7.
Tibia - the inner, larger bone of the
Lesson 1: Functions of the Skeletal lower leg.
System 8. Fibula - the outer, smaller bone
located between the knee and the
Support - Rigid, strong bone is well suited ankle.
for bearing weight and is the major 9. Femur - the thighbone; the longest
supporting tissue of the body. and strongest bone in the body.
10. Phalanges - Any of the bones of the
Protection - Bone is hard and protects the
fingers
organs it surrounds.
Movement - Skeletal muscles attach to
bones by tendons, which are strong bands ● Short Bones
of connective tissue.
Approximately as wide as they are long.
Storage - Some minerals in the blood -
principally, calcium and phosphorus - are 1. Carpals - any of the 8 bones of the
stored in bone. carpus/ wrist.
2. Tarsals - the seven bones of the
Blood Cell Production - Many bones contain ankle joint.
cavities filled with red bone marrow, which
produces blood cells and platelets.
Classification of Bones based or Shape ● Flat Bones
● Long Bones a relatively thin, flattened shape.
Longer than they are wide. Most of the 1. Skull - encloses/ protects the brain.
bones of the upper and the lower limbs are 2. Scapula - also called the shoulder
long bones. blade; provides a foundation for joint
function.
1. Clavicle - also called the collarbone; 3. Sternum - Is a partially T-shaped
allows your arms to hang freely vertical bone that forms the anterior
2. Humerus - Upper arm bone, supports portion of the chest wall centrally.
arm functions, such as lifting. 4. Ribs - act as a protective cage for the
3. Radius - Lateral, shorter bone of the heart, lungs, and liver; there are 12
forearm. pairs of ribs.
4. Ulna - Inner, larger bone of the 5. Pelvis - Located near the base of the
forearm. spine where the hind limbs/legs are
5. Metacarpals - the five bones of the attached.
metacarpus, located between the
wrist and the fingers.
6. Metatarsals - any of the bones
located between the ankle and the
toes
Structure of a Long Bone
Diaphysis
● Irregular Bones ● Also called "Shaft"
● Composed of compact bone.
Have shapes that do not fit readily into the
other three categories. Medullary Cavity
1. Vertebrae - any of the 33 bones of ● Hollow part of the bone that contains
the spinal column. bone marrow.
2. Sacrum - surface forms the posterior ● Yellow marrow - consists mostly of
pelvic wall and strengthens and adipose tissue.
stabilizes the pelvis. ● Red marrow - consists mostly of
3. Mandible - the jawbone; holds the blood forming cells.
lower teeth in place; it is the
strongest bone in the face. Epiphysis
4. Maxilla - the bone that forms your
upper jaw. ● Ends of the bone.
5. Zygomatic - a structure which joins ● Composed mostly of spongy bone.
the bones of the face while protecting
Epiphyseal Plate
the arteries, nerves, veins, and
organs which lie below the surface. ● increases the length of a bone
6. Hyoid - Located in the front of the ● eventually becomes epiphyseal line.
neck, just below the lower jaw. ● also known as “Growth plate".
7. Ссосух - is a triangular arrangement
of bone that makes up the very Articular Cartilage
bottom portion of the spine below the
sacrum. ● provides smooth, lubricated surface
8. Stapes - located in the middle ear; for articulation.
the smallest bone in the body. ● cushions and protects articulating
structures from friction.
Histology of Bone
● Sesamoid
A. Compact Bone
A small independent bone developed in a
tendon where it passes over an angular ● Dense and looks smooth.
structure. ● Homogenous
1. Patella - the kneecap; allows for Osteons
knee extension.
● Cylindrical in shape.
● Functional unit of bone.
Haversian Canal Bone Formation
● Contains blood vessels and nerve Osteogenic
fibers.
● Allows bone to get oxygen and ● the stem cell which gives rise to
nutrition without being highly osteoblast.
vascular.
Osteoblast
Lamellae
● known as "Bone forming" cells.
● concentric rings
● gives compact bone its hardness and Osteocytes
rigidity.
● Mature bone cells that monitor and
Lacunae maintain bone matrix.
● spaces in which bone cells are Osteoclasts
present.
● Known as "bone breaking" cells.
● contains osteocytes.
