Î‫ت‬N‫ش ہ‬7'‫ ب‬7‫'گ‬
Note: For pray/curse type sentences shift May after Subject and use a full stop at the end.
4. Past Unreal Conditional‫ت'۔‬N‫ چک' ہ‬N‫ 'یس' ہ‬N‫ت' ت‬N‫'گر 'یس' ہ‬
Example: If+past perfect, Subject+would have + verb (3rd) + object.
i) My mother said to me, <May you live long!= Or
My mother prayed for me that I might live long.
ii) I said to the President, <May you die soon!= Subject + would have + verb (3rd) + object + if + Past perfect.
I cursed for the President that he might die soon. Example: If it had rained, he would have taken bath.‫ت'۔‬N‫ہ نہ' چک' ہ‬N N‫ ت‬Î‫ت‬N‫ش ہ‬7'‫ ب‬7‫'گ‬
iii) I said, <Would that! I were rich.=
I wished that I had been rich. 5. Future Unreal Conditional:‫ گ'۔‬N‫ 'یس' ہ‬N‫گ' ت‬N‫'گر 'یس' ہ‬

If/When+Present Simple, Future simple.

Exercise:
Or
i) I said to my friend, <May you get full marks in the test!=
ii) My friend was said to me, <May you fall in the hole today.= Future Simple + if/when + Present Simple.
iii) I said, <May I become a successful person!=
Example: If it rains, he will take bath.‫ گ'۔‬Ö‫ہ نہ'ئ‬N N‫ ت‬Î‫گ‬N‫ش ہ‬7'‫ ب‬7‫'گ‬
iv) She said, <Would that! I were Miss Universe.=
v) She said, <O that! My cupboard is full of fashionable dresses.= Assignment
N‫ے ت‬.N‫اسے ہ‬Î‫م ن‬. 7‫۔ اگ‬3 ‫تا۔‬7‫دد ک‬G Î‫ار‬Ç‫م‬. ¾‫ی‬G N‫ے ت‬.N‫ ہ‬.7N‫ د‬Ö7ÎG ‫م‬. 7‫۔ اگ‬2 ‫اتا۔‬. ‫ی‬F ‫ی‬F‫ارا تا‬7 .Ç. N‫تا ت‬N‫ن ہ‬N‫ہ ا‬N 7‫۔اگ‬1
!!!! Ö‫چد‬蘧G‫و‬䡅‫د‬î‫ک⟴ا‬ꤧ 7೫‫ک‬꧁‫سنو‬㏒‫ش‬㓌‫م‬䕈‫ن⸧خ‬䛶'ಋ譗 N‫ گے ت‬N7‫ ک‬FN‫جھے ف‬G ‫م‬. ‫ب‬. ‫۔‬5 ‫تا۔‬N‫ چکا ہ‬7‫دد ک‬G ‫کی‬7‫ی¾ ا‬G N‫ی ت‬FN‫ ہ‬.‫ل‬N‫ د‬Î‫ار‬7 .Ç. ‫ تاس‬Ö7ÎG 7‫۔ اگ‬4 ‫ل تا۔‬䐧‫ی ت‬F‫ی¾ تا‬Ç‫م‬. ¾‫ی‬G
F‫ا‬/.G‫ ا‬N‫ گے ت‬N7‫ ک‬.F‫ح‬G ‫م‬. 7‫۔ اگ‬7 ‫¾ گا۔‬N7‫ ل&ے دعا ک‬Ö‫ار‬Ç‫م‬. ¾‫ی‬G N‫ گے ت‬N7‫دد ک‬G Ö7ÎG ‫م‬. 7‫۔ اگ‬6 ‫ا&¾ گا۔‬Î‫ی¾ اسکا نتہ ن‬Ç‫م‬. ¾‫ی‬G
Best of Luck Dear Students!!
Î7ÎG N‫ھا ت‬. ‫اتا‬. 7‫ سے گھ‬7‫ی¾ دی‬G ‫ب‬. ‫۔‬9 ‫ے۔‬.‫ا‬. N‫اب ہ‬ÎG‫ی¾ کا‬G F‫ا‬/.G‫ ا‬N‫ے ت‬.7‫ ک‬.F‫ح‬G ‫م‬. 7‫۔ اگ‬8 ‫ا& گے۔‬. N‫اب ہ‬ÎG‫ی¾ کا‬G
‫¾۔‬N‫لتا ہ‬䐧‫ے ت‬.‫ا‬. ‫ی¾ اسے‬G N‫ آتا ہے ت‬7‫ گھ‬Ö7ÎG ‫ہ‬N ‫ب‬. ‫۔‬11 ‫ھی¾۔‬. ‫ی‬F7‫ا ک‬Î‫ ڈان‬N‫جھک‬G ‫الدہ‬N
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Modals (Can, could, may, might, must, would, should, ought to) Causative Verbs (Make, Get, Have and Let)
Modals of Ability (Can, Could, Will be able to)

