CHAPTER 3

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1. Introduction

The structural analysis and design is the process of predicting how structures
respond to various loads, ensuring safety and functionality. Without proper analysis
and design, there is an increased risk of structural failure, safety hazards, and potential
legal and financial consequences. Therefore, its role is main in civil engineering. In
this study, the proposed building is a rectangular shaped two storeyed language center
building. It is a reinforced concrete building which is composed of Intermediate
Moment-Resisting Frame. This chapter concerns with the procedure of structural
analysis and design of the language center building and its results.

3.2. General Parameters and Design Considerations

General parameters and design considerations of the proposed building are the
following.

Occupancy type : Language Center building

Location : Kyaukse township, Myanmar

Plinth area : 7480 sq.ft

Typical story height : 15 ft

Stair roof floor height : 12 ft

Wall thickness : 9 in for exterior wall, 4.5 in for interior wall

Type of building : Two storeyed reinforced concrete building

Structural system : R.C.C Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame

Concrete, f’c : 3000 psi (for all structural member)

 Reinforcement, fy : 50000 psi

Foundation system : Isolated footing

Allowable bearing capacity : 1 ton/ft² at 8 ft depth

Building code : IBC 2018

For loading on structures : ASCE 7-16

For RC design : ACI 318-19

Indeterminate structures are very difficult in hand calculation and take a long
time. Therefore, structural designers may be used design software with structural
concepts on the report of American Concrete Institute standard. The proposed
building has used the following softwares.

For superstructure : ETABS v22.2.1

For substructure : SAFE v16.0.2

3.3. Objectives of design

A structural engineer is a member of a team that works together to design a

building, bridge, or other structure. The structure should satisfy four major criteria.

1. Appropriateness

The arrangement of spaces, spans, ceiling heights, access, and traffic flow
must complement the intended use. The structure should fit its environment and be
aesthetically pleasing.

2. Economy

The overall cost of structure should not exceed the client’s budget. Frequently,
teamwork in design will lead to overall economies.

3. Structural adequacy

Structural adequacy involves two major aspects.

(a) A structure must be strong enough to support all anticipated loadings safely.
(b) The structure must not deflect, tilt, vibrate, or crack in a manner that impairs its
usefulness.

4. Maintainability

A structure should be designed so as to require a minimum amount of simple

maintenance procedures.

3.4. Procedures Specified in Strength Design

In the ACI Code, design is based on the required strengths computed from
combinations of factored loads and design strengths computed as ∅Rn, where ∅ is a
resistance factor, also known as a strength-reduction factor, and Rn is the nominal
resistance. This process is called strength design. In the AISC Specifications for steel
design, the same design process is known as LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor
Design). Strength design and LRFD are methods of limit-states design, except that
primary attention is placed on the strength limit states, with the serviceability limit
states being checked after the original design is completed.

Each member design chapter of the ACI Code contains a general statement
that the design strength (defined as ∅Rn) at all member sections shall equal or exceed
the required strength for the load combination. The ACI code use this design
methodology and it is also known as Load and Resistance Factor Design, LRFD. The
basic concept of LRFD design method is:

Resistances ≥ Load effects (3.1)

Those load combinations will be defined and discussed in the following section.

3.5. Load Consideration

Load consideration in structural engineering refers to the assessment of

various forces that a structure must withstand during its service life. This include dead
load, live load, environmental load. Accurate load consideration is essential for
ensuring safety, integrity, and longevity of structures, as it influences material
selection and design details. Building codes such as ASCE7-10 provide guidelines for
determining these loads to achieve reliable structural performance. The main function
of a structure is to determine the loads transfer through structural elements (beams,
columns) to the foundation, ensuring stability and equilibrium.

3.5.1. Dead Loads

The dead load on a structural element is the weight of the member itself, plus
the weights of all materials permanently incorporated into the structure and supported
by the member. This includes the weights of permanent partitions or walls, the
weights of plumbing stacks, electrical feeders, permanent mechanical equipment, and
so on. Tables of dead loads are given in ASCE/SEI 7-10.

Table 3.1. Dead loads Considered in the Project

Type of dead loads Load pattern name Quantity Unit

Concrete unit weight Dead load 150 pcf
Super dead load on floor Finish 25 psf
(floor finish, tile weight)
9 in thick brick wall Wall 100 psf
(including plaster)
4.5 in thick brick wall Wall 55 psf
(including plaster)
Glass wall Wall 15 psf
Overhead water tank Water 6000 gals

3.5.2. Live Loads

Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings and traffic loads on
bridges. They may be either fully or partially in place or not present at all, and may
also change in location. Their magnitude and distribution at any given time are
uncertain, and even their maximum intensities throughout the lifetime of the structure
are not known with precision. The minimum live loads for which the floors and roof
of a building should be designed are usually specified in the building code.
Table 3.2. Live Loads Considered in the Project

