STUDENT ACTIVITY WORKSHEET QUARTER 2 - WEEK 7
EXAMPLES for ACTIVITY 1 and ACTIVITY 2
Subject Area and Grade Level : GENERAL MATHEMATICS / GRADE 11
Learning Competency (MELCs) : 1. Illustrates and symbolizes propositions
2. Distinguishes between simple and compound
proposition.
3. Performs the different types of operations on
propositions.
Subject Matter : Logic
References: General Mathematics Learner’s Material pp.240-244
General Mathematics by L. Dimasuay pp. 170-174
General Mathematics by O.A. Oronce pp.268-272
Points to Remember
A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false but not both. It is denoted by
a small letter. The truth value of a proposition is denoted as T if it is true and F if it is false. A
simple proposition is one which cannot be broken down further into component propositions
and is denoted by a small letter(i.e. p, q, r, etc.) A compound proposition is composed of two or
more simple propositions joined together by connective words or logical operators namely
“not”, “and”, “or”, “if…then”, and “if and only If”.
Examples of Proposition and Not a Proposition.
Decide whether each of the following is a proposition or is not a proposition.
1. Rowena is passing in Mathematics. Proposition
2. Pass the paper and then leave the room. Not a proposition
3. December 7, 1953 was a Monday. Proposition
4. When will you submit your project? Not a proposition
5. 5 + 3 = 8 and 12 -7 = 5. Proposition
6. The number 4 is even and less than 12. Proposition
7. Malolos is the Capital of Bulacan. Proposition
8. How old are you? Not a proposition
9. Open your eyes. Not a proposition
10. Aron’s solution is incorrect. Proposition
Definition of Terms with examples:
Conjunction: Two simple propositions connected using the word and.
Example 1: “Today is Friday and tomorrow is Saturday.” (Sometimes the word “but” will be used
in place of “and” in a given sentence.)
Example 2: “Roel was on time, but Tom was late.”
“Roel was on time and Tom was late.”
Disjunction: Two simple propositions that are connected using the word “or”.
Example 1: “I will pass the Math exam ’or’ I will be promoted.”
Conditional: Two simple propositions that are connected using the words if… then.
Example 1: “If you will recite the poem, then you will pass the oral examination”
Note: The statement between the if and then is called the antecedent of the conditional. The
sentence that follows then is called consequent.
Example 2: If you will recite the poem, you will pass the oral examination; or
You will pass the oral examination if you will recite the poem.
In (a), then was omitted but it is understood to be there.
In (b), the two parts are switched around and then was also omitted.
Nonetheless, both (a) and (b) are conditionals.
Biconditional: Conjuction of two conditional statements where the antecedent and consequent of
the first statement have been switched in the second statement.
Example 1: If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angle opposite them are congruent,
and if two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite them are congruent.
Note: The sentence above is usually stated as “Two sides of a triangle are congruent if and only if
two angles opposite them are congruent.” The abbreviation for if and only if is iff.
Negation: The negation of a given statement is a statement that is false whenever the given
statement is true, and true whenever the given statement is false.
The negation can be obtained by inserting the word not in the given statement or by prefixing it
with phrases such as “it is not the case that…”
Example 1: The negation of the statement “Herbert is good” can be written as:
“Herbert is not good.” or
“It is not the case that Herbert is good.”
Example 2: Give the negation of the statement “Her aunt’s name is Lucia.
By inserting not in the statement:
“Her aunt’s name is not Lucia.”
By prefixing the phrase “It is not the case that”
“It is not the case that her aunt’s name is Lucia.”
Examples of Simple Proposition and Compound Proposition.
Classify each proposition as simple or compound. Classify each compound proposition as a negation,
conjunction, disjunction, conditional, or biconditional.
Example 1: My friend took his masters degree in Spain.
Solution: Simple Proposition
Example 2: Roses are red, but violets are blue.
Solution: Compound Proposition; Conjunction
Example 3: You re entitled to a 30% discount if you are a member.
Solution: Compound Proposition: Conditional
Example 4: Roel was on time, but Tome was late.
Solution: Compound Proposition: Conjunction
Example 5: Either watches a movie or dines with his friends.
Solution: Compound Proposition: Disjunction
Example 5: If it is an acute angle, then it is an acute angle.
Solution: Compound Proposition: Conditional
Symbols: Symbols are used to simplify work in logic. If x and y are the frequently used letters in
algebra, the letters p, q, or r are often used to represent proportions in logic. The table below shows
the several symbols for connectives, together with the respective types of compound proposition.
Connective Symbol Type of Statement
and ^ conjunction
or v disjunction
not ~ negation
If…..then → conditional
If and only if (iff) ↔ biconditional
Type of Compound
Logical Operator Symbolic Form Read as
Proposition
Negation Not ~p Not p
Conjunction And pᴧq p and q
Disjunction Or pᴠq p or q
Conditional If…then p→q If p, then q
Biconditional If and only if p↔q p if and only if q
Example of Symbols:
Let p represent the proposition “He has green thumb” and
q represent the proposition “He is a senior citizen”
Convert each compound proposition into symbols.
Solution 1: He has a green thumb and he is a senior citizen.
p: He has green thumb ^ (and)
p ^ q
q: He is a senior citizen
Solution 2: He does not have a green thumb or he is not a senior citizen.
p: He does not have green thumb
~p v ~q v (or)
q: He is not a senior citizen
Solution 3: It is not the case that he has green thumb or is a senior citizen.
p: He is a senior citizen
q: He has a green thumb ~(p v q) v (or)
~: He has a green thumb ~ (it is not the case)
Solution 4: If he has green thumb, then he is not a senior citizen.
p: If he has green thumb
q: He is not a senior citizen p →~q → then
→ : then
