RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Two-Dimensional Boundary Layer Flow of Non-Newtonian Second Grade

Fluid over a Riga Plate

Student Name: Alia Begum

Student ID # 20645

Program: M. Phil Mathematics

Department of Physical and Numerical Sciences

Date of Submission: 15/10/2024

Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Saqib

Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology

D.I. Khan / Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

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Introduction

Fluid can be defined as a substance that constantly changes its structure without any resistance
by the action of an external applying force. This distortion, states that the fluid is flowing and
indicates an evident in altered forms. The Laminar flow indicating the smooth, regular and
orderly flow of fluids that occurs in parallel layers. Whereas, the turbulent flow of fluids
showing the irregular and disordered of layers. With certain parameters such as pressure and
temperature can also change the transport properties. Taking the example of density within a
fluid that changes in the flow at any point and termed the compressible flow. While when
transport property like the density remains constant, then the incompressible in the flow
happens. In unstable flow of fluids, properties like density, temperature, pressure, and velocity
may change with respect to time. In contrast, a steady flow of fluids sustains all these properties
constantly with change in time [1-3]. In a branch of science as fluid dynamics, which studies
the properties particularly the motion of liquids, gases, and relation to solid surfaces has
extensive applications. Including airflow with the wings, it is essential to understand
aerodynamics, design of the airfoil, the aerodynamics of the vehicle, and optimization of
vehicle shapes for enhancing the efficiency of fuel. Additionally, for structural design of
bridges, dams, and other buildings, the fluid dynamics plays a crucial role and helps to analyze
the flow of water shapes. Notably, its applications extend to the modeling and mitigation of
water and air pollution, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and estimating the influence of
the flow of fluid on ecosystems. Fluid dynamics plays an important role in studying the blood
flow in the arteries and veins in the study of computational biology. It improves the efficiency
of drug delivery in the system. Additionally, in the atmospheric phenomena, it helps in
simulation by enabling correct prediction of weather measures like hurricanes and tornadoes.

Fourier's law displays the fundamental equation and shows the heat transfer process. This law
has a significant impact on several processes concerning the heat conduction process. This law
is also important to understand that how heat can be conducted from various materials including
metals, fluids and insulators. These phenomena hold dominant importance in the formulation
of operative schemes for heat conduction, thermal management, and cooling systems, solutions
are required for the engineering applications. The Fourier's Law could extend its applications
for analyzing heat transfer in structures such as in buildings and bridges. This controlled the
employment of appropriate insulating approaches and enabled correct predictions of
temperature distributions. This law assumes the key role for the evaluation of heat transfer

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across various modes such as conduction, convection, and radiation within the branch of
thermodynamics.

The numerical methods have many applications in study of heat transfer in the non-Newtonian
fluids. Particularly, these applications are in transforming of PDEs (Partial Differential
Equations) to ODEs (Ordinary Differential Equations) and consequently then numerically
solving. The Non-Newtonian fluids regularly exhibit complex and nonlinear character which
cannot be simply discussed with help of any analytical approach. The numerical systems
surpass to handle this intricacy by allowing simulation of complex fluid character and impacting
on the heat conduction. The numerical methods showed flexibility during handling while using
boundary conditions with widespread range. The heat conduction examination is very
significant during the complex geometries and required variable smart solutions which are
readily accommodated by the numerical methods. The numerical methods suggest a useful,
effective, and applied ways for simulating and analyzing complex behaviors of fluid, thus
affording valuable understandings for various system optimization and engineering
applications.
Theoretically, the computational fluid dynamics has vital role and helps the researchers to
examine the flow of fluid and heat conduction. The basic laws of several conservation process
such as mass, energy and momentum conservation could be used for computational analysis of
the flows of fluid. A boundary layer theory will be used due to the problem arises in the solution
of Navier-Stokes equations. Their numerical solutions will be calculated for the achieved non-
linear ordinary differential equations via bvp4c using Matlab. The graphical results will be
described to understand the physics of the concern problem.
Literature Review
The present work focuses on the heat transfer analysis computed theoretically in Newtonian
and non-Newtonian fluids. Studies included in the literature section are presented for laminar
flows. In this direction, Liangbin and Zhipeng [4] investigated that the local Nusselt number is
independent of the cross-sectional geometry at the channel inlet. The numerical study of laminar
flow for water-based nanofluids comprising Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles was analyzed by
Klazly and Bognar [5] and investigated the differences in temperature between the inlet and the
temperature of the downward wall. In the recirculation and reattachment process, the simulation
results of the nanofluid separation flow display that with the increase in the temperature
differences the velocity also increases.