Chondrocytes
B. Spongy Bone
● the cells of cartilage, producing and
● Small needle-like pieces of bone.
maintaining the cartilaginous matrix.
● Has many open spaces.
Trabeculae
Ossification
● Found inside spongy bone.
● Provides strength and support to the - formation of bone by osteoblasts
bones.
a.) Intramembranous Ossification
Periosteum
- replacement of thin connective tissue
● F ound at the surfaces of the bone. membrane with bone.
● Supplies blood and promotes
growing and healing. ex. Flat bone such as skull, mandible, ribs
Endosteum b.) Endochondral Ossification
● It covers the inside of bones, and - replacement of fetal cartilage skeleton
surrounds the medullary cavity. with bone.
ex. Long irregular and short bones
Bone remodeling 2. Axial Skeleton
- protects the structural integrity of the The primary bones of the axial
skeletal system and metabolically skeleton are the skull, vertebral column,
contributes to the body’s balance of calcium Vertebral column, ribs and sternum.
and phosphorus
Classification of Joints
Wolff’s Law
A joint is a place where two bones come
- States that bones will adapt to the degree together.
of mechanical loading, such that an increase
in loading will cause the bone to strengthen 1. Fibrous Joints
Bone repair consists of two bones that are united by
fibrous tissue that exhibit little or no
1. Hematoma formation movement.
Blood released from damaged blood vessels 2. Cartilaginous Joints
forms a hematoma.
consists of two bones that are united by
2. Callus formation cartilage that only exhibit slight movement.
The internal callus forms between the ends 3. Synovial Joints
of the bones, and the external callus forms a
collar around the break. are freely movable joints that contain fluid in
a cavity surrounding the ends of articulating
3. Callus ossification bones.
Woven, spongy bone replaces the internal 4. Articular cartilage- a thin layer of
and external calluses hyaline cartilage that covers the entire
articulating surface of each bone.
4. Bone remodeling
Lining the inner surface of the articular
Compact bone replace woven bone, and capsule is a thin synovial membrane.
part of the internal callus is removed,
restoring the medullary cavity. ● Synaovial Fluid- Is a thick, slimy fluid
that provides lubrication to further
Divisions of the Skeletal System reduce friction between the bones of
the joint.
1. Appendicular Skeleton
The primary bones of this skeleton are
the shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic
girdle, legs and feet.
Common Bone Disorders Symptoms:
1. Osteoporosis- is a condition that ● intense pain, swelling, redness, and
affects the bones. Its name comes heat are known to get worse
from Latin for "porous bones." ("flares") or disappear ("remission")
entirely
Symptoms:
5. Osteogenesis Imperfecta- is an
● Receding gums inherited (genetic) bone disorder that is
● Weakened grip strength present at birth. It is also known as brittle
● Weak and brittle nails bone disease.
2. Osteoarthritis - is the most common 6. Closed/Open Fracture- an open or
form of arthritis. Some people call it compound fracture happens when the ends
degenerative joint disease or of a fractured bone tear through the skin.
"wear and tear" arthritis. It occurs most ● A closed or simple fracture is when
frequently in the hands, hips, and knees. the broken bone does not break the
skin.
Symptoms: ● Open fractures that expose the bone
and other tissues put the injured at
● Joint changes that can limit joint
greater risk of infection.
movement.
● Swelling in and around the joint, 7. Complete/ Incomplete Fracture
especially after a lot of activity or use
of that area. ● Incomplete fractures are when the
bone cracks without breaking
3. Scoliosis- is an abnormal curvature completely, keeping it in one piece.
of the spine resulting in an S or C shape. ● Complete fractures, meanwhile,
happen when the bone is snapped or
Symptoms:
crushed into two or more pieces.
● depend on the severity of the
8. Osteomyelitis
condition, including having one
shoulder blade higher or more is an inflammation or swelling of bone tissue
protrusive than the other, uneven that is usually the result of an infection. Bone
hips, a rotating spine, breathing infection may occur for many different
problems, and back pain. reasons and can affect children or adults.
4. Gout- is a common form of
inflammatory arthritis marked by intense
pain and caused by too much uric acid in the
body. Uric acid crystals build up in the joints
and surrounding tissues in the body.