Type of live loads Load pattern name Quantity Unit

Stair, landing Live 100 psf
Stack rooms Live 150 psf
Reading rooms Live 60 psf
Corridors Live 100 psf
Top roof Roof Live 20 psf
Lobbies Live 100 psf
Other Live 40 psf

3.5.3. Load Combinations

As LRFD design method is used for this project, the load combinations are
LRFD combinations, except for serviceability limit states and for design of foundation
system, in which unfactored load combinations are used. [7 ASCE]

Table 3.3. Load Combinations Considered in the Project

Load combinations ETABS Name Type of combinations

U = 1.4 D DECON 1 Factored
U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L DECON 2 Factored
U=D+L UNFACT Unfactored

3.6. Structural Design

The structural design is the determination of the general shape and specific
dimensions so that a structure will perform the function for which it was created and
will safely withstand the influences that will act on it throughout its useful life. The
basic form of the structure is defined by its intended use. In the case of a building,
architect may present an overall concept and with the engineer develop a structural
system. Regardless of the application, the design of concrete structures follows the
same general sequence. First, an initial structural system is defined, the initial member
sizes are selected, and a mathematical model of the structure is generated. Second,
gravity and lateral loads are determined based on the selected system, member sizes,
and external loads. Building loads typically are defined in ASCE∕SEI 7. Third, the
loads are applied to the structural model and the load effects calculated for each
member. This step may be done on a preliminary basis or by using computer
modeling software.

Fourth, maximum load effects at critical member sections are identified and
each critical section is designed for moment, axial load, shear, and torsion as needed.
At this step, the process may become iterative. For example, if the member initially
selected is too small, its size must be increased, load effects recalculated for the larger
member, and the members redesigned. If the initial member is too large, a smaller
section is selected. Loads are usually not recalculated for small changes in member
size as the gravity effects are often conservative. Fifth, each member is checked for
serviceability. Sixth, the reinforcement for each member is detailed, that is, the
number and size of reinforcing bars are selected for the critical sections to provide the
required strength. Seventh, connections are designed to ensure that the building
performs as intended. Finally, the design information is incorporated in the
construction documents.

3.7. Structural Analysis

Structural analysis is the prediction of the response of structures to specified

arbitrary external loads. During the preliminary structural design stage, a structure’s
potential external load is estimated, and the size of the structure’s interconnected
members are determined based on the estimated loads. Structural analysis establishes
the relationship between a structural member’s expected external load and the
structure’s corresponding developed internal stresses and displacements that occur
within the member when in service. This is necessary to ensure that the structural
members satisfy the safety and the serviceability requirements of the building code
and specifications of the area where the structure is located.

There are several types of civil engineering structures, including buildings,

bridges, towers, arches, and cables. Members or components that make up a structure
can have different forms or shapes depending on their functional requirements.
Structural members can be classified as beams, columns and tension structures,
frames, and trusses.

3.8. Modeling of the Proposed Building

The architectural plans of the language center are described in appendix. The

structural drawings of the proposed building are shown in the following figures.

Figure 3.1. Column Plan of Language Center (from Base to Roof Floor)
Figure 3.2. Column Plan of Language Center (from Roof Floor to Stair Roof)
 Figure 3.3. Three-Dimensional View of Language Center

3.9. Design of Column

Columns are defined as the members that carry loads chiefly in compression.
Usually columns carry bending moments about one or both axes of the cross section,
and the bending action may produce tensile forces over a part of the cross section.
Even in such cases, columns are generally referred to as compression members,
because the compression forces dominate their behavior. In addition to the most
common type of compression member, that is, vertical elements in structures,
compression members include arch ribs; rigid frame members inclined or otherwise;
compression elements in trusses, shells, or portions that carry axial compression and
other forms. Three types of reinforced concrete compression members are in use:
1. Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and transverse ties.

2. Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and continuous spirals.

3. Composite compression members reinforced longitudinally with structural steel

shapes, pipe, or tubing, with or without additional longitudinal bars, and various types
of transverse reinforcement.

The main reinforcement in columns is longitudinal, parallel to the direction of

the load, and consists of bars arranged in a square, rectangular, or circular pattern. The
ratio of longitudinal steel area Ast to gross concrete cross section Ag is in the range
from 0.01 to 0.08, according to ACI Code 10.6.1.1. The lower limit is necessary to
ensure resistance to bending moments not accounted for in the analysis and to reduce
the effects of creep and shrinkage of the concrete under sustained compression. Ratios
higher than 0.08 not only are uneconomical but also would cause difficulty owing to
congestion of the reinforcement, particularly where the steel must be spliced. Most
columns are designed with ratios below 0.04. Larger-diameter bars are used to reduce
placement costs and to avoid unnecessary congestion. The largest bars, No. 14 and
No. 18 (No. 43 and No. 57), are produced mainly for use in columns. According to
ACI Code 10.7.3.1, a minimum of four longitudinal bars is required when the bars are
enclosed by spaced rectangular or circular ties, and a minimum of six bars must be
used when the longitudinal bars are enclosed by a continuous spiral. A minimum of
three longitudinal bars must be used when the bars are enclosed by triangular ties.

