PRESENTATION

Group Members :

Abdul Ahad , Abdul Hakeem, Abdul Khaliq , Abdul Majid

Aiman Gul Khattak , Aisha Khan

 Overview
· Define safety .

· Describe the characteristics of safety .

· Identify physical and microbial hazards in environment .

· Discuss various ways to minimize hazards .

· Discuss the assessment for environmental safety .

· Identify physical and microbial hazards in the hospital

environment, which interfere with patients‟ safety .

· Explain general preventive measures for safe environment for

health team members and patient.

Using assessment, identify people at risk for safety dysfunction .

 Definition :
Safety may be defined as freedom from psychological and
physical injury. It is a basic human need which must be met.

OR
as “the ab senc e of p reve ntab le ha rm
Patient safety is defined
re duc tion of risk of un ne ce ssar y ha rm
to a patient and
ith heal th ca re to an ac cep tab le m in im um .
associated w
CHARACTERISTICS OF SAFETY :

Communication
Nurses should have strong communication skills to relay important
patient information to other providers.

Critical thinking
Nurses need to be able to analyze and solve problems, and draw
conclusions from information that may seem unrelated.
 Teamwork
Nurses should work collaboratively with other professionals in the
multidisciplinary team.

Leadership

Leaders should model appropriate safety behaviors and encourage employees

to report safety incidents

Quality management
Nurses should use established and emerging principles of safety and
improvement science.
Compassion
Nurses should provide comfort, compassion, and empathy to patients who
are sick and scared.

Safety culture
Nurses should work to create a culture of safety that encourages reporting
unsafe conditions, close calls, and adverse events.
 PHYSICAL AND MICROBIAL HAZARDS IN
ENVIRONMENT

Presentated by

Abdul Hakeem
 ENVIRONNEMENTIAL HAZRADS :

• Environmental hazards are harmful factorsor conditions in the

environment that affect human health or safety.

Microbial Hazards:
• Risks from microorganisms like bacteria and viruses.

Physical Hazards :
• Risks from physicalelements like sharp objects or extreme temperatures.

Importance :
• Recognizing these hazardsis key to preventing illnesses and
injuries.
 MICROBIAL HAZARDS

• Microbial hazards as risks causedby harmful microorganisms, including bacteria,

viruses,fungi, and parasites.

• Examples of microbial hazards:

Contaminated water:
• Diseases like choleraor E. coli infections from unclean water.
Foodborne illnesses:
• Salmonella and Listeriafrom improperly stored or cookedfood.
Airborne pathogens:
• Diseases like tuberculosis and influenza spreadthrough the air.
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Physical hazards as non-living environmental factors that can harm healthor safety.

Examples of Physical hazards:

Sharp objects:
• Injuries from broken glass or sharp tools.
Noise pollution:
• Hearing loss due to excessive noise in industrial or urban areas.
Extreme temperatures:
• Heatstroke in hot climates or frostbite in freezing conditions.
Radiation exposure:
• Harmful effects of UV rays or X-rays on the body.
 SOURCES OF HAZRADS

Microbial sources :

• Poor sanitation (dirtyenvironments).

• Contaminated food and water due to improperhandling or storage.

• Lack of personal hygiene.

 Cont....
• Physical sources:

• Natural disasters like earthquakes, floods,or landslides.

• Workplace hazards, such as machinery or unsafe practices.

• Urban settings with risks like construction debrisor unsafe infrastructure.

 PREVENTIONS AND MITIGATION
• Microbial Preventions:

• Encourage proper sanitation, such as clean toilets and waste management.

• Ensure clean drinkingwater and safe food handling practices.

• Promote vaccination programsto prevent infectious diseases.

 Cont....
• Physical Preventions:

• Use personal protective equipment like helmets,gloves, and earplugs.

• Implement proper urban planning and disaster preparedness.

Conduct awareness campaigns to educate communities about potential hazards.

 Various Ways To Minimize Hazards
To minimize physical hazards in a hospital, you can use personal protective
equipment (PPE), engineering controls, administrative controls, and
eliminate or substitute the hazard.