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Joseph Fourier proposed Fourier's law of heat transfer in 1822, which states that heat diffusion
will occur across the medium. It is a well-known fact that one experiences warmer or colder
sensations when they come into contact with different materials, even when the surroundings
are exactly the same temperature. This is because of qualities other than the temperature. For
the thermal behavior of human skin layer, the one-dimensional, non-stationary, and simple
model is developed for educational perseverance, and related Fourier heat-equation was
resolved as explained by Oss [6]. He emphasized on the point that alone thermal conductivity
could not suitable for accurate characterization the various thermal impressions and thus called
effusively is an alternative required for the maintenance of quantitative explanation.

In this direction, the influence of heat absorption/generation on the fluid flow and friction drag
of second-grade rotating fluid in the presence of Hall and ion slip is analyzed by Krishna et al.
[7]. Islam et al. [8] used the Cattaneo-Christov theory to analyze the time-dependent
magnetohydrodynamic flow of a Maxwell fluid through a stretching cylinder.

Heat transfer is studied theoretically in the literature. Most of the studies found with the
Fourier’s law of heat conduction with different Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The
authors tried analytic and numerical results for the analysis. Certain studies in the literature
were found for computing the heat transmission level and skin coefficient. While, thermal
engineers are interested in the reduction of skin friction coefficient and heating or cooling rates.
Keeping in mind the interest of thermal engineers, the present study will focuses on the model
that results in reduction of skin friction coefficient and heating or cooling rate. The numerical
method will be used for the analysis of the fluid flow model.

Objectives
The Key objectives of this are as follows:

i. To model the governing equations of two-dimensional boundary layer flow of

second-grade fluid past a Riga plate.
ii. To develop a MATLAB algorithm based to solve the proposed problem numerically.
iii. To interpret the impact of numerous physical flow parameters on velocity,
temperature, concentration profiles, skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood
number, the numerical result obtain from this study will be displayed in various
graphs and tables
Mathematical Models
The mathematical models used for the analysis of viscous or Newtonian fluids include the
contribution of inertial forces which sums the surface and body forces. Therefore, the

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mathematical model used for the second-grade fluid, thermal energy, and concentration
equations are provided, the boundary conditions are explained in figure 1. The final form of
models after boundary layer theory are

Figure 1: Flow configuration and coordinate system

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

The equation represents the mass conservation also known as incompressibility constraint,
which means that influx mass is equal to out flux mass.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕3𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑣 𝜕3𝑢 𝜋𝑗0 𝑀0 −𝑦(𝜋)

𝑢 +𝑣 =𝑣 + 𝜆1 (𝑢 + − + 𝑣 3) − 𝑒 𝑝
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 8𝜌
+ 𝑔𝛽𝑇 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) + 𝑔𝛽𝐶 (𝐶 − 𝐶∞ ).

In the above equation: 𝜆1 = 𝛼1 /𝜌, and 𝜈 = 𝜇/𝜌, whereas, the left-hand side of the equation
represents inertial forces, while on right hand side, first term represents surface forces due to
shear stresses, second term is due to elasticity, third term is due to magnetohydrodynamics
(MHD), fourth term represents contribution from porosity (porous medium), and the last two
terms are due to the natural convention.

The governing the boundary conditions of above equation are explained below:

𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥, 𝑣=0

provided 𝑎 > 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0,

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 𝜕𝑢
𝑢 → 0, →0
𝜕𝑦

𝑎𝑠 𝑦 → ∞.

The boundary condition provided at the surface represents a stretching sheet with stretching.
The temperature equation along with its boundary conditions are as follows:

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑘 𝜕2𝑇 1 𝜕𝑞𝑟 𝜇 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜆1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜎𝐵𝑜 2 2

𝑢 +𝑣 = − + ( ) + ( (𝑢 + 𝑣 )) + 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝜕𝑦 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝜕𝑦 𝐶𝑝 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌
𝑄
+ (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ).
𝜌𝐶𝑝

In the above temperature equation, the left side shows the heat transfer concerning convection,
while on right-hand side, the first term represents the heat transfer due to conduction, second
and third terms represent heat transfer due to viscous dissipation, whereas, the last term
represents heat transfer source/sink. The suitable boundary conditions defined for the above
equation are as follows

𝑥 2
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑤 = 𝑇∞ + 𝐴 ( ) , 𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0,
𝑙

𝑇 → 𝑇∞ , 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 → ∞.