3.9.1. Spacing Requirements for Ties

Ties are provided in reinforced concrete columns for four reasons.

1. Ties restrain the longitudinal bars from buckling out through the surface of the
column.

2. Ties hold the reinforcement cage together during the construction process.

3. Properly detailed ties confine the concrete core, providing increased ductility.

4. Ties serve as shear reinforcement for columns.

 If the shear Vu exceeds ∅Vc/2, shear reinforcement is required (ACI Code
Section 10.6.2.1). Ties can serve as shear reinforcement, but must satisfy both the
maximum tie spacings given in ACI Code Section 25.7.2.1 and the maximum stirrup
spacing for shear from ACI Code Section 10.7.6.5.2. The area of the legs parallel to
the direction of the shear force must satisfy.

3.9.2 Columns Design Sections of the Proposed Building

Columns are classified as type C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5. Column layout plan is
shown in Figure 3.4. and Figure 3.5. and design results for column sections are
mentioned in Table 3.4.

Figure 3.4. Column Plan of Language Center (from Base to Roof Floor)
 Figure 3.5. Column Plan of Language Center (from Roof Floor to Stair Roof Floor)

Table 3.4. Column Schedules

Ties Spacing Mini

:
Typ Main Leve
Size Ties withi outsid clear Section
e Steel l
n L0 e L0 cove
r
10m
1- 10mm
10''x10' 4- m Base
C1 10mm @6'' 1.5''
' 16mmØ @4'' to RF
Ø c/c
c/c
10m
1- 10mm
12''x12' 6- m Base
C2 10mm @6'' 1.5''
' 16mmØ @4'' to RF
Ø c/c
c/c
 10m
1- 10mm
14''x14' 4- m Base
C3 10mm @6'' 1.5''
' 20mmØ @4'' to TF
Ø c/c
c/c
Table 3.4. Continued

10m
1- 10mm
14''x14' 4- m Base
C4 10mm @6'' 1.5''
' 20mmØ @4'' to RF
Ø c/c
c/c

10m
1- 10mm
14''x14' 6- m Base
C5 10mm @6'' 1.5''
' 16mmØ @4'' to RF
Ø c/c
c/c

3.10. Design of Beams

The purpose of beam design in construction is to ensure structural integrity

and stability. Beams serve as horizontal elements that support vertical loads, such as
floors, ceilings, and roofs, transferring this load to vertical supports like columns and
foundations. They enable open spaces by spanning across openings and enhance the
rigidity of structures against lateral forces like wind and seismic activity.
Additionally, beams can support other structural elements, contributing to the overall
functionality and aesthetics of a building.

3.10.1. Dimensional Limits for Beams

The design of beams are governed by codes and standards to ensure safety,
serviceability, and durability. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) code,
specifically ACI 318-19 (Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete)
provides guidelines for the dimensional requirements of beams. The dimensional
requirements of beams directly influence their strength, stability, and deflection
behavior. These limits ensure

1. Adequate strength to resist applied loads.

 2. Control of deflections to prevent serviceability issues.

3. Proper reinforcement placement and concrete coverage for durability.

The ACI code does not specify an absolute minimum width for beams, but the
beam width must be sufficient to accommodate the required reinforcement with
adequate spacing. (ACI 318 Section 25.2)

Beams must have sufficient depth so all applicable strength and serviceability.
For nonprestressed beams not supporting or attached to partitions or other
construction likely to be damaged by large deflection, overall beam depth h shall
satisfy the limits in Table 3.5, unless the calculated deflection limits are satisfied.
(ACI 318-19)

Table 3.5 Minimum depth of nonprestressed beams

Support condition Minimum h

Simply supported L/16
One end continuous L/18.5
Both ends continuous L/21
Cantilever L/8

3.10.2. Required Reinforcement Limits for Beams

Reinforcement plays a vital role in the structural performance of the beams,

ensuring strength, ductility, and serviceability. The ACI 318-19 code provides clear
guidelines for the minimum and maximum reinforcement ratios, spacing, and cover to
achieve safe and efficient designs. The limits on reinforcement in beams are essential
to prevent brittle failure by ensuring sufficient ductility, optimize material usage for
cost-effectiveness, ensure proper spacing and concrete placement during construction,
comply with deflection and crack control requirements. The minimum amount of
tension reinforcement ensures that the beam does not fail suddenly when the tensile
strength of concrete is exceeded.