‫۔‬Ö‫اتا جائ‬N7¯ G‫ئ کا‬N‫ ک‬Ö‫خص س‬6 ‫ے‬77N‫ د‬Î‫ جس می¾ ¯س‬Ö‫ ک یا جاتا ہ‬F‫¾ می¾ استعما‬N‫ جمل‬H‫یہ ا‬
Can shows present ability: Subject + can + V(1) +O.
I can teach you. ‫ہں‬셈ౝ巐‫ھ‬븧ÿ഑ᆥ‫ی‬쳿
Could shows past ability: Subject + could + V(1) +O.
I could teach you.‫ھ۔‬빑ౝ巐‫ھ‬븧ÿ഑ᆥ‫ی‬쳿 Structure:
8will be able to9 shows future ability: Subject + will be able to + V(1) +O.
Subject + Causative Verb (Make/Have/Get/Let) + Agent + Verb (1st form) + Object.
I will be able to teach you‫گ۔‬꼧‫کں‬ꥻ‫ھ‬븧ÿ഑ᆥ‫ی‬쳿
*’Make’ shows that the agent is forced to do the work.
Modal of Possibility: (May, might, must)
8Might9 shows 30% possibility. *’Have’ shows that the agent is politely requested to do the work.
I might teach you today.‫ھؤں۔‬븧ÿ‫آج‬഑ᆥ‫ی‬찯‫ش‬㐧‫ی‬쳿 *’Let’ shows that the agent is permitted to do any work.
8May9 shows 50% possibility.
I may teach you today.‫ھؤں۔‬븧ÿ഑ᆥ‫یآج‬찯‫ش‬㐧‫ی‬쳿 Example:
8Must9 shows 100% possibility.
I must teach you today.‫گ۔‬꼧‫ھؤں‬븧ÿ‫م‬䗌‫لز‬䐧‫آج‬഑ᆥ‫ی‬쳿 ‫ ایک خط ل‬Ö‫ اس س‬Ö‫¾ ن‬ÎG
1. I made him write a letter. ‫ایا‬N‫کھ‬
Modal of Advisability: (Should/Ought to)
8Should9 shows present moral advice.
2. I had her meet my mother yesterday.‫۔‬ï'‫ل‬䒍‫س‬㏒Ç‫ل‬䐯'‫نو‬䙊'‫ک‬ꥄ‫س‬㏒'‫ن‬䛒‫ی‬쳿
You should respect your elders.‫چ⚓ئ‬蘧‫ن‬䛌‫ک‬ꤱ(‫ک'د‬꧌‫بوں‬⢑‫ن‬䙐'഑ᆥ
8Ought to9 shows present legal advice.
You ought to follow the traffic rules‫چ⚓ئ۔‬蘧‫ن‬䛌‫ک‬ꤱ‫یوی‬첯‫ک‬꧌‫لں‬䑈‫ص‬㕈'‫ک‬ꥈ‫ف‬䅵‫ٹ‬礱഑ᆥ 3. I let him ride my bicycle.‫۔‬Î‫ند‬䛒‫ل‬䐧ഐ჉‫ن✦ا‬䙊'‫س‬㏒'‫ن‬䛒‫ی‬쳿
8Should have + Verb (3rd form)9 shows past advise:
Subject + Causative Verb (Get) + Agent + to + Verb (1st form) + Object.
You should have acted upon my advice.‫ھ۔‬빑‫چ⚓ئ‬蘧‫ن‬䘧‫ک‬ꤱ‫م‬䕽ౢ戼‫یی‬챶഑ᆥ
*’Get’ shows that the agent is compelled logically to do the work.
8Would9 shows past habitual action:
I would teach him here.‫ھ۔‬빑‫ک⨧ت‬ꤱ‫ی‬찧‫ھ‬븧ÿ‫ہں‬쇳‫س‬㏒'‫ی‬쳿 Example:

Assignment I get the mason to construct my house. ‫کو'⨧توں۔‬ꤱ‫م‬䔪‫م‬䔱‫ک‬꧌‫کن‬ꥬ‫ن‬䙐'‫س‬㏒Î౯潤‫ی‬쳿