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Gloves: Protect hands from cuts, burns, and chemicals

Safety shoes: Prevent foot injuries from slipping, tripping, or stumbling
Eye protection: Protects eyes from foreign matter
Ear protection: Prevents hearing loss from loud noises
 Engineering controls

Design or modify equipment, ventilation systems, and processes to reduce

exposure
Use machine guarding and electrical grounding
 Administrative controls

Handle smaller quantities of dangerous chemicals

Spend less time in areas of exposure
Work away from noise when possible

Eliminate or substitute the hazard

Remove the hazard from the workplace

Replace the hazard with a less hazardous one
 Assessment for Environmental Safety
A nurse must assess the environment for any threat to the client safety.

• Client’s immediate environment.

• Individual risk factors

•Home hazard assessment

•Medication or undergoing for any procedure.

 Exposure assessment: Estimate the health risks associated with exposure to
contamination .

Cleaning and sterilization: Reduce the number of infectious agents on surfaces .

Compliance: Ensure the hospital is meeting its legal and financial obligations .

Fire safety: Ensure the hospital has fire and smoke alarms, fire drills, and a fire
safety plan
Physical and microbial hazards in the hospital
environment :
Physical hazards and microbial hazards are both present in hospital
environments and can be harmful to patients and workers.
Physical hazards

Temperature: Heat, cold, or extreme temperatures

Noise: Loud noises
Vibration: Shaking or vibrating machinery
Electricity: Contact with electricity or being struck by an object
 HAZARDS IN HOSPITAL
Physical Hazards :
 Microbial hazards
Bloodborne pathogens: Pathogenic microorganisms found in human blood that
can cause disease

Infectious diseases: Diseases spread through contact with an infected person

or surface, or through the air

Hazardous drugs: Drugs that can cause cancer, developmental or reproductive

toxicity, or other organ-system damage

Materials that cause allergic reactions: Materials like latex that can cause
allergic reactions
Microbial Hazards :
General preventive measures for safe environment :

•Give orientation to the client about unit

• Ensure the provision of basic needs (oxygen, Nutrition, Temperature)

• Place a call bell within reach of the patient and teach how and when to use it.

• Have proper lighting in the room

• keep the bed locked and in low position

 Conti.....
• Use infection control measures (hand washing)

• Maintain close supervision of confused patient

• Place all equipment with in easy approach

• Use restrain if required

• Provide clean and calm environment

• Explain the procedures and plans

Preventive Measures for Health Care Professionals’
Safety
• Awareness about standard safety policies and procedures

• Know the emergency phone numbers like

fire, & Security emergency services

• Vaccination e.g. Hepatitis B vaccine

• Use of universal precautions (Hand washing Protective measures such as

using of gloves, gown, cap, etc)

• Do not recap the needle

•Use of danger box

 Conti....
•Use proper body mechanics
•Learn proper use of equipments

Needle stick injury is one of the most serious exposures for health care
personnel that may cause blood borne diseases, such as Hepatitis or AIDS.
Always plan safe handling and disposal of needles before beginning the
procedure. (Craven & Hirnle, 2003)

In case of accident, error or injury complete an incident report according

to policy and inform the supervisor.
 REFRENCES
•Christensen, B. L., & Kockrow, E. O. (2006). Foundations and Adult Health Nursing. (5th ed.).
philadelphia: Mosby.
•
•Craven, R. F., & Hirnle, C. J. (2003). Fundamental of Nursing Human Health and Function.
(4thed.). New York: Lippincott.

• Potter, P.A & Perry, A.G (2007). Basic Nursing: Essentials for Practice. (6th ed.) St. Louis: Mosby.

•Roger Pressman, ÒSoftware Engineering:A PractitionerÕs ApproachÓ, McGraw-Hill, 5th edition,

ISBN: 0-07-709677-0 (Chapter 6). Retrieved from
[Link]

•Faculty & staff safety hand book , The Aga Khan University

•JCIA International patient safety goals