3.10.3. Required Shear Reinforcement Limits for Beams

 Stirrups are required to resist shear forces and prevent diagonal cracking. Per
ACI 318 section 9.6.3, the minimum shear reinforcement is given. If the amount of
reinforcing is too low, it may yield or even snap immediately after the formation of an
inclined crack. As soon as a diagonal crack develops, the tension previously carried
by the concrete is transferred to the web reinforcing. Using the provision of the code,
a sudden shear failure of the beam can be prevented when inclined cracks occur. In
addition to required shear reinforcement, torsional transverse reinforcement will be
added when required by analysis. [318 ACI]

The maximum spacing of stirrups is governed by ACI 318 section 9.6.3 to

prevent shear failure. Clear spacing of reinforcement bars are adequate spacing
ensures proper proper concrete placement and minimizes congestion. As per ACI 318
section 25.2.1, the clear spacing between parallel reinforcement bars should not be
less than bar diameter, 1 inch, 1.33 times the maximum aggregate size. The ACI code
specifies minimum concrete cover to protect reinforcement from environmental
effects as per ACI 318 section 20.6.1. The reinforcement limits outlined by the ACI
318 code ensure that beams are designed for ductility, safety, and durability. By
adhering to these guidelines, designers can prevent brittle failure, control deflections,
and optimize construction efficiency.

3.10.4. Torsion in Beams

Torsion is a twisting action caused by torque, is a critical consideration in the

design of reinforced concrete beams. The ACI 318-19 code provides detailed
guidelines to ensure beams subjected to torsional loads maintain strength, stability,
and serviceability. Torsion occurs when a beam is subjected to a twisting moment due
to eccentric or unbalanced loads.

There are two types of torsion in beams: equilibrium torsion and compatibility
torsion. Equilibrium torsion is a type of torsion that arises when the twisting moment
on a beam or structural element must be resisted to maintain the stability of the entire
structure. Unlike compatibility torsion, which can often be redistributed, equilibrium
torsion must be accounted for in the design because it is essential for structural
equilibrium. Equilibrium torsion occurs when a structural member must resist a
twisting moment to maintain the overall equilibrium of the structure. It is a critical
design consideration in cases where the torsional moment cannot be redistributed to
other elements, such as in cantilever beams, spandrel beams, or members supporting
asymmetric loads. Equilibrium torsion is a critical design factor for beams subjected
to twisting moments necessary for structural stability. The ACI 318-19 code provides
comprehensive guidelines for evaluating.

Compatibility torsion develops in beams or members due to geometric or

loading constraints that require deformation compatibility with adjoining members. It
is a secondary torsional action and does not arise directly from maintaining
equilibrium in the structural system. Compatibility torsion occurs in beams when the
torsional moment arises to maintain deformation compatibility with other parts of the
structure, rather than as a requirement for equilibrium. The beam must be designed to
resist the resulting torsional stresses to prevent cracking and ensure serviceability.
Examples of compatibility torsions are torsion in edge beams in continuous slab
systems, beams supporting cantilever slabs or overhangs and spandrel beams
subjected to unbalanced floor loads.

Designing for compatibility torsion ensures that;

1. Excessive cracking and torsional failure in beams are avoided.

2. Beams maintain sufficient stiffness to support slab or floor deformations.

3. Redistribution of torsional stresses does not compromise serviceability.

For compatibility torsion, the ACI code allows the redistribution of torsional
moments within the structure to reduce the design demand on the beam.
Redistribution is permissible provided that;

1. Adjacent members have sufficient stiffness to absorb the redistributed

torsional moment.

2. Cracks due to torsional stresses do not compromise the structural or

architectural integrity.

Compatibility torsion plays an essential role in ensuring structural

performance and serviceability. The ACI 318-19 code allows for the redistribution of
compatibility torsion but prescribes minimum reinforcement to ensure safety against
cracking and loss of stiffness. Proper design for compatibility torsion ensures that the
structures can maintain its intended function without excessive deformation or failure.

3.10.5. Details of Development Length in tension

The tension development length is a critical parameter in reinforced concrete

design, ensuring that the bond between reinforcing bars and concrete is sufficient to
transfer forces without bond failure. The ACI code provides guidelines and equations
to calculate this length, accounting for various factors like bar size, concrete strength,
and the type of reinforcement used. According to the ACI code, the development
length in tension is the minimum length of reinforcement required to develop the
yield strength of the rebar through the bond with the surrounding concrete. It ensures
structural integrity under tensile forces. The followings are key influencing factors.

1. Higher concrete compressive strength reduces the development length.

2. Larger bar diameters require longer development lengths.
3. Epoxy coatings increase the required development length due to reduced bond
strength.
4. Bars placed in top layers require additional length due to reduced bond
efficiency.
5. Lightweight concrete increases the development length.

The ACI code specifies minimum values to prevent premature bond failure. In
cases where straight development is insufficient, hooked or bent bars may be used to
enhance anchorage. Adequate cover and spacing between bars are necessary to
achieve proper bond strength.

