Observations during the chemical reaction
Chemical reactions
1. Reactions of Acids
(i) acid + metal → salt + hydrogen (redox)
Mg(S) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Zn(S) + H2SO4 (aq) →ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
Observation - Zinc or Mg dissolves to form colorless solution
Fizzing
(ii) acid + base → salt + water (neutralisation reaction)
CuO(s) + H2SO4 (aq) → CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
Observation - Solid dissolves
Blue solution is produced
(iii) acid + metal carbonate → salt + carbon dioxide + water
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Observation - Solid dissolves to form colourless solution
Fizzing/bubbles
(iv) acid + base -> salt + water
NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s)
Observation – white smoke/white ring/white solid
2. Redox reaction
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO(s)
Observation – white solid
Magnesium burns with bright white flame
CuO(s) + H2 → Cu(s) + H2O (l)
Observation – black solid to brown/pink solid
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3. Test for presence of water (Chemical test)
CuSO4 + 5H2O ⇌ CuSO4.5H2O
Observation – white to blue
CoCl2 + 6H2O ⇌ CoCl2.6H2O
Observation – blue to pink
4. Displacement reactions (metals)
Fe(s) + CuO(s) → FeO(s) + Cu(s)
Observation – black solid to brown/pink solid
Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
Observation – solution turns from blue to colorless
brown solid
5. Displacement reactions (Halogens) (group(7)
Cl2(aq)+KBr(aq)→2KCl(aq)+Br2(aq)
Observation – solution turns from colorless to orange
Cl2(aq)+2KI(aq)→2KCl(aq)+I2(aq)
Observation – solution turns from colorless to brown
6. Reactions of group (1) metal with cold water
2Li(s)+ 2H2O(l)→2LiOH(aq)+H2(g)
Observation - Lithium floats/Lithium disappears or dissolves/fizzing
2Na(s)+ 2H2O(l)→2NaOH(aq)+H2(g)
Observation - Sodium floats/Sodium disappears or dissolves/fizzing
2K(s)+2H2O(l)→2KOH(aq)+H2(g)
Observation - Potassium floats/Potassium disappears or dissolves/fizzing/ lilac
Flame
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7. Thermal decomposition
CuCO3(s) → CuO(s) + CO2(g)
Observation – colour change from green solid to black solid
8. Bromine water test
Alkene (C=C) → Orange solution is decolorized
Alkane (C-C) → Solution stays orange
9. Colors of chemical compounds
NH4Cl(s)→white solid
NH4Cl(aq) →colorless Solution
Mg →silvery grey metal / MgO→ white solid
group(1)metals → silvery/ grey
group(1) compounds → NaOH/KCl/Li2CO3 →white solids
solutions of group(1)compounds:NaOH(aq)/KCl(aq)/Li2CO3(aq) → colorless
All ammonium salts are white solid that dissolve in water to form colorless
solution
CaCO3(s)→white solid (milky appearance of lime water)
Transition metals and their compounds
Cu → brown / pink
CuO → black
CuCO3 → green
CuSO4(s), anhydrous → white
CuSO4(aq) → blue solution
CuSO4.5H2O(s) → blue crystals
Cu (NO3)2(aq) → blue solution
Cu(OH)2(s) → blue solid (ppt)
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Cu2+ ions in flame test → blue−green
ZnSO4(aq)→colorless solution
FeSO4(aq)→Green Solution
FeCl2(aq)→Green Solution
Fe(OH)2(s)→Green Solid
Fe2+→ any compound containing Fe2+ ions is green in color
Fe2(SO4)3→ red-brown solution
FeCl3(aq)→red-brown solution
Fe(OH)3(s)→red-brown solid
Fe3+→ any compound containing Fe3+ ions is red-brown in color
Acids
All acids are colorless solutions
Colors of Chemical Tests
Cu(OH)2(s) →blue ppt
Fe(OH)2(s) →green ppt
Fe(OH)3(s) →brown ppt
AgCl(s) →white ppt
AgBr(s) →cream ppt
Agl(s) →yellow ppt
BaSO4(s) →white ppt
Flame Test Colors
Li+→Red flame
Na+→yellow
K+→Lilac
Ca2+→orange−red
Cu2+→blue−green
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Colors of Some Gases
Oxygen "O2(g)"→Colorless
Hydrogen "H2(g)"→Colorless
Nitrogen "N2(g)"→Colorless
CO2(g)→Colorless
CO(g)→Colorless
Fluorine (F2(g))→Pale yellow
Chlorine (Cl2(g))→Green gas
Bromine (Br2(g))→Brown gas
Iodine (I2(g))→Purple gas
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10. Rusting
Substances needed for rusting:
1-Oxygen
2- Water
Appearance of rust→ Red-brown solid
Chemical name of rust→ Hydrated Iron (III) oxide
Chemical formula of rust → Fe2O3.2H2O
11. Air pollutants
Sulfur is an impurity in crude oil.
Sulfur burns with pale blue flame to produce Sulfur dioxide (SO2) which is
colorless acidic gas.
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