Now, we have the last equation that is the mass transfer equation, which is given as follows

𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝐶 𝜕2𝐶
𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝐷 ( 2 ) − 𝐾𝑟2 (𝐶 − 𝐶∞ ).
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

The mass transfer due to convection is provided on the left-hand side of the above equation,
whereas on the right-hand side of the above equation, the first term represents mass transfer due
to diffusion, while the last term is a reaction term, which represents a source or sink of the
concentration. Using the following boundary conditions as

𝐶 = 𝐶𝑤 , 𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0,

𝐶 → 𝐶∞ , 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 → ∞.

1. Research Methodology
The methodology for the numerical analysis of heat transfer in the laminar flow of non-
Newtonian fluids in the proposed study will focus on relevant literature to fluid flow and heat

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transfer. The mathematical modeling of the laminar flow of non-Newtonian fluids be
understood. The heat conduction law presented by Fourier’s, Cattaneo-Christov heat flux, and
Fick’s law will be studied for heat and mass transfer respectively. Numerical methods and tools
used for the simulation of heat analysis including BVP4C will be understood. Construction of
the geometry for the model will further be focused. The geometry will be designed along with
the appropriate boundary conditions. The numerical solution of the mathematical model will be
computed for the mathematical models used for heat transfer analysis. The impact of different
parameters/effects/shapes or designs on the heat transfer will be explained and composed.

The problem will be subjected to boundary conditions and explained from the boundary value
problem with fourth-order accuracy (bvp4c) a set existing in the MATLAB software which
describes the Lobatto IIIa formula using the method of Runge-Kutta and describes a kind of
comparison technique for solving boundary value problem. Firstly, converted high-order ODEs
into first-order system through use of non-zero solution that are (𝑦1 = 𝑓(𝜂), 𝑦4 = 𝜃1(𝜂) and 𝑦6 =
𝜃2(𝜂)). Their illustration of the given method will be exposed in the below provided chart. Initial
supposition is needed for starting the computational method and high-value for boundary layer
thickness (𝜂∞ = 6).

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Figure 2. Procedure for bvp4c

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Plan of work

References
[1] Xu, G.X., Li, E., Tan, V., & Liu, G.R., (2012). Simulation of steady and unsteady
incompressible flow using gradient smoothing method (GSM). Computers and Structures, 90-
91(1), 131-144. [Link]

[2] Chowdhury, M. and Kumar, B.R., (2023). Study of unsteady non-Newtonian fluid flow
behavior in a two-sided lid-driven cavity at different aspect ratios. Journal of Non-Newtonian
Fluid Mechanics, 312, 104975. [Link]

[3] Pop, I., Groșan, T., Revnic, C. and Roșca, A.V., (2023). Unsteady flow and heat transfer of
nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids, micropolar fluids and porous media: a review. Thermal Science
and Engineering Progress, 46, 102248. [Link]

[4] Su, L., Duan, Z., He, B., Ma, H., Ning, X., Ding, G. and Cao, Y., (2020). Heat transfer
characteristics of thermally developing flow in rectangular microchannels with constant wall
temperature. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 155, 106412.
[Link]

[5] Klazly, M. and Bognar, G., 2022. Heat transfer enhancement for nanofluid flows over a
microscale backward-facing step. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 61(10), 8161-8176.
[Link]

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[6] Oss, S., (2022). A simple model of thermal conduction in human skin: temperature
perception and thermal effusivity. European Journal of Physics, 43(3), 035101.
[Link]

[7] Krishna, M.V., Ahamad, N.A. and Chamkha, A.J., (2021). Hall and ion slip impacts on
unsteady MHD convective rotating flow of heat generating/absorbing second grade fluid.
Alexandria Engineering Journal, 60(1), 845-858. [Link]

[8] Islam, S., Dawar, A., Shah, Z. and Tariq, A., (2021). Cattaneo-Christov theory for a time-
dependent magnetohydrodynamic Maxwell fluid flow through a stretching cylinder. Advances
in Mechanical Engineering, 13(7), 16878140211030152.
[Link]