Tension development length is a vital aspect of reinforced concrete design that

ensures the effective transfer of the stresses from steel to concrete. Following ACI
provisions and considering key influencing factors help achieve a safe and efficient
design. Hook detailing for stirrups and ties are shown in Figure 3.6.
 Figure 3.6. Hook Detailing for Stirrups and Ties

3.10.6. Details of Splice Reinforcement

Splicing reinforcement is a critical aspect of reinforced concrete design,

ensuring continuity and structural integrity where reinforcement bars need to be
joined. Proper splicing ensures that the transfer of stresses between bars is effective
and meets design requirements. A splice in reinforcement is a connection between
two reinforcing bars to maintain continuity and transfer loads effectively. Splices are
classified into three types; lap splices, mechanical splices, and welded splices. The
ACI code provides specific guidelines for the design and execution of these splices.

The types of splices are lap splices, mechanical splices, and welded splices.
Lap splices are formed by overlapping two reinforcing bars over a certain length and
are the most commonly used type of splice. The ACI code governs lap splice design
based on the type of splice (tension or compression) and bar conditions. There are two
types of lap splices; class A splices and class B splices. Class A splice is 1.0 time the
development length and uses for compression splices or areas of low tensile stress.
Class B splice is 1.3 times the development length and uses for tension splices in
critical locations.
 Mechanical splices use couplers or sleeves to join bars. They are particularly
useful in high-strength concrete or congested areas where lap splices are impractical.
Welded splices involve welding the bars together to achieve continuity. These are
used in specialized applications where welding is feasible and practical. The required
lap splice length depends on the development length of the bar, as defined by the ACI
code.

Splice location for beam is shown in Figure 3.7. and 3.8.

The requirement for splicing reinforcement in this project is explained in the

followings.

- For top bars, if lap splice percentage larger than 50%, use 130% splice
length, i.e., required lap length = 1.3 x splice length.
- For bottom bars in beam, for low tensile zones and lap splice percentage
less than or equal 50%, splice length can be reduced 25%, i.e., required lap
length = 0.75 x splice length.
- For 20 mm bars, Preferred splice length = 60 d = 48 in
- For 16 mm bars, Preferred splice length = 60 d = 38 in

Figure 3.7. Splice Location for Top Bars

Figure 3.8. Splice Location for Bottom Bars

3.10.7. Design Sections of Beams

The proposed building of beams are classified as type B1a, B1b, B1c, B2a,
B2b, B2c, B2d, B3a, B3b, B4a, B4b, and B5a for each floor. Design Beam plan is
shown in Figure 3.9.,3.10.,3.11. and 3.12. and design results for beam sections and
schedule are mentioned in Table 3.6.

Figure 3.9. Ground Floor Beam Layout Plan of Language Center

Figure 3.10. First Floor Beam Layout Plan of Language Center
 Figure 3.11. Second Floor Beam Layout Plan of Language Center

Figure 3.12. Stair Roof Floor Beam Layout Plan of Language Center

Table 3.6. Beam Schedule

Type
Details Section @column strip Section @ middle strip
s

Sections

Size (in x in) 10 x 12

B1a

Top bar 2-16mm

Main bars Bottom bar 2-16mm (1-16mm cutoff)
Middle bar -
Within 2h 10mm@3in c/c
Stirrups
Others 10mm@5in c/c

Sections

Size (in x in) 10 x 12

B1b

Top bar 2-20mm (1-20mm cutoff)

Main bars Bottom bar 2-20mm
Middle bar -
Within 2h 10mm@3in c/c
Stirrups
Others 10mm@5in c/c

Section

Size (in x in) 10 x 12

B1c

Main bars Top bar 2-20mm (3-20mm cutoff)

Bottom bar 2-20mm (1-20mm cutoff)
Middle bar -
Within 2h 10mm@3in c/c
Stirrups
Others 10mm@5in c/c
 Section

Size (in x in) 10 x 14

B2a

Top bar 2-20mm

Main bars Bottom bar 2-20mm
Middle bar -
Within 2h 10mm@3in c/c
Stirrups
Others 10mm@6in c/c

Section

Size (in x in) 10 x 14

B2b

Top bar 2-16mm (3-16mm cutoff)

Main bars Bottom bar 2-16mm (3-16mm cutoff)
Middle bar -
Within 2h 10mm@3in c/c
Stirrups
Others 10mm@6in c/c
Types Details Section @ column strip Section @ middle strip

Section

Size (in x in) 10 x 14

B2c

Main bars Top bar 2-16mm (3-16mm cutoff)

Bottom bar 2-16mm
Middle bar -
Within 2h 10mm@3in c/c
Stirrups
Others 10mm@6in c/c
 Section