‫ ھا۔‬. ‫ سک تا‬7‫دد ک‬G Î‫مہار‬. ¾ÎG ‫۔‬1
I am getting the student to clean the class room.‫ہوں۔‬섧‫کو'ر‬ꤱ&‫ف‬䅜‫ک‬꧌‫ع‬㤪‫م‬䕓‫س‬㏒౬泂‫ط‬㜧‫ی‬쳿
‫۔‬N‫ ہ‬Ö‫ سک ت‬7‫ت ک‬G7G Î‫ ک‬F‫ مکا‬7‫ ا‬G. ‫۔‬2
‫¾ گا۔‬N‫ سک‬7‫لج ک‬䐧‫¾ کا ع‬N‫ض‬Î7G ¾ÎG ‫۔‬3
Subject + Causative Verb (Get) + Object + Verb (3rd form)

‫س‬
‫۔‬N‫ ہ‬Ö‫ق سکھا کھ ت‬.‫ س‬N‫¾ ک‬N‫گ‬N‫ ل‬F‫د ا‬Î‫ سا‬G. ‫۔‬4
Above structure is used if the agent is missing in the sentence.

Example:
‫¾؟‬N‫ سک تا ہ‬N‫ ہ‬F‫¾ داخ‬ÎG Ö7‫¾ کم‬ÎG ‫۔ ک تا‬5
I got my hair cut.‫۔‬ö'‫ٹ‬秱‫بل‬⠧‫ن‬䙐'‫ن‬䛒‫ی‬쳿
‫۔‬Ö‫ل تا خا ہ ت‬N. ‫¾ ہمیشہ سچ‬Î‫۔ ہم‬6
I got the grass in the lawn trimmed.ö'‫ٹ‬秱‫ھس‬뻖‫ک‬꧒‫لن‬䐧‫ن‬䛒‫ی‬쳿
،‫ ھا‬. Ö‫ا خا ہ ت‬Î‫¾ آ‬Î‫ہ‬Î ¾‫ہا‬Î ¾Î‫مہ‬. ‫۔‬7
‫ ھا۔‬. ‫ا‬Î7‫ٹ تا ک‬F‫ ہمیشہ ڈا‬Ö‫جھ‬G Î‫۔ عل‬8 I was getting the room painted.Ö‫ھ‬빑‫ہ‬섧‫کو'ر‬ꤱ‫م‬䔪‫م‬䔱‫ک‬꧌Ö‫م‬䗚‫ی‬쳿

‫۔‬Î‫ گ‬N‫ ہ‬8‫ار‬Î Î‫لزم‬䐧 ‫۔ آج‬9 Get the rooms cleaned.Ö‫کو'ؤ‬ꤱ‫صف‬㔧‫ک‬ꥈ‫موں‬䗚

Ö‫ خا ہ ت‬ÎF7‫ت ک‬N‫ل‬䐧Î Î‫ ک‬F‫آ‬7‫ہ ق‬F‫زا‬N‫¾ ر‬Î‫۔ ہم‬11

I can get the chairs broken.Ö‫وں‬ౝ巐'‫کو‬ꤱ‫م‬䔪‫م‬䔱‫ک‬꧌‫یں‬챻‫ک‬ꤱ‫ی‬쳿
An Effort of: Engineer Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center) Page 1

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Application to the Headmaster Pattern

Assignment of Causative Verbs
To,

‫¾۔‬N‫ایا ہ‬N7¯ G‫ کا‬ÖF‫ ا پ‬Ö‫ س‬G‫¾ ت‬ÎG ‫۔‬1 The Headmaster,

A,B,C School,
Karachi.

‫۔‬Ö‫ ہ‬Î‫کھا د‬7 Î6Î7‫ ایگ‬Ö‫ اس‬Ö‫¾ ن‬ÎG ‫۔‬2

Subject: APPLICATION FOR ____________________________________________________________________.

‫۔‬Ö‫ب ¯چھ سمچھا دیا ہ‬7 ¾Î‫ ہم‬Ö‫تاد ن‬7‫۔ ا‬3

‫۔‬Ö‫ل& گ‬䐧‫ کھ‬G‫ت‬7‫ آ&سک‬7Î ‫ہ‬7‫الگ‬7 ÎF‫ اپ‬Ö¾‫چ‬G G‫۔ ت‬4

Venerable Sir,

With due reverence, I would like to state that I am a punctual and well-disciplined student of your esteemed
institution. Currently, I am studying in class 9th/10th. The purpose of writing you an application is that

‫ دیا۔‬Ö‫ن‬7¯ F‫عما‬.7‫ ا‬F‫یای‬N‫ اپتا م‬Ö‫ اس‬Ö‫¾ ن‬ÎG ‫۔‬5 ________________________________________________________.

