CHAPTER 14- OSCILLATION
E-NOTES
STD-11 POST 1
PERIODIC MOTION-Any motion that repeats itself over and over again after equal interval of time is
called periodic or harmonic motion.
EXAMPLE- a. Motion of planet around the sun.
b. Motion of hands of a clock.
PERIODIC FUNCTION AND FOURIER ANALYSIS-
Let us consider the function satisfy the condition
f (θ + T) = f (θ)
A function satisfying this property is said to be periodic function having a period T
sin(θ +2π) = sin θ
cos(θ +2π) = cos θ
if this θ stands for some dimensional quantity such as time t, then we can construct periodic functions
with period t as follows f1 (t) = sin and g1(t) = cos
replacing t by (t+ T) we have
f1(t+ T) = f1 (t) and g1(t + T) =g1 (t)
Hence it is possible to construct two infinite sets of periodic functions such as
Fn(t) = sin , n = 1,2,3……
gn(t) = cos , n = 0,1,2,3……
FOURIER THEOREM- It states that any arbitrary function F(t) with period T can be expressed as the
unique combination of sine and cosine functions with suitable coefficients.
F(t) = b0 + b1 cos + b2 cos + b3 cos + …… + a1 sin + a2 sin + a3 sin + ……..
Where b0, b1, b2,……., a1, a2, a3,….. are called Fourier coefficients. If all the Fourier coefficients are zero
except a1 and b1, thenb1
F (t) = a1 sin + b1 cos
This equation is a special periodic motion equation called S.H.M
Some example of periodic functions
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION ( S.H.M.)
A particle is executing SHM if it moves to and fro about a mean position under the action of a restoring
force which is directly proportional to its displacement from the mean position and is always directed
towards the mean position.
EXAMPLES
a. Vibration of a tuning fork
b. Oscillation of a freely suspended magnet in a uniform magnetic field.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR SHM
The restoring force of a particle executing SHM is given by
F = -kx
²
By Newton’s second law F = m
²
²
m = - kx
²
²
put k/m =ω2 then = - ω2x
²
²
+ ω2x =0 ………….1
²
hence solution of equation 1 is
x = A cos (ωt + φ0)
where A is amplitude of oscillating particle.
φ = (ωt + φ0), is the phase of the oscillating particle.
φ0 is the initial phase at t=0.
Some important terms in S.H.M
Displacement- The distance of the oscillating particle from its mean position at any instant is called
its displacement. It is denoted by x.
Amplitude- The maximum displacement of the oscillating particle on either side of its mean position
is called its amplitude. It is denoted by A. For xmax=± A
Time period- The time taken by a particle to complete one oscillation is called its time period. It is
denoted by T.
T= = 2π 𝑚/𝑘
Frequency- It is defined as the number of oscillations completed per unit time by a [Link] is
denoted by ν (nu).
ν = 1/T.
its SI unit is per second or Hertz (Hz).
Angular Frequency- It is the quantity obtained by multiplying frequency ν by a factor of 2π. It is
denoted by ω.
ω = 2πν = 2π/T
Phase- The phase of a vibrating particle at any instant gives the state of a particle as regard its
position and the direction of motion at that instant.
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION IN S.H.M
(Equation of displacement, velocity and acceleration)
Consider a particle P moving along a circle of radius A with uniform angular velocity ω. Let P’ be the
foot of perpendicular drawn from point P to the diameter X, then P’ is called the projection of P on
the diameter. Thus as P revolves along the circumference of the circle, P’ moves to and fro about the
point O( centre) along the diameter. The motion of P’ about O is said to S.H.M.
Then displacement of projection P from centre at any instant t is x = OP
In right- angled triangle PP’O
φ= ωt + φ0
<P’OP = ωt + φ0
OP’/OP = cos (ωt + φ0)
x/A = cos (ωt + φ0)
x = A cos (ωt + φ0) …………1
This equation gives displacement of a particle in S.H.M at any instant.
Differentiating equation 1 w.r.t. time t
= v(t) = - Aω sin (ωt + φ0) …………….2
This equation gives velocity of a particle in S.H.M
Negative sign shows that the velocity of P’ is directed towards negative X-direction.
v(t) = - Aω 1 − cos²(𝜔𝑡 + φ)
v(t) = -ω 𝐴² − 𝑥²
Differentiating equation 2 w.r.t. time t
²
= a (t) = -A ω² cos (ωt + φ0) = - ω²x ………………3
²
This equation expresses the acceleration of a particle executing S.H.M
Fig; phase relationship between displacement, velocity and acceleration in S.H.M
TOTAL ENERGY IN S.H.M
The energy of a harmonic oscillator is partly kinetic and partly potential. When a body is displaced
from its equilibrium position by doing work upon it, it aquires potential energy. When the body is
released, it begins to move back with a velocity, acquiring kinetic energy.
(i) Kinetic Energy- The displacement of a particle executing S.H.M is given by
X = A cos (ωt + φ0)
Velocity, v(t) = = - Aω sin (ωt + φ0)
2
Hence KE = ½ mv
= ½ m A2ω2 sin2 (ωt + φ0)
= ½ m A2ω2 {1- cos2 (ωt + φ0) }
= ½ m ω2 (A2 – x2)
(ii) Potential energy- The restoring force acting on the particle is given by
F = -kx
Then work done against the restoring force
dW = - F dx = kx dx
the total workdone in moving a particle from mean to distance x is given by
W = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ½ k x2
U = ½ m A2ω2 cos2 (ωt + φ0)
(iii) Total energy- K + U
= ½ m ω2 (A2 – x2) + ½ m ω2x2
= ½ m ω 2 A2
Graphical representation
Fig: PE, KE and TE as a function of time t for a harmonic oscillator