B2d

Size (in x in) 10 x 14

Main bars Top bar 2-16mm (3-16mm cutoff)
Bottom bar 5-16mm
Middle bar -
Stirrups Within 2h 10mm@3in c/c
Others 10mm@6in c/c
Section

Size (in x in) 10 x 16

B3a

Main bars Top bar 2-20mm (1-16mm cutoff)

Bottom bar 2-20mm
Middle bar -
Stirrups Within 2h 10mm@4in c/c
Others 10mm@6in c/c
Types Details Section @ column strip Section @ middle strip
Section

Size (in x in) 10 x 16

B3b

Main bars Top bar 5-20mm (3-20mm cutoff)

Bottom bar 3-20mm (2-20mm cutoff)
Middle bar -
Stirrups Within 2h 10mm@4in c/c
Others 10mm@6in c/c
 Section

Size (in x in) 10 x 18

B4a

Main bars Top bar 2-20mm

Bottom bar 2-20mm
Middle bar 2-20mm
Stirrups Within 2h 10mm@4in c/c
Others 10mm@6in c/c
Section

Size (in x in) 10 x 18

B4b

Main bars Top bar 5-20mm (3-20mm cutoff)

Bottom bar 3-20mm (2-20mm cutoff)
Middle bar 2-20mm
Stirrups Within 2h 10mm@4in c/c
Others 10mm@6in c/c
Types Details Section @ column strip Section @ middle strip
Section

Size (in x in) 12 x 24

B5a

Main bars Top bar 5-20mm (3-20mm cut off)

Bottom bar 5-20mm
Middle bar 4-20mm
Stirrups Within 2h 10mm@4in c/c
Others 10mm@6in c/c
3.11. Design of Slabs

Slabs are one of the most critical structural components in reinforced concrete
construction, providing horizontal surfaces for floors and roofs while transferring
loads to supporting beams, columns, or walls. Slabs are designed to resist bending
moments, shear forces, and deflection caused by dead, live, and environmental loads.
Their structural efficiency and simplicity make them essential in various building
types, including residential, commercial, and industrial structures. The American
Concrete Institute (ACI), through its ACI 318 code, provides comprehensive
guidelines for the design and construction of concrete slabs. These provisions ensure
that slabs meet the necessary strength, serviceability, and durability requirements. The
code addresses various types of slabs, such as one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat
slabs, ribbed slabs, and slabs on grade, each of which is suited for specific structural
and architectural demands. Structural concrete slabs in buildings may be classified as
follows:

- One-way floor system: If the slab is supported on two opposite sides only,
or if the slab is supported on all four sides but the ratio of long side to
short side is equal to or greater than 2, then most of the load (95%) is
carried in short direction and one-way action is considered for practical
purposes. This type of floor system is called one-way floor system.
- Two-way floor system: When the slab is supported on four sides and the
ratio of long side to the short side is less than 2, then the slab will deflect
in double curvature in both directions. This type of floor system is called
two-way floor system.

3.11.1. Minimum Slab Thickness

The thickness of a concrete slab is a critical design parameter that directly

influences its structural performance, durability, and serviceability. According to the
American Concrete Institute (ACI 318), the minimum thickness of slabs must be
selected to satisfy strength requirements, deflection control, and practical construction
considerations.

When determining the slab thickness, the following factors must also be
considered in addition to ACI guidelines. ACI requires that slabs satisfy deflection
limits under service loads. If deflection analysis indicates excessive deformation, the
thickness may need to be increased. The slab thickness must be sufficient to provide
adequate shear resistance without requiring additional reinforcement. For slabs
exposed to aggressive environments, additional thickness may be required to
accommodate concrete cover for reinforcement. For usual case of construction, the
thickness of the slab, h, should be the same for all spans and it should be determined
on the basis of the span yielding the largest minimum depth, this results in economical
formworks. Minimum thickness of solid non-prestressed one-way slabs are shown in
Table 3.7.

Table 3.7. Minimum Thickness of Solid Non-Prestressed One-Way Slabs

Support Condition Minimum h

L
Simply supported
20
L
One end continuous
24
L
Both ends continuous
28
L
Cantilever
10

3.11.2. Analysis Methods for Slabs

For the case of gravity loads, the simplified method of ACI is used for one-
way slabs. The ACI moment coefficient method provided is used for two-way slabs.
After selecting reinforcement and spacing using the above methods, the spacing
results are checked using ETABS with strip-based design method. [318 ACI]

The limitations to use simplified method are provided in the followings.

(1) Members are prismatic.

(2) Loads are uniformly distributed.
(3) L ≤ 3 D.
(4) There are at least two spans.
 (5) The longer of two adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter by more than
20 percent.

3.11.3. Sample Calculation for One-way Slabs Using ACI Simplified Method

The following procedures are described as the sample calculation for one-way
slabs by using ACI simplified method.