I, therefore, request you to grant me _______________. I shall be highly grateful to you for this wonderful

‫ دیا۔‬Ö‫ جان‬N‫¾ ک‬N‫ ل—ک‬Ö‫س ن‬ÎFN‫۔ پ‬6

act of kindness and sympathy.
Thanking in anticipation.
Obediently yours,

‫¾ دیا۔‬ÎÇF Ö‫ن‬N‫ ہ‬F‫¾ داج‬ÎG H‫ مکا‬ÖF‫ ا پ‬N‫س ک‬ÎFN‫ پ‬Ö‫¾ ن‬ÎG ‫۔‬7
X, Y, Z.
Date: 29th Feb, 2016

‫۔‬N‫ د‬Ö‫ن‬N‫ ر‬Ö¾‫چ‬G ‫۔‬8

Letter to the Editor Pattern
The Examination hall,

‫۔‬N‫ د‬Ö‫ن‬7¯ G‫ا کا‬7ÎG Ö¾‫چ‬G ‫۔‬9

Karachi.
29th Feb, 2016.
To,
‫ائ۔‬N7¯ ‫ت‬G7G ί ‫ س—ک‬Ö‫ ن‬G‫۔ ہ‬11 The Editor,
A,B,C Newspaper,

‫ایا۔‬N ‫ت پ‬ÇF Ö¾‫چ‬G Ö‫۔ اس ن‬11

Karachi.

Subject: LETTER TO THE EDITOR FOR THE PROBLEM OF ________________________________.

‫۔‬Ö¾. ÖF‫ک‬7 ‫ا‬N‫ل‬7 ‫تاس‬F ‫ اپتا‬G‫۔ ت‬12 Respected Sir,

‫۔‬ξ. ÖF‫ جا ہ‬ÎF‫ی‬F ‫ا‬N7¯ ‫ صفائ‬ί H‫ مکا‬ÖF‫¾ ا پ‬ÎÇF‫۔ ا‬13

With due reverence, I would like to state that I am a resident of ABC town in Karachi and I want to
orient the concentration of concerned authorities of Government towards a very hectic problem which we

‫۔‬Î‫ د‬Ö‫لن‬䐧‫ یاپتک ج‬ÎF‫ اپ‬N‫ ک‬F‫ص‬. ‫ ف‬Ö‫ س‬Î‫۔ عل‬14

have been suffering from since long. Karachi was no doubt once called the city of lights but now it has
become the city of problems and it feels like we are inside a Pandora box.
The problem of my locality is __________________________________. We have already suffered a lot due

‫ایا۔‬N‫چ‬F N‫ ک‬Ö‫ڑ‬N‫ گھ‬ÖF‫ ا پ‬Ö‫الک ن‬G Ö¯ Ö‫ڑ‬N‫۔ گھ‬15

to this hoax and we can bear no more. I, therefore, kindly request the concerned authorities to ponder
over this serious issue and take proper measures to get rid of this problem as soon as possible.
Thanking in anticipation.

Obediently yours,
X, Y, Z.
A resident of ABC Town

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Comprehension
Step#1 Read the passage again, but this time slow to know about detailed information in each sentence.
Step#2 Now, read the questions and mark the answer on passage with a pencil.
Step#3 Write answers on the copy but remember two things:
i- The tense of question and answer should be same.
ii- Add a sentence before writing each answer:
*According to the given passage, the relevant answer should be that . . . . .
*Concerning the given passage, the appropriate answer to this question should be that&.
*It is clearly reflected by the given passage that&.
Step#4 Give a suitable title for the passage and it should be more than one word.
Step#5 Increase your vocabulary to answer the question of word formation
Q.2. Read the passage and answer the questions.
Newspapers keep us constantly in touch with the whole of making. In olden days a man’s world consisted of
his own village and one or two neighbouring villages. It was difficult for him to know what was going on in
the other parts of the country. But today the pres assisted by rapid means of communications bring us news
from the farthest corner of the globe. The press is also responsible for education public opinion. The laws of
a nation are really shaped by its press. In fact the public receives guidance from the newspapers. Thus their
power in modern time is really great
QUESTIONS:
i. What is the contribution of Newspaper to mankind?
ii. We are living in a better world as compared to olden days. Why?
iii. What is the responsibility of press today?
iv. Write down the noun of <Know= and <responsible=.
v. Give a suitable title to the passage.

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