Sample slab - S1 (Enclosed by line D & E, 4 & 5, First Floor),

'
fc = 3000 psi

fy = 50000 psi

Length of clear span in short direction, La = 6.5 ft

Super dead load on slab = 25 psf

Live load = 100 psf

Load Estimations

Minimum slab thickness, h = 2.8 in

(ACI 318 Table 7.3.1.1)

Take slab thickness, h = 5 in

Slab weight = 62.5 psf

1.2 D.L = 105 psf

1.6 L.L = 160 psf

Total factored load = 265 psf

Moments for both directions,

From ACI 318 Table 6.5.2,

-ve Moment (at continuous edges) = 13436 in-lb

+ve Moment (at midspan) = 9596.8 in-lb

Effective depth, d = 3.99 in

Reinforcement,

1. At support

a =

a = 0.124 in

(not
= 0.076 in2/ft
control)

= 0.0018 bh

= 0.12 in2/ft (control)

Bar size = 10 mm

Spacing = 6 in c/c

2. At Midspan

a =

a = 0.088 in

(not
As, required = 0.036 in2/ft
control)

As, min = 0.12 in2/ft (control)

Bar size = 10 mm

Spacing = 6 in c/c
 3. Distribution steel

Spacing maximum = 18 in

Spacing = 6 in c/c

Bar size = 10 mm

Use slab thickness of 5 in with 10 mm ∅ @ 6” c/c both ways, both directions.

3.11.4. Sample Calculation for Two-way Slabs Using ACI Moment Coefficient
Method

By using ACI Moment Coefficient Method, the sample calculation for two-
way slab is described in the followings.

Sample slab – S2 (Enclosed by line D & E, 6 & 7, First Floor),

'
fc = 3000 psi

fy = 50000 psi

Length of clear span in short direction, La = 17 ft

Length of clear span in long direction,

= 19 ft
Lb

Minimum slab thickness, h = 4.8 in

Take slab thickness, h = 5 in

Effective depth, d = 3.7 in

Slab weight = 62.5 psf

Super dead load on slab = 25 psf

Live load = 100 psf

1.2 D.L = 105 psf

1.6 L.L = 160 psf

Total load = 265 psf

m = La/Lb = 0.89

Case = 9

Negative moment at continuous edges (Table 12.3 from Reference 3),

Ca,-ve = 0.0688

Cb,-ve = 0.0242

Ma,-ve = Ca,-ve ω La2 = 63228.58 in-lb

Mb,-ve = Cb,-ve ω Lb2 = 27781.12 in-lb

Positive moment (Table 12.4 & 12.5 from Reference 3),

Ca,+vedl = 0.0264

Ca,+vell = 0.0366

Cb,+vedl = 0.0146

Cb,+vell = 0.0216

Ma,+vedl = Ca,dl ω La2 = 9613.296 in-lb

Ma,+vell = Ca,ll ω La2 = 20308.61 in-lb

Ma,+ve,tot = 29921.9 in-lb

Mb,+vedl = Cb,dl ω Lb2 = 6640.956 in-lb

Mb,+vell = Cb,ll ω Lb2 = 14971.39 in-lb

Mb,+ve,tot = 21612.35 in-lb

Negative moment at discontinuous edges,

1
Ma,-ve (discont;) = x (Ma, +ve, tot ) = 9974 in-lb
3

1
Mb,-ve (discont;) = x (Mb, +ve, tot ) = 7204.1 in-lb
3

Short direction,

1. Midspan
a =

a = 0.31 in

(not
As, required = 0.189 in2/ft
control)

As, min = 0.12 in2/ft (control)

Bar size = 10 mm

Spacing = 6 in c/c

2. Continuous edge

a = 0.692 in

As, required = 0.302 in2/ft (control)

(not
As, min = 0.12 in2/ft
control)

Bar size = 10 mm

Spacing = 4 in c/c

3. Discontinuous edge

a = 0.1 in

(not
As, required = 0.061 in2/ft
control)

As, min = 0.12 in2/ft (control)

Bar size = 10 mm

Spacing = 6 in c/c

Long direction,
 1. Midspan

a = 0.221 in

As, required = 0.135 in2/ft (control)

(not
As, min = 0.12
in2/ft control)

Bar size = 10 mm

Spacing = 6 in c/c

2. Continuous edge

a = 0.286 in

As, required = 0.175 in2/ft (control)

As, min = 0.12 in2/ft

Bar size = 10 mm

Spacing = 6 in c/c

3. Discontinuous edge

a = 0.072 in

(not
As, required = 0.044 in2/ft
control)

As, min = 0.12 in2/ft (control)

Bar size = 10 mm

Spacing = 6 in c/c

Use slab thickness of 5 in with 10mm ∅ @ 6” c/c both ways, both directions.

3.11.3. Sample Calculation for Cantilever Slab Using ACI Simplified Method

Sample slab – SS4 (Enclosed by line A, 4 & 6, First Floor),

 '
fc = 3000 psi

fy = 50000 psi

Length of clear span in short direction, La = 2.5 ft

Super dead load on slab = 25 psf

Live load = 100 psf

Load Estimations

Minimum slab thickness, h = 3 in

(ACI 318 Table 7.3.1.1)

Take slab thickness, h = 4 in

Effective depth, d = 2.7 in

Slab weight = 50 psf

1.2 D.L = 90 psf

1.6 L.L = 160 psf

Total factored load = 250 psf

Moments for both directions,

From ACI 318 Table 6.5.2,

-ve Moment = 9375 in-lb

Effective depth, d = 2.99 in

Reinforcement,

2. At support

a =

a = 0.131 in
 =

(not
As, required = 0.071 in2/ft
control)

As, min = 0.096 in2/ft (control)

Bar size = 10 mm

Spacing = 6 in c/c

3. Distribution steel

Spacing maximum = 18 in

Spacing = 6 in c/c

Bar size = 10 mm

Use slab thickness of 4 in with 10 mm ∅ @ 6” c/c both ways, both directions.

3.11.5. Slab Schedules

After checking the provided reinforcement and spacing, the slab schedules are
prepared. These are provided in Table 3.8. Slab plan is shown in Figure 3.13., 3.14
and 3.15.

Table 3.8. Slab Schedule

Short Direction Long Direction

Slab Slab
Thk: Layer Continuou Discon- Discon-
Name Type Mid Continuous Mid
s tinuous tinuous

One 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@

S1 5'' Top
way 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c
 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@
Bottom
6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c

Table 3.8. Continued

10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@

Top
4''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c
S2 Two
5''
way
10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@
Bottom
4''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c

10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@

Top
6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c

SS4 shell 4''

10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@ 10mm@
Bottom
6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c 6''c/c
Figure 3.13. First Floor Slab Plan of Language Center

Figure 3.14. Roof Floor Slab Plan of Language Center

 Figure 3.15. Stair Roof Floor Slab Plan of Language Center

3.12. Design of Stairways

Stairways are a fundamental component of building design, providing vertical

circulation between different levels of a structure. Their proper design is essential not
only for functionality but also for ensuring the safety and accessibility of occupants.
Stairways play a critical role in both everyday use and emergency scenarios, serving
as primary egress routes during evacuations.

To ensure stairways meet the necessary safety and usability standards, their
design must adhere to established codes and regulations. The International Building
Code (IBC) 2018 serves as a comprehensive guide for the construction and design of
stairways, outlining specific requirements for dimensions, materials, safety features,
and accessibility. Compliance with these standards helps minimize risks of accidents
and enhances the overall usability of the built environment.

3.12.1. Design Calculation of Stairways

The design of stairways is calculated as the followings.

f'c = 3 ksi

fy = 50 ksi

Going = 11 in

Riser = 6.6 in

No of steps = 14 no

Effective average stair length = 16 ft

Minimum waist thickness(L/28) = 6.2 in

Assume waist thickness = 6.5 in

Topping thickness = 2 in

L1 = 0.00 ft
L2 = 15 ft

L3 = 3.2 ft

Total Length = 18.13 ft

Waist wt. = 1926.61 lb

Step wt. = 529.38 lb

Step wt/ft = 62.81 lb/ft

Dead load = 2455.98 lb

ωD = 153.5 lb/ft

ωL = 100 lb/ft

ωu = 344.2 lb/ft control

ωu (min:) = 300 lb/ft not control

2
ω l
+ Mu = = 105.74 k-in
10

()
'
fc
0.85 β1 εu
ρ0.005 = fy = 0.02
ε u + 0.005

Effective depth, d = 3.79 in Ok

Take d = h - 1.125 = 5.38 in

a =

a = 0.77

As (min:) = 0.26 in2/ft not control

As (required) = 0.47 in2/ft control

 Distribution steel, At&sh = 0.156 in2/ft

7.
Choose main bar size = 16 mm 0.312 in2 in c/c
9

9.
Choose distribution bar size = 10 mm 0.122 in2 in c/c
4

Use main steel 16mm @ 6" c/c

Use distribution steel 10mm @8" c/c

Table 3.9. Stairway Schedule

Type Waist Thickness (in) Reinforcement Remarks

Main – 16 mm @ 6″ c/c
Stair 6.5 in Distribution – 10 mm @ 8″ Cover 0.75 in
c/c

16mm @ 4” c/c confinement

Step Reinforcement 3-10mm (for temp steel
& shrinkage) 1-10 mm @ 8” c/c stirrup

16mm @ 6” c/c
main steel
16mm @ 6” c/c Landing Beam
main steel 10mm @ 8” c/c distribution steel

Waist thickness 6.5”

Ground Floor

Ground Beam

Figure 3.16. Details of Stair